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Groos D, Helmchen F. The lateral habenula: A hub for value-guided behavior. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113968. [PMID: 38522071 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The habenula is an evolutionarily highly conserved diencephalic brain region divided into two major parts, medial and lateral. Over the past two decades, studies of the lateral habenula (LHb), in particular, have identified key functions in value-guided behavior in health and disease. In this review, we focus on recent insights into LHb connectivity and its functional relevance for different types of aversive and appetitive value-guided behavior. First, we give an overview of the anatomical organization of the LHb and its main cellular composition. Next, we elaborate on how distinct LHb neuronal subpopulations encode aversive and appetitive stimuli and on their involvement in more complex decision-making processes. Finally, we scrutinize the afferent and efferent connections of the LHb and discuss their functional implications for LHb-dependent behavior. A deepened understanding of distinct LHb circuit components will substantially contribute to our knowledge of value-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Groos
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Dynamics, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program (URPP), Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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van Rosmalen L, Deota S, Maier G, Le HD, Lin T, Ramasamy RK, Hut RA, Panda S. Energy balance drives diurnal and nocturnal brain transcriptome rhythms. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113951. [PMID: 38508192 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasticity in daily timing of activity has been observed in many species, yet the underlying mechanisms driving nocturnality and diurnality are unknown. By regulating how much wheel-running activity will be rewarded with a food pellet, we can manipulate energy balance and switch mice to be nocturnal or diurnal. Here, we present the rhythmic transcriptome of 21 tissues, including 17 brain regions, sampled every 4 h over a 24-h period from nocturnal and diurnal male CBA/CaJ mice. Rhythmic gene expression across tissues comprised different sets of genes with minimal overlap between nocturnal and diurnal mice. We show that non-clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) change, and the habenula was most affected. Our results indicate that adaptive flexibility in daily timing of behavior is supported by gene expression dynamics in many tissues and brain regions, especially in the habenula, which suggests a crucial role for the observed nocturnal-diurnal switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura van Rosmalen
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shaunak Deota
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Geraldine Maier
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hiep D Le
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Terry Lin
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ramesh K Ramasamy
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9700 CC Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Ables JL, Park K, Ibañez-Tallon I. Understanding the habenula: A major node in circuits regulating emotion and motivation. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106734. [PMID: 36933754 PMCID: PMC11081310 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the understanding of the habenula has rapidly advanced from being an understudied brain area with the Latin name 'habena" meaning "little rein", to being considered a "major rein" in the control of key monoaminergic brain centers. This ancient brain structure is a strategic node in the information flow from fronto-limbic brain areas to brainstem nuclei. As such, it plays a crucial role in regulating emotional, motivational, and cognitive behaviors and has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. This review will summarize recent findings on the medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) habenula, their topographical projections, cell types, and functions. Additionally, we will discuss contemporary efforts that have uncovered novel molecular pathways and synaptic mechanisms with a focus on MHb-Interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) synapses. Finally, we will explore the potential interplay between the habenula's cholinergic and non-cholinergic components in coordinating related emotional and motivational behaviors, raising the possibility that these two pathways work together to provide balanced roles in reward prediction and aversion, rather than functioning independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Ables
- Psychiatry Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kwanghoon Park
- The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Inés Ibañez-Tallon
- The Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Lecourtier L, Durieux L, Mathis V. Alteration of Lateral Habenula Function Prevents the Proper Exploration of a Novel Environment. Neuroscience 2023; 514:56-66. [PMID: 36716915 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain region viewed as a converging hub, integrating information from a large connectome and then projecting to few critical midbrain monoaminergic systems. Numerous studies have explored the roles of the LHb, notably in aversion and avoidance. An important recurring finding when manipulating the LHb is the induction of anxiety-related behaviours. However, its exact role in such behaviours remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used two pharmacological approaches altering LHb activity, intra-LHb infusion of either the GABA-A receptor agonist, Muscimol, or the glutamatergic AMPA receptor antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and exposed rats to three consecutive open field (OF) sessions. We found that both pharmacological treatments prevented rats to explore the centre of the OF, considered as the most anxiogenic part of the apparatus, across the three OF sessions. In addition, during the first, but not the two consecutive sessions, both treatments prevented a thorough exploration of the OF. Altogether, these results confirm the crucial role played by the LHb in anxiety-related behaviours and further suggest its implication in the exploration of new anxiogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Lecourtier
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Durieux
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364 Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Mathis
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Adaptatives, UMR 7364 Strasbourg, France.
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Felintro V, Trujillo V, dos-Santos RC, da Silva-Almeida C, Reis LC, Rocha FF, Mecawi AS. Water deprivation induces hypoactivity in rats independently of oxytocin receptor signaling at the central amygdala. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1062211. [PMID: 36817576 PMCID: PMC9928579 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1062211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) are neuropeptides produced by magnocellular neurons (MCNs) of the hypothalamus and secreted through neurohypophysis to defend mammals against dehydration. It was recently demonstrated that MCNs also project to limbic structures, modulating several behavioral responses. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that 24 h of water deprivation (WD) or salt loading (SL) did not change exploration or anxiety-like behaviors in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. However, rats deprived of water for 48 h showed reduced exploration of open field and the closed arms of EPM, indicating hypoactivity during night time. We evaluated mRNA expression of glutamate decarboxylase 1 (Gad1), vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Slc17a6), AVP (Avpr1a) and OXT (Oxtr) receptors in the lateral habenula (LHb), basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) amygdala after 48 h of WD or SL. WD, but not SL, increased Oxtr mRNA expression in the CeA. Bilateral pharmacological inhibition of OXTR function in the CeA with the OXTR antagonist L-371,257 was performed to evaluate its possible role in regulating the EPM exploration or water intake induced by WD. The blockade of OXTR in the CeA did not reverse the hypoactivity response in the EPM, nor did it change water intake induced in 48-h water-deprived rats. DISCUSSION We found that WD modulates exploratory activity in rats, but this response is not mediated by oxytocin receptor signaling to the CeA, despite the upregulated Oxtr mRNA expression in that structure after WD for 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Felintro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Verónica Trujillo
- Department of Physiology, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raoni C. dos-Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Claudio da Silva-Almeida
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Luís C. Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Fábio F. Rocha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - André S. Mecawi
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: André S. Mecawi,
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Matsunaga D, Nakagawa H, Ishiwata T. Difference in the brain serotonin and its metabolite level and anxiety-like behavior between forced and voluntary exercise conditions in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 744:135556. [PMID: 33373674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is beneficial to both physical and mental health, though it is unclear whether voluntary and forced exercise have the same effects. We investigated the effects of chronic forced and voluntary wheel running on brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and anxiety-like behavioral change in rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to standard cages (sedentary control: SC); voluntary exercise (free running on a wheel, V-EX); voluntary limited exercise (wheel available only 1 h per day, VL-EX); and forced exercise (running on a motorized wheel, F-EX). After 4 weeks, rats either underwent the open field test (OFT) or their 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were measured in the major serotonergic neural cell bodies and projection areas. 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei were increased in the V-EX, but not in the VL-EX and F-EX groups, compared with the SC group. In the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and caudate putamen, only 5-HT levels were increased in the V-EX group. Interestingly, in the amygdala, only 5-HIAA levels were significantly increased in the V-EX group. Conversely, we found that F-EX rats showed no significant 5-HT changes and increased anxiety-like behavior. VL-EX did not have significant beneficial effects on any of the experimental parameters. These data suggest that only unlimited voluntary exercise stimulates the serotonergic system and suppresses anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishiwata
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan.
