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Hashida M. Role of pharmacokinetic consideration for the development of drug delivery systems: A historical overview. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 157:71-82. [PMID: 32565225 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery system is defined as a system or technology to achieve optimum therapeutic effects of drugs through precise control of their movements in the body. In order to optimize function of drug delivery systems aiming at targeting, their whole-body distribution profiles should be systematically evaluated and analyzed, where pharmacokinetic analysis based on the clearance concepts plays important role. Organ perfusion experiments combined with statistical moment analysis further supply detailed information on drug disposition at organ and cellular levels. Based on general relationship between physicochemical properties and distribution profile, macromolecular prodrugs or polymer conjugates of proteins are rationally designed and further introduction of ligand structure brings cell-specific delivery for them. These approaches are also applicable for particulate carriers such as liposomes and offer various opportunities for biological drugs such as nucleic acid drugs for their delivery. Mechanistic approach for dermal absorption analysis based on physiological skin model offers another opportunity in rational design of drug delivery. Potential of drug delivery technology in future medicines such as cell therapy and nanomaterial platform application is further discussed in relation to pharmacokinetic consideration.
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2
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Li Q, Peterson N, Hanna RN, Kuszpit K, White J, Allen KL, Barnes A, Rickert KW, Shan L, Wu H, Dall'Acqua WF, Tsui P, Borrok MJ. Antibody Fragment F(ab') 2 Targeting Caveolae-Associated Protein PV1 for Selective Kidney Targeting and Retention. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:507-516. [PMID: 31841002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Targeted strategies to deliver and retain drugs to kidneys are needed to improve drug accumulation and efficacy in a myriad of kidney diseases. These drug delivery systems show potential for improving the therapeutic windows of drugs acting in the kidney. Biodistribution of antibody-based therapeutics in vivo is governed by several factors including binding affinity, size, and valency. Investigations of how the biophysical and biochemical properties of biologics enable them to overcome biological barriers and reach kidneys are therefore of interest. Although renal accumulation of antibody fragments in cancer diagnostics and treatment has been observed, reports on effective delivery of antibody fragments to the kidneys remain scarce. Previously, we demonstrated that targeting plasmalemma vesicle-associated protein (PV1), a caveolae-associated protein, can promote accumulation of antibodies in both the lungs and the kidneys. Here, by fine-tuning the binding affinity of an antibody toward PV1, we observe that the anti-PV1 antibody with reduced binding affinity lost the capability for kidney targeting while retaining the lung targeting activity, suggesting that binding affinity is a critical factor for kidney targeting of the anti-PV1 antibody. We next use the antibody fragment F(ab')2 targeting PV1 to assess the dual effects of rapid kidney filtration and PV1 targeting on kidney-selective targeting. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging results demonstrated that after rapidly accumulating in kidneys at 4 h, PV1-targeted F(ab')2 was continually retained in the kidney at 24 h, whereas the isotype control F(ab')2 underwent urinary elimination with significantly reduced signaling in the kidney. Confocal imaging studies confirmed the localization of PV1-targeted F(ab')2 in the kidney. In addition, the monovalent antibody fragment (Fab-C4) lost the capability for kidney homing, indicating that the binding avidity of anti-PV1 F(ab')2 is important for kidney targeting. Our findings suggest that PV1-targeted F(ab')2 might be useful as a drug carrier for renal targeting and highlight the importance of affinity optimization for tissue targeting antibodies.
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Abstract
Bioavailability is an ancient but effective terminology by which the entire therapeutic efficacy of a drug directly or indirectly relays. Despite considering general plasma bioavailability, specific organ/tissue bioavailability will pave the path to broad spectrum dose calculation. Clear knowledge and calculative vision on bioavailability can improve the research and organ-targeting phenomenon. This article comprises a detailed introduction on bioavailability along with regulatory aspects, kinetic data and novel bioformulative approaches to achieve improved organ specific bioavailability, which may not be readily related to blood plasma bioavailability.
