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Ceballos-Góngora E, Torres-Romero JC, Arana-Argáez VE, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Acosta-Viana K, Euan-Canto A, Alvarez-Sánchez LC. Exposure of Tritrichomonas foetus to sublethal doses of metronidazole induces a specific proinflammatory response in murine macrophages. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13000. [PMID: 37667470 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellated parasite that primarily infects the reproductive tissues of livestock, causing bovine trichomoniasis. The cytoplasmic membrane of T. foetus contains various compounds that contribute to adherence, colonization, and pathogenicity. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the main treatment for trichomoniasis, but the emergence of drug-resistant strains is a concern due to improper use and dosing. T. foetus infection induces inflammation, and macrophages are key players in the immune response. However, our understanding of the host's immune response to T. foetus is limited, and the specific mechanisms underlying these responses are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of T. foetus surface proteins from trophozoites cultured under different sublethal MTZ conditions (MTZ-treated T. foetus MPs) on macrophage activation. By analyzing cytokine levels and gene expression in murine macrophages, we demonstrated that MTZ-treated T. foetus MPs induce a specific proinflammatory response. MTZ-treated T. foetus MPs-exposed macrophages exhibited a higher NO and H2 O2 production and overexpression of iNOS and NOX-2 genes in comparison to untreated T. foetus. Additionally, MTZ-treated T. foetus MPs triggered a significant induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, as well as the overexpression of the TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB genes on murine macrophages. The study aimed to unravel the immunological response and potential proinflammatory pathways involved in T. foetus infection and MTZ stress. Understanding the immune responses and mechanisms through which T. foetus surface proteins activate macrophages can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for controlling bovine trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Ceballos-Góngora
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Julio César Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | | | | | - Karla Acosta-Viana
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Antonio Euan-Canto
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Leidi Cristal Alvarez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
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2
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Martin KA, Kovach K, Moscoso E, Carreiro E, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Brewer MT. Assessment of in vitro efficacy for common surface disinfectants and antiseptics against Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1282274. [PMID: 38026616 PMCID: PMC10668592 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1282274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus causes early embryonic death in cattle, there are no legal options for treating this parasite in the United States, and there are few developed protocols for cleaning veterinary and obstetrical equipment that may have been contaminated with trophozoites. In this study, we evaluated bleach, ethanol, acetic acid, chlorhexidine gluconate, and hydrogen peroxide solutions for the ability to kill trophozoites in vitro. Our findings suggested that ethanol and bleach could adequately disinfect tools and equipment. Acetic acid, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide had applications as surface disinfectants in addition to potential as local topical treatments due to their past uses in veterinary theriogenology. Chlorhexidine gluconate demonstrated trophocidal effects by damaging parasite cell membranes and had the lowest effective concentration 50 (EC50) of any compound tested and was in the micromolar range. These findings, in conjunction with accepted clinical uses of chlorhexidine gluconate suggest that this is a convenient agent for disinfecting equipment. In addition, topical use of chlorhexidine is relatively common, setting the stage for further investigation of this compound as a topical therapeutic option for bovine trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A. Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristofer Kovach
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Erica Moscoso
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Carreiro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeba R. J. Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Matthew T. Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Loy DS, Spuri Gomes R, Dutta E, Brodersen BW, Loy JD. Time and temperature stability of Tritrichomonas foetus in phosphate-buffered saline as evaluated by a reverse transcription real-time PCR assay and field analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1101502. [PMID: 37065215 PMCID: PMC10098177 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus (TF) is a significant reproductive pathogen of cattle, and sample collection, handling, transport, and testing are significant hurdles to surveillance programs. Recent methods have been developed that allow for the direct detection of TF using a reverse transcription real-time PCR (direct RT-qPCR) approach. To evaluate these methods, a comparative analysis was conducted to assess the technical performance of this assay with a commercially available real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. In addition, the evaluation of two types of collection media (PBS and TF transport tube) was conducted that evaluated sample stability from 0 to 3 days when stored at 4°C or 25°C. Extended incubation times for PBS media were also evaluated (5, 7, and 14 days) at both refrigeration and frozen temperatures to evaluate the effect of extended transport time on samples. Limits of detection (LODs), dynamic range, and RNA stability were assessed using lab-cultured TF spiked into samples of normal bovine smegma collected in PBS or TF transport media, and performance was assessed on field samples collected in parallel. 100% agreement was found between direct RT-qPCR and qPCR at 10 parasites/extraction and a LOD of 1 parasite/extraction. Differences in detection were not observed in either collection media when incubated at either temperatures for up to 3 days of incubation. In addition, the extended incubation experiments indicate that samples containing 10 parasites/extraction can be detected at 4°C for 5 days with a mean Cq 26.34 (95% CI: 23.11–29.58) and detected at −20°C for 7 or 14 days, with a mean Cq 29.55 (95% CI: 27.73–31.37). A significant decrease in detectable RNA was observed in samples containing <10 parasites/extraction at −20°C for 14 days, which should be considered for long-term storage. In summary, direct RT-qPCR was found to be equivalent or superior to qPCR and PBS was not significantly different from TF transport media. The findings of the current study allows for more flexibility during sample collection and transport and ultimately enhancement of TF surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan S. Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Duan S. Loy
| | - Renata Spuri Gomes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Enakshy Dutta
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Bruce W. Brodersen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - John Dustin Loy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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4
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Maciejowski WJ, Gile GH, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Dacks JB. Ancient and pervasive expansion of adaptin-related vesicle coat machinery across Parabasalia. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:233-245. [PMID: 36898426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic phylum Parabasalia is composed primarily of anaerobic, endobiotic organisms such as the veterinary parasite Tritrichomonas foetus and the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, the latter causing the most prevalent, non-viral, sexually transmitted disease world-wide. Although a parasitic lifestyle is generally associated with a reduction in cell biology, T. vaginalis provides a striking counter-example. The 2007 T. vaginalis genome paper reported a massive and selective expansion of encoded proteins involved in vesicle trafficking, particularly those implicated in the late secretory and endocytic systems. Chief amongst these were the hetero-tetrameric adaptor proteins or 'adaptins', with T. vaginalis encoding ∼3.5 times more such proteins than do humans. The provenance of such a complement, and how it relates to the transition from a free-living or endobiotic state to parasitism, remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comprehensive bioinformatic and molecular evolutionary investigation of the heterotetrameric cargo adaptor-derived coats, comparing the molecular complement and evolution of these proteins between T. vaginalis, T. foetus and the available diversity of endobiotic parabasalids. Notably, with the recent discovery of Anaeramoeba spp. as the free-living sister lineage to all parabasalids, we were able to delve back to time points earlier in the lineage's history than ever before. We found that, although T. vaginalis still encodes the most HTAC subunits amongst parabasalids, the duplications giving rise to the complement took place more deeply and at various stages across the lineage. While some duplications appear to have convergently shaped the parasitic lineages, the largest jump is in the transition from free-living to endobiotic lifestyle with both gains and losses shaping the encoded complement. This work details the evolution of a cellular system across an important lineage of parasites and provides insight into the evolutionary dynamics of an example of expansion of protein machinery, counter to the more common trends observed in many parasitic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Maciejowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 586, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. https://twitter.com/jon_hultqvist
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.