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Levinstein MR, Coffey KR, Marx RG, Lesiak AJ, Neumaier JF. Stress induces divergent gene expression among lateral habenula efferent pathways. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100268. [PMID: 33344721 PMCID: PMC7739173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral habenula (LHb) integrates critical information regarding aversive stimuli that shapes decision making and behavioral responses. The three major LHb outputs innervate dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg). LHb neurons that project to these targets are segregated and nonoverlapping, and this led us to consider whether they have distinct molecular phenotypes and adaptations to stress exposure. In order to capture a time-locked profile of gene expression after repeated forced swim stress, we used intersectional expression of RiboTag in rat LHb neurons and next-gen RNA sequencing to interrogate the RNAs actively undergoing translation from each of these pathways. The “translatome” in the neurons comprising these pathways was similar at baseline, but diverged after stress, especially in the neurons projecting to the RMTg. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, we found one module, which had an overrepresentation of genes associated with phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling, comprising genes downregulated after stress in the RMTg-projecting LHb neurons. Reduced PI3K signaling in RMTg-projecting LHb neurons may be a compensatory adaptation that alters the functional balance of LHb outputs to GABAergic vs. monoaminergic neurons following repeated stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Levinstein
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin R Coffey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Russell G Marx
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Atom J Lesiak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John F Neumaier
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Human decisions about when to act originate within a basal forebrain-nigral circuit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11799-11810. [PMID: 32385157 PMCID: PMC7260969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921211117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making studies often focus on brain mechanisms for selecting between goals and actions; however, another important, and often neglected, aspect of decision-making in humans concerns whether, at any given point in time, it is worth making any action at all. We showed that a considerable portion of the variance in when voluntary actions are emitted can be explained by a simple model that that takes into account key features of the current environment. By using ultrahigh-field MRI we identified a multilayered circuit in the human brain originating far beyond the medial frontal areas typically linked to human voluntary action starting in the basal forebrain and brain stem, converging in the dopaminergic midbrain, and only then projecting to striatum and cortex. Decisions about when to act are critical for survival in humans as in animals, but how a desire is translated into the decision that an action is worth taking at any particular point in time is incompletely understood. Here we show that a simple model developed to explain when animals decide it is worth taking an action also explains a significant portion of the variance in timing observed when humans take voluntary actions. The model focuses on the current environment’s potential for reward, the timing of the individual’s own recent actions, and the outcomes of those actions. We show, by using ultrahigh-field MRI scanning, that in addition to anterior cingulate cortex within medial frontal cortex, a group of subcortical structures including striatum, substantia nigra, basal forebrain (BF), pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and habenula (HB) encode trial-by-trial variation in action time. Further analysis of the activity patterns found in each area together with psychophysiological interaction analysis and structural equation modeling suggested a model in which BF integrates contextual information that will influence the decision about when to act and communicates this information, in parallel with PPN and HB influences, to nigrostriatal circuits. It is then in the nigrostriatal circuit that action initiation per se begins.
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Hu H, Cui Y, Yang Y. Circuits and functions of the lateral habenula in health and in disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:277-295. [PMID: 32269316 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed exponentially growing interest in the lateral habenula (LHb) owing to new discoveries relating to its critical role in regulating negatively motivated behaviour and its implication in major depression. The LHb, sometimes referred to as the brain's 'antireward centre', receives inputs from diverse limbic forebrain and basal ganglia structures, and targets essentially all midbrain neuromodulatory systems, including the noradrenergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. Its unique anatomical position enables the LHb to act as a hub that integrates value-based, sensory and experience-dependent information to regulate various motivational, cognitive and motor processes. Dysfunction of the LHb may contribute to the pathophysiology of several psychiatric disorders, especially major depression. Recently, exciting progress has been made in identifying the molecular and cellular mechanisms in the LHb that underlie negative emotional state in animal models of drug withdrawal and major depression. A future challenge is to translate these advances into effective clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Hu
- Department of Psychiatry of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China. .,Fountain-Valley Institute for Life Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yihui Cui
- The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yang
- The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Nikolenko VN, Gridin LA, Oganesyan MV, Rizaeva NA, Podolskiy YS, Kudryashova VA, Kochurova EV, Kostin RK, Tyagunova EE, Mikhaleva LM, Avila-Rodriguez M, Somasundaram SG, Kirkland CE, Aliev G. The Posterior Perforated Substance: A Brain Mystery Wrapped in an Enigma. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2991-2998. [PMID: 31775602 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191127122452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of published information on the posterior perforated substance as compared to the anterior perforated substance. We managed to glean facts about the posterior perforated substance that can serve as a landmark for surgical operations in the adjacent regions of the midbrain and the vessels passing through it. Moreover, the posterior perforated substance contains the interpeduncular nucleus responsible for the mental state of the individual. OBJECTIVES 1) To describe the topography of the blood vessels supplying the posterior perforated substance area from the surgical point of view; 2) to investigate the functions of the interpeduncular nucleus. METHODS We assembled and analyzed results from source databases by Elsevier, NCBI MedLine, Scopus, Scholar. Google and Embase. Each article was studied in detail for practically useful information about the posterior perforated substance. RESULTS The P1-segment perforating branches of the posterior cerebral artery supply the posterior perforated substance. This area is especially vulnerable in the case of vascular pathologies. The posterior communicating artery can block the surgeon's view and impede maneuverability of the tool in the area of the posterior perforated substance, which may be addressed using the separation technique, which can lead to positive results. In addition, the medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus in the posterior perforated substance is associated with various addictions and psychiatric conditions. CONCLUSION The posterior perforated substance area is of great interest for surgical interventions. Future studies of the interpeduncular nucleus anticipate the development of drugs to affect different types of dependencies and some mental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Nikolenko
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation.,Department of Normal and Topographical Anatomy, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Leonid A Gridin
- Department of Integrative Medicine, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Marine V Oganesyan
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Negoriya A Rizaeva
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Yury S Podolskiy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation with the Chambers of Resuscitation and Intensive Therapy No. 2, University Clinical Hospital No. 3, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Valentina A Kudryashova
- Department of Human Anatomy, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Kochurova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Dental Institute, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Roman K Kostin
- International School "Medicine of Future" of Biomedical Park of I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina E Tyagunova
- International School "Medicine of Future" of Biomedical Park of I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow,Russian Federation
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418,Russian Federation
| | - Marco Avila-Rodriguez
- Department of Clinic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine. University of Tolima, Ibagué - 730001,Colombia
| | - Siva G Somasundaram
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street Salem, WV 26426,United States
| | - Cecil E Kirkland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salem University, 223 West Main Street Salem, WV 26426,United States
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418,Russian Federation.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya str., Moscow, 119991,Russian Federation.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432,Russian Federation.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX 78229,United States
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11
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Donaire R, Morón I, Blanco S, Villatoro A, Gámiz F, Papini MR, Torres C. Lateral habenula lesions disrupt appetitive extinction, but do not affect voluntary alcohol consumption. Neurosci Lett 2019; 703:184-190. [PMID: 30928477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of LHb lesions on appetitive extinction and alcohol consumption. Eighteen male Wistar rats received neurochemical lesions of the LHb (quinolinic acid) and 12 received a vehicle infusion (PBS). In a runway instrumental task, rats received acquisition (12 pellets/trial, 6 trials/session, 10 sessions) and extinction training (5 sessions). In a consummatory task, rats had daily access to 32% sucrose (5 min, 10 sessions) followed by access to water (5 sessions). Then, animals received 2 h preference tests with escalating alcohol concentrations (2%-24%), followed by two 24 h preference tests with 24% alcohol. Relative to Shams, LHb lesions delayed extinction, as indicated by lower response latencies (instrumental task) and higher fluid consumption (consummatory task). LHb lesions did not affect alcohol consumption regardless of alcohol concentration or test duration. The LHb modulates appetitive extinction and needs to be considered as part of the brain circuit underlying reward loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Donaire
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morón
- Department of Psychobiology, Research Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Santos Blanco
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Gámiz
- Department of Psychobiology, Biomedic Research Center (CIBM), Neuroscience Institute "Federico Olóriz", University of Granada, Spain
| | - Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, USA
| | - Carmen Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Jaén, 23071, Spain.