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4
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Javidi J, Haeri A, Nowroozi F, Dadashzadeh S. Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution and Excretion of Ag 2S Quantum Dots in Mice and Rats: the Effects of Injection Dose, Particle Size and Surface Charge. Pharm Res 2019; 36:46. [PMID: 30719585 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We systematically investigated the effects of injection dose, particle size and surface charge on the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion of Ag2S quantum dots (Qds) in rats and mice. METHODS Three different doses of Ag2S Qds with similar size and composition were administrated to rats and mice. The effect of size and surface charge was investigated with the injection of three sizes (5, 15 and 25 nm) of Ag2S Qds possessing similar surface charge, as well as 5 nm Qds with a positive surface charge. RESULTS Results indicated that pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Ag2S Qds were strongly dose, particle size and surface charge dependent. By increasing the dose from 0.5 to 4.0 mg/kg, mean residence time (MRT) and apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) were increased while clearance (CL) was decreased. Qds with a negative surface charge had significantly larger MRT and Vss values than positively charged particles, but their CL was about 50% lower than that of positively charged ones. By increasing Qds size from 5 to 25 nm, CL was increased while MRT and AUC were decreased. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes comprehensive principles for the rational design and tailoring of Ag2S Qds for biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract The effects of injection dose, particle size and surface charge on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of Ag2S Qds after intravenous injection into rats and mice were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Javidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Haeri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nowroozi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simin Dadashzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Awwad S, Angkawinitwong U. Overview of Antibody Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E83. [PMID: 29973504 PMCID: PMC6161251 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the most important classes of therapeutic proteins, which are used to treat a wide number of diseases (e.g., oncology, inflammation and autoimmune diseases). Monoclonal antibody technologies are continuing to evolve to develop medicines with increasingly improved safety profiles, with the identification of new drug targets being one key barrier for new antibody development. There are many opportunities for developing antibody formulations for better patient compliance, cost savings and lifecycle management, e.g., subcutaneous formulations. However, mAb-based medicines also have limitations that impact their clinical use; the most prominent challenges are their short pharmacokinetic properties and stability issues during manufacturing, transport and storage that can lead to aggregation and protein denaturation. The development of long acting protein formulations must maintain protein stability and be able to deliver a large enough dose over a prolonged period. Many strategies are being pursued to improve the formulation and dosage forms of antibodies to improve efficacy and to increase the range of applications for the clinical use of mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Awwad
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1 V9EL, UK.
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6
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Salatin S, Yari Khosroushahi A. Overviews on the cellular uptake mechanism of polysaccharide colloidal nanoparticles. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1668-1686. [PMID: 28244656 PMCID: PMC5571529 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate drug/gene carriers have gained much attention in the past decades because of their versatile and tunable properties. However, efficacy of the therapeutic agents can be further enhanced using naturally occurring materials-based nanoparticles. Polysaccharides are an emerging class of biopolymers; therefore, they are generally considered to be safe, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. Considering that the target of nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies is localization of biomedical agents in subcellular compartments, a detailed understanding of the cellular mechanism involved in the uptake of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles is essential for safe and efficient therapeutic applications. Uptake of the nanoparticles by the cellular systems occurs with a process known as endocytosis and is influenced by the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, shape and surface chemistry as well as the employed experimental conditions. In this study, we highlight the main endocytosis mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of polysaccharide nanoparticles containing drug/gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Ohta T, Hashida Y, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Development of Novel Drug and Gene Delivery Carriers Composed of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Designed Peptides With PEGylation. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2815-2824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marchetti-Deschmann M, Stephan C, Häubl G, Allmaier G, Krska R, Cvak B. Determining and characterizing hapten loads for carrier proteins by MALDI-TOF MS and MALDI-TOF/RTOF MS. Methods 2016; 104:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Mannosylated chitosan nanoparticles for delivery of antisense oligonucleotides for macrophage targeting. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:526391. [PMID: 25057492 PMCID: PMC4098891 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of antisense oligonucleotides (ASODN) is primarily dependent upon its safe and efficient delivery to specific cells overcoming degradation and maximizing cellular uptake in vivo. The present study focuses on designing mannosylated low molecular weight (LMW) chitosan nanoconstructs for safe ODNs delivery by macrophage targeting. Mannose groups were coupled with LMW chitosan and characterized spectroscopically. Mannosylated chitosan ODN nanoparticles (MCHODN NPs) were formulated by self-assembled method using various N/P ratio (moles of amine groups of MCH to phosphate moieties of ODNs) and characterized for gel retardation assay, physicochemical characteristics, cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency, and antisense assay. Complete complexation of MCH/ODN was achieved at charge ratio of 1:1 and above. On increasing the N/P ratio of MCH/ODN, particle size of the NPs decreased whereas zeta potential (ZV) increased. MCHODN NPs displayed much higher transfection efficiency into Raw 264.7 cells (bears mannose receptors) than Hela cells and no significant toxicity was observed at all MCH concentrations. Antisense assay revealed that reduction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced serum TNF-α is due to antisense activity of TJU-2755 ODN (sequence complementary to 3′-UTR of TNF-α). These results suggest that MCHODN NPs are acceptable choice to improve transfection efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
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Villalonga ML, Díez P, Sánchez A, Gamella M, Pingarrón JM, Villalonga R. Neoglycoenzymes. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4868-917. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400290x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Díez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Gamella
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Pingarrón
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA
Nanoscience, Cantoblanco Universitary City, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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12
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Serra AC, Rocha Gonsalves AMD, Laranjo M, Abrantes AM, Gonçalves AC, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Botelho MF. Synthesis of new 2-galactosylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides. Antitumor evaluation against melanoma and breast cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:398-402. [PMID: 22560315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A set of 2-galactosylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid amides was synthesized with different length for the carbon chain amide moiety. The cytotoxicity of the molecules was evaluated against A375 melanoma and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. For the derivatives tested, the one that contains a C(16) amide carbon chain is the most active with an IC(50) of 17.0 μM for A375 and 5.8 μM for MCF7. This compound also shows cytotoxicity in the triple negative cancer cell line HCC1806. The selectivity of the compounds was assessed by comparing the cytotoxicity in cancer cell line versus in a fibroblast cell line. Flow cytometry studies show the activation of apoptotic pathways and also DNA damages with blockage of the cell cycle in the S-phase and appearance of peaks in G0/G1-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arménio C Serra
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004 535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Ray A, Larson N, Pike DB, Grüner M, Naik S, Bauer H, Malugin A, Greish K, Ghandehari H. Comparison of active and passive targeting of docetaxel for prostate cancer therapy by HPMA copolymer-RGDfK conjugates. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1090-9. [PMID: 21599008 DOI: 10.1021/mp100402n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-docetaxel-RGDfK conjugate was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in vitro and in vivo in comparison with untargeted low and high molecular weight HPMA copolymer-docetaxel conjugates. The targeted conjugate was designed to have a hydrodynamic diameter below renal threshold to allow elimination post treatment. All conjugates demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells and the HUVEC at low nanomolar concentrations. The targeted conjugate showed active binding to α(v)β(3) integrins in both HUVEC and DU145 cells, whereas the untargeted conjugate demonstrated no evidence of specific binding. Efficacy at two concentrations (20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) was evaluated in nu/nu mice bearing DU145 tumor xenografts treated with a single dose of conjugates and compared with controls. RGDfK targeted and high molecular weight nontargeted conjugates exhibited the highest antitumor efficacy as evaluated by tumor regression. These results demonstrate that α(v)β(3) integrin targeted polymeric conjugates with improved water solubility, reduced toxicity and ease of elimination post treatment in vivo are promising candidates for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ray
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA
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14
