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Kizaki T, Suzuki K, Ookawara T, Izawa T, Saitoh D, Oh-Ishi S, Suzuki K, Haga S, Ohno H. Stress- and aging-associated modulation of macrophage functions. Environ Health Prev Med 2012; 6:218-28. [PMID: 21432338 DOI: 10.1007/bf02897973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2001] [Accepted: 11/16/2001] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of environmental (cold) stress and aging on cells in monocyte/macrophage lineage were investigated. We demonstrated that immune suppressive states seen in acute cold-stressed mice (8-10 weeks of age) is attributable to FcγRII(bright) suppressor macrophages. Serum corticosterone levels were markedly increased in acute cold-stressed mice. In addition, expression of glucocorticoids (GC) receptor mRNA was observed in FcγRII(bright) cells from these mice. The increase of FcγRII(bright) cells in peritoneal exudate cells caused by acute cold stress was inhibited by adrenalectomy or administration of a saturating amount of the GC antagonist RU 38486 (mifepristone). On the contrary, administration of the GC agonist, dexamethasone, markedly increased the proportion of FcγRII(bright) cells in peritoneal exudate cells of control mice. These results suggest that the generation of FcγRII(bright) suppressor cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage by acute cold stress was mediated by action of GC through the GC receptor. We likewise found that the proportion of FcγRII(bright) suppressor macrophages is increased in aged mice (22-24 months of age). Meanwhile, activated macrophages which function as antigen presenting cells were decreased in aged rats. Both the basal corticosterone concentrations in serum and the expression of mRNA for GC receptor in peritoneal macrophages increased significantly in aged animals, suggesting that these populational and functional changes of macrophages in aged animals were mediated, in part, by the increased basal levels of GC. This is probably being responsible for immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan,
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2
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Tacken PJ, de Vries IJM, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Dendritic-cell immunotherapy: from ex vivo loading to in vivo targeting. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:790-802. [PMID: 17853902 DOI: 10.1038/nri2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The realization that dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses has stimulated research on harnessing DCs to create more effective vaccines. Early clinical trials exploring autologous DCs that were loaded with antigens ex vivo to induce T-cell responses have provided proof of principle. Here, we discuss how direct targeting of antigens to DC surface receptors in vivo might replace laborious and expensive ex vivo culturing, and facilitate large-scale application of DC-based vaccination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tacken
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Tumour Immunology, Postbox 9101, Nijmegen, 6500HB, Netherlands
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3
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Igietseme JU, Eko FO, He Q, Black CM. Antibody regulation of Tcell immunity: implications for vaccine strategies against intracellular pathogens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2004; 3:23-34. [PMID: 14761241 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular microbial pathogens cause a plethora of diseases that pose a huge public health challenge. Efficacious prophylactic vaccines are needed to protect the population from this myriad of infectious diseases. Contemporary approaches to vaccine design are guided by the immunobiological paradigm that extracellular pathogens are controlled principally by humoral immunity, involving specific antibodies, whereas host protection against intracellular pathogens requires effectors of cell-mediated immunity. However, this distinct T-helper (Th) type 1 and 2 paradigm of host defense has encountered a major challenge due to the reality that most antigens or vaccines induce mixed immune responses comprising of both humoral and CMI effectors. Besides, the true functional independence of antibodies and T-cells under in vivo physiologic conditions is uncertain. Recent findings have revealed that antibodies exert a significant immunoregulatory effect on T-cell immunity. Thus, a robust and protective T-cell memory response against microbial pathogens such as Chlamydia and Mycobacteria require an effective primary humoral immune response characterized by specific antibody isotypes whose role is to modulate Th1 activation via Fc receptors (FcR) by facilitating a rapid uptake, processing and presentation of pathogen-derived antigens for an enhanced T-cell response. These findings have crystallized into a paradigm shift in host defense wherein different components of the apparently disparate mixed immune responses elicited against a microbial pathogen function concertedly to maximize the principal effector mechanism. This review focuses on the essential role of both arms of the immune system in controlling intracellular microbial pathogens, especially the regulatory role of FcR-mediated antibody function in optimizing the induction of a protective Th1 response. The immunobiological implications are discussed in the context of vaccine design, delivery and evaluation against intracellular microbial pathogens of bacteria, fungi and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph U Igietseme
- Molecular Pathogenesis laboratory, National Center for Infectious Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA.
