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Li Y, Hook JS, Ding Q, Xiao X, Chung SS, Mettlen M, Xu L, Moreland JG, Agathocleous M. Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2610. [PMID: 37147288 PMCID: PMC10162006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by an increase in the number and changes in the function of innate immune cells including neutrophils. However, it is not known how the metabolome of immune cells changes in patients with COVID-19. To address these questions, we analyzed the metabolome of neutrophils from patients with severe or mild COVID-19 and healthy controls. We identified widespread dysregulation of neutrophil metabolism with disease progression including in amino acid, redox, and central carbon metabolism. Metabolic changes in neutrophils from patients with severe COVID-19 were consistent with reduced activity of the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH. Inhibition of GAPDH blocked glycolysis and promoted pentose phosphate pathway activity but blunted the neutrophil respiratory burst. Inhibition of GAPDH was sufficient to cause neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation which required neutrophil elastase activity. GAPDH inhibition increased neutrophil pH, and blocking this increase prevented cell death and NET formation. These findings indicate that neutrophils in severe COVID-19 have an aberrant metabolism which can contribute to their dysfunction. Our work also shows that NET formation, a pathogenic feature of many inflammatory diseases, is actively suppressed in neutrophils by a cell-intrinsic mechanism controlled by GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafeng Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica S Hook
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stephen S Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, Quantitative Light Microscopy Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Quantitative Biomedical Research Center, Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessica G Moreland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michalis Agathocleous
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Fukushi A, Kim HD, Chang YC, Kim CH. Revisited Metabolic Control and Reprogramming Cancers by Means of the Warburg Effect in Tumor Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710037. [PMID: 36077431 PMCID: PMC9456516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is an emerging hallmark of many human cancers, as cancer cells are defined as a “metabolically abnormal system”. Carbohydrates are metabolically reprogrammed by its metabolizing and catabolizing enzymes in such abnormal cancer cells. Normal cells acquire their energy from oxidative phosphorylation, while cancer cells acquire their energy from oxidative glycolysis, known as the “Warburg effect”. Energy–metabolic differences are easily found in the growth, invasion, immune escape and anti-tumor drug resistance of cancer cells. The glycolysis pathway is carried out in multiple enzymatic steps and yields two pyruvate molecules from one glucose (Glc) molecule by orchestral reaction of enzymes. Uncontrolled glycolysis or abnormally activated glycolysis is easily observed in the metabolism of cancer cells with enhanced levels of glycolytic proteins and enzymatic activities. In the “Warburg effect”, tumor cells utilize energy supplied from lactic acid-based fermentative glycolysis operated by glycolysis-specific enzymes of hexokinase (HK), keto-HK-A, Glc-6-phosphate isomerase, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), phosphor-Glc isomerase (PGI), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, phosphoglycerate (PG) kinase (PGK)1, triose phosphate isomerase, PG mutase (PGAM), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), PDH kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. They are related to glycolytic flux. The key enzymes involved in glycolysis are directly linked to oncogenesis and drug resistance. Among the metabolic enzymes, PKM2, PGK1, HK, keto-HK-A and nucleoside diphosphate kinase also have protein kinase activities. Because glycolysis-generated energy is not enough, the cancer cell-favored glycolysis to produce low ATP level seems to be non-efficient for cancer growth and self-protection. Thus, the Warburg effect is still an attractive phenomenon to understand the metabolic glycolysis favored in cancer. If the basic properties of the Warburg effect, including genetic mutations and signaling shifts are considered, anti-cancer therapeutic targets can be raised. Specific therapeutics targeting metabolic enzymes in aerobic glycolysis and hypoxic microenvironments have been developed to kill tumor cells. The present review deals with the tumor-specific Warburg effect with the revisited viewpoint of recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abekura Fukushi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hee-Do Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedicine Imaging and Radiological Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.C.); (C.-H.K.); Fax: +82-31-290-7015 (C.-H.K.)
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoburo 2066, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.C.); (C.-H.K.); Fax: +82-31-290-7015 (C.-H.K.)
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The Axonal Glycolytic Pathway Contributes to Sensory Axon Extension and Growth Cone Dynamics. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6637-6651. [PMID: 34252036 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0321-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the bioenergetics of axon extension and maintenance has wide ranging implications for neurodevelopment and disease states. Glycolysis is a pathway consisting of 10 enzymes and separated into preparatory and payoff phases, the latter producing ATP. Using embryonic chicken sensory neurons, we report that glycolytic enzymes are found through the axon and the growth cone. Pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of NGF impairs axon extension and growth cone dynamics within minutes without affecting axon maintenance. Experiments using microfluidic chambers show that the effect of inhibiting glycolysis on axon extension is local along distal axons and can be reversed by promoting mitochondrial respiration. Knockdown of GAPDH simplifies growth cone morphology and is rescued by shRNA-resistant GAPDH expression. Rescue of GAPDH using KillerRed fused to GAPDH followed by localized chromophore-assisted light inactivation of KillerRed-GAPDH in distal axons halts growth cone dynamics. Considering filament polymerization requires ATP, inhibition of glycolysis results in a paradoxical increase in axonal actin filament levels. The effect on actin filaments is because of enzymes before GAPDH, the first enzyme in the payoff phase. In the absence of NGF, inhibition of glycolysis along distal axons results in axon degeneration independent of cell death. These data indicate that the glycolytic pathway is operative in distal axons and contributes to the rate of axon extension and growth cone dynamics in the presence of NGF and that, in the absence of NGF, the axonal glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elucidation of the sources of ATP required for axon extension and maintenance has implications for understanding the mechanism of neuronal development and diseases of the nervous system. While recent work has emphasized the importance of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the role of the glycolytic pathway in axon morphogenesis and maintenance remains minimally understood. The data reveal that the glycolytic pathway is required for normal sensory axon extension in the presence of NGF, while in the absence of NGF the glycolytic pathway is required for axon maintenance. The results have implications for the understanding of the bioenergetics of axon morphogenesis and plasticity and indicate that NGF has protective effects on sensory axon maintenance in hypoglycemic states.