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Partly PEGylated polyamidoamine dendrimer for tumor-selective targeting of doxorubicin: The effects of PEGylation degree and drug conjugation style. Biomaterials 2010; 31:1360-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Juzwa M, Rusin A, Zawidlak-Węgrzyńska B, Krawczyk Z, Obara I, Jedliński Z. Oligo(3-hydroxybutanoate) conjugates with acetylsalicylic acid and their antitumour activity. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:1785-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Kono K, Kojima C, Hayashi N, Nishisaka E, Kiura K, Watarai S, Harada A. Preparation and cytotoxic activity of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified poly(amidoamine) dendrimers bearing adriamycin. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1664-75. [PMID: 18194811 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers that have poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafts at all dendrimer chain ends. To obtain PEG-modified dendrimers with sites for conjugation of anticancer drugs for this study, we prepared PAMAM G4 dendrimers that have a glutamic acid (Glu) residue at every chain end of dendrimer; PEG chains were attached to amino groups of Glu residues. We then combined the anticancer drug adriamycin to side chains of the Glu residues using an amide bond, [PEG-Glu(ADR)-G4], or hydrazone bond, [PEG-Glu(NHN-ADR)-G4]. For the dendrimers bearing adriamycin through amide linkage, adriamycin was released only slightly at pH 7.4 and 5.5. Although a negligible level of release occurred at pH 7.4 for dendrimers with adriamycin via hydrazone linkage, a remarkable extent of adriamycin release was induced at pH 5.5, which corresponds to the pH of late endosome. These adriamycin-bearing dendrimers showed much lower toxicity to HeLa cells than did free adriamycin. However, compared to PEG-Glu(ADR)-G4, PEG-Glu(NHN-ADR)-G4 exhibited 7 times higher cytotoxicity, suggesting the importance of pH-sensitive hydrazone linkage for high cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the PEG-modified dendrimers exhibited an equivalent level of toxicity to that of adriamycin-resistant SBC-3/ADR100 cells and their parent adriamycin-sensitive SBC-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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Otto DP, Vosloo HCM, de Villiers MM. Application of Size Exclusion Chromatography in the Development and Characterization of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701540076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Otto
- a Research Institute for Industrial Pharmacy, North‐West University , Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | | | - Melgardt M. de Villiers
- c Pharmaceutical Sciences Division , School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin‐Madison , Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Liaw DJ, Wang KL, Chen TP, Lee KR, Lai JY. Amphiphilic macromolecular nanostructure materials derived from 5-(octanoate methyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene and 5-(phthalimide methyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene via ring-opening metathesis copolymerization. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Wu CCN, Hayashi T, Takabayashi K, Sabet M, Smee DF, Guiney DD, Cottam HB, Carson DA. Immunotherapeutic activity of a conjugate of a Toll-like receptor 7 ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3990-5. [PMID: 17360465 PMCID: PMC1820696 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611624104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activators has been difficult to exploit because of side effects related to the release and systemic dispersion of proinflammatory cytokines. To overcome this barrier, we have synthesized a versatile TLR7 agonist, 4-[6-amino-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)purin-9-ylmethyl]benzaldehyde (UC-1V150), bearing a free aldehyde that could be coupled to many different auxiliary chemical entities through a linker molecule with a hydrazine or amino group without any loss of activity. UC-1V150 was covalently coupled to mouse serum albumin (MSA) at a 5:1 molar ratio to yield a stable molecule with a characteristically altered UV spectrum. Compared with the unconjugated TLR7 agonist, the UC-1V150/MSA was a 10- to 100-fold more potent inducer of cytokine production in vitro by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. When administrated to the lung, the conjugate induced a prolonged local release of cytokines at levels 10-fold or more higher than those found in serum. Under the same conditions, the untethered TLR7 ligand induced quick systemic cytokine release with resultant toxicity. In addition, two pulmonary infectious disease models were investigated wherein mice were pretreated with the conjugate and then challenged with either Bacillus anthracis spores or H1N1 influenza A virus. Significant delay in mortality was observed in both disease models with UC-1V150/MSA-pretreated mice, indicating the potential usefulness of the conjugate as a localized and targeted immunotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Takabayashi
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | - Mojgan Sabet
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | - Donald F. Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5600
| | - Donald D. Guiney
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820; and
| | | | - Dennis A. Carson
- *The Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0820. E-mail:
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20
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Mahato RI, Cheng K, Guntaka RV. Modulation of gene expression by antisense and antigene oligodeoxynucleotides and small interfering RNA. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2006; 2:3-28. [PMID: 16296732 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, triplex-forming oligodeoxynucleotides and double-stranded small interfering RNAs have great potential for the treatment of many severe and debilitating diseases. Concerted efforts from both industry and academia have made significant progress in turning these nucleic acid drugs into therapeutics, and there is already one FDA-approved antisense drug in the clinic. Despite the success of one product and several other ongoing clinical trials, challenges still exist in their stability, cellular uptake, disposition, site-specific delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The principles, strategies and delivery consideration of these nucleic acids are reviewed. Furthermore, the ways to overcome the biological barriers are also discussed so that therapeutic concentrations at their target sites can be maintained for a desired period.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- Drug Carriers