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4
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KIZAKI T, SUZUKI K, OOKAWARA T, IZAWA T, SAITOH D, OH-ISHI S, SUZUKI K, HAGA S, OHNO H. Stress- and Aging-Associated Modulation of Macrophage Functions. Environ Health Prev Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.2001.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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5
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Kizaki T, Ookawara T, Iwabuchi K, Onoé K, Day NK, Good RA, Maruyama N, Haga S, Matsuura N, Ohira Y, Ohno H. Age‐associated increase of basal corticosterone levels decreases ED2
high
, NF‐κB
high
activated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kizaki
- Department of Hygiene, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ookawara
- Department of Hygiene, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Immunological Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazunori Onoé
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Immunological Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noorbibi K. Day
- Department of Pediatrics, All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Robert A. Good
- Department of Pediatrics, All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida
| | - Naoki Maruyama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi‐ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shukoh Haga
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaragi, Japan
| | - Nobuo Matsuura
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Department of Physiology and Biomechanics, National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohno
- Department of Hygiene, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Jelley-Gibbs DM, Plitnick LM, Gosselin EJ. Differences in IgG subclass do not effect immune complex-enhanced T cell activation despite differential binding to antigen presenting cells. Hum Immunol 1999; 60:469-78. [PMID: 10408796 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(99)00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ag presentation to CD4 T cells is a critical event in the generation of protective immunity. IgG, in the form of IgG-pathogen (Ag) complexes, is capable of mediating FcgammaR-dependent Ag presentation, and thereby enhanced T cell activation. Therefore, it is important to understand the ability of the individual human IgG subclasses to function in enhanced T cell activation. We hypothesized that increased delivery of Ag to monocyte FcgammaR by high affinity human IgG subclasses, IgG1 and IgG3, would lead to increased Ag presentation, as compared to low affinity IgG subclasses, IgG2 and IgG4. To create immune complexes, we linked biotinylated IgG subclasses to biotinylated Ag via an avidin bridge, and examined T cell responses to them. Although IgG2- and IgG4-Ag complexes bound to monocytes at significantly lower levels than those made with IgG1 and IgG3, we observed no significant difference in the ability of the four human IgG subclasses to mediate enhanced T cell activation. Studies suggest the explanation for this dichotomy lies within the first 24 h of Ag processing, and that processing efficiency may vary with IgG subclass. They also suggest the existence of a highly efficient, and selective processing pathway, which is dependent on IgG subclass, and can compensate for low level production and FcgammaR binding of IgG2- and IgG4-Ag complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Jelley-Gibbs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA
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7
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Randall RE, Young D, Hanke T, Szawlowski P, Botting C. Purification of antibody-antigen complexes containing recombinant SIV proteins: comparison of antigen and antibody-antigen complexes for immune priming. Vaccine 1994; 12:351-8. [PMID: 8178558 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a general procedure for the two-step purification of recombinant proteins as antibody-antigen complexes in which there is no uncomplexed antibody or antigen. In this way, immune complexes containing the p17, p27, vpr and vpx proteins of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have been purified. Antibody-antigen complexes are more immunogenic than antigen when administered either alone or with alum. The significance of the work is that this general method could be modified for the manufacture of immune complexes for incorporation into multivalent vaccines.