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Zhu X, Jin C, Pan Q, Hu X. Determining the quantitative relationship between glycolysis and GAPDH in cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg effect. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100369. [PMID: 33545174 PMCID: PMC7960551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified GAPDH as a promising target for treating cancer and modulating immunity because its inhibition reduces glycolysis in cells (cancer cells and immune cells) with the Warburg effect, a modified form of cellular metabolism found in cancer cells. However, the quantitative relationship between GAPDH and the aerobic glycolysis remains unknown. Here, using siRNA-mediated knockdown of GAPDH expression and iodoacetate-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity, we examined the quantitative relationship between GAPDH activity and glycolysis rate. We found that glycolytic rates were unaffected by the reduction of GAPDH activity down to 19% ± 4.8% relative to untreated controls. However, further reduction of GAPDH activity below this level caused proportional reductions in the glycolysis rate. GAPDH knockdown or inhibition also simultaneously increased the concentration of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P, the substrate of GAPDH). This increased GA3P concentration countered the effect of GAPDH knockdown or inhibition and stabilized the glycolysis rate by promoting GAPDH activity. Mechanistically, the intracellular GA3P concentration is controlled by the Gibbs free energy of the reactions upstream of GAPDH. The thermodynamic state of the reactions along the glycolysis pathway was only affected when GAPDH activity was reduced below 19% ± 4.8%. Doing so moved the reactions catalyzed by GAPDH + PGK1 (phosphoglycerate kinase 1, the enzyme immediate downstream of GAPDH) away from the near-equilibrium state, revealing an important biochemical basis to interpret the rate control of glycolysis by GAPDH. Collectively, we resolved the numerical relationship between GAPDH and glycolysis in cancer cells with the Warburg effect and interpreted the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Zhu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengmeng Jin
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiangrong Pan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xun Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory for Cancer Intervention and Prevention, China National Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Galbiati A, Zana A, Conti P. Covalent inhibitors of GAPDH: From unspecific warheads to selective compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112740. [PMID: 32898762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Targeting glycolysis is an attractive approach for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies, such as various tumors and parasitic infections. Due to its pivotal role in the glycolysis, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) represents a rate-limiting enzyme in those cells that mostly, or exclusively rely on this pathway for energy production. In this context, GAPDH inhibition can be a valuable approach for the development of anticancer and antiparasitic drugs. In addition to its glycolytic role, GAPDH possesses several moonlight functions, whose deregulation is involved in some pathological conditions. Covalent modification on different amino acids of GAPDH, in particular on cysteine residues, can lead to a modulation of the enzyme activity. The selectivity towards specific cysteine residues is essential to achieve a specific phenotypic effect. In this work we report an extensive overview of the latest advances on the numerous compounds able to inhibit GAPDH through the covalent binding to cysteine residues, ranging from endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics, which may serve as pharmacological tools to actual drug-like compounds with promising therapeutic perspectives. Furthermore, we focused on the potentialities of the different warheads, shedding light on the possibility to exploit a combination of a finely tuned electrophilic group with a well-designed recognition moiety. These findings can provide useful information for the rational design of novel covalent inhibitors of GAPDH, with the final goal to expand the current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galbiati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Aureliano Zana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
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6
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Pachauri S, Gupta GD, Mukherjee PK, Kumar V. Expression of a heptelidic acid-insensitive recombinant GAPDH from Trichoderma virens, and its biochemical and biophysical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105697. [PMID: 32681951 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma virens genome harbors two isoforms of GAPDH, one (gGPD) involved in glycolysis and the other one (vGPD) in secondary metabolism. vGPD is expressed as part of the "vir" cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of volatile sesquiterpenes. The secondary metabolism-associated GAPDH is tolerant to the anti-cancer metabolite heptelidic acid (HA), produced by T. virens. Characterizing the HA-tolerant form of GAPDH, thus has implications in cancer therapy. In order to get insight into the mechanism of HA-tolerance of vGPD, we have purified recombinant form of this protein. The protein displays biochemical and biophysical characteristics analogous to the gGPD isoform. It exists as a tetramer with Tm of about 56.5 °C, and displays phosphorylation enzyme activity with Km and Kcat of 0.38 mM and 2.55 sec-1, respectively. The protein weakly binds to the sequence upstream of the vir4 gene that codes for the core enzyme (a terpene cyclase) of the "vir" cluster. The EMSA analysis indicates that vGPD may not act as a transcription factor driving the "vir" cluster, at least not by directly binding to the promoter region. We also succeeded in obtaining small crystals of this protein. We have constructed structural models of vGPD and gGPD of T. virens. In silico constrained docking analysis reveals weaker binding of heptelidic acid in vGPD, compared to gGPD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Pachauri
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Gagan D Gupta
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India; Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Liberti MV, Allen AE, Ramesh V, Dai Z, Singleton KR, Guo Z, Liu JO, Wood KC, Locasale JW. Evolved resistance to partial GAPDH inhibition results in loss of the Warburg effect and in a different state of glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:111-124. [PMID: 31748414 PMCID: PMC6952593 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect (WE) is characterized by increased glucose uptake and incomplete oxidation to lactate. Although the WE is ubiquitous, its biological role remains controversial, and whether glucose metabolism is functionally different during fully oxidative glycolysis or during the WE is unknown. To investigate this question, here we evolved resistance to koningic acid (KA), a natural product that specifically inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a rate-controlling glycolytic enzyme, during the WE. We found that KA-resistant cells lose the WE but continue to conduct glycolysis and surprisingly remain dependent on glucose as a carbon source and also on central carbon metabolism. Consequently, this altered state of glycolysis led to differential metabolic activity and requirements, including emergent activities in and dependences on fatty acid metabolism. These findings reveal that aerobic glycolysis is a process functionally distinct from conventional glucose metabolism and leads to distinct metabolic requirements and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853.
