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Saricaoglu B, Gültekin Subaşı B, Karbancioglu-Guler F, Lorenzo JM, Capanoglu E. Phenolic compounds as natural microbial toxin detoxifying agents. Toxicon 2023; 222:106989. [PMID: 36509264 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of promising studies, developments, and improvements about the elimination of microbial toxins from food matrices, they are still considered as one of the major food safety problems due to the lack of their complete avoidance even today. Every year, many crops and foodstuffs have to be discarded due to unconstrained contamination and/or production of microbial toxins. Furthermore, the difficulty for the detection of toxin presence and determination of its level in foods may lead to acute or chronic health problems in many individuals. On the other hand, phenolic compounds might be considered as microbial toxin detoxification agents because of their inhibition effect on the toxin synthesis of microorganisms or exhibiting protective effects against varying damaging mechanisms caused by toxins. In this study, the effect of phenolic compounds on the synthesis of bacterial toxins and mycotoxins is comprehensively reviewed. The potential curing effect of phenolic compounds against toxin-induced damages has also been discussed. Consequently, phenolic compounds are indicated as promising, and considerable natural preservatives against toxin damages and their detoxification potentials are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Saricaoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gültekin Subaşı
- Hafik Kamer Ornek Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Funda Karbancioglu-Guler
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jose Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de La Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Avd. Galicia nº 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; Universidade de Vigo, Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Facultade de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Noor Mohammadi T, Shen C, Li Y, Zayda MG, Sato J, Masuda Y, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Characterization and optimization of bacteriophage cocktails to control Clostridium perfringens in vitro and in curry roux. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 380:109886. [PMID: 36027839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of foodborne disease in developed countries. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phages specific to C. perfringens to evaluate the most efficient phage cocktail for the biocontrol of C. perfringens, both in vitro and in curry roux. In this study, four phages were isolated from chicken meat and were morphologically and genetically characterized along with two phages previously isolated in our laboratory that display different host lysis spectra. Phage cocktail CP11, consisting of phages CPQ3, 7, 8, and 10, showed the broadest host range. Electron micrograph images suggested that all four phages belong to the Podoviridae family, and none of them carry any antibiotic resistance or toxin genes. Notably, the phages were stable at various pH values and in curry roux. Cocktails consisting of six, five, and four phages at the same concentrations were examined to determine the most effective phage cocktail. Phage cocktail PC11 significantly decreased the viable count of C. perfringens to a value less than the lower detection limit up to 48 h at both 8 and 37 °C in broth and at 24 °C in the curry roux. These results suggest that phage cocktail PC11 is a promising natural biocontrol agent against C. perfringens in vitro and in curry roux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Noor Mohammadi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Cunkuan Shen
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuncheng Li
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Mahmoud Gamaleldin Zayda
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Monofiya Governorate, Egypt
| | - Jun Sato
- Safety Science Research, R&D, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Masuda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Honjoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Jovanovic J, Ornelis VFM, Madder A, Rajkovic A. Bacillus cereus food intoxication and toxicoinfection. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3719-3761. [PMID: 34160120 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is one of the leading etiological agents of toxin-induced foodborne diseases. Its omnipresence in different environments, spore formation, and its ability to adapt to varying conditions and produce harmful toxins make this pathogen a health hazard that should not be underestimated. Food poisoning by B. cereus can manifest itself as an emetic or diarrheal syndrome. The former is caused by the release of the potent peptide toxin cereulide, whereas the latter is the result of proteinaceous enterotoxins (e.g., hemolysin BL, nonhemolytic enterotoxin, and cytotoxin K). The final harmful effect is not only toxin and strain dependent, but is also affected by the stress responses, accessory virulence factors, and phenotypic properties under extrinsic, intrinsic, and explicit food conditions and host-related environment. Infamous portrait of B. cereus as a foodborne pathogen, as well as a causative agent of nongastrointestinal infections and even nosocomial complications, has inspired vast volumes of multidisciplinary research in food and clinical domains. As a result, extensive original data became available asking for a new, both broad and deep, multifaceted look into the current state-of-the art regarding the role of B. cereus in food safety. In this review, we first provide an overview of the latest knowledge on B. cereus toxins and accessory virulence factors. Second, we describe the novel taxonomy and some of the most pertinent phenotypic characteristics of B. cereus related to food safety. We link these aspects to toxin production, overall pathogenesis, and interactions with its human host. Then we reflect on the prevalence of different toxinotypes in foods opening the scene for epidemiological aspects of B. cereus foodborne diseases and methods available to prevent food poisoning including overview of the different available methods to detect B. cereus and its toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Jovanovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vincent F M Ornelis