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12
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Browne CA, Hammack R, Lucki I. Dysregulation of the Lateral Habenula in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:46. [PMID: 30581384 PMCID: PMC6292991 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates hyperexcitability of the lateral habenula (LHb) in the development of psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD). This discrete epithalamic nucleus acts as a relay hub linking forebrain limbic structures with midbrain aminergic centers. Central to reward processing, learning and goal directed behavior, the LHb has emerged as a critical regulator of the behaviors that are impaired in depression. Stress-induced activation of the LHb produces depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, anhedonia and aversion in preclinical studies. Moreover, deep brain stimulation of the LHb in humans has been shown to alleviate chronic unremitting depression in treatment resistant depression. The diverse neurochemical processes arising in the LHb that underscore the emergence and treatment of MDD are considered in this review, including recent optogenetic studies that probe the anatomical connections of the LHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert Hammack
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Yang P, Tao R, He C, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhang X. The Risk Factors of the Alcohol Use Disorders-Through Review of Its Comorbidities. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:303. [PMID: 29867316 PMCID: PMC5958183 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) represent a severe, world-wide problem, and are usually comorbid with psychiatric disorders, comorbidity increases the risks associated with AUDs, and results in more serious consequences for patients. However, currently the underlying mechanisms of comorbid psychiatric disorders in AUDs are not clear. Studies investigating comorbidity could help us understand the neural mechanisms of AUDs. In this review, we explore three comorbidities in AUDs, including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and personality disorders (PDs). They are all co-morbidities of AUDs with rate of 33.7, 28, and 50–70%, respectively. The rate is significantly higher than other diseases. Therefore we review and analyze relevant literature to explore whether these three diseases are the risk factors of AUDs, focusing on studies assessing cognitive function and those using neural imaging. We found that memory deficits, impairment of cognitive control, negative emotion, and impulsivity may increase an individual's vulnerability to AUDs. This comorbidity may indicate the neural basis of AUDs and reveal characteristics associated with different types of comorbidity, leading to further development of new treatment approaches for AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Substance-Related Disorders, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | - Chengsen He
- Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
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14
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Mendoza J. Circadian neurons in the lateral habenula: Clocking motivated behaviors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:55-61. [PMID: 28666896 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main circadian clock in mammals is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), however, central timing mechanisms are also present in other brain structures beyond the SCN. The lateral habenula (LHb), known for its important role in the regulation of the monoaminergic system, contains such a circadian clock whose molecular and cellular mechanisms as well as functional role are not well known. However, since monoaminergic systems show circadian activity, it is possible that the LHb-clock's role is to modulate the rhythmic activity of the dopamine, serotonin and norephinephrine systems, and associated behaviors. Moreover, the LHb is involved in different pathological states such as depression, addiction and schizophrenia, states in which sleep and circadian alterations have been reported. Thus, perturbations of circadian activity in the LHb might, in part, be a cause of these rhythmic alterations in psychiatric ailments. In this review the current state of the LHb clock and its possible implications in the control of monoaminergic systems rhythms, motivated behaviors (e.g., feeding, drug intake) and depression (with circadian disruptions and altered motivation) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, CNRS-UPR 3212 Strasbourg France, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, 67084 cedex Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Kuniishi H, Ichisaka S, Yamamoto M, Ikubo N, Matsuda S, Futora E, Harada R, Ishihara K, Hata Y. Early deprivation increases high-leaning behavior, a novel anxiety-like behavior, in the open field test in rats. Neurosci Res 2017; 123:27-35. [PMID: 28450152 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The open field test is one of the most popular ethological tests to assess anxiety-like behavior in rodents. In the present study, we examined the effect of early deprivation (ED), a model of early life stress, on anxiety-like behavior in rats. In ED animals, we failed to find significant changes in the time spent in the center or thigmotaxis area of the open field, the common indexes of anxiety-like behavior. However, we found a significant increase in high-leaning behavior in which animals lean against the wall standing on their hindlimbs while touching the wall with their forepaws at a high position. The high-leaning behavior was decreased by treatment with an anxiolytic, diazepam, and it was increased under intense illumination as observed in the center activity. In addition, we compared the high-leaning behavior and center activity under various illumination intensities and found that the high-leaning behavior is more sensitive to illumination intensity than the center activity in the particular illumination range. These results suggest that the high-leaning behavior is a novel anxiety-like behavior in the open field test that can complement the center activity to assess the anxiety state of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kuniishi
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichisaka
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Miki Yamamoto
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ikubo
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Sae Matsuda
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Eri Futora
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Riho Harada
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Kohei Ishihara
- Division of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hata
- Division of Integrative Bioscience, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan.
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16
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The habenula in psychiatric disorders: More than three decades of translational investigation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 83:721-735. [PMID: 28223096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The habenula is an epithalamic structure located at the center of the dorsal diencephalic conduction system, a pathway involved in linking forebrain to midbrain regions. Composed of a medial and lateral subdivisions, the habenula receives inputs from the limbic system and basal ganglia mainly through the stria medullaris (SM), and projects to midbrain regions through the fasciculus retroflexus (FR). An increasing number of studies have implicated this structure in psychiatric disorders associated with dysregulated reward circuitry function, notably mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder. However, despite significant progress in research, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the habenula and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders are far from being fully understood, and still need further investigation. This review provides a closer look at key findings from animal and human studies illustrating the role of the habenula in mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder, and discusses the clinical potential of using this structure as a therapeutic target.
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17
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Dworkin S, Auden A, Partridge DD, Daglas M, Medcalf RL, Mantamadiotis T, Georgy SR, Darido C, Jane SM, Ting SB. Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3) deficiency in brain leads to altered locomotor activity and decreased anxiety-like behaviors in aged mice. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:775-788. [PMID: 27907249 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved Grainyhead-like (Grhl) family of transcription factors, comprising three members in vertebrates (Grhl1-3), play critical regulatory roles during embryonic development, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Although loss of Grhl function leads to multiple neural abnormalities in numerous animal models, a comprehensive analysis of Grhl expression and function in the mammalian brain has not been reported. Here they show that only Grhl3 expression is detectable in the embryonic mouse brain; particularly within the habenula, an organ known to modulate repressive behaviors. Using both Grhl3-knockout mice (Grhl3-/- ), and brain-specific conditional deletion of Grhl3 in adult mice (Nestin-Cre/Grhl3flox/flox ), they performed histological expression analyses and behavioral tests to assess long-term effects of Grhl3 loss on motor co-ordination, spatial memory, anxiety, and stress. They found that complete deletion of Grhl3 did not lead to noticeable structural or cell-intrinsic defects in the embryonic brain; however, aged Grhl3 conditional knockout (cKO) mice showed enlarged lateral ventricles and displayed marked changes in motor function and behaviors suggestive of decreased fear and anxiety. They conclude that loss of Grhl3 in the brain leads to significant alterations in locomotor activity and decreased self-inhibition, and as such, these mice may serve as a novel model of human conditions of impulsive behavior or hyperactivity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 775-788, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dworkin
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Alana Auden
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Darren D Partridge
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Maria Daglas
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Robert L Medcalf
- Molecular Neurotrauma and Haemostasis, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Smitha R Georgy
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, The Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - Stephen M Jane
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia.,Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
| | - Stephen B Ting
- Department of Medicine, Monash University Central Clinical School, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia.,Department of Hematology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, 3181, Australia
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18