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8
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Westphal JR, Willems HW, Tax WJ, Koene RA, Ruiter DJ, De Waal RM. Endothelial cells promote anti-CD3-induced T-cell proliferation via cell-cell contact mediated by LFA-1 and CD2. Scand J Immunol 1993; 38:435-44. [PMID: 7901894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb02585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
T-cell activation requires not only T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement and subsequent TCR/CD3 cross-linking, but also one or more secondary activation signals generated by accessory cells (AC). We investigated the accessory function of endothelial cells (EC) in an in vitro model for T-cell activation where the first cross-linking signal was delivered to peripheral human T lymphocytes by either immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) or by PHA. In a previous report, we showed that EC provided a potent costimulatory signal in this model system. We have now analysed the nature of the EC-derived costimulatory signal by testing whether EC could be substituted by cytokines, by studying the effect of EC fixation and by testing the involvement of a number of adhesion molecules. Our findings indicate that EC accessory function is mediated mainly by membrane-bound factors. The nature of these membrane-bound factors was analysed by studying the inhibitory properties of a series of MoAbs directed against several adhesion molecules. Antibodies directed against CD44, E-selectin, CD31, CD26, B7/BB1, VLA-4 or VCAM-1 were not inhibitory. However, an inhibition, was clearly observed with antibodies against LFA-1 and CD2. Remarkably, this inhibition was not found with MoAbs to their respective counterstructures ICAM-1 and LFA-3. In summary, we postulate that both LFA-1/ICAM-1, and CD2/LFA-3 interactions are involved in EC accessory function, although the role of the EC-associated adhesion partners is not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Westphal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Westphal JR, Willems HW, Tax WJ, Koene RA, Ruiter DJ, de Waal RM. The proliferative response of human T cells to allogeneic IFN-gamma-treated endothelial cells is mediated via both CD2/LFA-3 and LFA-1/ICAM-1 and -2 adhesion pathways. Transpl Immunol 1993; 1:183-91. [PMID: 7521739 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(93)90045-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the proliferative response of purified human peripheral blood T lymphocytes (contaminated with less than 0.1% monocytes) to allogeneic MHC class II molecules expressed by endothelial cells (EC) or fibroblasts (FB). In vitro expression of MHC class II molecules was induced by gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) treatment. The MHC class II expression levels after IFN-gamma treatment on both cell types were comparable. No T cell proliferation was found in the presence of either untreated or IFN-gamma-treated FB, and a marginal proliferation in the presence of untreated EC. IFN-gamma-treated EC, however, were able to induce significant T cell growth. The previously established role of MHC class II molecules in allogeneic T cell proliferation was confirmed in inhibition experiments with monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MHC class II or CD4. In this model, we tested the involvement of a number of adhesion molecules by adding mAbs to cocultures of T cells and IFN-gamma-treated EC. Monoclonal antibodies directed against CD31, CD26, B7/BB1, E-selectin, CD44, VLA-4 alpha-chain and VCAM-1 had no effect, whereas moderate inhibition was observed with anti-VLA-beta-chain and anti-LFA-3. A distinct inhibition of T cell proliferation was observed with mAbs directed against LFA-1, CD2, or a combination of anti-ICAM-1 and -2. Combinations of mAbs directed against T cell adhesion molecules (LFA-1, CD2, VLA-4) or EC adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, and -2, LFA-3, VCAM-1) were able to block T cell proliferation for 100 and 80% respectively. We conclude that CD2/LFA-3 and LFA-1/ICAM interactions are crucially involved in allogeneic T cell/EC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Westphal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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van Schie RC, Verstraten HG, Tax WJ, van den Berkmortel FW, van de Winkel JG, de Mulder PH. Effect of rIFN-gamma on antibody-mediated cytotoxicity via human monocyte IgG Fc receptor II (CD32). Scand J Immunol 1992; 36:385-93. [PMID: 1387726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytes and macrophages express an isoform of IgG Fc receptor II (Fc gamma RII), Fc gamma RIIa. Two allotypic variants of this receptor could be distinguished with respect to their ability to bind murine (m)IgG1 complexes either strongly or weakly, defined as high-responder (HR) and low-responder (LR), respectively. We investigated the effect of recombinant (r)IFN-gamma on the ability of freshly isolated monocytes, and those cultured for 40 h and 9 days, to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Using human erythrocytes (E) sensitized with mIgG1 as target cells, Fc gamma RII was studied selectively. Cells which had been cultured for 40 h exhibit a significantly decreased Fc gamma RII expression, and Fc gamma RII-mediated ADCC activity as compared with freshly isolated monocytes. Co-culture with rIFN-gamma (40 h) reversed this decrease. Short-term rIFN-gamma-cultured cells, and fresh cells express similar numbers of Fc gamma RII, and exhibit comparable Fc gamma RII-mediated ADCC activity. Phagocytic activity was not affected. Prolonged culture of monocytes for 9 days, co-cultured with rIFN-gamma either from day 0 or from day 7, did not affect expression or functional activity of Fc gamma RII. Furthermore, the effects were observed in both HR and LR individuals. Our results show that rIFN-gamma has strong effects on Fc gamma RII-mediated responses specifically during the early stages of monocyte maturation, most likely by affecting receptor expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van Schie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Warmerdam PA, Parren PW, Vlug A, Aarden LA, van de Winkel JG, Capel PJ. Polymorphism of the human Fc gamma receptor II (CD32): molecular basis and functional aspects. Immunobiology 1992; 185:175-82. [PMID: 1452199 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P A Warmerdam
