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Zioga E, Tøstesen M, Kjærulf Madsen S, Shetty R, Bang-Berthelsen CH. Bringing plant-based Cli-meat closer to original meat experience: insights in flavor. FUTURE FOODS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fufo.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Frisch LM, Mann MA, Marek DN, Niessen L. Development and optimization of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the species-specific detection of Penicillium expansum. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103681. [PMID: 33397614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the main cause of Blue Mold Decay, which is the economically most significant postharvest disease on fruits. It occurs especially on pomaceous fruits such as apples and pears but also on a wide range of other fruits such as grapes or strawberries. Besides its negative economic effects on the industry, the fungus is also of health concern as it produces patulin, a mycotoxin known to provoke harmful effects in humans. A specific and rapid detection of this fungus therefore is required. In the current study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and optimized for the species-specific detection of P. expansum. The assay showed high specificity during tests with genomic DNA of 187 fungal strains. The detection limit of the developed assay was 25 pg genomic DNA of P. expansum per reaction. The assay was successfully applied for the detection of the fungus on artificially contaminated apples, grapes, apple juice, apple puree, and grape juice. The developed assay is a promising tool for rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-efficient detection of P. expansum in quality control applications in the food and beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Frisch
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Magdalena A Mann
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - David N Marek
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Chair of Technical Microbiology, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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Abstract
The genus Alternaria includes more than 250 species. The traditional methods for identification of Alternaria species are based on morphological characteristics of the reproductive structures and sporulation patterns under controlled culture conditions. Cladistics analyses of "housekeeping genes" commonly used for other genera, failed to discriminate among the small-spored Alternaria species. The development of molecular methods achieving a better agreement with morphological differences is still needed. The production of secondary metabolites has also been used as a means of classification and identification. Alternaria spp. can produce a wide variety of toxic metabolites. These metabolites belong principally to three different structural groups: (1) the dibenzopyrone derivatives, alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and altenuene (ALT); (2) the perylene derivative altertoxins (ATX-I, ATX-II, and ATX II); and (3) the tetramic acid derivative, tenuazonic acid (TeA). TeA, AOH, AME, ALT, and ATX-I are the main. Certain species in the genus Alternaria produce host-specific toxins (HSTs) that contribute to their pathogenicity and virulence. Alternaria species are plant pathogens that cause spoilage of agricultural commodities with consequent mycotoxin accumulation and economic losses. Vegetable foods infected by Alternaria rot could introduce high amounts of these toxins to the human diet. More investigations on the toxic potential of these toxins and their hazard for human consumption are needed to make a reliable risk assessment of dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Elena Fernández Pinto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pab. II- 3° Piso- Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pab. II- 3° Piso- Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
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Savelieva EI, Gustyleva LK, Kessenikh ED, Khlebnikova NS, Leffingwell J, Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY. Study of the Vapor Phase OverFusariumFungi Cultured on Various Substrates. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:891-903. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Savelieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Liudmila K. Gustyleva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Elizaveta D. Kessenikh
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Natalya S. Khlebnikova
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - John Leffingwell
- Leffingwell & Associates; 4699 Arbor Hill Rd. Canton GA 30115 USA
| | - Olga P. Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Podbelskogo shosse; 3 St.-Petersburg Pushkin RU-196608
| | - Tatiana Yu. Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Podbelskogo shosse; 3 St.-Petersburg Pushkin RU-196608
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Savelieva EI, Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY. Using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the study of the volatile products of biosynthesis released by plants and microorganisms. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814050086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nielsen MT, Klejnstrup ML, Rohlfs M, Anyaogu DC, Nielsen JB, Gotfredsen CH, Andersen MR, Hansen BG, Mortensen UH, Larsen TO. Aspergillus nidulans synthesize insect juvenile hormones upon expression of a heterologous regulatory protein and in response to grazing by Drosophila melanogaster larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73369. [PMID: 23991191 PMCID: PMC3753258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are known to serve a wide range of specialized functions including communication, developmental control and defense. Genome sequencing of several fungal model species revealed that the majority of predicted secondary metabolite related genes are silent in laboratory strains, indicating that fungal secondary metabolites remain an underexplored resource of bioactive molecules. In this study, we combine heterologous expression of regulatory proteins in Aspergillus nidulans with systematic variation of growth conditions and observe induced synthesis of insect juvenile hormone-III and methyl farnesoate. Both compounds are sesquiterpenes belonging to the juvenile hormone class. Juvenile hormones regulate developmental and metabolic processes in insects and crustaceans, but have not previously been reported as fungal metabolites. We found that feeding by Drosophila melanogaster larvae induced synthesis of juvenile hormone in A. nidulans indicating a possible role of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in affecting fungal-insect antagonisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marko Rohlfs