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Jacinto LR, Mata R, Novais A, Marques F, Sousa N. The habenula as a critical node in chronic stress-related anxiety. Exp Neurol 2016; 289:46-54. [PMID: 27940019 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The habenula is activated in response to stressful and aversive events, resulting in exploratory inhibition. Although possible mechanisms for habenula activation have been proposed, the effects of chronic stress on the habenular structure have never been studied. Herein, we assessed changes in volume, cell density and dendritic structure of habenular cells after chronic stress exposure using stereological and 3D morphological analysis. This study shows for the first time that there is a hemispherical asymmetry in the medial habenula (MHb) of the adult rat, with the right MHb containing more neurons than its left counterpart. Additionally, it shows that chronic stress induces a bilateral atrophy of both the MHb and the lateral habenula (LHb). This atrophy was accompanied by a reduction of the number of neurons in the right MHb and the number of glial cells in the bilateral LHb, but not by changes in the dendritic arbors of multipolar neurons. Importantly, these structural changes were correlated with elevated levels of serum corticosterone and increased anxious-like behavior in stressed animals. To further assess the role of the habenula in stress-related anxiety, bilateral lesions of the LHb were performed; interestingly, in lesioned animals the chronic stress protocol did not trigger increases in circulating corticosterone or anxious-like behavior. This study highlights the role of the habenula in the stress responses and how its sub-regions are structurally impacted by chronic stress with physiological and behavioral consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Jacinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Mata
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ashley Novais
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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19
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Golden SA, Heshmati M, Flanigan M, Christoffel DJ, Guise K, Pfau ML, Aleyasin H, Menard C, Zhang H, Hodes GE, Bregman D, Khibnik L, Tai J, Rebusi N, Krawitz B, Chaudhury D, Walsh JJ, Han MH, Shapiro ML, Russo SJ. Basal forebrain projections to the lateral habenula modulate aggression reward. Nature 2016; 534:688-92. [PMID: 27357796 PMCID: PMC4930107 DOI: 10.1038/nature18601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maladaptive aggressive behaviour is associated with a number of neuropsychiatric disorders and is thought to result partly from the inappropriate activation of brain reward systems in response to aggressive or violent social stimuli. Nuclei within the ventromedial hypothalamus, extended amygdala and limbic circuits are known to encode initiation of aggression; however, little is known about the neural mechanisms that directly modulate the motivational component of aggressive behaviour. Here we established a mouse model to measure the valence of aggressive inter-male social interaction with a smaller subordinate intruder as reinforcement for the development of conditioned place preference (CPP). Aggressors develop a CPP, whereas non-aggressors develop a conditioned place aversion to the intruder-paired context. Furthermore, we identify a functional GABAergic projection from the basal forebrain (BF) to the lateral habenula (lHb) that bi-directionally controls the valence of aggressive interactions. Circuit-specific silencing of GABAergic BF-lHb terminals of aggressors with halorhodopsin (NpHR3.0) increases lHb neuronal firing and abolishes CPP to the intruder-paired context. Activation of GABAergic BF-lHb terminals of non-aggressors with channelrhodopsin (ChR2) decreases lHb neuronal firing and promotes CPP to the intruder-paired context. Finally, we show that altering inhibitory transmission at BF-lHb terminals does not control the initiation of aggressive behaviour. These results demonstrate that the BF-lHb circuit has a critical role in regulating the valence of inter-male aggressive behaviour and provide novel mechanistic insight into the neural circuits modulating aggression reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A. Golden
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitra Heshmati
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meghan Flanigan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dan J. Christoffel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Guise
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeline L. Pfau
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hossein Aleyasin
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Menard
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgia E. Hodes
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Bregman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lena Khibnik
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Tai
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Rebusi
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Krawitz
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dipesh Chaudhury
- Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica J. Walsh
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matt L. Shapiro
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott J. Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Shumake J, Gonzalez-Lima F. Brain Systems Underlying Susceptibility to Helplessness and Depression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:198-221. [PMID: 15006293 DOI: 10.1177/1534582303259057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There has been a relative lack of research into the neurobiological predispositions that confer vulnerability to depression. This article reviews functional brain mappings from a genetic animal model, the congenitally helpless rat, which is predisposed to develop learned helplessness. Neurometabolic findings from this model are integrated with the neuroscientific literature from other animal models of depression as well as depressed humans. Changes in four major brain systems are suggested to underlie susceptibility to helplessness and possibly depression: (a) an unbalanced prefrontal-cingulate cortical system, (b) a dissociated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, (c) a dissociated septal-hippocampal system, and (d) a hypoactive brain reward system, as exemplified by a hypermetabolic habenula-interpeduncular nucleus pathway and a hypometabolic ventral tegmental area-striatum pathway. Functional interconnections and causal relationships among these systems are considered and further experiments are suggested, with theoretical attention to how an abnormality in any one system could affect the others.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shumake
- Department of Psycology, University of Texas at Austin, USA
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21
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Zhang Q, Feng JJ, Yang S, Liu XF, Li JC, Zhao H. Lateral habenula as a link between thyroid and serotoninergic system modiates depressive symptoms in hypothyroidism rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:198-205. [PMID: 27185576 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Depression-like behavior is observed in both rats and people with hypothyroidism, which suggests that altered thyroid hormone levels are closely associated with mental illness. Furthermore, decreased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) levels are found in some brain regions of hypothyroid rats with depression-like behavior. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of hypothyroidism on the central serotonin system is unclear. The lateral habenula (LHb) is related to both the serotonin and thyroid systems and also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. Our study aimed to disclose the role of the LHb in the onset of depression-like behavior in thyroidectomy (TD) rats. Forced swimming (FST) and open-field tests (OFT) were performed to measure behavioral changes in TD rats. The expression of β calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (β CaMKII) in the LHb, cytochrome C oxidase (COX) activity in the LHb and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), and 5-HT levels in the DRN were assayed. We found that TD rats exhibited depression-like behavior in the FST and OFT. Compared with the sham group, neural activity and the expression of β CaMKII in TD rats were higher in the LHb, and neural activity and 5-HT levels were lower in the DRN. Depressive behavior and decreased 5-HT levels in the DRN in TD rats were reversed by LHb lesioning. Our study indicates that depression-like behavior in TD rats can be attributed to decreased 5-HT levels in the DRN resulting from inhibition by an overactive LHb. The LHb mediates the effect of the thyroid system on 5-HT function in the DRN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Thyroid Surgery, Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jing Jing Feng
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Xiao Feng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Ji Cheng Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Department of Thyroid Surgery, Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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22
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Ely BA, Xu J, Goodman WK, Lapidus KA, Gabbay V, Stern ER. Resting-state functional connectivity of the human habenula in healthy individuals: Associations with subclinical depression. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2369-84. [PMID: 26991474 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The habenula (Hb) is postulated to play a critical role in reward and aversion processing across species, including humans, and has been increasingly implicated in depression. However, technical constraints have limited in vivo investigation of the human Hb, and its function remains poorly characterized. We sought to overcome these challenges by examining the whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity of the Hb and its possible relationship to depressive symptomatology using the high-resolution WU-Minn Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. METHODS Anatomical and resting-state functional MRI data from 50 healthy subjects with low or high subclinical depression scores (n = 25 each) were analyzed. Using novel semi-automated segmentation and optimization techniques, we generated individual-specific Hb seeds and calculated whole-brain functional connectivity for the entire cohort and the contrast of high vs. low depression groups. RESULTS In the entire cohort, the Hb exhibited significant connectivity with key brainstem structures (i.e., ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, pons) as well as the anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, precuneus, thalamus, and sensorimotor cortex. Multiple regions showed differential Hb connectivity based on subclinical depression scores, including the amygdala, insula, and prefrontal, mid-cingulate, and entorhinal cortices. CONCLUSIONS Hb connectivity findings converged on areas associated with salience processing, sensorimotor systems, and the default mode network. We also detected substantial Hb-brainstem connectivity, consistent with prior histological and animal research. High and low subclinical depression groups exhibited differences in Hb connectivity with multiple regions previously linked to depression, suggesting the relationship between these structures as a potential target for future research and treatment. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2369-2384, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Ely
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Junqian Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Wayne K Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kyle A Lapidus
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Vilma Gabbay
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York
| | - Emily R Stern
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Yang LM, Yu L, Jin HJ, Zhao H. Substance P receptor antagonist in lateral habenula improves rat depression-like behavior. Brain Res Bull 2013; 100:22-8. [PMID: 24157953 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) levels are closely related with the pathogenesis of depression. Recent work has focused on antidepressive effect of substance P receptor antagonist (SPA), however, its action site and mechanism remain largely unresolved. Our previous results showed that the lateral habenula (LHb) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. The current study investigated the effects of SPA microinjected into LHb on the behavioral responses of two rat models that exhibit depression-like behavior. To produce adult rats that exhibit depression-like behavior, rats were either exposed to chronic mild stress (CMS), or chronically administered clomipramine (CLI), a tricyclic antidepressant, during the neonatal state of life. The forced-swimming test (FST) was used to evaluate behavioral responses. Furthermore, we measured serotonin (5-HT) levels in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) using microdialysis. The FST showed a decreased immobility time and an increased climbing time after SPA injection into the LHb of depression-like behavior rats. In addition, 5-HT levels in DRN increased after SPA was microinjected into LHb of the rats that exhibited depression-like behavior. This study demonstrates that LHb mediates antidepressive effect of SPA by increasing 5-HT levels in the DRN, suggesting that the LHb may be a potential target of antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Yang