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5
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Martin KA, Henderson J, Brewer MT. Bovine Trichomonosis Cases in the United States 2015-2019. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:692199. [PMID: 34434984 PMCID: PMC8382153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a sexually-transmitted protozoan parasite that causes early embryonic death in cattle. Tritrichomonas foetus is enzootic in the United States but is not a reportable disease at the national level. Thus, it is difficult to understand the prevalence and relative distribution of the disease for the purpose of developing appropriate control measures. In this study, a survey of state veterinarians was used to determine the number of reported cases in each state from 2015 to 2019. Our investigation revealed infections in 25 different states and a total of 3,817 reported cases nationwide. Infections occurred throughout different regions of the country, and numbers of cases were only weakly correlated with total number of cattle in each state. Tritrichomonas foetus is a significant pathogen in the United States and understanding the relative distribution of the parasite is useful for prioritizing surveillance and intervention strategies going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Juli Henderson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States
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6
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Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a venereal trichomonad parasite which causes reproductive issues in cattle. No other trichomonads are known to be urogenital pathogens in cattle, but there are several reports of Tetratrichomonas and Pentatrichomonas isolates of unclear origin from the cattle urogenital tract (UGT) in the Americas. This study reports the first case of a non-T. foetus cattle urogenital trichomonad isolate in Europe. Molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1-5.8S ribosomal RNA-ITS 2 and 18S ribosomal RNA loci suggest that the isolate is a Tetratrichomonas species from a lineage containing other previously described bull preputial isolates. We identified close sequence similarity between published urogenital and gastrointestinal Tetratrichomonas spp., and this is reviewed alongside further evidence regarding the gastrointestinal origin of non-T. foetus isolates. Routine screening for T. foetus is based on culture and identification by microscopy, and so considering other trichomonad parasites of the bovine UGT is important to avoid misdiagnosis.
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7
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Martin KA, Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Bader C, Carreiro E, Long K, Thompson K, Brewer MT. Repurposing the open access malaria box reveals compounds with activity against Tritrichomonas foetus trophozoites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:89-93. [PMID: 32734889 PMCID: PMC7326994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus causes early embryonic death in cattle which results in severe economic loss. In the United States, there are no drugs are approved for treatment of this pathogen. In this study, we evaluated in vitro anti-protozoal effects of compounds from an open access chemical library against T. foetus trophozoites. An initial high-throughput screen identified 16 compounds of interest. Further investigation revealed 12 compounds that inhibited parasite growth and 4 compounds with lethal effects. For lethal compounds, dose-response curves were constructed and the LD50 was calculated for laboratory and field strains of T. foetus. Our experiments revealed chemical scaffolds that were parasiticidal in the micromolar range, and these scaffolds provide a starting point for drug discovery efforts. Further investigation is still needed to investigate suitability of these scaffolds and related compounds in food animals. Importantly, open access chemical libraries can be useful for identifying compounds with activity against protozoan pathogens of veterinary importance. No legal treatments are available for bovine trichomoniasis in the United States. The open access malaria box was screened for compounds with activity against T. foetus trophozoites. Identification of several scaffolds meriting further investigation for suitability in food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy A Martin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Christopher Bader
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Carreiro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Katelyn Long
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kylie Thompson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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8
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Oyhenart J. Major factors associated to persistence of bovine trichomoniasis in a mandatory control plan: A eight year retrospective study in La Pampa, Argentine. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 18:100328. [PMID: 31796194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis is a venereal disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus. Infection is related to low conception rates and would have significant impact on calf crop. The state of La Pampa started in 2006 an unprecedented mandatory control program for eradication of bovine trichomoniasis. The compulsory participation of all cattle producers and the yearly control of every bull should be followed by culling of every positive animal. This retrospective study on data from eight years of the control plan showed that 80% of farms had a single year of positive tests. In these farms, positive tests showed a strong decay of disease during the first years that reached a baseline by 2012. A non negligeable proportion of positive bulls in this group can be attributed to false positive tests. Oppositely, farms with two or more years of positive diagnosis accounted for a great proportion of recent cases. These farms were more likely related to less intensive control measures. The non exclusion of carrier bulls is the major factor contributing to the persistance of bovine trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oyhenart
- INCITAP - CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Av. Uruguay 151, 6300 Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina.
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Dąbrowska J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Gottstein B, Cencek T, Frey CF, Müller N. Development and comparative evaluation of different LAMP and PCR assays for coprological diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:17-23. [PMID: 31442888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus may cause severe diarrhea in cats all over the world. In order to evaluate the methodology in coprological molecular diagnosis of feline tritrichomonosis, we compared previously published ("old") and newly developed ("novel") loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) (targeted to the T. foetus β-tubulin and the elf1α 1 gene, respectively) as well as an old conventional and an old and novel real-time PCR (all targeted to overlapping regions of T. foetus rDNA) assays regarding their diagnostic sensitivities and specificities. Here, the novel real-time PCR yielded the best methodical performance in that a sensitivity with a detection limit of <0.1 trophozoites (corresponding to ca.<0.13 trophozoites per mg feces) and a maximal specificity for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas spp. was achieved. The other test systems exhibited either an approximately 10-times lower sensitivity (<1 trophozoite corresponding to ca.<1.3 trophozoites per mg feces) (conventional PCR and both LAMP assays) or a lower specificity (old real-time PCR). Conversely, the diagnostic performance assessed with clinical fecal samples from cats demonstrated identical sensitivities (8 of 20 samples tested were positive) for the novel PCR and both LAMP assays. Diagnostic sensitivities were significantly higher than those found for the old real-time (5 positive samples) and conventional PCR (6 positive samples), respectively. Accordingly, our data suggested the novel PCR and both LAMP assays to be well suited molecular tools for direct (i.e. without including an in vitro cultivation step) coprological diagnosis of tritrichomonosis in cats. Interestingly, relative high (novel LAMP, 7 positive samples) to at least moderate (old LAMP, 6 positive samples and 1 sample with equivocal score) diagnostic sensitivities were also achieved by testing clinical samples upon simple visual inspection of colorimetric changes during the LAMP amplification reactions. Accordingly, both LAMP assays may serve as practical molecular tools to perform epidemiological studies on feline (and bovine as well as porcine) tritrichomonosis under simple laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dąbrowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Caroline F Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