- Department of Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Westphal JR, Tax WJ, Willems HW, Koene RA, Ruiter DJ, De Waal RM. Accessory function of endothelial cells in anti-CD3-induced T-cell proliferation: synergism with monocytes. Scand J Immunol 1992; 35:449-57. [PMID: 1532667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to CD3 can induce proliferation of resting T cells. In vitro this effect is dependent on the presence of monocytes. They serve as accessory cells providing a co-stimulatory signal after cross-linking of the antibody-coated TcR/CD3 complex by the Fc receptor on the monocytes. We have studied whether endothelial cells can replace monocytes with regard to this function. Highly purified T-cell preparations were cultured in the presence of anti-CD3 antibody, purified monocytes, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Anti-CD3 and endothelial cells alone were unable to support T-cell proliferation, due to lack of FcR expression. Addition, however, of as few as 1000 FcR+ monocytes (0.8% of the number of T cells present) to a coculture of T cells and endothelial cells (EC) in the presence of soluble anti-CD3 resulted in a strong proliferation of T cells. When anti-CD3 was presented in an immobilized form (coated to the culture well or to Sepharose beads), or when phytohaemagglutinin was added to the culture as a cross-linking agent, EC could support T-cell proliferation in the absence of any monocytes. We conclude that EC by themselves cannot support the proliferation of pure T cells induced by soluble anti-CD3, but are potent generators of the co-stimulatory signal(s). They provide a suitable starting material to further define this co-stimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Westphal
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Panzer S, Geller RL, Bach FH. Purified human T cells stimulated with cross-linked anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3: rIL-1 is a co-stimulatory factor for CD4+CD29+CD45RA- T cells. Scand J Immunol 1990; 32:359-71. [PMID: 1700468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1990.tb02930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Accessory cells (AC) are believed to play two major roles in T-cell activation: they cross-link certain stimuli such as monoclonal antibodies, and they provide needed cytokines. To differentiate between these roles, we cross-linked OKT3 on highly purified T cells by means of Fc-specific goat anti-mouse IgG-coated polystyrene beads and studied T-cell activation after exogenously added cytokines. Following addition of AC, rIL-2, or rIL-1, CD25 was up-regulated, and the cells proliferated and became cytotoxic. Both CD4+ and CD8+ cells were activated in the presence of AC or rIL-2. In contrast, only CD4+CD29+CD45RA- cells responded in the presence of rIL-1. Anti-IL-2R p55 (anti-TAC) monoclonal antibody inhibited the proliferative response supported by rIL-2 or rIL-1. To inhibit proliferation of cells stimulated in the presence of AC, anti-TAC needed to be supplemented with anti-IL-6 antibodies, or to be added in a 10-fold higher concentration. Cultures with AC produced larger amounts of IL-2 than those supplemented with rIL-1. Only AC-containing cultures also produced detectable amounts of IL-6. These findings combined with the observation that none of 2000 purified T cells counted in each of six independent experiments expressed MHC class II antigens strongly suggest that rIL-1 can activate T cells directly, rather than indirectly by potentiating the function of contaminating AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Panzer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine/Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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14
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Becker S, Daniel EG. Antagonistic and additive effects of IL-4 and interferon-gamma on human monocytes and macrophages: effects on Fc receptors, HLA-D antigens, and superoxide production. Cell Immunol 1990; 129:351-62. [PMID: 2166625 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(90)90211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During an immune response a multitude of lymphokines are produced which modulate the function of mononuclear phagocytes. In this study, we investigated possible additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects of three lymphokines, IL-4 (1-100 U/ml, 0.01-1 ng/ml), interferon-gamma (IFN) (1-100 U/ml) and IL-2 (30-300 U/ml) on Fc receptors (FcR1 and FcR2), complement receptors (CR3 and CR4), and HLA-D antigens (HLA-DR and HLA-DQ) on human monocytes and macrophages. Exposure of monocytes to IL-4 alone resulted in changes in the expression of all these receptors. Both FcR1 and FcR2 were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner while the expression of CR3, CR4, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ was increased. Antagonistic effects of IL-4 and IFN were observed on FcR1 and FcR2; IL-4-induced downregulation of the FcR1 and FcR2 was inhibited by