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Growth of Clostridium perfringens in roasted chicken and braised beef during cooling – One-step dynamic analysis and modeling. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sárvári KP, Schoblocher D. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of gas gangrene-forming Clostridium spp. clinical isolates from South-Eastern Hungary. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 52:196-201. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2019.1696472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Pissuwan D, Gazzana C, Mongkolsuk S, Cortie MB. Single and multiple detections of foodborne pathogens by gold nanoparticle assays. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 12:e1584. [PMID: 31532914 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A late detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food and drinking water has a high potential to cause adverse health impacts in those who have ingested the pathogens. For this reason there is intense interest in developing precise, rapid and sensitive assays that can detect multiple foodborne pathogens. Such assays would be valuable components in the campaign to minimize foodborne illness. Here, we discuss the emerging types of assays based on gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for rapidly diagnosing single or multiple foodborne pathogen infections. Colorimetric and lateral flow assays based on GNPs may be read by the human eye. Refractometric sensors based on a shift in the position of a plasmon resonance absorption peak can be read by the new generation of inexpensive optical spectrometers. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and the quartz microbalance require slightly more sophisticated equipment but can be very sensitive. A wide range of electrochemical techniques are also under development. Given the range of options provided by GNPs, we confidently expect that some, or all, of these technologies will eventually enter routine use for detecting pathogens in food. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakrong Pissuwan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nanobiotechnology and Nanobiomaterials Research Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Innovation, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Camilla Gazzana
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael B Cortie
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Hossain MU, Omar TM, Alam I, Das KC, Mohiuddin AKM, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Pathway based therapeutic targets identification and development of an interactive database CampyNIBase of Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 through non-redundant protein dataset. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198170. [PMID: 29883471 PMCID: PMC5993290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species Campylobacter jejuni RM1221 (CjR) is the primary cause of campylobacteriosis which poses a global threat for human health. Over the years the efficacy of antibiotic treatment is becoming more fruitless due to the development of multiple drug resistant strains. Therefore, identification of new drug targets is a valuable tool for the development of new treatments for affected patients and can be obtained by targeting essential protein(s) of CjR. We conducted this in silico study in order to identify therapeutic targets by subtractive CjR proteome analysis. The most important proteins of the CjR proteome, which includes chokepoint enzymes, plasmid, virulence and antibiotic resistant proteins were annotated and subjected to subtractive analyses to filter out the CjR essential proteins from duplicate or human homologous proteins. Through the subtractive and characterization analysis we have identified 38 eligible therapeutic targets including 1 potential vaccine target. Also, 12 potential targets were found in interactive network, 5 targets to be dealt with FDA approved drugs and one pathway as potential pathway based drug target. In addition, a comprehensive database 'CampyNIBase' has also been developed. Besides the results of this study, the database is enriched with other information such as 3D models of the identified targets, experimental structures and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences. This study, including the database might be exploited for future research and the identification of effective therapeutics against campylobacteriosis. URL: (http://nib.portal.gov.bd/site/page/4516e965-8935-4129-8c3f-df95e754c562#Banner).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Taimur Md. Omar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Iftekhar Alam
- Plant Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. K. M. Mohiuddin
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Life Science Faculty, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North south University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Ed-Dra A, Filali FR, El Allaoui A, Sfendla A. Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in sausages sold in Meknes city, Morocco. Open Vet J 2017; 7:323-327. [PMID: 29201661 PMCID: PMC5694827 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In Morocco, the consumption of meat products has experienced a sharp increase in recent years despite the presence of pathogenic bacteria due to hygiene failure. The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of Clostridium perfringens in sausages sold in Meknes city (Morocco) and to study the different factors affecting it contamination with this bacterium. To this end, 156 samples of sausages were taken in various shopping sites during one year from March 2014 to February 2015. The microbiological analysis was carried out using the specific medium for isolation and identification of C. perfringens. ANOVA test was used for Statistical analysis (p< 0.05). The results of this study showed the presence of C. perfringens in 77.56% (121 of 156) samples, with 88.88% (32 of 36) in street vendors, 79.16% (19 of 24) in a weekly market, 70.83% (51 of 72) in butchery and 62.5% (15 of 24) in a supermarket. The average rate was 2.42 Log CFU/g, with a minimum value of 0 CFU/g recorded in several outlets and a maximum value of 6.05 Log CFU/g recorded in butchery. This study reveals that the contamination rate of sausages with C. perfringens is related to the sausages origin, retail sites and seasonal variations related to temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Science, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Rhazi Filali