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China; Neuroscience Research Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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24
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Flagel SB, Cameron CM, Pickup KN, Watson SJ, Akil H, Robinson TE. A food predictive cue must be attributed with incentive salience for it to induce c-fos mRNA expression in cortico-striatal-thalamic brain regions. Neuroscience 2011; 196:80-96. [PMID: 21945724 PMCID: PMC3206316 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cues associated with rewards acquire the ability to engage the same brain systems as rewards themselves. However, reward cues have multiple properties. For example, they not only act as predictors of reward capable of evoking conditional responses (CRs), but they may also acquire incentive motivational properties. As incentive stimuli they can evoke complex emotional and motivational states. Here we sought to determine whether the predictive value of a reward cue is sufficient to engage brain reward systems, or whether the cue must also be attributed with incentive salience. We took advantage of the fact that there are large individual differences in the extent to which reward cues are attributed with incentive salience. When a cue (conditional stimulus, CS) is paired with delivery of food (unconditional stimulus, US), the cue acquires the ability to evoke a CR in all rats; that is, it is equally predictive and supports learning the CS-US association in all. However, only in a subset of rats is the cue attributed with incentive salience, becoming an attractive and desirable incentive stimulus. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to quantify the ability of a food cue to induce c-fos mRNA expression in rats that varied in the extent to which they attributed incentive salience to the cue. We found that a food cue induced c-fos mRNA in the orbitofrontal cortex, striatum (caudate and nucleus accumbens), thalamus (paraventricular, intermediodorsal and central medial nuclei), and lateral habenula, only in rats that attributed incentive salience to the cue. Furthermore, patterns of "connectivity" between these brain regions differed markedly between rats that did or did not attribute incentive salience to the food cue. These data suggest that the predictive value of a reward cue is not sufficient to engage brain reward systems-the cue must also be attributed with incentive salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Flagel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, MI 48109, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Although much is known about the regulation of the circadian rest-activity cycle by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus in nocturnal rodents, little is known about the neural substrates that regulate the temporal organization of nocturnal activity within the active phase. In this report, data are presented in Syrian hamsters to implicate the habenula - believed to be involved in motivation, reward and motor control--as a candidate site for such a role. First, by examining hamsters during the day and night and by introducing a 'novel' running wheel in order to induce daytime motor activity, we showed that immunoreactive c-Fos expression in the lateral and medial habenula is related to motor activity/arousal. Second, by transecting the habenula's major efferent pathway (fasciculus retroflexus), we showed that the interruption of habenula neural output alters the daily amount of motor activity, lengthens the period of the circadian rest-activity rhythm and disrupts the species-typical pattern of nocturnal motor activity, measured as either wheel-running behavior or general locomotor activity. Instead of the usual pattern of night-time locomotion, characterized by a prolonged bout of elevated activity in the early night followed by shorter sporadic bouts or the cessation of activity altogether, lesioned animals exhibited a more homogeneous, undifferentiated temporal profile extending across the night. These data suggest a previously unrecognized function of the habenula whereby it regulates the temporal pattern of activity occurring within a circadian rest-activity window set by the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Paul
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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26
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The habenula: from stress evasion to value-based decision-making. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 11:503-13. [PMID: 20559337 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Surviving in a world with hidden rewards and dangers requires choosing the appropriate behaviours. Recent discoveries indicate that the habenula plays a prominent part in such behavioural choice through its effects on neuromodulator systems, in particular the dopamine and serotonin systems. By inhibiting dopamine-releasing neurons, habenula activation leads to the suppression of motor behaviour when an animal fails to obtain a reward or anticipates an aversive outcome. Moreover, the habenula is involved in behavioural responses to pain, stress, anxiety, sleep and reward, and its dysfunction is associated with depression, schizophrenia and drug-induced psychosis. As a highly conserved structure in the brain, the habenula provides a fundamental mechanism for both survival and decision-making.
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27
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Muller JM, Morelli E, Ansorge M, Gingrich JA. Serotonin transporter deficient mice are vulnerable to escape deficits following inescapable shocks. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:166-75. [PMID: 20955517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of serotonin transporter (5-HTT) function causes changes in affective behavior, both in humans and rodents. Stressful life events likewise affect emotional behavior. In humans, a low-expressing genetic 5-htt variant, the s allele of the 5-htt linked promoter region, has been associated with increased risk for depression only where there was a history of stressful life events. To investigate this gene by environment interaction in mice, we compared the effects of inescapable shocks on the behavior of wild-type (5-htt+/+), heterozygote (5-htt+/-) and serotonin transporter deficient (5-htt-/-) mice. Inescapable shocks induce behavioral changes including a shock escape deficit, in a subsequent test when escape is possible. Confirming a gene by environment interaction, we found that stress increases escape latencies in a gene-dose dependent manner (5-htt-/->5-htt+/->5-htt +/+), where as there were no differences among the genotypes in the unstressed condition. The vulnerability to increased escape latency could not be accounted for by enhanced fear learning, as 5-htt-/- mice did not show heightened fear conditioning. The interaction of 5-htt genotype and stress appeared to produce a selective behavioral vulnerability, because no interaction of 5-htt genotype and stress was observed in other measures of anxiety and depression-linked behavior, including the open field, novelty suppressed feeding, and forced swim tests. We replicated prior findings that the 5-htt-/- displays heightened anxiety and depression-like behavior at baseline (unstressed condition). In conclusion, our data offer the possibility for future investigation of the neural basis underlying 5-htt genotype-by-stress interaction shown here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Muller
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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28
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Veening JG, Böcker KBE, Verdouw PM, Olivier B, De Jongh R, Groenink L. Activation of the septohippocampal system differentiates anxiety from fear in startle paradigms. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1046-60. [PMID: 19580851 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that different brain areas are involved in the modulation and expression of fear and anxiety. In the present study we investigated these potential differences by using the fear-potentiated-startle (FPS) and light-enhanced-startle (LES) paradigms to differentiate between fear and anxiety, respectively. Male Wistar rats were tested in the FPS and LES paradigm and perfused 1 h after the test session. Fos immunoreactivity (IR) was quantified in 21 brain areas and compared between FPS, LES and four control conditions. Both FPS and LES procedures significantly enhanced the acoustic startle response. A principal component analysis of Fos-IR-data showed that 70% of the changes in Fos-IR could be explained by three independent components: an arousal-component, identifying brain areas known to be activated under conditions of vigilance, arousal and stress, a LES- and an FPS-component. The LES component comprised the septohippocampal system and functionally interrelated areas including nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, lateral habenula and supramammillary areas, but not the dorsolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The central amygdaloid nucleus and the dorsolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis loaded exclusively on the FPS component. Analysis of the separate brain areas revealed significantly higher Fos-IR in LES relative to FPS in the anterior cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, lateral septum, lateral habenula and area postrema. We conclude that the neural circuitry activated during FPS and LES shows clear differences. In anxiety as induced by LES, activation of the septohippocampal system and related areas seems to play a major role. In fear as induced by FPS, the central amygdaloid nucleus and the dorsolateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis loaded on the same component, but Fos-IR observed in these brain regions did not differentiate between anxiety and fear. Furthermore, principal-component analysis appears a useful tool in detecting and describing correlated changes in patterns of neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Veening
- Department of Anatomy, 109 UMC St Radboud, University of Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein N 21, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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29
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Wang Y, Zhang F, Tang S, Lai M, Hao W, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhou W. Lack of effect of habenula lesion on heroin self-administration in rats. Neurosci Lett 2009; 461:167-71. [PMID: 19539705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of bilateral electric lesion of the habenula (Hb) on the acquisition and maintenance of heroin self-administration. The rats were trained to self-administer heroin (0.05 mg/kg/infusion) under FR1 schedule in daily 4h sessions. A progressive ratio schedule (PR3-4) was used to evaluate the relative motivational value of heroin reinforcement. Compared with the controls, neither pre-training nor post-training of Hb lesions had any effects on the total amount of infusions and motivational value of heroin reward. However, pre-training Hb lesion caused transient active and inactive nose-poke responding in the early phase of training, suggesting increased locomotor exploration. The results suggest that Hb might not play an important role in mediating the acute reinforcing effect of heroin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- Mental Health Institute and WHO Collaborating Center for Drug Abuse and Health, The 2nd Xiangya Affiliated Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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30