IFN, and vice versa, IFN-induced upregulation of FcR1 and FcR2 was inhibited by IL-4. Phagocytosis of particulate immune complexes (EAs) as well as production of superoxide (O2-) in response to EAs were inhibited by IL-4, and the inhibition was reversed by IFN. Antagonistic effects of IL-4 and IFN were also observed on CR3 and CR4 expression. Additive effects of IL-4 and IFN were on the other hand seen on HLA-DR and HLA-DQ expression as well as on O2- production in response to stimulation with phorbol ester (PMA). The addition of IL-2 to IL-4 and/or IFN-containing cultures had no further modulatory effect on receptor expression or O2- production. In vitro matured macrophages (M phi) had a similar response pattern to IL-4 and IFN as the freshly isolated monocytes. Alveolar macrophages (AM phi), on the other hand, did not modulate FcR1 and HLA-DQ in response to IL-4, and downregulated FcR2 in response to IFN. Antagonistic effects of the two factors were only seen on CR expression. These results imply that FcR expression and function on monocytes and inflammatory macrophages may be in sensitive balance with the relative concentrations of IL-4 and IFN in the immune environment. FcRs on AM phi are less responsive to modulation by these lymphokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Becker
- C-E Environmental Inc., EPA Clinical Research Branch, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27999
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15
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Keller R, Keist R, Bazin H, Joller P, Van der Meide PH. Binding of monomeric immunoglobulins by bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes; its modulation by interferon-gamma. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:2137-40. [PMID: 2145176 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of resting and activated rat bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes (BMM phi) to bind monomeric rat, mouse, and human IgG was determined by means of flow cytometry. Rat IgG2b bound with high affinity (Kd approximately equal to 3 x 10(-9) M); binding was optimal at 4 degrees C and was only little affected by trypsin treatment. The other IgG bound with only low affinity (rat IgG2a, mouse and human IgG) or not at all to rat BMM phi (rat IgG1, rat IgG2c). The binding of rat IgG2b was not affected by the presence of a surplus of low-affinity binding IgG, and vice versa, indicating that high- and low-affinity IgG bind to different sites. Binding of high- and low-affinity IgG as well as expression of MHC class II molecules and of tumoricidal activity by BMM phi was markedly enhanced by rat interferon-gamma in low concentration (0.1 to 1.0 IU IFN-gamma/ml). On the other hand, heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms, that were equally potent in triggering tumoricidal activity, neither enhanced the binding of IgG nor the expression of MHC class II molecules by BMM phi, suggesting that these abilities are not necessarily closely related phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Keller
- Institute for Immunology and Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Aaltonen AS, Tenovuo J, Lehtonen OP, Saksala R. Maternal caries incidence and salivary close-contacts with children affect antibody levels to Streptococcus mutans in children. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1990; 5:12-8. [PMID: 2087339 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1990.tb00219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum and salivary immunoglobulins and antibodies reactive with Streptococcus mutans were determined in 67 5-8-year-old children. The children of mothers whose caries incidence rates exceeded the median value had significantly more serum IgG antibodies to S. mutans than those with a lower maternal caries activity (p less than 0.05). The children (n = 14) who had been exposed to frequent maternal salivary close-contacts in their first year had significantly higher (p less than 0.05) serum total specific IgG antibodies but significantly lower (p less than 0.01) high-avidity IgG antibodies to S. mutans than the other children (n = 53) with less frequent close-contacts. The maternal caries incidence rates were significantly positively associated with children's dfs/DFS-indices (r = 0.41; p less than 0.001). However, the high maternal caries incidence did not increase the risk of caries in those children whose mothers' saliva contained high amounts of lactobacilli during the first nursing year, when compared with matched children with a low maternal level of lactobacilli. This was possibly due to the fact that the former children had significantly (p less than 0.05) more anti-S. mutans IgG antibodies in their sera than the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Aaltonen
- Health Center of Lohja District, Pusula, Finland
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17
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Randall RE. Solid matrix-antibody-antigen (SMAA) complexes for constructing multivalent subunit vaccines. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1989; 10:336-9. [PMID: 2679630 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(89)90190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For successful vaccination to many diseases, it is necessary to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the infectious agent: this may require the incorporation of multiple antigens from the same microbe into the vaccine. In this article, Richard Randall proposes that one of the most practical and effective ways of producing multivalent vaccines may be through the construction of solid matrix-antibody-antigen (SMAA) complexes. The advantages of such vaccines and their future potential is discussed.