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Science, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Abdellah El Allaoui
- Team of Microbiology and Health, Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology Applied to the Environment, Moulay Ismail University Faculty of Science, BP. 11201 Zitoune Meknes, Morocco
| | - Anis Sfendla
- Team of Physiology and physiopathology, Department of Biology, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Faculty of Sciences, BP.2121 M'Hannech II Tetouan, Morocco
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Yin D, Du E, Yuan J, Gao J, Wang Y, Aggrey SE, Guo Y. Supplemental thymol and carvacrol increases ileum Lactobacillus population and reduces effect of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringes in chickens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7334. [PMID: 28779076 PMCID: PMC5544757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is one of the most detrimental infectious diseases in poultry. This study examined the effect of blends of essential oils (BEOs) (25% thymol and 25% carvacrol) on NE and bacterial dynamics and functions in chicks challenged with C. perfringens. Chicks were assigned to a Control diet and BEOs diet (Control diet + 120 mg/kg BEOs), were challenged with C. perfringens from days 14 to 20 and were killed on day 21 for assessment. Supplementation with BEOs decreased the mortality, alleviated gut lesions, and decreased the virulence factors of pathogenic bacteria (VF 0073-ClpE, VF0124-LPS, and VF0350-BSH). Lack of supplementation also changed the nutrient and immunological dynamics of host microbiota in responding to C. perfringens infection. Adding BEOs changed the host ileum microbial population by increasing the numbers of Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus agilis, and decreasing Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus johnsonii. The functional roles of these changing host bacterial populations coupled with the putative reduced pathogenicity of C. perfringens by BEOs contributed to the reduction in gut lesions and mortality in infected chickens. It suggests that dietary supplementation with BEOs could significantly reduce the impact of NE caused by C. perfringens on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Encun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - YouLi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 20602, USA
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Improved antimicrobial activity of Pediococcus acidilactici against Salmonella Gallinarum by UV mutagenesis and genome shuffling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5353-5363. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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The pore-forming haemolysins of bacillus cereus: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1119-39. [PMID: 23748204 PMCID: PMC3717773 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus sensu lato group contains diverse Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal diseases and severe eye infections in humans. They have also been incriminated in a multitude of other severe, and frequently fatal, clinical infections, such as osteomyelitis, septicaemia, pneumonia, liver abscess and meningitis, particularly in immuno-compromised patients and preterm neonates. The pathogenic properties of this organism are mediated by the synergistic effects of a number of virulence products that promote intestinal cell destruction and/or resistance to the host immune system. This review focuses on the pore-forming haemolysins produced by B. cereus: haemolysin I (cereolysin O), haemolysin II, haemolysin III and haemolysin IV (CytK). Haemolysin I belongs to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family whose best known members are listeriolysin O and perfringolysin O, produced by L. monocytogenes and C. perfringens respectively. HlyII and CytK are oligomeric ß-barrel pore-forming toxins related to the α-toxin of S. aureus or the ß-toxin of C. perfringens. The structure of haemolysin III, the least characterized haemolytic toxin from the B. cereus, group has not yet been determined.
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Brady J, Hernandez-Doria JD, Bennett C, Guenter W, House JD, Rodríguez-Lecompte JC. Toxinotyping of necrotic enteritis-producing and commensal isolates ofClostridium perfringensfrom chickens fed organic diets. Avian Pathol 2010; 39:475-81. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.521141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE. From soil to gut:Bacillus cereusand its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:579-606. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gurjar AA, Hegde NV, Love BC, Jayarao BM. Real-time multiplex PCR assay for rapid detection and toxintyping of Clostridium perfringens toxin producing strains in feces of dairy cattle. Mol Cell Probes 2007; 22:90-5. [PMID: 17890052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium associated with a wide variety of diseases in domestic animals and humans. We have developed dual-labeled fluorescence hybridization probe (TaqMan((R)))-based real-time multiplex PCR assay for detection of toxin genes alpha (cpa), beta (cpb), iota (ia), epsilon (etx), beta2 (cpb2) and enterotoxin (cpe) of C. perfringens directly from cattle feces. The assay was standardized using ATCC reference strains of C. perfringens producing alpha, beta, iota, epsilon and enterotoxin, respectively. The assay for detection of beta2 toxin gene was standardized using a field strain of C. perfringens producing beta2 toxin. The minimum detection limit for the real time PCR assay ranged from 5 to 70 pg of DNA for the six toxin genes. A total of 307 fecal samples collected from seven dairy herds in Pennsylvania were analyzed using the multiplex assay. The real-time PCR assay revealed that cpa, cpb, ia, etx, cpb2 and cpe were detected in 68 (28.2%), 6 (2.5%), 6 (2.5%), 4 (1.6%), 164 (68%) and 11 (4.5%) of 241 PCR positive samples, respectively. The findings of the study revealed that C. perfringens beta2 toxin producing strains were widely prevalent in lactating cows in Pennsylvania and they may play an important role in C. perfringens associated diarrheal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gurjar