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Bradic M, Warring SD, Tooley GE, Scheid P, Secor WE, Land KM, Huang PJ, Chen TW, Lee CC, Tang P, Sullivan SA, Carlton JM. Genetic Indicators of Drug Resistance in the Highly Repetitive Genome of Trichomonas vaginalis. Genome Biol Evol 2018. [PMID: 28633446 PMCID: PMC5522705 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, the most common nonviral sexually transmitted parasite, causes ∼283 million trichomoniasis infections annually and is associated with pregnancy complications and increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. The antimicrobial drug metronidazole is used for treatment, but in a fraction of clinical cases, the parasites can become resistant to this drug. We undertook sequencing of multiple clinical isolates and lab derived lines to identify genetic markers and mechanisms of metronidazole resistance. Reduced representation genome sequencing of ∼100 T. vaginalis clinical isolates identified 3,923 SNP markers and presence of a bipartite population structure. Linkage disequilibrium was found to decay rapidly, suggesting genome-wide recombination and the feasibility of genetic association studies in the parasite. We identified 72 SNPs associated with metronidazole resistance, and a comparison of SNPs within several lab-derived resistant lines revealed an overlap with the clinically resistant isolates. We identified SNPs in genes for which no function has yet been assigned, as well as in functionally-characterized genes relevant to drug resistance (e.g., pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase). Transcription profiles of resistant strains showed common changes in genes involved in drug activation (e.g., flavin reductase), accumulation (e.g., multidrug resistance pump), and detoxification (e.g., nitroreductase). Finally, we identified convergent genetic changes in lab-derived resistant lines of Tritrichomonas foetus, a distantly related species that causes venereal disease in cattle. Shared genetic changes within and between T. vaginalis and Tr. foetus parasites suggest conservation of the pathways through which adaptation has occurred. These findings extend our knowledge of drug resistance in the parasite, providing a panel of markers that can be used as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bradic
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
| | - Sally D Warring
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
| | - Grace E Tooley
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
| | - Paul Scheid
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
| | - William E Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GE
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Bioinformatics Center/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Bioinformatics Center/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Bioinformatics Center/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Bioinformatics Center/Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Steven A Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
| | - Jane M Carlton
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York
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11
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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12
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trichomonosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04992. [PMID: 32625289 PMCID: PMC7009924 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of trichomonosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of trichomonosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to trichomonosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, trichomonosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for trichomonosis according to Article 8(3) criteria is cattle as susceptible and reservoir.
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Noritake SM, Liu J, Kanetake S, Levin CE, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Friedman M. Phytochemical-rich foods inhibit the growth of pathogenic trichomonads. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:461. [PMID: 28903731 PMCID: PMC5598040 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Plants produce secondary metabolites that often possess widespread bioactivity, and are then known as phytochemicals. We previously determined that several phytochemical-rich food-derived preparations were active against pathogenic foodborne bacteria. Trichomonads produce disease (trichomoniasis) in humans and in certain animals. Trichomonads are increasingly becoming resistant to conventional modes of treatment. It is of interest to test bioactive, natural compounds for efficacy against these pathogens. Methods Using a cell assay, black tea, green tea, grape, pomegranate, and jujube extracts, as well as whole dried jujube were tested against three trichomonads: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3 (found in humans), Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1 (found in cattle), and Tritrichomonas foetus-like organism strain C1 (found in cats). The most effective of the test substances was subsequently tested against two metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains, and on normal mucosal flora. Results Black tea extract inhibited all the tested trichomonads, but was most effective against the T. vaginalis organisms. Inhibition by black tea was correlated with the total and individual theaflavin content of the two tea extracts determined by HPLC. Metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis strains were also inhibited by the black tea extract. The response of the organisms to the remaining preparations was variable and unique. We observed no effect of the black tea extract on common normal flora bacteria. Conclusions The results suggest that the black tea, and to a lesser degree green tea, grape seed, and pomegranate extracts might present possible natural alternative therapeutic agents to treat Trichomonas vaginalis infections in humans and the related trichomonad infections in animals, without negatively affecting the normal flora.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of two pathogenic Tritrichomonas foetus genotypes: there is more to the proteome than meets the eye. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:203-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Suzuki J, Kobayashi S, Osuka H, Kawahata D, Oishi T, Sekiguchi K, Hamada A, Iwata S. Characterization of a human isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus (cattle/swine genotype) infected by a zoonotic opportunistic infection. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:633-40. [PMID: 26685985 PMCID: PMC4873855 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas species flagellates (IMC strain) were isolated from the
biliary tract of an individual who had developed cholecystitis as a complication of
acquired agammaglobulinemia. Sequence analysis of Tritrichomonas sp. (IMC
clone 2 (cl2)) was performed for several genetic regions including the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2
region, the cysteine protease (CP)-1,
CP-2 and CP-4 to CP-9 genes, and the
cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 gene. In addition to comparison of the variable-length
DNA repeats in the isolate clone with those in T. foetus
(Inui cl2) and the T. mobilensis (U.S.A.: M776 cl2)
reference strains, this analysis showed that the Tritrichomonas sp. (IMC
cl2) was T. foetus (cattle/swine genotype). Injection of
T. foetus (IMC cl2) directly into the livers of CBA
mice resulted in liver abscess formation on Day 7. Moreover, inoculation via orogastric
intubation caused infection in the cecum on Day 5 in CBA mice co-infected with
Entamoeba histolytica (HM-1: IMSS cl6). T.