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18
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Pisani RJ, Leibson PJ, McKean DJ. In vitro activation of lymphocytes from nonsmall cell cancer patients by interleukin 2 and anti-CD3 antibody. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1989; 50:348-63. [PMID: 2537164 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(89)90142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current interest in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer has stimulated research into novel approaches of activating lymphocytes in vitro. We have studied the effect of anti-CD3 antibody on the in vitro activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) taken from patients with nonsmall cell cancer of the lung (NSCC). We demonstrate that anti-CD3 substantially enhances the proliferative response and bulk culture growth of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-activated killer cells. The addition of anti-CD3 to IL-2-treated TIL enhances their cytotoxicity against fresh autologous NSCC tumor targets, but not against the cancer cell lines K562 and M14. The effectors generated by culture in IL-2 and anti-CD3 have greatly increased IL-2 receptor expression and are predominantly CD4+ cells. These results establish anti-CD3 as a potentially powerful agent in the in vitro activation of lymphocytes from cancer patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD3 Complex
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Combinations
- Female
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/classification
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Pisani
- Division of Thoracic Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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19
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Fleming JO, Shubin RA, Sussman MA, Casteel N, Stohlman SA. Monoclonal antibodies to the matrix (E1) glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus protect mice from encephalitis. Virology 1989; 168:162-7. [PMID: 2535900 PMCID: PMC7131138 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies to the matrix or E1 glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were tested for their ability to protect mice from a normally lethal challenge of MHV-4. Four antibodies were tested, and two of these, J.1.3 and J.3.9, were protective. Protection did not correlate with virus neutralization in vitro, antibody isotype, recognition of a unique E1 antigenic site, or dependence on complement in vivo. Survival from acute encephalitis was followed by subacute demyelination, as has been shown with protection mediated by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against the major glycoprotein, E2. These results demonstrate that antibodies which are specific for a viral matrix protein are able to alter the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Fleming
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033
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20
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Bloemena E, van Oers MH, Weinreich S, Yong SL, Schellekens PT. Prednisolone and cyclosporin A exert differential inhibitory effects on T-cell proliferation in vitro. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1988; 48:380-91. [PMID: 3261215 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(88)90032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms of action of prednisolone (pred) and cyclosporin A (CyA), we have investigated the effects of these immunosuppressive drugs on the proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBMN) induced by various stimulants, well defined with regard to their monocyte dependence. We found that pred-induced inhibition of monocyte-dependent proliferative responses could be reversed by the addition of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL-2). Monocyte-independent proliferative responses were not affected by pred. These findings suggest that pred inhibits IL-2 production and subsequent lymphocyte proliferation at the level of the signal derived from the monocyte. In contrast, CyA inhibited monocyte-dependent as well as monocyte-independent proliferative responses of human PBMN. This inhibition could not be reversed by the addition of exogenous IL-2. We have previously demonstrated that CyA does not affect the expression of receptors for IL-2. Taken together, these data indicate that CyA-mediated inhibition does not primarily occur at the level of the IL-2 system, but rather affects the proliferative mechanism of the T cell itself. These data clearly demonstrate that pred and CyA act at distinct sites of the triggering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bloemena
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Amsterdam
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21