- The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Kim HG, Cho JH, Jeong EY, Lim JH, Lee SH, Lee HS. Growth-inhibiting activity of active component isolated from Terminalia chebula fruits against intestinal bacteria. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2205-9. [PMID: 16995525 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.9.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The growth-inhibitory activity of materials derived from the fruit of Terminalia chebula was evaluated against six intestinal bacteria by means of an impregnated paper disk agar diffusion method. The butanol fraction of T. chebula extract had profound growth-inhibitory activity at a concentration of 5 mg per disk. The biologically active component isolated from the T. chebula fruits was identified with a variety of spectroscopic analyses as ethanedioic acid. The growth responses varied in accordance with the bacterial strain, chemical, and dosage tested. In a test with concentrations of 2 and 1 mg per disk, ethanedioic acid had strong and moderate inhibitory activity against Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli, respectively, with no associated adverse effects on the growth of the four tested lactic acid-producing bacteria. Ellagic acid derived from T. chebula fruits exerted a potent inhibitory effect against C. perfringens and E. coli, but little or no inhibition was observed with treatments of behenic acid, P-caryophyllene, eugenol, isoquercitrin, oleic acid, ca-phellandrene, 3-sitosterol, stearic acid, a-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol, terpinolene, or triacontanoic acid. These results may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological properties of T. chebula fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Kim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Korea
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Van Immerseel F, De Buck J, Pasmans F, Huyghebaert G, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R. Clostridium perfringens in poultry: an emerging threat for animal and public health. Avian Pathol 2005; 33:537-49. [PMID: 15763720 DOI: 10.1080/03079450400013162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of Clostridium perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry has increased in countries that stopped using antibiotic growth promoters. Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry are caused by C. perfringens type A, producing the alpha toxin, and to a lesser extent type C, producing both alpha toxin and beta toxin. Some strains of C. perfringens type A produce an enterotoxin at the moment of sporulation and are responsible for foodborne disease in humans. The mechanisms of colonization of the avian small intestinal tract and the factors involved in toxin production are largely unknown. It is generally accepted, however, that predisposing factors are required for these bacteria to colonize and cause disease in poultry. The best known predisposing factor is mucosal damage, caused by coccidiosis. Diets with high levels of indigestible, water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides, known to increase the viscosity of the intestinal contents, also predispose to necrotic enteritis. Standardized models are being developed for the reproduction of colonization of poultry by C. perfringens and the C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis. One such model is a combined infection with Eimeria species and C. perfringens. Few tools and strategies are available for prevention and control of C. perfringens in poultry. Vaccination against the pathogen and the use of probiotic and prebiotic products has been suggested, but are not available for practical use in the field at the present time. The most cost-effective control will probably be achieved by balancing the composition of the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Bos J, Smithee L, McClane B, Distefano RF, Uzal F, Songer JG, Mallonee S, Crutcher JM. Fatal necrotizing colitis following a foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A infection. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40:e78-83. [PMID: 15844055 DOI: 10.1086/429829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A is the third leading cause of foodborne disease in the United States, resulting annually in an estimated 250,000 cases of a typically mild, self-limiting gastrointestinal illness. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the cause of a small cluster of cases of gastrointestinal illness, which included cases of severe necrotizing colitis. Participants in the study consisted of residents and staff of a residential care facility for the mentally ill in Oklahoma (n = 20). An inspection of food preparation and food storage areas of the residential care facility was conducted as part of an environmental investigation. The investigation included extensive microbiological and molecular testing of the C. perfringens isolates and tissue specimens collected at autopsy. RESULTS A total of 7 (3 confirmed and 4 probable) cases of foodborne enterotoxigenic C. perfringens type A were identified (attack rate, 35%) after the consumption of high-risk foods. Three residents developed acute necrotizing colitis; 2 of them died. Each patient with confirmed infection presented with evidence of constipation or fecal impaction. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE)-positive C. perfringens type A was cultured on samples from each patient with necrotizing colitis. Although statistical analyses failed to implicate a food source, the isolates carried a chromosomal cpe gene, which supports a foodborne origin. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that foodborne CPE-positive C. perfringens type A can affect the colon, resulting in potentially fatal necrotizing colitis. Drug-induced constipation and fecal impaction, resulting in prolonged exposure of the colonic mucosal tissue to C. perfringens type A toxins, contributed to the development of necrotizing colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bos
- Oklahoma State Department of Health, Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1299, USA.