foetus (IMC cl2) was able to grow in YI-S medium for over 20 days, even
at 5°C. These results indicate that the T. foetus
isolate is able to survive in the feces and edible organ meat of the definitive host for a
prolonged period of time, and it is possible that the parasite could infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 179-0073, Japan
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Nisha, Kumar K, Bhargava G, Land KM, Chang KH, Arora R, Sen S, Kumar V. N-Propargylated isatin-Mannich mono- and bis-adducts: synthesis and preliminary analysis of in vitro activity against Tritrichomonas foetus. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 74:657-63. [PMID: 24561663 PMCID: PMC7115568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I)Cl promoted synthesis of N-propargylated-isatin Mannich mono- and bis-adducts with an extension towards the synthesis of N-propargylated-isatin-7-chloroquinoline conjugates was described. The synthesized scaffolds were evaluated for their in vitro activity against the veterinary protozoal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus and cytotoxicity against human prostate (PC-3) cancer cell line. The preliminary evaluation data revealed the enhancement in the activity profiles with the introduction of 7-chloroquinoline ring with the most active conjugates 7a, 7c and 7d exhibiting an IC50 of 22.2, 11.3 and 24.5 μM respectively against T. foetus and minimal toxicity against human prostate (PC-3) cell lines. Cu(I)Cl promoted synthesis of N-propargylated-isatin Mannich mono- and bis-adducts. Introduction of 7-chloro-quinoline moiety remarkably enhanced the activity against Tritrichomonas foetus. The most active and non-cytotoxic compound exhibited an IC50 value 11.3 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Kewal Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gaurav Bhargava
- Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144601, India
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
| | - Reena Arora
- Pharmacology Department, Sphaera Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Manesar 12205, India
| | - Somdutta Sen
- Pharmacology Department, Sphaera Pharma Pvt. Ltd, Manesar 12205, India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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Slapeta J, Müller N, Stack CM, Walker G, Lew-Tabor A, Tachezy J, Frey CF. Comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cat genotype, T. foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cattle genotype and Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) at 10 DNA loci. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:1143-9. [PMID: 23123273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protists in the genus Tritrichomonas cause significant disease in domestic cattle and cats. To assess the genetic diversity of feline and bovine isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) Wenrich and Emmerson, 1933, we used 10 different genetic regions, namely the protein coding genes of cysteine proteases 1, 2 and 4-9 (CP1, 2, 4-9) involved in the pathogenesis of the disease caused by the parasite. The cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 of the rDNA unit (ITS2) were included as additional markers. The gene sequences were compared with those of Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) Morgan and Hawkins, 1948 and Tritrichomonas mobilensisCulberson et al., 1986. The study revealed 100% identity for all 10 genes among all feline isolates (=T. foetus cat genotype), 100% identity among all bovine isolates (=T. foetus cattle genotype) and a genetic distinctness of 1% between the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus. The cattle genotype of T. foetus was 100% identical to T. suis at nine loci (CP1, 2, 4-8, ITS2, MDH1). At CP9, three out of four T. suis isolates were identical to the T. foetus cattle genotype, while the T. suis isolate SUI-H3B sequence contained a single unique nucleotide substitution. Tritrichomonas mobilensis was 0.4% and 0.7% distinct from the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus, respectively. The genetic differences resulted in amino acid changes in the CP genes, most pronouncedly in CP2, potentially providing a platform for elucidation of genotype-specific host-pathogen interactions of T. foetus. On the basis of this data we judge T. suis and T. foetus to be subjective synonyms. For the first time, on objective nomenclatural grounds, the authority of T. suis is given to Davaine, 1875, rather than the commonly cited Gruby and Delafond, 1843. To maintain prevailing usage of T. foetus, we are suppressing the senior synomym T. suisDavaine, 1875 according to Article 23.9, because it has never been used as a valid name after 1899 and T. foetus is widely discussed as the cause of bovine trichomonosis. Thus bovine, feline and porcine isolates should all be given the name T. foetus. This promotes the stability of T. foetus for the veterinary and economically significant venereal parasite causing bovine trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Slapeta
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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18
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González-Carmona LC, Sánchez-Ladino MJ, Castañeda-Salazar R, Pulido-Villamarín ADP, Guáqueta-Munar H, Aranda-Silva M, Rueda-Varón MJ. Determination of presence of Tritrichomonas foetus in uterine lavages from cows with reproductive problems. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2012; 21:201-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of Tritrichomonasfoetus in two dairy herds on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. Twenty-one low-volume uterine lavages from cows with a history of reproductive problems in two dairy herds located in the municipality of Sibaté (Cundinamarca) and Ventaquemada (Boyacá) were evaluated. In the first herd, 10 cows were sampled and in the second, 11 cows, based on three inclusion criteria. The uterine lavages were obtained through infusion of physiological saline solution into the uterine body. The samples were centrifuged and seeded in Tritrichomonas basal medium for 10-15 days at 37 ºC. The protozoa were evaluated on the day of sampling and 10 and 15 days after incubation by means of direct viewing under a dark-field microscope. Positive samples were stained with Wright and Lugol to identify the morphological characteristics. This study showed that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the animals sampled. The determination that T. foetus was present in 61.8% of the samples analyzed is a significant finding given that in the herds evaluated, this agent had not previously been diagnosed.
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19
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Sequence differences in the diagnostic region of the cysteine protease 8 gene of Tritrichomonas foetus parasites of cats and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2012; 186:445-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Clavijo A, Erol E, Sneed L, Sun F, Swinford A. The influence of temperature and simulated transport conditions of diagnostic samples on real-time polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus DNA. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:982-5. [PMID: 21908359 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711417143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease in cattle that causes considerable economic loss due to abortions and infertility. In vitro culture of the organisms is the traditional method for diagnosis. However, culture cannot differentiate Tritrichomonas foetus from other, closely related nonpathogenic protozoa. Recently, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed for the differential diagnosis of trichomoniasis. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the effect of different simulated transport conditions on samples containing T. foetus for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis using culture and qPCR. Results indicate that transport temperatures of 4-20°C for 1-3 days before culture will reduce or temporarily inhibit parasite replication but maintain viability. Testing of samples by either culture or qPCR would be expected to give positive results. However, diagnosis of trichomonads by both methods was negatively affected when specimens were maintained at transport temperatures of 42°C for 24 hr or more. The current study stresses the importance of ensuring that clinical samples arrive to the diagnostic laboratory within 24-48 hr and of avoiding temperature transport conditions above 37°C in order to achieve an accurate diagnosis of trichomoniasis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Clavijo
- Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, 1 Sippel Road, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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21