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Jung G, Eberhard HJ. An in-vitro model for tumor immunotherapy with antibody heteroconjugates. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1988; 9:257-60. [PMID: 2978374 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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Berzofsky JA, Bensussan A, Cease KB, Bourge JF, Cheynier R, Lurhuma Z, Salaün JJ, Gallo RC, Shearer GM, Zagury D. Antigenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes from AIDS viral envelope-immune humans. Nature 1988; 334:706-8. [PMID: 2457809 DOI: 10.1038/334706a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T-lymphocyte immunity is likely to be an important component of the immune defence against the AIDS virus, because helper T cells are necessary for the antibody response as well as the cytotoxic response. We have previously predicted two antigenic sites of the viral envelope protein gp120 likely to be recognized by T lymphocytes, based on their ability to fold as amphipathic helices, and have demonstrated that these are recognized by T cells of mice immunized with gp120 (ref. 1). A peptide corresponding to one of these sites can also be induce immunity in mice to the whole gp120 protein. Because many clinically healthy seropositive blood donors have already lost their T-cell proliferative response to specific antigen, we tested the response to these synthetic peptides of lymphocytes from 14 healthy human volunteers who had been immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the AIDS viral envelope gene and boosted with a recombinant fragment. Eight of the 14 responded to one peptide, and four to the other peptide, not included in the boost. These antigenic sites recognized by human T cells may be useful components of a vaccine against AIDS. We also found a correlation between boosting with antigen-antibody complexes (compared to free antigen) and higher stimulation indices, suggesting a more effective method of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Berzofsky
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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23
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Bentin J, Vaughan JH, Tsoukas CD. T cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3 antibodies: requirement for a T-T cell interaction. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:627-32. [PMID: 2966741 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of interleukin 2 (IL2), soluble anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies can stimulate highly purified normal T lymphocytes to proliferate. In these experiments HLADR+ T cells constituted 13 to 20% of the total cell population, and other HLADR+ cells, such as monocytes and B lymphocytes, constituted less than 1% of the population. When the HLADR+ T cells were removed from the total T cell population by cytofluorometric sorting, the residual HLADR- T cells failed to respond to soluble anti-CD3 plus IL2. When the separated HLADR+ T cells were recombined with the HLADR- T cells, a response was again found. This response was dependent on the dose of HLADR+ T cells added in the mixture. Irradiation individually of the HLADR+ and DR- T cells revealed that the proliferation in the cell mixture was predominantly, if not exclusively, by the HLADR- T cells. The ability of the HLADR+ T cells to provide a signal necessary to this proliferation was radioresistant. These data indicate that under the conditions of these experiments HLADR+ ("activated") T cells provide a signal necessary to the responsiveness of previously resting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bentin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, San Diego, CA
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24
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Macey M, Newland A. Modulation of T and B cell subpopulations during high dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0278-6222(88)90046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Aaltonen AS, Tenovuo J, Lehtonen OP. Antibodies to the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans and the development of caries in children in relation to maternal dental treatment during pregnancy. Arch Oral Biol 1988; 33:33-9. [PMID: 3190511 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
These factors were studied in 50 children, aged 3.6 to 5.9 years. Children of mothers who had no dental treatment during pregnancy (NTP-group, n = 25) had significantly (p less than 0.02) more serum IgG antibodies reactive with Strep. mutans than those of mothers who received such treatment (TP-group, n = 25). The children in the NTP-group had fewer Strep. mutans, a higher proportion of intact dentitions, lower dmfs/DS-index and lower caries incidence than those in the TP-group. Over one year of follow-up, a significantly greater proportion of children in the TP- than in the NTP-group developed new caries (p less than 0.05). Thus, maternal dental treatment during pregnancy may affect caries development in the primary dentition of the child, possibly via transplacental immune mechanisms.