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Abulafia R, Zalkind V, Devor M. Cerebral activity during the anesthesia-like state induced by mesopontine microinjection of pentobarbital. J Neurosci 2009; 29:7053-64. [PMID: 19474332 PMCID: PMC6665580 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1357-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microinjection of pentobarbital into a restricted region of rat brainstem, the mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA), induces a reversible anesthesia-like state characterized by loss of the righting reflex, atonia, antinociception, and loss of consciousness as assessed by electroencephalogram synchronization. We examined cerebral activity during this state using FOS expression as a marker. Animals were anesthetized for 50 min with a series of intracerebral microinjections of pentobarbital or with systemic pentobarbital and intracerebral microinjections of vehicle. FOS expression was compared with that in awake animals microinjected with vehicle. Neural activity was suppressed throughout the cortex whether anesthesia was induced by systemic or MPTA routes. Changes were less consistent subcortically. In the zona incerta and the nucleus raphe pallidus, expression was strongly suppressed during systemic anesthesia, but only mildly during MPTA-induced anesthesia. Dissociation was seen in the tuberomammillary nucleus where suppression occurred during systemic-induced anesthesia only, and in the lateral habenular nucleus where activity was markedly increased during systemic-induced anesthesia but not following intracerebral microinjection. Several subcortical nuclei previously associated with cerebral arousal were not affected. In the MPTA itself FOS expression was suppressed during systemic anesthesia. Differences in the pattern of brain activity in the two modes of anesthesia are consistent with the possibility that anesthetic endpoints might be achieved by alternative mechanisms: direct drug action for systemic anesthesia or via ascending pathways for MPTA-induced anesthesia. However, it is also possible that systemically administered agents induce anesthesia, at least in part, by a primary action in the MPTA with cortical inhibition occurring secondarily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Abulafia
- Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Vladimir Zalkind
- Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Marshall Devor
- Department of Cell and Animal Biology, Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Research on Pain, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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31
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Bianco IH, Wilson SW. The habenular nuclei: a conserved asymmetric relay station in the vertebrate brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1005-20. [PMID: 19064356 PMCID: PMC2666075 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal diencephalon, or epithalamus, contains the bilaterally paired habenular nuclei and the pineal complex. The habenulae form part of the dorsal diencephalic conduction (DDC) system, a highly conserved pathway found in all vertebrates. In this review, we shall describe the neuroanatomy of the DDC, consider its physiology and behavioural involvement, and discuss examples of neural asymmetries within both habenular circuitry and the pineal complex. We will discuss studies in zebrafish, which have examined the organization and development of this circuit, uncovered how asymmetry is represented at the level of individual neurons and determined how such left–right differences arise during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac H Bianco
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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32
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Involvement of the lateral habenula in the regulation of generalized anxiety- and panic-related defensive responses in rats. Life Sci 2008; 82:1256-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Yang LM, Hu B, Xia YH, Zhang BL, Zhao H. Lateral habenula lesions improve the behavioral response in depressed rats via increasing the serotonin level in dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2007; 188:84-90. [PMID: 18054396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-serotonin (5-HT) system plays a key role in stress-related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. The habenular nucleus (Hb) is closely connected with the DRN both morphologically and functionally. Here, we used two types of depressive animal models by exposing rats to chronic mild stress (CMS) and by chronically administering the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine (CLI) in the rat during the neonatal state of life to produce adult depressed rats. We investigated the effects of lateral habenular nucleus (LHb) lesions on the behavioral response and on the level of 5-HT in DRN in the depressed rats. Forced-swimming test (FST) showed that the immobility time decreased, and the climbing time increased after lesioning LHb of depressed rats. Microdialysis results indicated that the 5-HT level in DRN in depressed rats was lower than that of the control group. Lesion of the LHb was followed by an increased 5-HT turnover in the DRN. Our results suggested that the lesion of the LHb could improve the behavioral response of the depressed rats and the 5-HT level of the DRN increased by LHb lesions could be involved in the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Yang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 2 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130021, China
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34
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Roseboom PH, Nanda SA, Bakshi VP, Trentani A, Newman SM, Kalin NH. Predator threat induces behavioral inhibition, pituitary-adrenal activation and changes in amygdala CRF-binding protein gene expression. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:44-55. [PMID: 17116372 PMCID: PMC1847640 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral inhibition (BI) is an adaptive defensive response to threat; however, extreme BI is associated with anxiety-related psychopathology. When rats are exposed to a natural predator they display stress- and anxiety-related behavioral alterations and physiological activation. To develop a preclinical rodent model to study mechanisms underlying human BI and anxiety, we examined the extent to which ferret exposure elicits anxiety-related BI and HPA and amygdala activation of the CRF system. In the first experiment, BI and other behaviors were assessed in the presence or absence of a ferret. In the second experiment, ferret-induced corticosterone release and changes in brain c-fos expression were assessed. In the final experiment, gene chip and quantitative real time-PCR analyses were performed on amygdala tissue from control and ferret-exposed rats. Ferret exposure increased BI and submissive posturing, as well as plasma corticosterone and the number of Fos-positive cells in several brain regions including the amygdala. Gene expression analysis revealed increased amygdalar mRNA for CRF-binding protein, but not the CRF1 receptor, CRF2 receptor or CRF. In rodents, ferret exposure can be used to elicit anxiety-related BI, which is associated with HPA and amygdala activation. Since the amygdala and the CRF system have been implicated in adaptive and maladaptive anxiety responses in humans, these data support use of our rodent model to further investigate mechanisms underlying anxiety-related psychopathology in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Roseboom
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Blvd., Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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35
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Zhang R, Oorschot DE. Total number of neurons in the habenular nuclei of the rat epithalamus: a stereological study. J Anat 2006; 208:577-85. [PMID: 16637880 PMCID: PMC2100216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The total number of neurons in the medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the rat epithalamus was estimated using modern stereological counting methods and systematic random sampling techniques. Six to eight young adult male rats, and a complete set of serial 40-microm glycolmethacrylate sections for each rat, were used to quantify neuronal numbers. After a random start, a systematic subset (e.g. every third) of the serial sections was used to estimate the total volume of each nucleus using Cavalieri's method. The same set of sampled sections was used to estimate the number of neurons in a known subvolume (i.e. the numerical density N(v)) by the optical disector method. Multiplication of the total volume by N(v) yielded the total number of neurons. It was found that the right medial habenular nucleus consisted, on average, of 18,000 neurons (with a coefficient of variation of 0.18), while the right lateral habenular nucleus had 13,000 neurons on average (0.14). These total neuronal numbers provide important data for the transfer of information through these nuclei and for species comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, and the Neuroscience Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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36
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DONG HONGWEI, SWANSON LARRYW. Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, dorsomedial nucleus: implications for cerebral hemisphere integration of neuroendocrine, autonomic, and drinking responses. J Comp Neurol 2006; 494:75-107. [PMID: 16304681 PMCID: PMC2707828 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The overall projection pattern of a tiny bed nuclei of the stria terminalis anteromedial group differentiation, the dorsomedial nucleus (BSTdm), was analyzed with the Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin anterograde pathway tracing method in rats. Many brain regions receive a relatively moderate to strong input from the BSTdm. They fall into eight general categories: humeral sensory-related (subfornical organ and median preoptic nucleus, involved in initiating drinking behavior and salt appetite), neuroendocrine system (magnocellular: oxytocin, vasopressin; parvicellular: gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone), central autonomic control network (central amygdalar nucleus, BST anterolateral group, descending paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus), hypothalamic visceromotor pattern-generator network (five of six known components), behavior control column (ingestive: descending paraventricular nucleus; reproductive: lateral medial preoptic nucleus; defensive: anterior hypothalamic nucleus; foraging: ventral tegmental area, along with interconnected nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata), orofacial motor control (retrorubral area), thalamocortical feedback loops (paraventricular, central medial, intermediodorsal, and medial mediodorsal nuclei; nucleus reuniens), and behavioral state control (subparaventricular zone, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, supramammillary nucleus, lateral habenula, and raphé nuclei). This pattern of axonal projections, and what little is known of its inputs suggest that the BSTdm is part of a striatopallidal differentiation involved in coordinating the homeostatic and behavioral responses associated thirst and salt appetite, although clearly it may relate them to other functions as well. The BSTdm generates the densest known inputs directly to the neuroendocrine system from any part of the cerebral hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - LARRY W. SWANSON
- Correspondence to: Dr. L.W. Swanson, Hedco Neuroscience Building, 3641 Watt Way, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2520. Voice: (213) 740-5892 / Fax: (213) 741-0561.