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Silva NSD, Machado SM, Filho FCES, Pacheco-Soares C. Basic biological aspects of Tritrichomonas foetus of re-levance to the treatment of bovines suffering of tricho-moniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2011.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Burns BM, Fordyce G, Holroyd RG. A review of factors that impact on the capacity of beef cattle females to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf-Implications for reproductive efficiency in northern Australia. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 122:1-22. [PMID: 20447780 PMCID: PMC7131258 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A review of factors that may impact on the capacity of beef cattle females, grazing semi-extensive to extensive pastures in northern Australia, to conceive, maintain a pregnancy and wean a calf was conducted. Pregnancy and weaning rates have generally been used to measure the reproductive performance of herds. However, this review recognises that reproductive efficiency and the general measures associated with it more effectively describe the economic performance of beef cattle enterprises. More specifically, reproductive efficiency is influenced by (1) pregnancy rate which is influenced by (i) age at puberty; (ii) duration of post-partum anoestrus; (iii) fertilisation failure and (iv) embryo survival; while (2) weight by number of calves per breeding female retained for mating is influenced by (i) cow survival; (ii) foetal survival; and (iii) calf survival; and (3) overall lifetime calf weight weaned per mating. These measures of reproductive efficiency are discussed in depth. Further, a range of infectious and non-infectious factors, namely, environmental, physiological, breed and genetic factors and their impact on these stages of the reproductive cycle are investigated and implications for the northern Australian beef industry are discussed. Finally, conclusions and recommendations to minimise reproductive inefficiencies based on current knowledge are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Burns
- Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, CQMC, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
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23
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Tritrichomonas fetus extracellular products decrease progressive motility of bull sperm. Theriogenology 2010; 73:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Duarte M, Giordani RB, Carli GAD, Zuanazzi JA, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Cytotoxicity of solubilization vehicles for Trichomonas gallinae and Tritrichomonas foetus measured by the resazurin microtiter assay. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:167-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Greenwell P, Younes M, Rughooputh S. Purification and analysis of DNases of Tritrichomonas foetus: Evidence that these enzymes are glycoproteins. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:749-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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26
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Mardones F, Perez A, Martínez A, Carpenter T. Risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herds in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Vet Parasitol 2008; 153:231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Vieira P, Borges F, Gottardi B, Stuepp C, Larré A, Tasca T, De Carli G. Analysis of microtubule cytoskeleton distribution using a fluorescent taxoid in two trichomonadid protozoa: Trichomonas gallinae and Tritrichomonas foetus. Exp Parasitol 2008; 119:186-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Carvalho KP, Gadelha APR. Effects of three benzimidazoles on growth, general morphology and ultrastructure ofTritrichomonas foetus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 275:292-300. [PMID: 17825070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a venereal pathogen of cattle, which causes infertility, early embryonic death or abortion. In order to evaluate the potential trichomonicidal activity of benzimidazoles, the effects of thiabendazole, mebendazole and albendazole were analyzed on the multiplication, general morphology and ultrastructure of T. foetus. It was found that mebendazole presented the highest IC(50%) (2.3 microM), when compared with albendazole (IC(50%)=9.4 microM) and thiabendazole (IC(50%)=142.6 microM), and that such effects were irreversible. Concerning microscopic analysis, thiabendazole- and mebendazole-treated cells presented increased volume, internalization of the flagella, disruption or multiplication of the nucleus, multiple organelles and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Albendazole-treated cells exhibited slight alterations, because the parasite became slightly rounded, its flagella were not internalized but the cytoplasm was vacuolated. Mebendazole was indeed highly effective as an in vitro trichomonicidal agent, and this might open up new possibilities for the use of mebendazole in the therapy of bovine trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Penedo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Microscopia e Processamento de Imagens, Instituto de Biologia Prof. Roberto Alcântara Gomes - Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Kather EJ, Marks SL, Kass PH. Determination of the In Vitro Susceptibility of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus to 5 Antimicrobial Agents. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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30
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Rutkowski MR, McNamee LA, Harmsen AG. Neutrophils and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are critical for early resistance to the establishment of Tritrichomonas foetus infection. J Parasitol 2007; 93:562-74. [PMID: 17626348 DOI: 10.1645/ge-976r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is the cause of trichomoniasis in cattle. Severe infection is often associated with heavy neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, although it is not known how this response protects during early parasite colonization. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of an early host response upon initial T. foetus colonization within the murine reproductive tract. Mice depleted of neutrophils before T. foetus infection had a significantly higher parasite burden within the reproductive tract compared with mock-depleted control mice. Additionally, gp91(phox-/-)/ iNOS(-/-), and iNOS(-/-) mice had substantially larger parasite burdens than C57BL/6 control mice, whereas gp91l(Phox-/-) mice had similar parasite burden to C57BL/6 control mice. Interestingly, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated neutrophils and macrophages isolated from all groups of mice were unable to kill T. foetus in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from gp91l(phox-/-) and C57BL/6 mice stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide were able to kill T. foetus in vitro, whereas macrophages isolated from gp91(phox(-/-)/ iNOS(-/-) and iNOS(-/-) mice were unable to kill T. foetus, suggesting the ability of macrophages to produce reactive nitrogen species but not reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for parasite killing during early infection in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, neutrophils seem to control early dissemination of T. foetus throughout the reproductive tract, although production of ROS is not critical for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon New Hampshire 03756, USA.
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31
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Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. Tritrichomonas foetus: Pathogenesis of acute infection in normal, estradiol-treated, and stressed mice. Exp Parasitol 2007; 115:143-59. [PMID: 17014850 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2006.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress and endocrine control can affect pathogenesis of sexually transmitted diseases such as trichomoniasis. Acute Tritrichomonas foetus infection was compared in female BALB/c mice to infections in mice treated with high doses of estradiol or housed in constant bright illumination (stressed). In untreated mice, T. foetus readily colonized the reproductive tract, causing minimal epithelial damage and inflammation. Several fold increases of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, MCP-1, and IL-6 cytokines were detected after estradiol-treatment of mice, resulting in greatly enhanced inflammation and tissue damage throughout the reproductive tract. Interestingly, estradiol-treatment of mice resulted in reduced T. foetus colonization compared to untreated mice. Infection in stressed mice resulted in increased tissue damage, inflammation, and inflammatory cytokine expression, although parasite colonization within the reproductive tract was similar to that in untreated mice. These results indicate that either estradiol-treatment or stress result in pathogenesis often observed during severe disease. Alternatively, infection in non-treated mice results in chronic colonization, with little inflammation or pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Rutkowski
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Molecular Biosciences Building, 960 Technology Blvd., Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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32
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De Jesus JB, Ferreira MA, Cuervo P, Britto C, e Silva-Filho FC, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Iron modulates ecto-phosphohydrolase activities in pathogenic trichomonads. Parasitol Int 2006; 55:285-90. [PMID: 17010660 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of iron in the extracellular medium is essential for both in vivo and in vitro survival of pathogenic microorganisms, including Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus. In these parasites, iron is directly involved in the proliferation, protein expression and activation of critical enzymes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of iron in ecto-ATPase, ecto-phophatase and secreted phosphatase activities of these trichomonads. We observed that trichomonads grown in iron-depleted medium exhibited a remarkable decrease in both ecto-ATPase and ecto-phosphatase activities, when compared to those cultivated under control conditions (iron-rich medium). Furthermore, parasites grown in iron-depleted medium restored their enzyme activities when they were re-inoculated into fresh iron-rich medium. We demonstrated that modulation of ecto-phosphohydrolase activities is due neither to enzyme-iron nor to substrate-iron complex formation, since iron addition directly to the medium where the enzymatic reactions occurred did not alter their activities. Previously, we had reported that a fresh clinical isolate of T. vaginalis was much more cytotoxic to epithelial cell monolayers than a long-term cultured one. In this study we witnessed that the fresh isolate of T. vaginalis presented higher activities to all herein investigated enzymes than the long-term cultured one. Altogether, our data clearly point out that iron has a pivotal role in the expression of phosphohydrolases in both trichomonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Batista De Jesus