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Silencing
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Humans
- Nucleic Acid Conformation/drug effects
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/chemistry
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects
- RNA Interference
- RNA Splicing/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/chemistry
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram I Mahato
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 26 South Dunlap Street, Feurt Bldg RM 406, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Caldwell G, Meirim MG, N'Da DD, Neuse EW. Carrier-bound methotrexate. II. Water-soluble polyaspartamide methotrexate conjugates with amide links in polymer–drug spacer. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Tian L, Yam L, Zhou N, Tat H, Uhrich KE. Amphiphilic Scorpion-like Macromolecules: Design, Synthesis, and Characterization. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030411a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Larry Yam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Henry Tat
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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24
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Neuse EW, Mphephu N, Netshifhefhe HM, Johnson MT. Synthesis and preliminary in vitro evaluation of polymeric dicarboxylato- and dihydroxylatoplatinum(II) chelates as antiproliferative agents. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Mendichi R, Rizzo V, Gigli M, Schieroni AG. Fractionation and characterization of a conjugate between a polymeric drug-carrier and the antitumor drug camptothecin. Bioconjug Chem 2002; 13:1253-8. [PMID: 12440860 DOI: 10.1021/bc025522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A conjugate between the antitumor drug camptothecin and the polymeric drug-carrier poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] was synthesized and fractionated. The conjugate samples, both fractionated and unfractionated, were characterized with a multi-detector SEC system using three on-line detectors: a multi-angle light scattering photometer, a viscometer, and a refractometer. The used mobile phase (DMF + 0.01 M LiBr + 0.05 M CH(3)COOH) derives from previous experience with similar conjugates. Narrow molar mass distribution fractions of the conjugate obtained by means of a semipreparative LC system were used to derive the coefficients of the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada relationship and to check the universal calibration of the SEC system. This study has demonstrated that the conjugate elutes according to the hydrodynamic volume. Thus, a conventional SEC method that uses only an on-line refractometer detector, commercially available narrow standards, and the universal calibration is adequate for the characterization of the molar mass distribution. Also the size and the conformation of the conjugate were studied by means of the gyration radius-molar mass power law.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mendichi
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole (CNR), Via E. Bassini 15, 20133 Milan, Italy
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26
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Nishikawa M, Hasegawa S, Yamashita F, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Electrical charge on protein regulates its absorption from the rat small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282:G711-9. [PMID: 11897631 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00358.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the electrical charge on the intestinal absorption of a protein was studied in normal adult rats. Chicken egg lysozyme (Lyz), a basic protein with a molecular weight of 14,300, was selected and several techniques for chemical modification were applied. Then the intestinal absorption of Lyz derivatives was evaluated by measuring the radioactivity in plasma and tissues, after the administration of an (111)In-labeled derivative to an in situ closed loop of the jejunum. After the administration of (111)In-Lyz, the level of radioactivity in plasma was comparable with the lytic activity of Lyz, supporting the fact that the radioactivity represents intact Lyz. (111)In-cationized Lyz showed a 2-3 times higher level of radioactivity in plasma, whereas the radioactivity of (111)In-anionized Lyz was much lower. The absorption rate of (111)In-Lyz derivatives calculated by a deconvolution method was correlated for the strength of their positive net charge. A similar relationship was observed using superoxide dismutase. These findings indicate that the intestinal absorption of a protein is, at least partially, determined by its electrical charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiya Nishikawa
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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27
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Harashima H, Shinohara Y, Kiwada H. Intracellular control of gene trafficking using liposomes as drug carriers. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:85-9. [PMID: 11292572 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize some of the critical barriers in gene delivery and recent progress in overcoming such barriers using non-viral carrier systems. Receptor-mediated endocytosis is generally considered to be a principal entering pathway. Therefore, endosomal escape is an essential step for achieving efficient transfection. The nuclear membrane is also a critical barrier in gene delivery and the application of the nuclear localization signal is discussed, based on recent strategies. It is essential to optimize the carrier system, in order to enhance the transfection ability equivalent to a viral system. The importance of developing an intracellular pharmacokinetic model of genes is emphasized in the optimization of non-viral carrier systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Harashima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan
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28
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Takakura Y, Nishikawa M, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Development of gene drug delivery systems based on pharmacokinetic studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 13:71-6. [PMID: 11292570 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of pharmacokinetic studies following systemic or local administration for the development of delivery systems for gene drugs, such as plasmid DNA and oligonucleotides, are reviewed. The pharmacokinetics of gene drugs after intravenous injection into mice was evaluated based on clearance concepts. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the overall disposition characteristics of the gene drug itself were determined by the physicochemical properties of its polyanionic DNA. Based on these findings, liver cell-specific carrier systems via receptor-mediated endocytosis were successfully developed by optimizing physicochemical characteristics. On the other hand, the pharmacokinetics of gene drugs after intratumoral injection were assessed in a tissue-isolated tumor perfusion system. The relationship between the physicochemical properties of gene drug delivery systems and intratumoral pharmacokinetics was determined and the therapeutic effect was also discussed in relation to pharmacokinetics. Collectively, it was demonstrated that a rational design of gene drug delivery systems that can control their in vivo disposition is possible by means of pharmacokinetic studies at whole body, organ and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takakura
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The future of non-viral gene therapy depends on a detailed understanding of the barriers to delivery of polynucleotides. These include physicomechanical barriers, which limit the design of delivery devices, physicochemical barriers that influence self-assembly of colloidal particulate formulations, and biological barriers that compromise delivery of the DNA to its target site. It is important that realistic delivery strategies are adopted for early clinical trials in non-viral gene therapy. In the longer term, it should be possible to improve the efficiency of gene delivery by learning from the attributes which viruses have evolved; attributes that enable translocation of viral components across biological membranes. Assembly of stable, organized virus-like particles will require a higher level of control than current practice. Here, we summarize present knowledge of the biodistribution and cellular interactions of gene delivery systems and consider how improvements in gene delivery will be accomplished in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Pouton
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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30
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Mendichi R, Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Giacometti Schieroni A. Molecular characterization of α,β-poly[( N -hydroxyethyl)- dl –aspartamide] by light scattering and viscometry studies. POLYMER 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Molecular characterization of α , β -poly(asparthylhydrazide) a new synthetic polymer for biomedical applications. POLYMER 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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33
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Staud F, Nishikawa M, Morimoto K, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Disposition of radioactivity after injection of liver-targeted proteins labeled with 111In or 125I. Effect of labeling on distribution and excretion of radioactivity in rats. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:577-85. [PMID: 10350492 DOI: 10.1021/js9804415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of radiolabeling liver-specific proteins on the in vivo disposition of radioactivity was investigated. The suitability of 111In and 125I as radiolabels for protein disposition studies in vivo was examined. Galactosylated and cationized bovine serum albumin were labeled with either 125I by the chloramine-T method or 111In, using 1-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (SCN-BZ-EDTA) or diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as bifunctional chelating agents (BCAs) and administered intravenously to rats. 125I radioactivity disappeared rapidly from the liver with subsequent excretion in the urine and bile, mainly in the TCA soluble fraction. 111In-associated radioactivity, on the other hand, remained in the hepatic tissue in considerably higher amounts during the experiment and was excreted in the bile and urine to a lower extent when compared with 125I. When the effect of BCA on excretion of 111In radioactivity was compared, no significant differences were observed in the urinary clearances. However, biliary excretion was significantly higher for 111In-SCN-BZ-EDTA-bound radioactivity. In conclusion, when compared with 125I, 111In labeling seems to more accurately characterize the in vivo distribution of liver-targeted proteins after their iv administration in rats and allows a more accurate pharmacokinetic evaluation to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Staud