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37
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Heldt SA, Ressler KJ. Lesions of the habenula produce stress- and dopamine-dependent alterations in prepulse inhibition and locomotion. Brain Res 2006; 1073-1074:229-39. [PMID: 16442084 PMCID: PMC2561201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The habenula complex modulates the activity of dopamine and serotonin systems in the brain. An important question remains whether there is a link between habenula dysfunction and monoamine-related disorders, such as schizophrenia. In this study, we describe an interaction between habenula lesions and stress that produces long-lasting effects on behavior. Mice received control lesions or bilateral electrolytic lesions of the habenula and were tested for fear-potentiated startle and freezing measures of conditioned fear. They were also tested for prepulse inhibition (PPI) and locomotor activity in the presence or absence of a dopaminergic agonist (apomorphine) or an atypical antipsychotic with mixed dopamine/serotonin antagonist properties (clozapine). There were no detectable effects of habenula lesions on fear conditioning and no effects on PPI in the absence of stress. However, following conditioned fear stress, habenula-lesioned animals showed decreased PPI which normalized with clozapine. Lesioned animals also showed diminished activity at baseline, with hyperlocomotion following apomorphine. These data support the hypothesis that the habenula may be normally involved in stress-dependent regulation of monoamine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Heldt
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Dr., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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38
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Sharp PE, Turner-Williams S, Tuttle S. Movement-related correlates of single cell activity in the interpeduncular nucleus and habenula of the rat during a pellet-chasing task. Behav Brain Res 2005; 166:55-70. [PMID: 16143407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The habenula and interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) are part of a dorsal diencephalic conduction system which receives input from cholinergic, striatal, and hypothalamic areas, and sends output to several, disparate midbrain regions. These output regions include the dorsal tegmental nucleus, which is part of a navigation-related system that provides a signal for directional heading. The habenula and IPN also project to the dorsal and medial Raphe nuclei, thought to be involved in mood and behavioral state regulation. Here, cells in both the habenula and IPN were recorded in freely moving rats while they foraged for food pellets. There were four major findings. First, many of the cells tended to fire in sporadic bouts of relatively high versus low rates, and this may be related to intrinsic cell properties discovered during in vitro studies. Second, although these regions are connected to the direction signaling circuit, they do not, themselves demonstrate a directional signal. Third, about 10% of the cells in the lateral habenula showed a strong correlation between rate and angular head motion. This may constitute an important, requisite input to the above-mentioned head direction circuit. Finally, many of the cells in each region showed a temporally coarse correlation with running speed, so that bouts of high frequency firing coincided with episodes of higher behavioral activation. This last finding may be related to work which shows an influence of the habenula on locomotor activity, and in relation to the protective effects of exercise in relation to stress, as mediated by the Raphe nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Sharp
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Zhao H, Rusak B. Circadian firing-rate rhythms and light responses of rat habenular nucleus neurons in vivo and in vitro. Neuroscience 2005; 132:519-28. [PMID: 15802202 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus serve as the principal pacemaker of the mammalian circadian system. Among its efferent targets are the habenular nucleus (Hb), especially the lateral Hb (LHb), which plays an important role in conveying input from the limbic forebrain to midbrain structures. We recorded extracellularly from single neurons in the LHb and medial Hb (MHb), both in vivo and using an in vitro slice preparation, to assess their responses to retinal illumination and the rhythmicity of their firing rates. Of cells recorded in the LHb, 42% were tonically activated or suppressed by retinal illumination, while significantly fewer cells recorded in the MHb responded to retinal illumination (19%). Of photically responsive cells, 68% in the LHb were activated and the remainder suppressed, while only 25% of those recorded in the MHb were activated. Cells in both the LHb and MHb showed higher baseline firing rates during the day than during the night in vivo, while photic responses were of significantly larger amplitude among LHb cells during the projected night than during the projected day. LHb cells recorded in vitro maintained their rhythmicity for two circadian cycles, but MHb cells did not show a rhythm in vitro. The habenula may play a role in linking circadian and motivational systems and may contribute to photic regulation of these systems, as well as to the rhythmicity of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J1
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Serrats J, Raurich A, Vilaró MT, Mengod G, Cortés R. 5-ht5BReceptor mRNA in the raphe nuclei: Coexpression with serotonin transporter. Synapse 2003; 51:102-11. [PMID: 14618677 DOI: 10.1002/syn.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We used double-label in situ hybridization to examine the cellular localization of 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA in relation to serotonin transporter mRNA in the rat dorsal raphe (DR) and central superior nucleus (CS, median raphe nucleus). 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA hybridization signal was often found on serotonin transporter mRNA-positive neuron profiles. The degree of cellular colocalization of these mRNAs notably varied among the different regions of the raphe nuclei. In the DR, cell bodies showing 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA expression were abundant in the medial portions of the nucleus, all of them being also labeled for serotonin transporter mRNA. In contrast, in the ventrolateral regions (lateral wings) of the DR, we observed serotonin transporter mRNA-positive cells, but they were devoid of 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA signal. In the CS, the level of coexpression of 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA with serotonin transporter mRNA was high in the intermediate portions of the nucleus; however, we were unable to detect specific 5-ht(5B) receptor mRNA hybridization signal in its caudal extent. Our results support the presence of 5-ht(5B) receptor in serotonergic neurons in the DR and CS, suggesting an autoreceptor role for this receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Serrats
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Shumake J, Edwards E, Gonzalez-Lima F. Opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area of a genetic model of helpless behavior. Brain Res 2003; 963:274-81. [PMID: 12560133 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)04048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenitally helpless rats have been selectively bred to display an immediate helpless response to stress in order to model hereditary brain differences that contribute to depression vulnerability. Differences in regional brain metabolism between congenitally helpless and non-helpless rats were investigated using quantitative cytochrome oxidase histochemistry. The results indicated that congenitally helpless rats had 64-71% elevated metabolism in the habenula and a 25% elevation in the related interpeduncular nucleus. In contrast, helpless rats had 28% reduced metabolism in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and 14-16% reductions in the basal ganglia and basolateral and central amygdala. The opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area may be especially important for determining the congenitally helpless rat's global pattern of brain activity, which resembles the metabolic activity pattern produced by dopamine antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shumake
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Amat J, Sparks PD, Matus-Amat P, Griggs J, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The role of the habenular complex in the elevation of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin and the changes in the behavioral responses produced by uncontrollable stress. Brain Res 2001; 917:118-26. [PMID: 11602236 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research indicates that the serotonergic neurons of the caudal dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) are activated to a greater degree by inescapable shock (IS) as compared to escapable shock (ES), causing a greater release of serotonin (5-HT) in the DRN and in target regions. This differential activation is necessary for the behavioral changes that occur after exposure to IS, but not to ES (i.e. learned helplessness/behavioral depression). Although the critical role of the DRN in learned helplessness is clear, the neural inputs to the caudal DRN which result in this selective activation are unknown. One structure that may be involved in the activation of the DRN and the induction of learned helplessness/behavioral depression is the habenular complex. In experiment 1, habenula lesions eliminated the differential rise in DRN extracellular 5-HT levels in response to IS and ES exposure by severely attenuating the rise in 5-HT for both groups. In experiment 2, sham operated and habenula lesioned rats were exposed to either ES, IS or no stress (home cage control; HCC). Twenty-four hours later, sham rats previously exposed to IS exhibited longer escape latencies as compared to both ES and HCC rats (i.e. learned helplessness). The habenular lesion eliminated the differences in escape latency between groups, thus eliminating the induction of learned helplessness/behavioral depression. These results suggest that the habenula is necessary for the differential activation of the DRN and the escape deficits produced by IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amat
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Abstract
The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct cell group in caudoventral regions of the pontine periventricular gray, adjacent to the ventromedial border of the caudal dorsal tegmental nucleus. Recent interest in the NI stems from evidence that it represents one of the periventricular sites with the highest expression levels of mRNA encoding the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, which has a high affinity for naturally occurring CRH, perhaps accounting for some of the extrapituitary actions of the peptide on autonomic and behavioral components of the stress response. However, almost nothing is known about NI function and hodological relationships. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic analysis of NI inputs and outputs using cholera toxin B subunit as a retrograde tracer and Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Our retrograde tracer experiments indicate that the NI is in a strategic position to integrate information related to behavioral planning (from the prefrontal cortex), lateral habenular processing, hippocampal function, and oculomotor control. Based on its efferent connections, the NI is in a position to exert significant modulating influences on prefrontal and hippocampal cortical activity, and the nucleus is also in a position to influence brain sites known to control locomotor behavior, attentive states, and learning processes. Overall, the present results support the idea that the NI is a distinct region of the pontine periventricular gray, and together with the superior central (median raphé) and interpeduncular nuclei the NI appears to form a midline behavior control network of the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goto
- Neuroscience Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2520, USA
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Braun K, Poeggel G. Recognition of Mother's voice evokes metabolic activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral thalamus of Octodon degus pups. Neuroscience 2001; 103:861-4. [PMID: 11301196 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a variety of animal species, including primates, vocal communication is an essential part to establish and maintain social interactions, including the emotional bond between the newborn, its parents and siblings. The aim of this study in pups of the trumpet-tailed rat, Octodon degus, was to identify cortical and subcortical brain regions, which are involved in the perception of vocalizations uttered by the mother. In this species, which is characterized by an elaborated vocal repertoire, the (14C)-2-fluoro-deoxyglucose autoradiography was applied to measure region-specific metabolic activation in response to the presentation of a learned emotionally relevant acoustic stimulus, the maternal calls. Already at the age of eight days the precentral medial cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and the lateral thalamus could be identified by their enhanced metabolic activation in response to the presentation of the emotionally relevant maternal nursing calls, whereas other brain areas, such as the hippocampus and amygdala did not show stimulus-induced activation. Since in humans changes of activity patterns in relation to the emotional content of spoken language have been observed in similar brain regions, e.g. in the anterior cingulate cortex, Octodon degus may provide a suitable animal model to study the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying perception, production and processing of conspecific vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Braun
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany.