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Pav Leônidas Deane, Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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33
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McMillen L, Lew AE. Improved detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in bovine diagnostic specimens using a novel probe-based real time PCR assay. Vet Parasitol 2006; 141:204-15. [PMID: 16860481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A Tritrichomonas foetus-specific 5' Taq nuclease assay using a 3' minor groove binder-DNA probe (TaqMan MGB) targeting conserved regions of the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) was developed and compared to established diagnostic procedures. Specificity of the assay was evaluated using bovine venereal microflora and a range of related trichomonad species. Assay sensitivity was evaluated with log(10) dilutions of known numbers of cells, and compared to that for microscopy following culture (InPouch TF test kit) and the conventional TFR3-TFR4 PCR assay. The 5' Taq nuclease assay detected a single cell per assay from smegma or mucus which was 2500-fold or 250-fold more sensitive than microscopy following selective culture from smegma or mucus respectively, and 500-fold more sensitive than culture followed by conventional PCR assay. The sensitivity of the conventional PCR assay was comparable to the 5' Taq nuclease assay when testing purified DNA extracted from clinical specimens, whereas the 5' Taq nuclease assay sensitivity improved using crude cell lysates, which were not suitable as template for the conventional PCR assay. Urine was evaluated as a diagnostic specimen providing improved and equivalent levels of T. foetus detection in spiked urine by both microscopy following culture and direct 5' Taq nuclease detection, respectively, compared with smegma and mucus, however inconclusive results were obtained with urine samples from the field study. Diagnostic specimens (n=159) were collected from herds with culture positive animals and of the 14 animals positive by 5' Taq nuclease assay, 3 were confirmed by selective culture/microscopy detection (Fisher's exact test P<0.001). The 5' Taq nuclease assay described here demonstrated superior sensitivity to traditional culture/microscopy and offers advantages over the application of conventional PCR for the detection of T. foetus in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle McMillen
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Locked Mail Bag No. 4, Moorooka, 4105 Qld, Australia
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34
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Mutto AA, Giambiaggi S, Angel SO. PCR detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in preputial bull fluid without prior DNA isolation. Vet Parasitol 2006; 136:357-61. [PMID: 16386373 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonosis is a widespread, economically important venereal disease caused by Tritrichomonas foetus. The traditional diagnosis of this disease, which causes infertility and abortion in cattle, is based on the culture of the parasite. This process is time consuming, has low sensitivity, and is prone to contamination with intestinal or coprophilic trichomonadid protozoa, resulting in false positive diagnostics of T. foetus. In order to avoid the shortcomings of the traditional method, we developed a simple PCR assay based on TFR3 and TFR4 primers, which does not require parasite culturing. The sensitivity of the PCR assay resulted comparable to that of the classical method, being able to detect as few as five T. foetus parasites. In addition the method is highly specific. The analysis of preputial fluid washing samples showed that 58 out of 203 samples were positive by both, the PCR and the culture method (+/+), 9 samples were positive by PCR and negative by the traditional method (+/-) and only one sample resulted negative by PCR and negative by culture (-/+). The samples for the PCR assay can be stored for a week at 4 degrees C or 72h at room temperature. In summary, our study demonstrated that the PCR assay is an effective method for the diagnosis of T. foetus from preputial samples, and that it compares advantageously to the classical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Mutto
- Laboratorio de Desarrollos Biotecnológicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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35
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Singh BN, Hayes GR, Lucas JJ, Beach DH, Gilbert RO. In vitro cytopathic effects of a cysteine protease of Tritrichomonas foetus on cultured bovine uterine epithelial cells. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:1181-6. [PMID: 16111156 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cytopathic effects of Tritrichomonas foetus and a purified cysteine protease (ie, CP30) of T foetus on cultured bovine uterine epithelial cells (BUECs) in vitro. SAMPLE POPULATION 10 reproductive tracts were obtained from late-term bovine fetuses at a commercial abattoir. PROCEDURE An in vitro culture system of BUECs was developed to study the cytopathic effects of T foetus and purified CP30 of T foetus on host cells. Cytotoxicity of T foetus or CP30 on exposed BUECs was determined. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptosis. A fluorometric assay was used to detect BUEC caspase 3 activation. The CP inhibitor E-64 and a caspase inhibitor were used to inhibit apoptosis. RESULTS Cytopathic effects were observed in BUECs treated with parasites or CP30 and were concentration and time dependent. The BUECs underwent apoptosis in the presence of parasites or CP30. The specific CP inhibitor E-64 abolished the induction of apoptosis in BUECs by CP30. The caspase inhibitor reduced the amount of apoptosis in BUECs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE T foetus and its CP30 induce apoptosis in cultured BUECs in vitro. Induction of apoptosis by CP30 is correlated with protease activity. Endometrial cell death as a result of a T foetus infection is likely to be more important in mediating infertility than a direct effect on the conceptus. Provoking an apoptotic reaction in the host may mitigate an inflammatory reaction or immune response and therefore favor survival of the parasite in a chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti N Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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36
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Jemilohun PF, Garnett T, Burgess DE. Isolation, Partial Purification, and Immunogenicity of Flagella from Tritrichomonas foetus. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:245-9. [PMID: 15927001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus, the agent of bovine trichomoniasis, is a flagellate protozoan responsible for substantial economic losses to the dairy and calf industries worldwide. As yet, there is no approved treatment nor is there a sensitive diagnostic method. All these problems suggest that immunization is the best control strategy. In view of this, we isolated and partially purified flagella of the parasite by vortex homogenization followed by low-speed differential centrifugation. The resulting enriched flagellar preparation termed "crude flagellar prep" was purified further by sucrose and percoll gradients. Microscopic analysis showed that the flagellar membrane was intact. Analysis by sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three prominent protein bands of 42, 49, and >250 kDa, and several minor bands. Immunoblotting of flagellar and whole-cell extracts revealed many flagellar antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Jemilohun
- Department of Biology, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AK 71601, USA.
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37
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Lun ZR, Chen XG, Zhu XQ, Li XR, Xie MQ. Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:122-5. [PMID: 15734659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas suis, a tritrichomonad of pigs, and the related species Tritrichomonas foetus, a tritrichomonad of cattle, are morphologically identical. The taxonomic relationship between these two tritrichomonads has been questioned ever since they were established as distinct species in 1843 and 1928, respectively. Here, we compare the similarities of morphology, ultrastructure, distribution, host specificity, characteristics of in vitro cultivation, immunology, biochemistry and analysis of molecular data from published sources between these two species. All data indicate that these two tritrichomonad species are identical. Thus, we propose that T. foetus and T. suis are synonyms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms and Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China.