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bjarne Gram Hansen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Uffe Hasbro Mortensen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (UHM); (TOL)
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- * E-mail: (UHM); (TOL)
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7
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Müller A, Faubert P, Hagen M, Zu Castell W, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rosenkranz M. Volatile profiles of fungi--chemotyping of species and ecological functions. Fungal Genet Biol 2013; 54:25-33. [PMID: 23474123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungi emit a large spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the present study, we characterized and compared the odor profiles of ectomycorrhizal (EM), pathogenic and saprophytic fungal species with the aim to use these patterns as a chemotyping tool. Volatiles were collected from the headspace of eight fungal species including nine strains (four EM, three pathogens and two saprophytes) using the stir bar sorptive extraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After removal of VOCs released from the growth system, 54 VOCs were detected including 15 novel compounds not reported in fungi before. Principle component and cluster analyses revealed that fungal species differ in their odor profiles, particularly in the pattern of sesquiterpenes. The functional groups and species could be chemotyped by using their specific emission patterns. The different ecological groups could be predicted with probabilities of 90-99%, whereas for the individual species the probabilities varied between 55% and 83%. This study strongly supports the concept that the profiling of volatile compounds can be used for non-invasive identification of different functional fungal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Müller
- Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Dolch ME, Hornuss C, Klocke C, Praun S, Villinger J, Denzer W, Schelling G, Schubert S. Volatile compound profiling for the identification of Gram-negative bacteria by ion-molecule reaction-mass spectrometry. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1097-105. [PMID: 22830412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Fast and reliable methods for the early detection and identification of micro-organism are of high interest. In addition to established methods, direct mass spectrometry-based analysis of volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by micro-organisms has recently been shown to allow species differentiation. Thus, a large number of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, which comprised Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Serratia marcescens, were subjected to headspace VC composition analysis using direct mass spectrometry in a low sample volume that allows for automation. METHODS AND RESULTS Ion-molecule reaction-mass spectrometry (IMR-MS) was applied to headspace analysis of the above bacterial samples incubated at 37°C starting with 10(2) CFU ml(-1) . Measurements of sample VC composition were performed at 4, 8 and 24 h. Microbial growth was detected in all samples after 8 h. After 24 h, species-specific mass spectra were obtained allowing differentiation between bacterial species. CONCLUSIONS IMR-MS provided rapid growth detection and identification of micro-organisms using a cumulative end-point model with a short analysis time of 3 min per sample. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Following further validation, the presented method of bacterial sample headspace VC analysis has the potential to be used for bacteria differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Dolch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Zhi-Lin Y, Yi-Cun C, Bai-Ge X, Chu-Long Z. Current perspectives on the volatile-producing fungal endophytes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2012; 32:363-73. [PMID: 22458418 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2011.651429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-derived volatiles are ubiquitous in the environment and actively engaged in bio-communication with other organisms. Recently, some volatile-producing endophytes (VPEs), cryptic fungal symbionts persisting in healthy plant tissues, have attracted great attention due to their strong antibiotic activity or production of carbon chains that are identical to many of those found in petroleum, while other fragrant volatiles can be used in the flavoring industries. From an application-oriented and biotechnological point of view, these findings show significant promise for sustainable development of agriculture, forestry, and industry, especially in the control of fruit postharvest diseases, soil-borne pathogen management, and bio-fuel production. In comparison, the ecological importance of VPEs has only rarely been addressed and warrants further exploration. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and future directions in this fascinating research field, and also highlight the constraints and progresses towards commercialization of VPEs products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhi-Lin
- Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, Zhejiang Province, 311400, China.