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26
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Raivich G, Zimmermann A, Sutter A. Nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor expression in chicken cranial development. J Comp Neurol 1987; 256:229-45. [PMID: 3031137 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902560204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to map the expression of receptors for nerve growth factor (NGF) during brain and cranial ganglia development, iodinated NGF (125I beta NGF) was used as a probe in an autoradiographical analysis performed between embryonic day 3 (E3) and posthatching day 3 (P3) of chicken development. Heavy autoradiographic labelling was observed at the classical NGF target sites, the proximal cranial sensory ganglia and the sympathetic superior cervical ganglion, throughout development and after hatching. In contrast, only weak labelling could be detected during a restricted time span in the vestibulocochlear (E4-E8) and the distal cranial sensory ganglia (E4-E10), the neurons of which originate from the otic and epibranchial placodes. Specific 125I beta NGF binding was also observed in various brain regions during early brain development. NGF receptor expression there followed a characteristic pattern. The neuroepithelial layer displayed very low levels of specific 125I beta NGF binding, while strong 125I beta NGF labelling was found in the mantle layer. Brainstem somatomotor nuclei, visceromotor columns, brainstem alar plate, cerebellar anlage, tectum, and basal forebrain (epithalamus, striatum) were found to be transiently labelled by 125I beta NGF in early development (E4-E12). Non-nervous tissues such as parts of the otic vesicle epithelium and skeletal muscle anlagen of the head were also labelled. These results, showing specific binding of 125I beta NGF to cranial cells of different origin (neural tube, neural crest, placode, and possibly mesoderm) strengthen the concept that NGF may have diverse functions in growth and differentiation of various tissues and cell types.
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27
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Ocklind G. Stimulation of human lymphocytes by oxidized red blood cells (RBC) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Immunobiology 1987; 174:20-9. [PMID: 3570354 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, it is shown that oxidized red blood cells (RBC) in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a powerful cellular class-II MHC-free mitogen for human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes were stimulated with oxidized autologous human RBC or sheep RBC in the absence or presence of PEG, M.W. 10,000. The RBC were oxidized with the enzyme combination neuraminidase-galactose oxidase or with sodium periodate. The presence of PEG strongly potentiated the response. Optimal stimulatory conditions were obtained with a 10:1 ratio of oxidized RBC to lymphocytes and a PEG concentration of 25 +/- 5%.
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28
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Smith KG, Austyn JM, Hariri G, Beverley PC, Morris PJ. T cell activation by anti-T3 antibodies: comparison of IgG1 and IgG2b switch variants and direct evidence for accessory function of macrophage Fc receptors. Eur J Immunol 1986; 16:478-86. [PMID: 2938973 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830160503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human T3 antigen is closely associated with the T cell receptor. Some anti-T3 antibodies cause T cell proliferation in the presence of monocytes which have Fc receptors (FcR) that bind particular antibody subclasses. Such an interaction is thought to determine whether or not an anti-T3 antibody is mitogenic. We examined the mitogenicity of an IgG1 antibody, UCHT1, and an IgG2b switch variant of identical specificity, UCHT1B. With autologous monocytes, 76% of individuals responded to UCHT1 and 9% to UCHT1B, falling into three patterns of responsiveness. Both antibodies in the absence of monocytes induced responsiveness to recombinant interleukin 2, even for UCHT1B nonresponder T cells. The proliferation induced by UCHT1B, however, was always less than that induced by UCHT1. These findings demonstrate the critical role played by the Fc region for mitogenesis, and suggest a possible role for the hinge region. We then obtained direct evidence that mitogenicity can be mediated exclusively via FcR. Mouse macrophages have distinct FcR: FcRI binds IgG2a but FcRII binds IgG1 and IgG2b and its function can be inhibited by the specific antibody 2.4G2. Because UCHT1 and UCHT1B were of the correct subclass to interact with FcRII we examined the accessory function of mouse peritoneal macrophages. Without exception, human T cells now responded to both antibodies. Proliferation was drastically inhibited by 2.4G2 but not by an irrelevant anti-macrophage antibody, F4/80, nor by an anti-human neutrophil FcR antibody, 3G8. Furthermore, 2.4G2 did not inhibit the accessory function of mouse macrophages for OKT3, an IgG2a antibody that presumably interacts with FcRI, and did not inhibit the function of human monocytes for UCHT1 and UCHT1B. Mouse B cells, in contrast to macrophages, have an FcR which binds all three subclasses, but which can be inhibited by 2.4G2. B cells, however, were not accessory cells for mitogenesis with UCHT1, UCHT1B or OKT3. These findings are discussed in relation to other requirements for T cell activation by anti-T3 antibodies.
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