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Mukai T, Arano Y, Nishida K, Sasaki H, Saji H, Nakamura J. In-vivo evaluation of indium-111-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-labelling for determining the sites and rates of protein catabolism in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51:15-20. [PMID: 10197412 DOI: 10.1211/0022357991772033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic analyses of protein pharmaceuticals are of prime importance for their clinical application. Because many proteins have pharmacological activity at low concentrations, radiolabelling of proteins is widely used to identify the sites and determine the rates of protein catabolism in-vivo due to the high sensitivity of detection of radioactivity. Recently, a metallic radionuclide, (111)In, has been used to trace the pharmacokinetics of proteins of interest after conjugation of the proteins with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA). In this study, galactosyl-neoglycoalbumin (NGA) was reacted with the cyclic dianhydride of DTPA and labelled with (111)In to estimate the validity of this radiolabelling procedure for pharmacokinetic analyses. For comparison, we also evaluated direct radioiodination, because directly-radioiodinated proteins are widely used to assess the pharmacokinetics of proteins of interest. The hepatic radioactivity profile after intravenous injection of [131I]NGA or [(111)In]DTPA-NGA into mice was analysed pharmacokinetically, and the first-order rate constant representing the elimination of the respective radiometabolite from hepatic parenchymal cells was determined. The results indicated that direct radioiodination is inappropriate for pursuing the pharmacokinetics of the proteins, because of rapid elimination of the radioactivity from the sites of protein catabolism. These findings also implied that the [(111)In]DTPA label could be used to identify the catabolic sites and determine the rates of catabolism of proteins with relatively short biological half-lives, although characterization of radiolabelled species at the sites of accumulation would be required for accurate determination of the catabolic sites of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mukai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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35
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Abstract
The future of non-viral gene therapy depends on a detailed understanding of the barriers to delivery of polynucleotides. These include physicomechanical barriers, which limit the design of delivery devices, physicochemical barriers that influence self-assembly of colloidal particulate formulations, and biological barriers that compromise delivery of the DNA to its target site. It is important that realistic delivery strategies are adopted for early clinical trials in non-viral gene therapy. In the longer term, it should be possible to improve the efficiency of gene delivery by learning from the attributes which viruses have evolved; attributes that enable translocation of viral components across biological membranes. Assembly of stable, organized virus-like particles will require a higher level of control than current practice. Here, we summarize present knowledge of the biodistribution and cellular interactions of gene delivery systems and consider how improvements in gene delivery will be accomplished in the future.
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36
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Abstract
Macromolecules can extravasate across the normal endothelium by transcapillary pinocytosis as well as by passage through interendothelial cell junctions, gaps or fenestrae. The main biological factors that control extravasation of a solute include regional differences in the capillary structures, the disease state of the organ or tissue, and the rate of blood and lymph supply. Physicochemical properties that are of profound significance in the extravasation of macromolecules are molecular size, shape, charge and hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) characteristics. Extravasation of small drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides and genes can be controlled by conjugating or forming complexes with macromolecular carriers. This requires a thorough understanding of the relationship between the chemical structures, physicochemical properties and the pharmacokinetics of both carrier and active molecules. This review article discusses the extravasation of macromolecules from the view points of pharmacokinetics and drug delivery systems, with the main emphasis on the extravasation across the liver, kidney and tumor capillaries.
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37
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Giammona G, Cavallaro G, Fontana G, Pitarresi G, Carlisi B. Coupling of the antiviral agent zidovudine to polyaspartamide and in vitro drug release studies. J Control Release 1998; 54:321-31. [PMID: 9766252 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(98)00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A macromolecular prodrug of the known antiretroviral agent zidovudine and alpha, beta-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-DL-aspartamide (PHEA) was synthesized. A succinic spacer was present between the polymer and the drug, and 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole was used as the coupling agent. In vitro drug release studies at pH 1.1, 5.5 and 7.4 indicated that limited amounts of intact drug were released from the conjugate. At pH 1.1 and 7.4 succinylzidovudine was released, and this was hydrolysed to give free zidovudine. In the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin, zidovudine was released preferentially in comparison with the succinyl derivative. The amounts of released zidovudine and succinylzidovudine were greater in plasma than in aqueous buffer solutions. These results show that after i.v. administration this drug-polymer conjugate can release zidovudine into the blood circulation for prolonged periods.