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20
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to Clostridium spp in foodstuffs. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation algorithm to dynamically estimate and predict the growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked ground beef. The computational algorithm was based on the implicit form of the Gompertz model, the growth kinetics of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef, and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method. This algorithm was validated using a cocktail of three strains of C. perfringens spores grown under isothermal, square-waved, linear cooling, and exponential cooling temperature profiles. In general, the results of computer simulation matched closely with the experimental data with the absolute errors less than 0.5 log(10) CFU/g. This method may be a useful tool for the food industry, regulatory agencies, distributors, and retailers to predict the effect of temperature abuse on the microbial safety of C. perfringens and other foodborne pathogens in processed meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihan Huang
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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22
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Estimation of growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked beef under fluctuating temperature conditions. Food Microbiol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0740-0020(02)00155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Deplancke B, Vidal O, Ganessunker D, Donovan SM, Mackie RI, Gaskins HR. Selective growth of mucolytic bacteria including Clostridium perfringens in a neonatal piglet model of total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1117-25. [PMID: 12399288 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compromised barrier function and intestinal inflammation are common complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that the lack of enteral nutrients in TPN might select commensal or pathogenic bacteria that use mucus as a substrate, thereby weakening the protection provided by the intestinal mucus layer. DESIGN Ileal microbiota profiles of piglets fed by total enteral nutrition (TEN; n = 6) or TPN (n = 5) were compared with the use of 16S ribosomal DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and with a PCR-based method developed to specifically measure Clostridium perfringens concentrations. Ileal bacteria from TEN and TPN piglets were also examined for their ability to grow on mucin or sulfated monosaccharides. RESULTS Bacterial community structure was equally complex in the ileum of TEN and TPN piglets, but profiles clustered according to mode of nutrition. Sixty-two percent of total mucus-associated bacteria (100 colonies tested) in TPN compared with 33% of mucus-associated bacteria (100 colonies tested) in TEN ileal samples grew on mucin. Bacteria capable of using sulfated monosaccharides were also enriched in TPN samples. C. perfringens, an opportunistic pathogen, was specifically enriched in the TPN ileum (P < 0.05). These results were corroborated by cultivation-based studies that showed rapid growth of C. perfringens on mucin-based substrates. CONCLUSIONS Mucolytic potential is widespread among intestinal bacteria. Mucolytic bacteria in general and C. perfringens in particular were selected when enteral nutrients were withheld in this TPN piglet model. Similar enrichment processes may occur in humans nourished by TPN and may thereby contribute to intestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Deplancke
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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25
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning is one of the more common in the industrialised world. This bacterium is also responsible for the rare but severe food borne necrotic enteritis. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) has been shown to be the virulence factor responsible for causing the symptoms of C. perfringens type A food poisoning. CPE is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 3.5 kDa that binds to receptors on the target epithelial cells. Through a unique four-step membrane action it finally causes a breakdown in normal plasma membrane permeability properties. Genetic studies of cpe have shown that cpe can be either chromosomal or plasmid-borne and that only a small minority of the global C. perfringens population is cpe positive. CPE expression appears to be transcriptionally regulated during sporulation, at least in part, by regulatory factors that are common to all C. perfringens isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Brynestad
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo
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27
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Abstract
A cytotoxin (CytK) has been isolated from a Bacillus cereus strain that caused a severe food poisoning outbreak killing three people. A protein of 34 kDa was highly cytotoxic, and the addition of other secreted proteins gave no synergistic effect. CytK was also necrotic and haemolytic. No known B. cereus enterotoxins were produced by this strain. A DNA sequence from 1.8 kb upstream to 0.2 kb downstream of the toxin gene was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the toxin showed similarity to Staphylococcus aureus leucocidins, gamma-haemolysin and alpha-haemolysin, Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin and B. cereus haemolysin II, all belonging to a family of beta-barrel channel-forming toxins. There was no sequence similarity between CytK and enterotoxins of B. cereus. The upstream sequence contained a partial sequence of a putative histidine kinase gene. A recognition site for PlcR, which regulates the transcription of enterotoxins HBL and Nhe of B. cereus, was found in the promoter region of the toxin. This new cytotoxin may be responsible for a disease that is similar to, although not as severe as, the necrotic enteritis caused by the beta-toxin of C. perfringens type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lund
- Department of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Food Hygiene, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8146, Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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28