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38
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Lyons EJ, Carlton JM. Mind the gap: bridging the divide between clinical and molecular studies of the trichomonads. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:204-7. [PMID: 15105016 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Lyons
- The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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39
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Singh BN, Lucas JJ, Hayes GR, Kumar I, Beach DH, Frajblat M, Gilbert RO, Sommer U, Costello CE. Tritrichomonas foetus induces apoptotic cell death in bovine vaginal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:4151-8. [PMID: 15213160 PMCID: PMC427413 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.4151-4158.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a serious veterinary pathogen, causing bovine trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. T. foetus infects the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract. Infection with T. foetus leads to apoptotic cell death of bovine vaginal epithelial cells (BVECs) in culture. An affinity-purified cysteine protease (CP) fraction yielding on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa (CP30) also induces BVEC apoptosis. Treatment of CP30 with the protease inhibitors TLCK (Nalpha-p-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone) and E-64 [l-trans-epoxysuccinyl-leucylamide-(4-guanido)-butane] greatly reduces induction of BVEC apoptosis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of CP30 reveals a single peak with a molecular mass of 23.7 kDa. Mass spectral peptide sequence analysis of proteolytically digested CP30 reveals homologies to a previously reported cDNA clone, CP8 (D. J. Mallinson, J. Livingstone, K. M. Appleton, S. J. Lees, G. H. Coombs, and M. J. North, Microbiology 141:3077-3085, 1995). Induction of apoptosis is highly species specific, since the related human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and associated purified CPs did not induce BVEC death. Fluorescence microscopy along with the Cell Death Detection ELISA(PLUS) assay and flow cytometry analyses were used to detect apoptotic nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and changes in plasma membrane asymmetry in host cells undergoing apoptosis in response to T. foetus infection or incubation with CP30. Additionally, the activation of caspase-3 and inhibition of cell death by caspase inhibitors indicates that caspases are involved in BVEC apoptosis. These results imply that apoptosis is involved in the pathogenesis of T. foetus infection in vivo, which may have important implications for therapeutic interference with host cell death that could alter the course of the pathology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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40
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Bielanski A, Ghazi DF, Phipps-Toodd B. Observations on the fertilization and development of preimplantation bovine embryos in vitro in the presence of Tritrichomonas foetus. Theriogenology 2004; 61:821-9. [PMID: 14757468 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(03)00229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus, a world-wide distributed parasitic protozoan is a cause of infertility and abortion. There is no documented information on the susceptibility of bovine embryos to the parasite. To determine the effect of T. foetus on fertilization and embryonic development of preimplantation bovine embryos, we added approximately 10(4)/ml or 10(6)/ml T. foetus (Belfast strain) to sperm cells and oocytes prior to in vitro fertilization (IVF) or to presumptive zygotes 24 h post-fertilization. Light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that exposure of oocytes or embryos at any stage of development to T. foetus caused rapid adhesion of the trichomonads to the embryonic intact zona pellucida (ZP) and to trophoblastic cells of hatched blastocysts. Treatment of contaminated embryos with 0.25% trypsin for 3 min did not render them free from T. foetus. Motile parasites were not observed after 18 h incubation in IVF medium, or after 72 h in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) embryo culture medium. The percentages of cleaved zygotes, blastocysts and hatched embryos resulting from culture of experimental and uninfected control groups of embryos were not different (P > 0.05). Tritrichomonas foetus was not detected in embryonic cells of ZP-intact or hatched embryos when examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In conclusion, T. foetus has no detrimental effect on the fertilization and development of IVF embryos and the potential risk of transmission of trichomonosis is unlikely, due to the limited survival of the parasite in IVF culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Germplasm Centre of Expertise, Ottawa, Ont., Canada.
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41
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Prosise GL, Wu JZ, Luecke H. Crystal structure of Tritrichomonas foetus inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase in complex with the inhibitor ribavirin monophosphate reveals a catalysis-dependent ion-binding site. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:50654-9. [PMID: 12235158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m208330200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in GMP biosynthesis. The resulting intracellular pool of guanine nucleotides is of great importance to all cells for use in DNA and RNA synthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction. The enzyme binds IMP and the cofactor NAD(+) in random order, IMP is converted to XMP, NAD(+) is reduced to NADH, and finally, NADH and then XMP are released sequentially. XMP is subsequently converted into GMP by GMP synthetase. Drugs that decrease GMP synthesis by inhibiting IMPDH have been shown to have antiproliferative as well as antiviral activity. Several drugs are in use that target the substrate- or cofactor-binding site; however, due to differences between the mammalian and microbial isoforms, most drugs are far less effective against the microbial form of the enzyme than the mammalian form. The high resolution crystal structures of the protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus IMPDH complexed with the inhibitor ribavirin monophosphate as well as monophosphate together with a second inhibitor, mycophenolic acid, are presented here. These structures reveal an active site cation identified previously only in the Chinese hamster IMPDH structure with covalently bound IMP. This cation was not found previously in apo IMPDH, IMPDH in complex with XMP, or covalently bound inhibitor, indicating that the cation-binding site may be catalysis-dependent. A comparison of T. foetus IMPDH with the Chinese hamster and Streptococcus pyogenes structures reveals differences in the active site loop architecture, which contributes to differences in cation binding during the catalytic sequence and the kinetic rates between bacterial, protozoan, and mammalian enzymes. Exploitation of these differences may lead to novel inhibitors, which favor the microbial form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen L Prosise
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900, USA
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42
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Silva-Filho FC, Kasai S, Nomizu M, López LB, Melo-Braga MB, Rocha-Azevedo B, Petrópolis DB, Horbach IS. How laminin-1 can be recognized by the protozoan parasite Tritrichomonas foetus: possible role played by the extracellular matrix glycoprotein in both cytoadhesion and cytotoxicity exerted by the parasite. Parasitol Int 2002; 51:305-7. [PMID: 12243785 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(02)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The isoform 1 of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein Laminin is known to be an important ligand for some parasitic protozoa including Trichomonas vaginalis. The bovine parasite Tritrichomonas foetus seems to display a similar recognition process to laminin-1, as some amino acid sequences found in the LNS module of laminin-1 can also be recognized by this parasite. Which of the laminin-1 residing adhesion sequences are recognized by T. foetus, and the role played by such a protein-cell recognition process in both cytoadhesion and cytotoxicity exerted by the parasite are the subjects briefly reviewed and discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Silva-Filho
- UFRJ-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS-Bloco G, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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43