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Malta-Vacas J, Viegas S, Sabino R, Viegas C. Fungal and microbial volatile organic compounds exposure assessment in a waste sorting plant. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1410-1417. [PMID: 23095159 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.721175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the management of solid waste, pollutants over a wide range are released with different routes of exposure for workers. The potential for synergism among the pollutants raises concerns about potential adverse health effects, and there are still many uncertainties involved in exposure assessment. In this study, conventional (culture-based) and molecular real-time polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) methodologies were used to assess fungal air contamination in a waste-sorting plant which focused on the presence of three potential pathogenic/toxigenic fungal species: Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, and Stachybotrys chartarum. In addition, microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) were measured by photoionization detection. For all analysis, samplings were performed at five different workstations inside the facilities and also outdoors as a reference. Penicillium sp. were the most common species found at all plant locations. Pathogenic/toxigenic species (A. fumigatus and S. chartarum) were detected at two different workstations by RTPCR but not by culture-based techniques. MVOC concentration indoors ranged between 0 and 8.9 ppm (average 5.3 ± 3.16 ppm). Our results illustrated the advantage of combining both conventional and molecular methodologies in fungal exposure assessment. Together with MVOC analyses in indoor air, data obtained allow for a more precise evaluation of potential health risks associated with bioaerosol exposure. Consequently, with this knowledge, strategies may be developed for effective protection of the workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malta-Vacas
- Higher School of Health Technology of Lisbon (ESTESL)/Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon (IPL), Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Wenke K, Weise T, Warnke R, Valverde C, Wanke D, Kai M, Piechulla B. Bacterial Volatiles Mediating Information Between Bacteria and Plants. BIOCOMMUNICATION OF PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23524-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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12
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Barreto MC, Frisvad JC, Larsen TO, Mogensen J, San-Romão MV. Exo-metabolome of some fungal isolates growing on cork-based medium. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Girotti J, Malbrán I, Lori G, Juárez M. Use of solid phase microextraction coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for screening Fusarium spp. based on their volatile sesquiterpenes. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2009.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and mass spectrometry (MS) was used to evaluate the use of fungal volatiles to discriminate Fusarium species from wheat cultivars in the Argentina pampa region. Monosporic fungal isolates were grown on rice in sealed containers for 1 week and volatile organic compounds (VOC) were sampled for 30 min from the head space by SPME and analysed by CGC and CGCMS. VOC profiles of Fusarium species F. graminearum, F. poae, F. equiseti, F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum were discriminated by comparison of their profiles in the elution zone corresponding to sesquiterpenes. Trichothecene-producer and non-trichothecene producer Fusarium species were separated by the presence of trichodiene in their VOC fingerprints. Within trichothecene-producers, F. graminearum, F. poae and F. equiseti differed on the structure of their volatile sesquiterpenes. This technique might be also helpful to detect F. graminearum, the major head blight disease-producing fungus in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Girotti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET -UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - I. Malbrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFICIC), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 119, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - G. Lori
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Centro de Investigaciones de Fitopatología (CIDEFICIC), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 119, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - M. Juárez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET -UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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Wihlborg R, Pippitt D, Marsili R. Headspace sorptive extraction and GC-TOFMS for the identification of volatile fungal metabolites. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 75:244-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Revised: 06/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Ponzoni C, Gasparetti C, Goretti M, Turchetti B, Pagnoni UM, Cramarossa MR, Forti L, Buzzini P. Biotransformation of acyclic monoterpenoids by Debaryomyces sp., Kluyveromyces sp., and Pichia sp. strains of environmental origin. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:471-83. [PMID: 18357555 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sixty yeast strains, which belong to 32 species of the genera Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, and Pichia, and which were isolated from plant-, soil- or insect-associated habitats, were screened for their ability to biotransform the acyclic monoterpenes geraniol and nerol. The aptitude to convert both compounds (from 2.6 to 30.6, and from 2.7 to 29.1%/g cell DW (=dry weight), resp.) was apparently a broad distributed character in such yeasts. Depending upon the substrate used, the production of linalool, alpha-terpineol, beta-myrcene, D-limonene, (E)-beta-ocimene, (Z)-beta-ocimene, or carene was observed. Linalool was the main product obtained from geraniol, whereas linalool and alpha-terpineol were the main products obtained through the conversion of nerol. Yet, differently from nerol, the aptitude to exhibit high bioconversion yields of geraniol to linalool was an apparently genus-related character, whereas the ability to produce other monoterpenes was a both genus- and habitat-related character. The possible pathways of bioconversion of geraniol or nerol to their derivatives were proposed/discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ponzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41100 Modena