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Meer RR, Songer JG, Park DL. Human disease associated with Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1997; 150:75-94. [PMID: 8978214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-2278-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens continues to be a common cause of food-borne disease. Characteristics of this organism that contribute to its ability to cause food-borne illness include the formation of heat-resistant spores that survive normal cooking/heating temperatures, a rapid growth rate in warm food, and the production of enterotoxin (CPE) in the human gut. Time and temperature abuse associated with food preparation contributes to the majority of outbreaks of C. perfringens food-borne disease. CPE-induced diarrhea has been reported in the absence of a defined food vehicle. These cases have been typically associated with the elderly and following a course of antibiotic therapy. The incidence of CPE-induced diarrhea may be expected to increase with the growing population of immunocompromised (disease-, treatment-, or age-induced) individuals. Clostridium perfringens has been implicated as a possible contributor to the development of SIDS in susceptible individuals. Specifically, it has been hypothesized that CPE acts as a triggering agent, initiating the events associated with the development of SIDS. Continued refinement of both immunoassays and molecular methods for toxin and gene detection, respectively, will facilitate their eventual availability as commercial kits, providing rapid and simplified methods for the detection of C. perfringens isolates that produce or have the capacity to produce CPE as well as other toxins associated with this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Meer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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29
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Baez LA, Juneja VK, Sackitey SK. Chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for detection of PCR-amplified enterotoxin A from Clostridium perfringens. Int J Food Microbiol 1996; 32:145-58. [PMID: 8880335 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(96)01119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A PCR protocol was developed for the rapid and specific detection of Clostridium perfringens strains harboring the enterotoxin A gene in artificially contaminated ground beef. A biotinylated primer pair was designed for amplification of a 750 bp fragment of the C. perfringens enterotoxin A gene. A combination of 4 h enrichment incubation and nucleic acid extraction, followed by 2 h of PCR amplification allowed detection at levels below 10 CFU of freshly grown cells in raw and cooked beef samples. PCR amplified products were confirmed by a Southern hybridization assay using a digoxigenin-labeled internal probe, and two hybridization ELISA protocols (PCR-ELISA) applying a streptavidin capture step for the hybridized PCR products. Both enzyme immunoassays utilized chemiluminescent detection with Lumiphos 530TM as substrate, after hybridization to an internal digoxigenin-labeled probe or a 5' conjugated alkaline phosphatase-labeled probe. The PCR-ELISA resulted in faster confirmation of the PCR products while providing a level of sensitivity comparable to Southern hybridization, and has potential for development into an automated method.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Baez
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
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30
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Katayama S, Dupuy B, Daube G, China B, Cole ST. Genome mapping of Clostridium perfringens strains with I-CeuI shows many virulence genes to be plasmid-borne. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1996; 251:720-6. [PMID: 8757404 DOI: 10.1007/bf02174122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intron-encoded endonuclease I-CeuI from Chlamydomonas eugametos was shown to cleave the circular chromosomes of all Clostridium perfringens strains examined at single sites in the rRNA operons, thereby generating ten fragments suitable for the rapid mapping of virulence genes by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). This method easily distinguishes between plasmid and chromosomal localisations, as I-CeuI only cuts chromosomal DNA. Using this approach, the genes for three of the four typing toxins, beta, epsilon, and tau, in addition to the enterotoxin and lambda-toxin genes, were shown to be plasmid-borne. In a minority of strains, associated with food poisoning, where the enterotoxin toxin gene was located on the chromosome, genes for two of the minor toxins, theta and mu, were missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katayama
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Songer
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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32
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Lindsay JA. Clostridium perfringens type A enterotoxin (CPE): more than just explosive diarrhea. Crit Rev Microbiol 1996; 22:257-77. [PMID: 8989513 DOI: 10.3109/10408419609105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Clostridium perfringens is the most prolific toxin-producing species within the clostridial group. The toxins are responsible for a wide variety of human and veterinary diseases, many of which are lethal. C. perfringens type A strains are also associated with one of the most common forms of food-borne illness (FBI). The toxicosis results from the production and gastrointestinal absorption of a protein-enterotoxin known as CPE. The regulation, expression, and mechanism of action of CPE has been of considerable interest as the protein is unique. CPE expression is sporulation associated, although the mechanism of cpe-gene regulation is not fully elucidated. Cloning studies suggest the involvement of global regulators, but these have not been identified. Although very few type A strains are naturally enterotoxigenic, the cpe gene appears highly conserved. In FBI strains, cpe is chromosomally encoded; whereas in veterinary strains, cpe may be plasmid-encoded. Variation in cpe location suggests the involvement of transposable genetic element(s). CPE-like proteins are produced by some C. perfringens types C and D; and silent remnants of the cpe gene can be found in C. perfringens type E strains associated with the iota toxin gene. CPE has received attention for its biomedical importance. The toxin has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) because of its superantigenic nature. CPE can destroy a wide variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it could have potential in the construction of immunotoxins to neoplastic cells. It is obvious that CPE is an interesting protein that deserves continued attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lindsay
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, USA.