| | - Annamarie E Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Vijyendra Ramesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Katherine R Singleton
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Zufeng Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jun O Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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8
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RamyaSree B, Jose PA, Divakar K. Fermentative Production of Secondary Metabolites from Bioengineered Fungal Species and Their Applications. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hu Z, Tao Y, Tao X, Su Q, Cai J, Qin C, Ding W, Li C. Sesquiterpenes with Phytopathogenic Fungi Inhibitory Activities from Fungus Trichoderma virens from Litchi chinensis Sonn. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10646-10652. [PMID: 31479255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new monosesquiterpene diacetylgliocladic acid (1), a new dimeric sesquiterpene divirensol H (9), and two exceptionally novel trimeric sesquiterpene trivirensols A and B (11 and 12), together with another eight known congeners, were purified from an endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens FY06, derived from Litchi chinensis Sonn. whose fruit is a delicious and popular food. All of them were identified by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, combined with biosynthetic considerations. Trivirensols A and B are unprecedented trimers of which three subunits are connected by two ester bonds of the sesquiterpene class. Relative to the positive control triadimefon, all the tested metabolites showed strong inhibitory activities against at least one phytopathogenic fungus among Penicillium italicum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Colletotrichum musae, and Colletotrictum gloeosporioides. Notably, as metabolites of the endophytic fungus from L. chinensis, they all presented strong antifungal activities against C. gloeosporioides which causes anthracnose in L. chinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Hu
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Yiwen Tao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital , Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 511436 , China
| | - Xingyu Tao
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Qinhua Su
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Jiachun Cai
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Can Qin
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Weijia Ding
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
| | - Chunyuan Li
- College of Materials and Energy , South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642 , China
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Shinohara Y, Nishimura I, Koyama Y. Identification of a gene cluster for biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene antibiotic, heptelidic acid, in Aspergillus oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 83:1506-1513. [PMID: 30466366 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1549934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Heptelidic acid (HA), a sesquiterpene lactone, is a known inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Recently, we found that HA was produced by Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 and acted as the growth inhibitor of the salt-tolerant lactic acid bacteria in soy sauce brewing. Although several decades have passed since the discovery of HA, the genes involved in its biosynthesis and biosynthetic pathway have not yet been fully identified. In this study, we identified the HA biosynthetic gene cluster (HA cluster) using gene disruption and expression analysis. We also revealed that two transcription regulatory genes adjacent to the HA cluster were responsible for the expression of HA biosynthetic genes in A. oryzae. Interestingly, the HA cluster contained a gene encoding GAPDH (gpdB), which showed much higher resistance to HA than the GAPDH gene (gpdA) located at the other locus, but which did not seem to act as a self-resistant gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Shinohara
- a Noda Institute for Scientific Research , Noda City , Chiba Prefecture , Japan
| | - Ikuko Nishimura
- a Noda Institute for Scientific Research , Noda City , Chiba Prefecture , Japan
| | - Yasuji Koyama
- a Noda Institute for Scientific Research , Noda City , Chiba Prefecture , Japan
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11
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Putker M, Crosby P, Feeney KA, Hoyle NP, Costa ASH, Gaude E, Frezza C, O'Neill JS. Mammalian Circadian Period, But Not Phase and Amplitude, Is Robust Against Redox and Metabolic Perturbations. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:507-520. [PMID: 28506121 PMCID: PMC5806070 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Circadian rhythms permeate all levels of biology to temporally regulate cell and whole-body physiology, although the cell-autonomous mechanism that confers ∼24-h periodicity is incompletely understood. Reports describing circadian oscillations of over-oxidized peroxiredoxin abundance have suggested that redox signaling plays an important role in the timekeeping mechanism. Here, we tested the functional contribution that redox state and primary metabolism make to mammalian cellular timekeeping. RESULTS We found a circadian rhythm in flux through primary glucose metabolic pathways, indicating rhythmic NAD(P)H production. Using pharmacological and genetic perturbations, however, we found that timekeeping was insensitive to changes in glycolytic flux, whereas oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) inhibition and other chronic redox stressors primarily affected circadian gene expression amplitude, not periodicity. Finally, acute changes in redox state decreased PER2 protein stability, phase dependently, to alter the subsequent phase of oscillation. INNOVATION Circadian rhythms in primary cellular metabolism and redox state have been proposed to play a role in the cellular timekeeping mechanism. We present experimental data testing that hypothesis. CONCLUSION Circadian flux through primary metabolism is cell autonomous, driving rhythmic NAD(P)+ redox cofactor turnover and maintaining a redox balance that is permissive for circadian gene expression cycles. Redox homeostasis and PPP flux, but not glycolysis, are necessary to maintain clock amplitude, but neither redox nor glucose metabolism determines circadian period. Furthermore, cellular rhythms are sensitive to acute changes in redox balance, at least partly through regulation of PER protein. Redox and metabolic state are, thus, both inputs and outputs, but not state variables, of cellular circadian timekeeping. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 507-520.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit Putker
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Priya Crosby
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin A Feeney
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ana S H Costa
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Gaude
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Frezza
- 2 MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John S O'Neill
- 1 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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12
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Osuma EA, Riggs DW, Gibb AA, Hill BG. High throughput measurement of metabolism in planarians reveals activation of glycolysis during regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:78-86. [PMID: 29721328 PMCID: PMC5911454 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are outstanding models for studying mechanisms of regeneration; however, there are few methods to measure changes in their metabolism. Examining metabolism in planarians is important because the regenerative process is dependent on numerous integrated metabolic pathways, which provide the energy required for tissue repair as well as the ability to synthesize the cellular building blocks needed to form new tissue. Therefore, we standardized an extracellular flux analysis method to measure mitochondrial and glycolytic activity in live planarians during normal growth as well as during regeneration. Small, uninjured planarians showed higher rates of oxygen consumption compared with large planarians, with no difference in glycolytic activity; however, glycolysis increased during planarian regeneration. Exposure of planarians to koningic acid, a specific inhibitor of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, completely abolished extracellular acidification with little effect on oxygen consumption, which suggests that the majority of glucose catabolized in planarians is fated for aerobic glycolysis. These studies describe a useful method for measuring respiration and glycolysis in planarians and provide data implicating changes in glucose metabolism in the regenerative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie A Osuma