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Crespo R, Pedrini N, Juárez MP, Dal Bello GM. Volatile organic compounds released by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Microbiol Res 2008; 163:148-51. [PMID: 16733086 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycete: Deuteromycotina) utilizing two different carbon sources was investigated. Analyses were performed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to capillary gas chromatography (CGC) and CGC-mass spectrometry (MS). Major components in glucose-grown cultures were diisopropyl naphthalenes, ethanol, and sesquiterpenes. Alkane-grown fungal VOC switched to a fingerprint with prevalence of n-decane. This is the first report on the volatiles released by entomopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Crespo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, CONICET, UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, calles 60 y 120, La Plata, 1900, Argentina
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17
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The use of secondary metabolite profiling in chemotaxonomy of filamentous fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 112:231-40. [PMID: 18319145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A secondary metabolite is a chemical compound produced by a limited number of fungal species in a genus, an order, or even phylum. A profile of secondary metabolites consists of all the different compounds a fungus can produce on a given substratum and includes toxins, antibiotics and other outward-directed compounds. Chemotaxonomy is traditionally restricted to comprise fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, or secondary metabolites, but has sometimes been defined so broadly that it also includes DNA sequences. It is not yet possible to use secondary metabolites in phylogeny, because of the inconsistent distribution throughout the fungal kingdom. However, this is the very quality that makes secondary metabolites so useful in classification and identification. Four groups of organisms are particularly good producers of secondary metabolites: plants, fungi, lichen fungi, and actinomycetes, whereas yeasts, protozoa, and animals are less efficient producers. Therefore, secondary metabolites have mostly been used in plant and fungal taxonomy, whereas chemotaxonomy has been neglected in bacteriology. Lichen chemotaxonomy has been based on few biosynthetic families (chemosyndromes), whereas filamentous fungi have been analysed for a wide array of terpenes, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and combinations of these. Fungal chemotaxonomy based on secondary metabolites has been used successfully in large ascomycete genera such as Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Hypoxylon, Penicillium, Stachybotrys, Xylaria and in few basidiomycete genera, but not in Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota.
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18
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Feng XM, Larsen TO, Schnürer J. Production of volatile compounds by Rhizopus oligosporus during soybean and barley tempeh fermentation. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 113:133-41. [PMID: 16889859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhizopus oligosporus Saito can ferment soybeans or cereal grains to tempeh, a sliceable cake with improved nutritional properties. Volatiles produced by different R. oligosporus strains grown on malt extract agar (MEA), barley and soybean were investigated. The effect of co-cultivation with Lactobacillus plantarum on the production of volatiles was also studied. Volatile compounds were collected in situ by headspace diffusion and identified by GC-MS. The ten R. oligosporus strains that had different colony morphologies on MEA produced very similar volatile profiles, except for slight variations among the minor volatile compounds (e.g. sesquiterpenes). Likewise, practically no differences in volatile profiles were observed between three of the strains grown on soybeans. In contrast, the R. oligosporus volatile profile on soybean was different from that on barley from the same strain. Co-cultivation with L. plantarum did not influence volatile production by R. oligosporus. The dominant compounds produced on all three substrates were ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, 2-butanone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol. Acetaldehyde and 2-methyl-propanal were also produced on MEA and barley, while 2-pentanone, methyl acetate, 2-butanol and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol were observed on soybeans. Ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were the most abundant volatile compounds produced on MEA and barley, while 2-butanone was the dominant volatile metabolite on soybean. The mushroom odour compounds, 3-octanone and 1-octen-3-ol, were only detected from soybean and soybean tempeh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mei Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7025, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Marín S, Vinaixa M, Brezmes J, Llobet E, Vilanova X, Correig X, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V. Use of a MS-electronic nose for prediction of early fungal spoilage of bakery products. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 114:10-6. [PMID: 17207549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A MS-based electronic nose was used to detect fungal spoilage (measured as ergosterol concentration) in samples of bakery products. Bakery products were inoculated with different Eurotium, Aspergillus and Penicillium species, incubated in sealed vials and their headspace sampled after 2, 4 and 7 days. Once the headspace was sampled, ergosterol content was determined in each sample. Different electronic nose signals were recorded depending on incubation time. Both the e-nose signals and ergosterol levels were used to build models for prediction of ergosterol content using e-nose measurements. Accuracy on prediction of those models was between 87 and 96%, except for samples inoculated with Penicillium corylophilum where the best predictions only reached 46%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Marín