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van den Buuse M. Role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area modulates the effect of vasopressin on blood pressure in conscious rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25:661-8. [PMID: 9750953 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The possible role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and its dopaminergic projections in cardiovascular regulation is reviewed. 2. Our own work has shown that stimulation of the VTA by local microinjection of the substance P analogue DiMe-C7 caused an increase in blood pressure. The mechanism of the pressor response was an interaction of central dopaminergic activation, most likely at the level of the baroreflex, with the circulatory actions of vasopressin. 3. These findings are important for a possible role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Several studies reviewed here show that neuronal activity of the VTA and its mesolimbic projections is altered by changes in blood pressure, salt and electrolyte balance, stress and food and water intake. 4. The VTA and mesolimbic dopamine system, while playing a widely accepted role in locomotor activity, cognition and reward mechanisms, may also be involved in the integration of sensory and behavioural information with cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van den Buuse
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.
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Wagner CK, Silverman AJ, Morrell JI. Evidence for estrogen receptor in cell nuclei and axon terminals within the lateral habenula of the rat: Regulation during pregnancy. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980316)392:3<330::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Douhet P, Bertaina V, Durkin T, Calas A, Destrade C. Sex-linked behavioural differences in mice expressing a human insulin transgene in the medial habenula. Behav Brain Res 1997; 89:259-66. [PMID: 9475633 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that a human insulin transgene was specifically expressed in the medial habenula of the adult mouse brain, and that this expression was ascribed to the delta-168 transgene. The present study analyses the possible behavioural consequences of this insulin transgene expression using measures of food intake, spontaneous activity, emotional reactivity, learning and extinction performance of an operant task. The delta-168 transgenic mice did not differ from the C57BL/6 control mice as concerns food intake, behaviour in the open field, or emotional response in an elevated plus maze. On the other hand, measures of locomotor activity in a circular corridor revealed a significantly faster decline of spontaneous locomotor activity in male as compared to female delta-168 transgenic mice. Moreover, as compared to female transgenic mice, male transgenic mice exhibited a deficit in the rate of acquisition and an acceleration of the rate of extinction of a bar press response in a Skinner box. In contrast, the behaviour of female transgenic mice did not differ from either male or female C57BL/6 control mice. The results of the present study demonstrate that the behavioural modifications observed in delta-168 transgenic mice are sex-linked and suggest that these behavioural differences result from changes in the interaction (interface) between motivational and motor mechanisms mediated via the striato-habenulo-mesencephalic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Douhet
- Departement de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Institut des Neurosciences, URA CNRS 1488, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. philippe.douhet @ snv.jussieu.fr
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48
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Cornish JL, Wilks DP, Van den Buuse M. A functional interaction between the mesolimbic dopamine system and vasopressin release in the regulation of blood pressure in conscious rats. Neuroscience 1997; 81:69-78. [PMID: 9300402 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to further characterize the involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system in central blood pressure regulation, with particular emphasis on the interaction of this system with the effects of circulating vasopressin. In conscious rats we stimulated the release of endogenous dopamine from mesolimbic/mesocortical terminals by administration of the substance P analogue DiMe-C7 ([pGlu5, MePhe8, Sar9]-Substance P5-11; 10 nmol) into the ventral tegmental area. Chemical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area resulted in a significant increase in blood pressure and heart rate. These effects were prevented by either bilateral electrolytic lesions of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus or by systemic pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (0.5 mg/kg). Stimulation of the ventral tegmental area also produced a marked increase in the expression of the proto-oncogene c-fos in the supraoptic nucleus and a significant increase in plasma vasopressin levels, suggesting activation of vasopressinergic neurons in this nucleus. However, this effect of stimulation of the ventral tegmental area was not significantly inhibited by pretreatment with raclopride. We suggest that the effects on blood pressure and heart rate of stimulation of the ventral midbrain by micro-injection of DiMe-C7 are the result of combined activation of both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic cell bodies in this region. Stimulation of non-dopaminergic cells in the ventral midbrain may induce a moderate increase in plasma vasopressin levels by activation of the supraoptic nucleus. An additional stimulation of dopaminergic cells in the ventral midbrain allows the increase in circulating vasopressin levels to become manifest as a pressor response, possibly by inhibition of vasopressin-induced facilitation of baroreflex responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cornish
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker Medical Research Institute, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Murphy CA, DiCamillo AM, Haun F, Murray M. Lesion of the habenular efferent pathway produces anxiety and locomotor hyperactivity in rats: a comparison of the effects of neonatal and adult lesions. Behav Brain Res 1996; 81:43-52. [PMID: 8950000 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(96)00041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated the habenula in modulating states of arousal and chronic responses to stress. We examined whether lesion of the habenula efferent pathway, the fasciculus retroflexus (FR), at either 3 (P3) or 70 (P70) days of age affects stress-related anxiety (elevated plus-maze test) and activity levels (open-field test) in rats tested as adults. Both P3- and P70-lesioned rats showed chronically elevated plasma levels of corticosterone. Rats receiving FR lesions as neonates (P3) exhibited greater open arm avoidance on the elevated plus-maze than controls 2 months postoperatively, suggesting a heightened state of anxiety. In contrast, P70-lesioned rats behaved similarly to controls on the plus-maze, but showed increased locomotion and increased grooming in the open field, effects not observed in P3-lesioned rats. When an additional stressful condition was imposed (5 days of social isolation plus 24 h food deprivation) before testing, both FR-lesion groups showed an attenuation of the normal behavioral responses (decreased open-arm entries/time in open arms, increased freezing). The effects of FR lesions on activity and behavioral indices of anxiety may be due to disruption of lateral habenular projections to dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmentum and/or projections to regions containing high concentrations of benzodiazepine receptors, the median and dorsal raphe and dorsal periaqueductal gray. Behavioral differences observed as a function of lesion age suggest differential capabilities of P3- and P70-lesioned rats to utilize compensatory mechanisms to correct FR lesion-induced deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Murphy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hahnemann University, Philadelphia 19129, USA
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50
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Abnormal c-fos expression in the lateral habenula during dystonic attacks in a hamster model of idiopathic dystonia. Brain Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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