- Wesleyan College Macon GA USA.,Department of Physiology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Andrew A Gibb
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Department of Physiology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
| | - Bradford G Hill
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine University of Louisville Louisville KY USA.,Department of Physiology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA
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Liberti MV, Dai Z, Wardell SE, Baccile JA, Liu X, Gao X, Baldi R, Mehrmohamadi M, Johnson MO, Madhukar NS, Shestov AA, Chio IIC, Elemento O, Rathmell JC, Schroeder FC, McDonnell DP, Locasale JW. A Predictive Model for Selective Targeting of the Warburg Effect through GAPDH Inhibition with a Natural Product. Cell Metab 2017; 26:648-659.e8. [PMID: 28918937 PMCID: PMC5629112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapies that use genetics are successful, but principles for selectively targeting tumor metabolism that is also dependent on the environment remain unknown. We now show that differences in rate-controlling enzymes during the Warburg effect (WE), the most prominent hallmark of cancer cell metabolism, can be used to predict a response to targeting glucose metabolism. We establish a natural product, koningic acid (KA), to be a selective inhibitor of GAPDH, an enzyme we characterize to have differential control properties over metabolism during the WE. With machine learning and integrated pharmacogenomics and metabolomics, we demonstrate that KA efficacy is not determined by the status of individual genes, but by the quantitative extent of the WE, leading to a therapeutic window in vivo. Thus, the basis of targeting the WE can be encoded by molecular principles that extend beyond the status of individual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Liberti
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ziwei Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Baldi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Marc O Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neel S Madhukar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Meyer Cancer Center, Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander A Shestov
- Molecular Imaging and Metabolomics Lab, Radiology Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Iok I Christine Chio
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Meyer Cancer Center, Institute for Precision Medicine and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Donald P McDonnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Hou X, Snarski P, Higashi Y, Yoshida T, Jurkevich A, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death. FASEB J 2017; 31:3179-3192. [PMID: 28404743 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601082r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque destabilization is the major determinant of most acute coronary events. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) death contributes to plaque destabilization. Here, we describe a novel antiapoptotic mechanism in vascular SMCs that involves interaction of nuclear glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ape1), the major oxidized DNA repair enzyme. GAPDH down-regulation potentiated H2O2-induced DNA damage and SMC apoptosis. Conversely, GAPDH overexpression decreased DNA damage and protected SMCs against apoptosis. Ape1 down-regulation reversed the resistance of GAPDH-overexpressing cells to DNA damage and apoptosis, which indicated that Ape1 is indispensable for GAPDH-dependent protective effects. GAPDH bound Ape1 in the SMC nucleus, and blocking (or oxidation) of GAPDH active site cysteines suppressed GAPDH/Ape1 interaction and potentiated apoptosis. GAPDH up-regulated Ape1 via a transcription factor homeobox protein Hox-A5-dependent mechanism. GAPDH levels were reduced in atherosclerotic plaque SMCs, and this effect correlated with oxidative stress and SMC apoptosis. Thus, we demonstrated that nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interaction preserved Ape1 activity, reduced DNA damage, and prevented SMC apoptosis. Suppression of SMC apoptosis by maintenance of nuclear GAPDH/Ape1 interactions may be a novel therapy to increase atherosclerotic plaque stability.-Hou, X., Snarski, P., Higashi, Y., Yoshida, T., Jurkevich, A., Delafontaine, P., Sukhanov, S. Nuclear complex of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and DNA repair enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I protect smooth muscle cells against oxidant-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Hou
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Alexander Jurkevich
- Molecular Cytology Core, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Patrick Delafontaine
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sergiy Sukhanov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA; .,Department of Physiology and Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri at Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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15
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Rahier NJ, Molinier N, Long C, Deshmukh SK, Kate AS, Ranadive P, Verekar SA, Jiotode M, Lavhale RR, Tokdar P, Balakrishnan A, Meignan S, Robichon C, Gomes B, Aussagues Y, Samson A, Sautel F, Bailly C. Anticancer activity of koningic acid and semisynthetic derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3712-21. [PMID: 25937235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A screening program aimed at discovering novel anticancer agents based on natural products led to the selection of koningic acid (KA), known as a potent inhibitor of glycolysis. A method was set up to produce this fungal sesquiterpene lactone in large quantities by fermentation, thus allowing (i) an extensive analysis of its anticancer potential in vitro and in vivo and (ii) the semi-synthesis of analogues to delineate structure-activity relationships. KA was characterized as a potent, but non-selective cytotoxic agent, active under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions and inactive in the A549 lung cancer xenograft model. According to our SAR, the acidic group could be replaced to keep bioactivity but an intact epoxide is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Rahier
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France.
| | - Nicolas Molinier
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Christophe Long
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Abhijeet S Kate
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Prafull Ranadive
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Shilpa Amit Verekar
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Mangesh Jiotode
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Rahul R Lavhale
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Pradipta Tokdar
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Arun Balakrishnan
- Piramal Enterprises Limited, 1 Nirlon Complex, Off Western Express Highway, Goregaon East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400 063, India
| | - Samuel Meignan
- Antitumoral Pharmacology Unit, Centre Oscar Lambret, Inserm U908, BP 307, 59020 Lille cedex, France
| | - Céline Robichon
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Yannick Aussagues
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Arnaud Samson
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - François Sautel
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre de Recherche et Développement, 3 Avenue Hubert Curien-BP 13562, 31035 Toulouse cedex 1, France.