- Food Technology Department, Lleida University, CeRTA-UTPV, Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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Trihaas J, Tempel T, Nielsen PV. Electronic Nose Technology in Quality Assessment: Predicting Volatile Composition of Danish Blue Cheese During Ripening. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb11444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Swiegers
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
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Schleibinger H, Laussmann D, Brattig C, Mangler M, Eis D, Ruden H. Emission patterns and emission rates of MVOC and the possibility for predicting hidden mold damage? INDOOR AIR 2005; 15 Suppl 9:98-104. [PMID: 15910535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Laboratory trials were performed in order to search for the variety of the production of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC), which could be used as indicators for hidden mold damage. Concerning MVOC production the experiments showed a dependency on the mold genus/species, the different strains used and the building materials used as substrate. It could be proved that the production of certain MVOC is not consistent at all times. On the whole low emission rates in terms of microg/h/m2 of the MVOC were found. Extrapolating the emissions rates from the laboratory trails to an indoor air situation results in concentrations below the analytical detection limit in most cases. According to these results only heavy or very large fungal contaminations might be detected by this method in indoor air. The studies were performed at the Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Charite, Germany. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Microorganisms like bacteria and molds produce a huge variety of substances, and a part of them are released into the environment. Some compounds like, e.g. alcohols or ketones are volatile, therefore found in the air and called MVOC. Those compounds were considered helpful to track especially hidden mold damage. The study presented here showed, that the emission pattern varies from genus to genus and sometimes even from fungal strain to fungal strain. The results concerning the emission rates from different infested building materials proved, that the concentrations produced are much too low to be detected in indoor air, especially considering the dilution because of ventilation. Therefore, we conclude that MVOC should not be used as predictors for mold damage in indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schleibinger
- National Research Council (NRC), Institute for Research in Construction (IRC), Indoor Environment Research Program, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Zeppa S, Gioacchini AM, Guidi C, Guescini M, Pierleoni R, Zambonelli A, Stocchi V. Determination of specific volatile organic compounds synthesised during Tuber borchii fruit body development by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:199-205. [PMID: 14745770 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fruit body development is a particular phase of the Tuber life cycle, characterised by the aggregation of different types of hyphae, i.e., vegetative hyphal cells and highly specialised reproductive hyphae (asci). In order to identify the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced in different stages of the Tuber borchii ripening fruit body, solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was used. The volatile organic compounds were extracted using a DVB/CAR/PDMS 50/30 microm fiber placed for 10 min at room temperature in the truffle headspace. The results obtained reveal 49 compounds each of which was present only in a particular stage of maturation. 1-octen-3-ol, aromadendrene, alpha-farnesene and other terpenoid compounds were of particular interest, and their possible biological roles are discussed. The production of aromadendrene in the completely unripe fruit body suggests the existence of communication events in the early stage of ascomata formation between the fungus and the host plant. alpha-Farnesene could represent a chemotactic attractant to saprophytic organisms in order to disperse the fungal spores in the environment. The identification of the VOCs produced by truffles during their maturation could give information about the processes underlying this phase of Tuber life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zeppa
- Istituto di Ricerca sull'Attività Motoria, Università degli Studi di Urbino, via Sasso 2, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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Demyttenaere JCR, Moriña RM, Sandra P. Monitoring and fast detection of mycotoxin-producing fungi based on headspace solid-phase microextraction and headspace sorptive extraction of the volatile metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2003; 985:127-35. [PMID: 12580479 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction in combination with capillary GC-MS was used as monitoring technique for the collection and detection of the fungal volatile metabolite (+)-aristolochene by sporulated surface cultures of Penicillium roqueforti. A comparison was made between different toxigenic and nontoxigenic strains of P. roqueforti. Different growth conditions and media, such as malt extract agar, potato dextrose agar