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38
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Baudys M, Letourneur D, Liu F, Mix D, Jozefonvicz J, Kim SW. Extending insulin action in vivo by conjugation to carboxymethyl dextran. Bioconjug Chem 1998; 9:176-83. [PMID: 9548532 DOI: 10.1021/bc970180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical and pharmacological properties of bioactive peptides and proteins can be altered by conjugation with polymers. This report describes site-specific attachment of insulin to activated carboxyl groups of carboxymethyl dextran (CMD, MW=51000) through the GlyA1 insulin amino group. On average, three or four insulin molecules were grafted to a CMD linear chain. Coupled insulin molecules were properly folded, and the bioactivity of conjugated insulin in the blood glucose depression assay was 9.6 IU/mg, which was only 2.6 times less than that for native insulin. The cell growth study indicated that the CMD-insulin conjugate was as mitogenic as insulin on vascular smooth muscle cells, whereas the starting CMD polymer was not. The insulin receptor binding constant of the conjugate (3.6 x 10[9] M[-1]) compared well with that of native insulin (7.6 x 10[9] M[-1]), indicating that the CMD chain does not present any major constraints to binding. Plasma clearance of CMD-insulin obeyed a two-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model with a CMD-insulin conjugate plasma elimination half-life of 114.1 min, which was significantly longer than that of soluble Zn-insulin (12.4 min). In contrast, pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles (blood glucose lowering effects) after intravenous (iv) administration of the conjugate or insulin in rats were not different. Subcutaneous (sc) administration of the conjugate resulted in a significantly prolonged plasma profile with a noncompartmental PK parameter mean residence time (MRT) of 103.5 min which was significantly longer than that of soluble Zn-insulin (40.5 min). This was reflected in the protracted PD effect of sc administered conjugate with time needed to reach minimum glucose concentration Tnadir of 95.7 min, which was significantly longer than that of insulin (62 min). We conclude that the conjugation of insulin to CMD leads to a bioactive conjugate with a delayed sc PD profile showing prolonged response, resembling intermediate acting insulin preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baudys
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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39
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Mahato RI, Takemura S, Akamatsu K, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Physicochemical and disposition characteristics of antisense oligonucleotides complexed with glycosylated poly(L-lysine). Biochem Pharmacol 1997; 53:887-95. [PMID: 9113108 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The disposition characteristics of a 20 mer antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotide (PO) and its fully phosphorothioated derivative (PS) alone or complexed with glycosylated poly(L-lysine) (galactosylated polylysine, Gal-PLL; mannosylated polylysine, Man-PLL) were studied in mice in relation to their physicochemical characteristics. Good complex formation was obtained at a ratio of 1:0.6, w/w [oligonucleotides (ODNs)/carrier]. The 1:0.6 weight ratio of ODNs/Gal-PLL and ODNs/Man-PLL complexes had zeta potentials of -27 to -31 mV and mean particle size of 100 to 160 nm. After intravenous injection, 35S-labeled ODNs were eliminated rapidly from the circulation; however, their organ disposition characteristics depended on their type. Complex formation with glycosylated PLL increased the hepatic uptake and decreased the urinary clearance of these ODNs to a great extent. These complexes were taken up by both liver parenchymal cells (PC) and nonparenchymal cells (NPC). However, ODNs/Gal-PLL complexes showed a fairly high PC concentration, whereas ODNs/Man-PLL complexes distributed equally to both PC and NPC. The hepatic uptakes of PS/Gal-PLL and PS/Man-PLL complexes were partially inhibited by prior administration of Gal-BSA and Man-BSA, respectively, suggesting their hepatic uptake via the respective receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, uptake by galactose receptors of Kupffer cells, zeta potential, particle size, and Kupffer cell phagocytosis also seem to influence their uptake process. In conclusion, this study illustrates that ODNs can be delivered to hepatocytes and macrophages via galactose and mannose receptors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Mahato
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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40
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Mahato RI, Takakura Y, Hashida M. Development of targeted delivery systems for nucleic acid drugs. J Drug Target 1997; 4:337-57. [PMID: 9239575 DOI: 10.3109/10611869709017892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our increased understanding of disease pathogenesis is the basis for developing novel nucleic acid drugs. The main challenge encountered in this development is how to maintain therapeutically meaningful concentrations of the drugs in the vicinity of their targets for the desired periods. The intrinsic difficulty arises from the fact that nucleic acid drugs are not readily transported across membranes. Hence, their delivery and transport characteristics at the whole body, organ and cellular levels need to be thoroughly examined. Liposomes and receptor-mediated polycation systems are promising carriers for their delivery in vivo. There are many barriers to be overcome for successful antisense and gene therapies. Along with other factors, disposition, stability against nucleases, binding to cell surface receptor and internalization, and intracellular trafficking affect the in vivo delivery and efficacy of nucleic acid drugs. This review article discusses the delivery and transport of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Mahato
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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