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17
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Granchi C, Minutolo F. Anticancer agents that counteract tumor glycolysis. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1318-50. [PMID: 22684868 PMCID: PMC3516916 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Can we consider cancer to be a "metabolic disease"? Tumors are the result of a metabolic selection, forming tissues composed of heterogeneous cells that generally express an overactive metabolism as a common feature. In fact, cancer cells have increased needs for both energy and biosynthetic intermediates to support their growth and invasiveness. However, their high proliferation rate often generates regions that are insufficiently oxygenated. Therefore, their carbohydrate metabolism must rely mostly on a glycolytic process that is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic switch, also known as the Warburg effect, constitutes a fundamental adaptation of tumor cells to a relatively hostile environment, and supports the evolution of aggressive and metastatic phenotypes. As a result, tumor glycolysis may constitute an attractive target for cancer therapy. This approach has often raised concerns that antiglycolytic agents may cause serious side effects toward normal cells. The key to selective action against cancer cells can be found in their hyperbolic addiction to glycolysis, which may be exploited to generate new anticancer drugs with minimal toxicity. There is growing evidence to support many glycolytic enzymes and transporters as suitable candidate targets for cancer therapy. Herein we review some of the most relevant antiglycolytic agents that have been investigated thus far for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
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18
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Dranka BP, Benavides GA, Diers AR, Giordano S, Zelickson BR, Reily C, Zou L, Chatham JC, Hill BG, Zhang J, Landar A, Darley-Usmar VM. Assessing bioenergetic function in response to oxidative stress by metabolic profiling. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1621-35. [PMID: 21872656 PMCID: PMC3548422 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is now clear that mitochondria are an important target for oxidative stress in a broad range of pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Methods for assessing the impact of reactive species on isolated mitochondria are well established but constrained by the need for large amounts of material to prepare intact mitochondria for polarographic measurements. With the availability of high-resolution polarography and fluorescence techniques for the measurement of oxygen concentration in solution, measurements of mitochondrial function in intact cells can be made. Recently, the development of extracellular flux methods to monitor changes in oxygen concentration and pH in cultures of adherent cells in multiple-sample wells simultaneously has greatly enhanced the ability to measure bioenergetic function in response to oxidative stress. Here we describe these methods in detail using representative cell types from renal, cardiovascular, nervous, and tumorigenic model systems while illustrating the application of three protocols to analyze the bioenergetic response of cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Dranka
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Gloria A. Benavides
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Anne R. Diers
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Samantha Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Blake R. Zelickson
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Colin Reily
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Luyun Zou
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - John C. Chatham
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Aimee Landar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
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19
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Responses of hypertrophied myocytes to reactive species: implications for glycolysis and electrophile metabolism. Biochem J 2011; 435:519-28. [PMID: 21275902 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During cardiac remodelling, the heart generates higher levels of reactive species; yet an intermediate 'compensatory' stage of hypertrophy is associated with a greater ability to withstand oxidative stress. The mechanisms underlying this protected myocardial phenotype are poorly understood. We examined how a cellular model of hypertrophy deals with electrophilic insults, such as would occur upon ischaemia or in the failing heart. For this, we measured energetics in control and PE (phenylephrine)-treated NRCMs (neonatal rat cardiomyocytes) under basal conditions and when stressed with HNE (4-hydroxynonenal). PE treatment caused hypertrophy as indicated by augmented atrial natriuretic peptide and increased cellular protein content. Hypertrophied myocytes demonstrated a 2.5-fold increase in ATP-linked oxygen consumption and a robust augmentation of oligomycin-stimulated glycolytic flux and lactate production. Hypertrophied myocytes displayed a protected phenotype that was resistant to HNE-induced cell death and a unique bioenergetic response characterized by a delayed and abrogated rate of oxygen consumption and a 2-fold increase in glycolysis upon HNE exposure. This augmentation of glycolytic flux was not due to increased glucose uptake, suggesting that electrophile stress results in utilization of intracellular glycogen stores to support the increased energy demand. Hypertrophied myocytes also had an increased propensity to oxidize HNE to 4-hydroxynonenoic acid and sustained less protein damage due to acute HNE insults. Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase resulted in bioenergetic collapse when myocytes were challenged with HNE. The integration of electrophile metabolism with glycolytic and mitochondrial energy production appears to be important for maintaining myocyte homoeostasis under conditions of increased oxidative stress.