and sabouraud dextrose agar were compared. Whereas toxigenic strains produced large amounts of (+)-aristolochene, beta-elemene, valencene and germacrene A, nontoxigenic P. roqueforti strains showed a remarkably different headspace profile, in which ethyl-2-hexenoate, E-beta-caryophyllene, aromadendrene and beta-patchoulene were the predominant volatiles, apart from other sesquiterpene hydrocarbons present at lower concentrations. Stir bar sorptive extraction, was also applied in the headspace sampling mode, i.e. headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) for the enrichment of fungal volatiles from sporulated surface cultures to differentiate between toxigenic and nontoxigenic fungi. Hence, it can be concluded that headspace analysis of volatile fungal metabolites by SPME and HSSE in combination with capillary GC-MS is a suitable monitoring technique for the fast detection of mycotoxin producing fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C R Demyttenaere
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S4), B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ariza MR, Larsen TO, Peterson BO, Duus JO, Barrero AF. Penicillium digitatum metabolites on synthetic media and citrus fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:6361-6365. [PMID: 12381117 DOI: 10.1021/jf020398d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum has been cultured on citrus fruits and yeast extract sucrose agar media (YES). Cultivation of fungal cultures on solid medium allowed the isolation of two novel tryptoquivaline-like metabolites, tryptoquialanine A (1) and tryptoquialanine B (2), also biosynthesized on citrus fruits. Their structural elucidation is described on the basis of their spectroscopic data, including those from 2D NMR experiments. The analysis of the biomass sterols led to the identification of 8-12. Fungal infection on the natural substrates induced the release of citrus monoterpenes together with fungal volatiles. The host-pathogen interaction in nature and the possible biological role of citrus volatiles are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Ariza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Granada, Avdn. Fuentenueva 18071, Spain
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Fiedler K, Schütz E, Geh S. Detection of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) produced by moulds on various materials. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2001; 204:111-21. [PMID: 11759153 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Twelve fungal species were screened for microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs): Aspergillus fumigatus, A. versicolor, A. niger, A. ochraceus, Trichoderma harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, Penicillium brevicompactum, P. chrysogenum, P. claviforme, P. expansum, Fusarium solani and Mucor sp. More than 150 volatile substances derived from fungal cultures have been analysed by head-space solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Each species had a defined MVOC profile which may be subjected to considerable modification in response to external factors such as cultivation on different substrata. The cultivation on different substrata changes the number and concentration of MVOCs. Species-specific volatiles may serve as marker compounds for the selective detection of fungal species in indoor environments. Examination of MVOCs from indoor air samples may become an important method in indoor air hygiene for the detection of type and intensity of masked contamination by moulds.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fiedler
- Institute for General, Hospital and Environmental Hygiene, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
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Magan N, Evans P. Volatiles as an indicator of fungal activity and differentiation between species, and the potential use of electronic nose technology for early detection of grain spoilage. JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2000; 36:319-340. [PMID: 10880811 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-474x(99)00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is significant interest in methods for the early detection of quality changes in cereal grains. The development of electronic nose technology in recent years has stimulated interest in the use of characteristic volatiles and odours as a rapid, early indication of deterioration in grain quality. This review details the current status of this area of research. The range of volatiles produced by spoilage fungi in vitro and on grain are described, and the key volatile groups indicative of spoilage are identified. The relationship between current grain quality descriptors and the general classes of off-odours as defined in the literature, e.g. sour, musty, are not very accurate and the possible correlation between these for wheat, maize and other cereals, and volatiles are detailed. Examples of differentiation of spoilage moulds and between grain types using an electronic nose instrument are described. The potential for rapid and remote grain classification and future prospects for the use of such technology as a major descriptor of quality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Biotechnology Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, Bedford, UK
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Darriet P, Pons M, Lamy S, Dubourdieu D. Identification and quantification of geosmin, an earthy odorant contaminating wines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:4835-4838. [PMID: 11052742 DOI: 10.1021/jf0007683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Musty, earthy odors are highly detrimental to the aromatic quality of wines. A characteristic aroma of freshly tilled earth, damp cellar was studied in some red and white wines of different origins. The extraction and purification of the wines marked by this odor have shown after analysis by gas chromatography-olfactometry a unique strong odorous zone having the same odor as the one perceived at tasting. The compound responsible for this odorous zone was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as geosmin (trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol), which possesses a distinctive earthy odor. Geosmin may be present in wines at levels higher than the racemic geosmin olfactory perception threshold, thus suggesting its contribution to their off-aroma. Moreover, the presence of this compound in juice taken from freshly crushed grapes suggests that microorganisms that develop on the grapes may contribute to the presence of this compound in wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Darriet