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Granum PE, Tomas JM, Alouf JE. A survey of bacterial toxins involved in food poisoning: a suggestion for bacterial food poisoning toxin nomenclature. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:129-44. [PMID: 8750662 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(95)00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is at present no accepted nomenclature for bacterial protein toxins, although there have been several attempts at dividing them into groups by their mode of action. In this paper we will not try to describe all known bacterial protein toxins, but concentrate on the toxins involved in food poisoning. Although most of these toxins are enterotoxins (protein exotoxins with the site of action on the mucosal cells of the intestinal tract) there are also other toxins involved in food poisoning, like the neurotoxins. In Table 1 the most important food pathogens in Europe are listed. For most, but not all, of these food pathogens, toxins are virulence factors. Generally, we divide food poisoning into infections and intoxications, where Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. are typical examples of infections and Clostridium botulinum and Staphylococcus aureus for intoxications. We consider it better to make four different groups of food pathogenic bacteria, according to Table 2. Today the first three groups are all defined as infections, although for both group 2 and 3 the bacterium itself does not harm the host directly. The bacterium in such locations is like an 'enterotoxin factory'. The bacteria belonging to group 3 do not even interact with the epithelial cells in the intestine, while the bacteria of group 2 must colonise the epithelial cells prior to enterotoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Granum
- Department of Pharmacology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
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Andersson A, Ronner U, Granum PE. What problems does the food industry have with the spore-forming pathogens Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens? Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:145-55. [PMID: 8750663 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(95)00053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spore-forming bacteria are special problems for the food industry. It is not always possible to apply enough heat during food processing to kill spores, thus we have to take advantage of knowledge of the spore-formers to control them. For the meat industry Clostridium perfringens might become a special problem, although this bacterium mainly causes food poisoning through food served in restaurants, hospitals or homes for elderly people (Cliver, 1987; Reynolds, 1987; Gondrosen et al., 1990). The reason for the food poisoning is always the same: meat-containing dishes stored after cooking with insufficient cooling and reheating (Granum, 1990). Even though it should be relatively easy to control this kind of food poisoning, C. perfringens is still one of the most common sources of foodborne diseases. Proper disinfection is necessary to control this type of food poisoning, as it is now clear that only kitchen strains of C. perfringens are able to produce the large amounts of enterotoxin necessary to cause food poisoning (Granum, 1990; Cornillot et al., 1995). Bacillus cereus is more difficult to control, specifically in the dairy industry, where it is now causing the main problems. Insufficient heating of rice-containing dishes has been known to cause B. cereus food poisoning of the emetic kind for a long time (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989), but will not be dealt with in this paper. There are several reasons for the problems in the dairy industry. First of all it seems to be impossible to completely avoid the presence of B. cereus in all milk samples. Secondly the spores are very hydrophobic (Husmark, 1993), and will attach to the surfaces of the pipelines of the dairy industry, where they might multiply and resporulate. A third problem is that pasteurisation heating is insufficient to kill the spores, while competition from other vegetative bacteria is eliminated. It seems that several B. cereus strains have become psychrotrophic over the years, making possible growth at temperatures as low as 4-6 degrees C (Granum et al., 1993a). None of the methods used to control hygiene in the dairy industry so far are able to control B. cereus. This is a continuously increasing problem for the industry but, with emerging knowledge, we should be able to control it. In this paper we will discuss the problems the food industry is facing with C. perfringens and B. cereus, and how these problems might be solved. We will also give our view on how research might ease these problems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andersson
- SIK, The Swedish Institute for Food Research, Goteborg, Sweden
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Olsen JE, Aabo S, Hill W, Notermans S, Wernars K, Granum PE, Popovic T, Rasmussen HN, Olsvik O. Probes and polymerase chain reaction for detection of food-borne bacterial pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 28:1-78. [PMID: 8751091 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA-hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are techniques commonly used to detect pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, the use of these techniques for detection of Salmonella, E. coli, V. cholerae, non-O1 Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and C. botulinum is reviewed with emphasis on application in food microbiology. In food control, DNA-techniques have most often been used in a 'culture confirmation' fashion, i.e. bacteria are enriched and sometimes even purified by traditional culture procedures and thereafter identified by the use of DNA-based methods. The most desirable approach is, however, to detect organisms directly in the food, but major problems remain to be solved before this can be routinely performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Olsen
- KVL - Centre for Food Research, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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Steinthorsdottir V, Fridriksdottir V, Gunnarsson E, Andrésson OS, Frithriksdóttir V. Expression and purification of Clostridium perfringens beta-toxin glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 130:273-8. [PMID: 7649450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta-toxin gene from Clostridium perfringens type C was cloned and expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The DNA sequence was determined and compared to the type B sequence. Two nucleotide differences were found in the protein coding sequence, resulting in one amino acid difference between the two proteins. The purified beta-toxin fusion protein is not toxic in mice, but rabbit antiserum raised against it neutralises the toxic effect of C. perfringens type C culture filtrate in mice.