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20
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Yan S, Li S, Wu W, Zhao F, Bao L, Ding R, Gao H, Wen HA, Song F, Liu HW. Terpenoid and Phenolic Metabolites from the Fungus Xylaria sp. Associated with Termite Nests. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1689-700. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Maller C, Schröder E, Eaton P. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is unlikely to mediate hydrogen peroxide signaling: studies with a novel anti-dimedone sulfenic acid antibody. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:49-60. [PMID: 20518697 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein sulfenic acids (SOHs) are the principal oxidation products formed when redox active proteins interact with peroxide molecules. We have developed a new antibody reagent that detects protein SOHs derivatized with dimedone. Using this new antibody, we found that glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is the predominant protein sulfenate present in isolated rat ventricular myocytes under basal conditions. During oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), GAPDH SOH labeling is lost, but a number of secondary dimedone-reactive protein sulfenates then appear. As the sulfenate labeling is lost, the Cys-149 sulfinic/sulfonic acid oxidation states of GAPDH appear. This hyperoxidized GAPDH is associated with both the inhibition of glycolysis and its ability to reduce H(2)O(2). We examined whether inactivation of GAPDH was causative in the generation of secondary protein sulfenates that coincide with its hyperoxidation. The selective GAPDH inhibitor koningic acid (which functions by forming a covalent adduct at Cys-149) fully prevented basal SOH labeling, as well as subsequent peroxide-induced hyperoxidation. However, koningic acid-mediated inhibition of GAPDH alone did not induce the formation of intracellular H(2)O(2) or secondary protein sulfenates and also failed to potentiate their peroxide-induced formation. Overall, GAPDH appears to have peroxidase-like properties, but its inhibition failed to impact on downstream oxidant signaling involving secondary protein sulfenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Maller
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Shakya A, Cooksey R, Cox JE, Wang V, McClain DA, Tantin D. Oct1 loss of function induces a coordinate metabolic shift that opposes tumorigenicity. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:320-7. [PMID: 19219035 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently undergo a shift from oxidative to glycolytic metabolism. Although there is interest in targeting metabolism as a form of cancer therapy, this area still remains in its infancy. Using cells, embryos and adult animals, we show here that loss of the widely expressed transcription factor Oct1 induces a coordinated metabolic shift: mitochondrial activity and amino acid oxidation are increased, while glucose metabolism is reduced. Altered expression of direct Oct1 targets encoding metabolic regulators provides a mechanistic underpinning to these results. We show that these metabolic changes directly oppose tumorigenicity. Collectively, our findings show that Oct1, the genes it regulates and the pathways these genes affect could be used as targets for new modes of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Shakya
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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Kumagai S, Narasaki R, Hasumi K. Glucose-dependent active ATP depletion by koningic acid kills high-glycolytic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 365:362-8. [PMID: 17997978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.10.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Many types of cancer cells depend heavily on glycolysis for energy production even in aerobic conditions. We found that koningic acid (KA), an inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), selectively kills high-glycolytic cells through glucose-dependent active ATP deprivation. Out of seven tumor cell lines tested, growth of six cell lines, which had high glycolytic capacity, was inhibited by KA, whereas three normal cell lines, which had low glycolytic activity, were insensitive to KA. The growth inhibition and caspase-independent cell death in sensitive cells were related to severe ATP depletion that was promoted by glucose phosphorylation. Although GAPDH was completely inhibited in KA-insensitive CHO-K1 cells, KA-mediated ATP depletion was less extensive and transient, possibly due to utilization of ketogenic essential amino acids as energy source. KA suppressed Ehrlich ascites tumor growth in vivo and benefited the survival of the affected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Kumagai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Gregus Z, Németi B. The glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase works as an arsenate reductase in human red blood cells and rat liver cytosol. Toxicol Sci 2005; 85:859-69. [PMID: 15788719 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian enzymes responsible for reduction of the environmentally prevalent arsenate (AsV) to the much more toxic arsenite (AsIII) are unknown. In the previous paper (Nemeti and Gregus, 2005), we proposed that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and/or phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) may catalyze reduction of AsV in human red blood cells (RBC), hemolysate, or rat liver cytosol. In testing this hypothesis, we show here that, if supplied with glutathione (GSH), NAD, and glycolytic substrate, the mixture of purified GAPDH and PGK indeed catalyzes the reduction of AsV. Further analysis revealed that GAPDH is endowed with AsV reductase activity, whereas PGK serves as an auxiliary enzyme, when 3-phosphoglycerate is the glycolytic substrate. The GAPDH-catalyzed AsV reduction required GSH, NAD, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. ADP and ATP moderately, whereas NADH strongly inhibited the AsV reductase activity of the enzyme even in the presence of NAD. Koningic acid (KA), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of GAPDH, inhibited both the classical enzymatic and the AsV-reducing activities of the enzyme in a concentration-dependent fashion. To assess the contribution of GAPDH to the reduction of AsV carried out by hemolysate, rat liver cytosol, or intact erythrocytes, we determined the concentration-dependent effect of KA on AsV reduction by these cells and extracts. Inactivation of GAPDH by KA abolished AsV reduction in intact RBC as well as in the hemolysate and the liver cytosol, when GAPDH in the latter extracts was abundantly supplied with exogenous NAD and glycolytic substrate. However, despite complete inactivation of GAPDH by KA, the hepatic cytosol exhibited significant residual AsV-reducing activity in the absence of exogenous NAD and glycolytic substrate, suggesting that besides GAPDH, other cytosolic enzyme(s) may contribute to AsV reduction in the liver. In conclusion, the key glycolytic enzyme GAPDH can fortuitously catalyze the reduction of AsV to AsIII, if GSH, NAD, and glycolytic substrate are available. AsV reduction may take place during, or as a consequence of, the arsenolytic cleavage of the thioester bond formed between the enzyme's Cys149 and the 3-phosphoglyceroyl moiety of the substrate. Although GAPDH is exclusively responsible for reduction of AsV in human erythrocytes, its role in AsV reduction in vivo remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Gregus
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Toxicology Section, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