- Faculté d'OEnologie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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King A, Richard Dickinson J. Biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast 2000; 16:499-506. [PMID: 10790686 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(200004)16:6<499::aid-yea548>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenoids are important flavour compounds produced by many plant species, including grapes (Vitis vinifera) and hops (Humulus lupulus). Biotransformation reactions involving monoterpenoids have been characterized in filamentous fungi, but few examples have been observed in yeasts. As monoterpenoids are in contact with yeasts during beer and wine production, biotransformation reactions may occur during the fermentation of these beverages. This paper describes the biotransformation of monoterpene alcohols, of significance in the alcoholic beverage industries, by three yeast species. All three species analysed had the ability to convert monoterpenoids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis reduced geraniol into citronellol, whilst all three yeasts produced linalool from both geraniol and nerol. Monocyclic alpha-terpineol was formed from both linalool and nerol, by all three yeasts. alpha-Terpineol was then converted into the diol cis-terpin hydrate. K. lactis and Torulaspora delbrueckii also had the ability to form geraniol from nerol. Finally, the stereospecificity of terpenoid formation was analysed. Both (+) and (-) enantiomers of linalool and alpha-terpineol were formed in roughly equal quantities, from either geraniol or nerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A King
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff CF10 3TL, UK.
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Volatiles Produced by Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus carnosus during Growth in Sausage Minces Part I. Collection and Identification. Lebensm Wiss Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.1999.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Schnürer J, Olsson J, Börjesson T. Fungal volatiles as indicators of food and feeds spoilage. Fungal Genet Biol 1999; 27:209-17. [PMID: 10441446 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal growth leads to spoilage of food and animal feeds and to formation of mycotoxins and potentially allergenic spores. Fungi produce volatile compounds, during both primary and secondary metabolism, which can be used for detection and identification. Fungal volatiles from mainly Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium have been characterized with gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sensory analysis. Common volatiles are 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-methylfuran, ethyl acetate, and the malodorous 2-methyl-isoborneol and geosmin. Volatile sesquiterpenes can be used for taxonomic classification and species identification in Penicillium, as well as to indicate mycotoxin formation in Fusarium and Aspergillus. Developments in sensor technology have led to the construction of "electronic noses" (volatile compound mappers). Exposure of different nonspecific sensors to volatile compounds produces characteristic electrical signals. These are collected by a computer and processed by multivariate statistical methods or in an artificial neural network (ANN). Such systems can grade cereal grain with regard to presence of molds as efficiently as sensory panels evaluating grain odor. Volatile compound mapping can also be used to predict levels of ergosterol and fungal colony-forming units in grain. Further developments should make it possible to detect individual fungal species as well as the degree of mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schnürer
- Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Schöller C, Molin S, Wilkins K. Volatile metabolites from some gram-negative bacteria. CHEMOSPHERE 1997; 35:1487-1495. [PMID: 9314189 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(97)00209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A survey of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) excreted from various Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp. and Enterobacter spp.) was carried out. Compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. VOCs identified included dimethyl disulphide, dimethyl trisulphide and isoprene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schöller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Smedsgaard J, Frisvad JC. Terverticillate penicillia studied by direct electrospray mass spectrometric profiling of crude extracts. I. Chemosystematics. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(96)00088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nilsson T, Larsen T, Montanarella L, Madsen J. Application of head-space solid-phase microextraction for the analysis of volatile metabolites emitted by Penicillium species. J Microbiol Methods 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rossi V, Talon R, Berdagué JL. Rapid discrimination of Micrococcaceae species using semiconductor gas sensors. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Larsen TO, Frisvad JC. Comparison of different methods for collection of volatile chemical markers from fungi. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Larsen TO, Frisvad JC. Characterization of volatile metabolites from 47 Penicillium taxa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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