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37
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Baez LA, Juneja VK. Nonradioactive colony hybridization assay for detection and enumeration of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in raw beef. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:807-10. [PMID: 7574619 PMCID: PMC167342 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.2.807-810.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A DNA probe endolabeled with digoxigenin by PCR was developed to detect and enumerate enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in raw beef. After 2 h of hybridization, membranes were developed by using an anti-digoxigenin-alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody. The resulting chromogenic reaction allowed us to detect and enumerate < or = 10 CFU of C. perfringens per g.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Baez
- Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118, USA
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38
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Cornillot E, Saint-Joanis B, Daube G, Katayama S, Granum PE, Canard B, Cole ST. The enterotoxin gene (cpe) of Clostridium perfringens can be chromosomal or plasmid-borne. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15:639-47. [PMID: 7783636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The location of the cpe gene, encoding the enterotoxin responsible for food poisoning in humans, has been studied in a series of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains by means of pulsed field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA. The cpe gene was found at the same chromosomal locus in strains associated with food poisoning in humans and was shown to be linked to a repetitive sequence, the HindIII repeat, and an open reading frame, ORF3, that may be part of an insertion sequence. In contrast, when the strains originated from domesticated livestock cpe was located on a large episome where it was often close to a copy of the transposable element IS1151. In these cases, the HindIII repeat was not linked to the cpe gene although this was generally preceded by ORF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cornillot
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Canard B, Garnier T, Saint-Joanis B, Cole ST. Molecular genetic analysis of the nagH gene encoding a hyaluronidase of Clostridium perfringens. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 243:215-24. [PMID: 8177218 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A recombinant lambda phage was identified in a Clostridium perfringens genomic library by means of its ability to hydrolyse the fluorescent substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-glucosaminide, isolated and shown to encode an endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. This enzyme, NagH, is also known as hyaluronidase, or Mu toxin, a putative virulence factor which is likely to act on connective tissue during gas gangrene. Nucleotide sequence analysis allowed the primary structure to be deduced and showed hyaluronidase to be a large exported protein of 114,392 Daltons and an enzyme of this size, endowed with the corresponding activities, was partially purified from C. perfringens. Hyaluronidase seems to be organised into two domains, an N-terminal region comprising 700 amino acids bearing the active site and a 300-residue C-terminal segment, containing three copies of an extended motif. Two other reading frames, linked to nagH, also appear to encode proteins with sugar-binding motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Canard
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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41
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Canard B, Saint-Joanis B, Cole ST. Genomic diversity and organization of virulence genes in the pathogenic anaerobe Clostridium perfringens. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:1421-9. [PMID: 1625573 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis has been used to assess genomic diversity and to identify virulence regions in 10 strains, representing all five serotypes, of the anaerobic pathogen Clostridium perfringens. Detailed physical and gene maps of the approximately 3.6 Mb circular chromosomes have been established in eight cases and used to deduce a consensus map. With one exception the chromosomal arrangement was relatively constant and map comparison allowed three hypervariable regions to be identified. One of these was associated with the enterotoxin gene, cpe, which is an important cause of human diarrhoea following the ingestion of food contaminated with C. perfringens. Another variable region spanning the major virulence gene plc, which encodes the cytolytic toxin, alpha, was located near oriC in all cases whereas the gene for another lethal typing toxin, epsilon, was borne by an episome. It now seems likely that the serological variations, and the changes in the pathogenic spectrum which constitute the C. perfringens typing system, may be due entirely to the loss, or acquisition, of extrachromosomal genetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Canard
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire Bactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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42
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of a number of human diseases, such as gas gangrene and food poisoning, and many diseases of animals. Recently significant advances have been made in the development of C. perfringens genetics. Studies on bacteriocin plasmids and conjugative R plasmids have led to the cloning and analysis of many C. perfringens genes and the construction of shuttle plasmids. The relationship of antibiotic resistance genes to similar genes from other bacteria has been elucidated. A detailed physical map of the C. perfringens chromosome has been prepared, and numerous genes have been located on that map. Reproducible transformation methods for the introduction of plasmids into C. perfringens have been developed, and several genes coding for the production of extracellular toxins and enzymes have been cloned. Now that it is possible to freely move genetic information back and forth between C. perfringens and Escherichia coli, it will be possible to apply modern molecular methods to studies on the pathogenesis of C. perfringens infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Rood
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lund
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory
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