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Takahashi H, Tran POT, LeRoy E, Harmon JS, Tanaka Y, Robertson RP. d-Glyceraldehyde Causes Production of Intracellular Peroxide in Pancreatic Islets, Oxidative Stress, and Defective Beta Cell Function via Non-mitochondrial Pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:37316-23. [PMID: 15213233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403070200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
D-Glyceraldehyde (D-GLYC) is usually considered to be a stimulator of insulin secretion but theoretically can also form reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can inhibit beta cell function. We examined the time- and concentration-dependent effects of D-GLYC on insulin secretion, insulin content, and formation of ROS. We observed that a 2-h exposure to 0.05-2 mM D-GLYC potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in isolated Wistar rat islets but that higher concentrations inhibited GSIS. A 24-h exposure to 2 mm D-GLYC inhibited GSIS, decreased insulin content, and increased intracellular peroxide levels (2.14 +/- 0.31-fold increase, n = 4, p < 0.05). N-Acetylcysteine (10 mM) prevented the increase in intracellular peroxides and the adverse effects of d-GLYC on GSIS. In the presence of 11.1 but not 3.0 mm glucose, koningic acid (10 microM), a specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, increased intracellular peroxide levels (1.88 +/- 0.30-fold increase, n = 9, p < 0.01) and inhibited GSIS (control GSIS = p < 0.001; koningic acid GSIS, not significant). To determine whether oxidative phosphorylation was the source of ROS formation, we cultured rat islets with mitochondrial inhibitors. Neither rotenone or myxothiazol prevented D-GLYC-induced increases in islet ROS. Adenoviral overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase also failed to prevent the effect of D-GLYC to increase ROS levels. These observations indicate that exposure to excess D-GLYC increases reactive oxygen species in the islet via non-mitochondrial pathways and suggest the hypothesis that the oxidative stress associated with elevated D-GLYC levels could be a mechanism for glucose toxicity in beta cells exposed chronically to high glucose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takahashi
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98122, USA
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Minetti M, Pietraforte D, Di Stasi AM, Mallozzi C. Nitric oxide-dependent NAD linkage to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: possible involvement of a cysteine thiyl radical intermediate. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 2):369-75. [PMID: 8912669 PMCID: PMC1217778 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) undergoes NAD(H) linkage to an active site thiol when it comes into contact with .NO-related oxidants. We found that a free-radical generator 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH), which does not release either .NO or .NO-related species, was indeed able to induce the NAD(H) linkage to GAPDH. We performed spin-trapping studies with purified apo-GAPDH to identify a putative thiol intermediate produced by AAPH as well as by .NO-related oxidants. As .NO sources we used .NO gas and two .NO-donors, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine and 3-morpholinosydno-nimine hydrochloride (SIN-1). Because SIN-1 produces .NO and a superoxide radical simultaneously, we also tested the effects of peroxynitrite. All the .NO-related oxidants were able to induce the linkage of NAD(H) to GAPDH and the formation of a protein free-radical identified as a thiyl radical (inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide). .NO gas and the .NO-donors required molecular oxygen to induce the formation of the GAPDH thiyl radical, suggesting the possible involvement of higher nitrogen oxides. Thiyl radical formation was decreased by the reconstitution of GAPDH with NAD+. Apo-GAPDH was a strong scavenger of AAPH radicals, but its scavenging ability was decreased when its cysteine residues were alkylated or when it was reconstituted with NAD+. In addition, after treatment with AAPH, a thiyl radical of GAPDH was trapped at high enzyme concentrations. We suggest that the NAD(H) linkage to GAPDH is mediated by a thiyl radical intermediate not specific to .NO or .NO-related oxidants. The cysteine residue located at the active site of GAPDH (Cys-149) is oxidized by free radicals to a thiyl radical, which reacts with the neighbouring coenzyme to form Cys-NAD(H) linkages. Studies with the NAD+ molecule radio-labelled in the nicotinamide or adenine portion revealed that both portions of the NAD+ molecule are linked to GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Minetti
- Laboratorio di Biologia Cellulare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Pietraforte D, Mallozzi C, Stasi AMM, Scorza G, Minetti M. Protein thiyl free radicals produced by nitric oxide and nitric oxide donors. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 1996. [DOI: 10.1163/156856796x00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fröhlich KU, Kannwischer R, Rüdiger M, Mecke D. Pentalenolactone-insensitive glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Streptomyces arenae is closely related to GAPDH from thermostable eubacteria and plant chloroplasts. Arch Microbiol 1996; 165:179-86. [PMID: 8599535 DOI: 10.1007/bf01692859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces arenae produces the antibiotic pentalenolactone, a highly specific inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). During the phase of pentalenolactone production, S. arenae expresses a pentalenolactone-insensitive GAPDH isoform; otherwise, a pentalenolactone-sensitive form is expressed. The gene of the pentalenolactone-insensitive GAPDH was cloned and sequenced. Regulatory elements typical for genes encoding antibiotic resistance and production are localized upstream and downstream of the open reading frame. No expression of pentalenolactone-insensitive GAPDH was detected in Streptomyces lividans transformed with the gene. In Escherichia coli, the gene was expressed from an induced lac promoter. Amino-terminal sequencing of the heterologously expressed GAPDH proved its identity with pentalenolactone-insensitive GAPDH from S. arenae. Sequence comparisons with GAPDH from other organisms showed a close relationship to GAPDH of plant chloroplasts, of other gram-positive bacteria, and of thermophilic gram-negative bacteria. Pentalenolactone-insensitive GAPDH differs from all closely related GAPDHs only in a few residues, none of which are directly involved in catalysis or substrate binding. The total amino acid composition is more similar to GAPDH of thermophilic species than to that of mesophilic species. The purified enzyme was moderately thermotolerant, which could be a side effect of the structural changes causing pentalenolactone-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K U Fröhlich
- Physiologisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Synthesis of potential antimicrobial oxiranylisobenzofuranones. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00824298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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McDonald B, Reep B, Lapetina EG, Molina y Vedia L. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is required for the transport of nitric oxide in platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11122-6. [PMID: 7902582 PMCID: PMC47934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.23.11122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) or NO-generating compounds like sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increase cellular levels of cGMP and produce S-nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [GAPDH; D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12]. In search of a reagent that could discriminate between these two effects, we used the sesquiterpene antibiotic koningic acid, which binds to GAPDH at the Cys-149 of the active site. Koningic acid inhibited basal and sodium nitroprusside-stimulated NAD-dependent covalent modification of purified rabbit muscle GAPDH in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we tested the effect of koningic acid on human platelets. Approximately 90% of GAPDH is present in the cytosol of human platelets, and the exposure of platelet cytosol to koningic acid inhibited GAPDH activity, while the soluble guanylyl cyclase (basal and sodium nitroprusside-stimulated) activity remained unaltered. Pretreatment of intact platelets with koningic acid slowed the rate of aggregation induced by a submaximal concentration of thrombin. In addition, the antibiotic also inhibited the cGMP increases triggered by SNP, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and 3-morpholinosyndomidine (SIN-1) but failed to prevent an increase in cGMP caused by nitrosylated albumin. Under the same conditions, koningic acid also inhibited basal and SNP- SNAP-, and SIN-1-stimulated NAD-dependent modification of GAPDH and its enzymatic activity. These results suggest that the mechanism of delivery of NO from SNP, SNAP, and SIN-1 to platelets may require the active form of GAPDH. When NO is delivered by nitrosylated albumin, active GAPDH was not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McDonald
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Watanabe H, Hasumi K, Fukushima Y, Sakai K, Endo A. Cloning of two isozymes of Trichoderma koningii glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with different sensitivity to koningic acid. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1172:43-8. [PMID: 8439569 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90267-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Koningic acid inhibits glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by binding to the SH group in the active center. The fungus Trichoderma koningii, the producer of koningic acid, contains two GAPDH isozymes (GAPDHs I and II). GAPDH I is inhibited 50% by 1.1.10(-3) M koningic acid, while GAPDH II is inhibited 50% at 6.8 x 10(-6) M. cDNAs of the two isozymes were cloned from T. koningii and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequence of coding region and codon usage in both clones were compared with each other and with those of the gene for Aspergillus nidulans GAPDH (enzyme activity is inhibited 50% by 2.7 x 10(-7) M koningic acid). Results indicated that GAPDH II is more closely related to A. nidulans GAPDH than GAPDH I. All essential amino acid residues, except 174 and 181, which are implicated in catalysis and binding of NAD and substrates, were conserved among A. nidulans GAPDH and GAPDHs I and II. Residues 174 and 181 are threonine in both A. nidulans GAPDH and GAPDH II, but alanine and serine, respectively, in GAPDH I. The side-chain of alanine-174 in GAPDH I can not replace threonine-174 functionally as threonine-174 side-chain forms a hydrogen bond with the catalytically essential histidine-176.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Japan
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Kato M, Sakai K, Endo A. Koningic acid (heptelidic acid) inhibition of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases from various sources. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1120:113-6. [PMID: 1554737 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90431-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Koningic acid is a potent inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which binds to the cysteine residue at the active site. We have determined sensitivity of GAPDHs in comparison with their amino acid sequences. It was found that koningic acid sensitivity of GAPDHs is highly dependent on the sequences of the S-loop domain of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Japan
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Sakai K, Hasumi K, Endo A. Identification of koningic acid (heptelidic acid)-modified site in rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1077:192-6. [PMID: 2015292 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(91)90058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene antibiotic koningic acid (heptelidic acid) has been previously demonstrated to modify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in specific manner, probably by binding to the sulfhydryl residue at the active site of the enzyme (Sakai, K., Hasumi, K. and Endo, A. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 952, 297-303). Rabbit muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase labeled with [3H]koningic acid was digested with trypsin. Reverse-phase HPLC revealed that the label is associated exclusively with a tryptic peptide having 17 amino acid residues. Microsequencing and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry demonstrated that the peptide has the sequence Ile-Var-Ser-Asn-Ala-Ser-Cys-Thr-Thr-Asn-Cys-Leu-Ala-Pro-Leu-Ala-Lys. In comparison to the amino acid sequence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from other species, this peptide is in a highly conserved region and is part of the active site of the enzyme. The cysteine residue corresponding to the Cys-149 in the pig muscle enzyme, which has been shown to be an essential residue for the enzyme activity, was shown to be the site modified by koningic acid. Structural analyses of the reaction product of koningic acid and L-cysteine suggested that the epoxide of koningic acid reacts with the sulfhydryl group of cysteine residue, resulting in a thioether.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Japan
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Sakai K, Hasumi K, Endo A. Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isozymes from the koningic acid (heptelidic acid) producer Trichoderma koningii. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 193:195-202. [PMID: 2226438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene lactone koningic acid (heptelidic acid) irreversibly inactivated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating)] (EC 1.2.1.12) (GAPDH) and thus inhibits glycolysis. The koningic-acid-producing strain of Trichoderma koningii M3947 was shown to contain the koningic-acid-resistant GAPDH isozyme (GAPDH I) under conditions of koningic acid production. In peptone-rich medium, however, no koningic acid production was observed, and the koningic-acid-sensitive GAPDH isozyme (GAPDH II), in addition to the resistant enzyme, was produced. Both enzymes were tetramer with a molecular mass of 152 kDa (4 x 38 kDa) and lost enzyme activity when two of the four cysteine residues reacted with koningic acid. The apparent Km values of GAPDH I and II for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were 0.54 mM and 0.33 mM, respectively. The former isozyme was inhibited 50% by 1 mM koningic acid but not affected at 0.1 mM, while the latter isozyme was inhibited 50% at 0.01 mM. The immunochemical properties and partial amino acid sequences suggested that the two isozymes have different molecular structures. These results suggest that GAPDH I is responsible for the glycolysis in T. koningii when koningic acid is produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo Noko University, Japan
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