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Tachezy J, Tachezy R, Hampl V, Sedinová M, Vanacová S, Vrlík M, Van Ranst M, Flegr J, Kuldaa J. Cattle pathogen tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2002; 49:154-63. [PMID: 12046599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A number of reports suggest that the sexually transmitted pathogen of cattle, Tritrichomonasfoetus, and a gastrointestinal commensal of pigs, Tritrichomonas suis, are very similar and may be co-specific. A conclusive review of the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of these species has not been presented so far. Toward this end, we reexamined and compared porcine and bovine trichomonads with regard to their morphology, pathogenic potential, and DNA polymorphism. Using light and electron microscopy, no distinguishing features between T. foetus and T. suis strains were found in size, general morphology, and karyomastigont structure. Both bovine and porcine trichomonads showed pathogenic potential in the subcutaneous mouse assays and did not separate into distinct groups according to strain virulence. Three DNA fingerprinting methods (i.e. RFLP, RAPD, and PCR-based analysis of variable-length DNA repeats) that produce species-specific DNA fragment patterns did not distinguish between the bovine and porcine strains. Sequencing of a variable 502-bp DNA fragment as well as comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences did not reveal species-specific differences between the cattle and porcine strains. Therefore, we conclude that T. foetus and T. suis belong to the same species. To prevent confusion that may arise from T. foetus-T. suis synonymy, we propose to suppress the older name suis and maintain its accustomed junior synonym foetus as a nomen protectum for both cattle and porcine trichomonads. The case has been submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for ruling under its plenary power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tachezy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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44
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Voyich JM, Ansotegui R, Swenson C, Bailey J, Burgess DE. Antibody responses of cattle immunized with the Tf190 adhesin of Tritrichomonas foetus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:1120-5. [PMID: 11687450 PMCID: PMC96236 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.6.1120-1125.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antibody response patterns of cattle after subcutaneous and intranasal immunizations with adhesin Tf190 of Tritrichomonas foetus were investigated. Reactions of antibody from cattle parenterally immunized with Tf190 revealed antigen specificity and Tf190 sensitization in the majority of the animals, as determined by Western blotting. The results also demonstrated strong preimmune immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) binding to T. foetus antigens not seen in IgG1 profiles. Subcutaneous injections of Tf190 resulted in significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum IgG1 and IgG2 titers over time, as determined by parasite specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immune sera also significantly inhibited parasite adhesion to mammalian cell lines compared to the level of inhibition obtained with preimmune sera (P < 0.05). Intranasal immunization with Tf190 failed to produce measurable parasite-specific antibody in serum; however, this immunization route did result in significant (P < 0.05) increases in parasite-specific IgA titers in cervical mucus secretions from immunized animals that were more resistant to intravaginal challenge with T. foetus than controls. These results suggest that systemic immunization with Tf190 results in serum antibody production and antiparasitic adhesin antibodies. Additionally, the results of challenge experiments with intranasally immunized animals suggests that Tf190 primes protective immune responses that lead to lower rates of infection among these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Voyich
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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45
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Gerbod D, Edgcomb VP, Noël C, Vanácová S, Wintjens R, Tachezy J, Sogin ML, Viscogliosi E. Phylogenetic relationships of class II fumarase genes from trichomonad species. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1574-84. [PMID: 11470849 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Class II fumarase sequences were obtained by polymerase chain reaction from five trichomonad species. All residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme were present. Nuclear run-on assays showed that one of the two genes identified in Tritrichomonas foetus was expressed, whereas no fumarase transcripts were detected in the related species Trichomonas vaginalis. These findings corroborate previous biochemical data. Fumarase genes were also expressed in Monocercomonas sp. and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum but not in Pentatrichomonas hominis, Trichomonas gallinae, Trichomonas tenax, and Trichomitus batrachorum under the culture conditions used. Molecular trees inferred by likelihood methods reveal that trichomonad sequences have no affinity to described class II fumarase genes from other eukaryotes. The absence of functional mitochondria in protists such as trichomonads suggests that they diverged from other eukaryotes prior to the alpha-proteobacterial symbiosis that led to mitochondria. Furthermore, they are basal to other eukaryotes in rRNA analyses. However, support for the early-branching status of trichomonads and other amitochondriate protists based on phylogenetic analyses of multiple data sets has been equivocal. Although the presence of hydrogenosomes suggests that trichomonads once had mitochondria, their class II iron-independent fumarase sequences differ markedly from those of other mitochondriate eukaryotes. All of the class II fumarase genes described from other eukaryotes are of apparent alpha-proteobacterial origin and hence a marker of mitochondrial evolution. In contrast, the class II fumarase from trichomonads emerges among other eubacterial homologs. This is intriguing evidence for an independent acquisition of these genes in trichomonads apart from the mitochondrial endosymbiosis event that gave rise to the form present in other eukaryotes. The ancestral trichomonad class II fumarase may represent a prokaryotic form that was replaced in other eukaryotes after the divergence of trichomonads with the movement of endosymbiont genes into the nucleus. Alternatively, it may have been acquired via a separate endosymbiotic event or lateral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gerbod
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM Unité 547, Lille, France
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46
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López LB, Braga MB, López JO, Arroyo R, Costa e Silva Filho F. Strategies by which some pathogenic trichomonads integrate diverse signals in the decision-making process. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2000; 72:173-86. [PMID: 10932116 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652000000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between each one of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus with their hosts is a complex process in which components associated to the cell surfaces of both parasites and host epithelial cells, and also to soluble components found in vaginal/urethral secretions, are involved. Either cytoadhesion or the cytotoxicity exerted by parasites to host cells can be dictated by virulence factors such as adhesins, cysteine proteinases, laminin-binding proteins, integrins, integrin-like molecules, a cell detachment factor, a pore-forming protein, and glycosidases among others. How trichomonads manipulate informations from the extracellular medium, transduce such informations, and respond to them by stimulating the activities of some surface molecules and/or releasing enzymes are the aspects concerning trichomonal virulence which are here briefly reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B López
- UFRJ-Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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47
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Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite of particular veterinary importance causing bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease leading to infertility and abortion. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on potential mechanisms of pathogenicity of T. foetus, the immunology of host-parasite interaction in bovine tritrichomonosis, and the experimental model systems of this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Felleisen
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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48
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Singh BN, Lucas JJ, Beach DH, Shin ST, Gilbert RO. Adhesion of Tritrichomonas foetus to bovine vaginal epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3847-54. [PMID: 10417148 PMCID: PMC96664 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.8.3847-3854.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro culture system of bovine vaginal epithelial cells (BVECs) was developed to study the cytopathogenic effects of Tritrichomonas foetus and the role of lipophosphoglycan (LPG)-like cell surface glycoconjugates in adhesion of parasites to host cells. Exposure of BVEC monolayers to T. foetus resulted in extensive damage of monolayers. Host cell disruption was measured quantitatively by a trypan blue exclusion assay and by release of (3)H from [(3)H]thymidine-labeled host cells. Results indicated contact-dependent cytotoxicity of host cells by T. foetus. The cytopathogenic effect was a function of T. foetus density. Metronidazole- or periodate-treated T. foetus showed no damage to BVEC monolayers. A related human trichomonad, Trichomonas vaginalis, showed no cytotoxic effects, indicating species-specific host-parasite interactions. A direct binding assay was developed and used to investigate the role of a major cell surface LPG-like molecule in host-parasite adhesion. The results of competition experiments showed that the binding to BVECs was displaceable, was saturable, and yielded a typical binding curve, suggesting that specific receptor-ligand interactions mediate the attachment of T. foetus to BVECs. Progesterone-treated BVECs showed enhanced parasite binding. T. foetus LPG inhibited the binding of T. foetus to BVECs; the LPG from T. vaginalis and a variety of other glycoconjugates did not. These data imply specificity of LPG on host-parasite adhesion. Periodate-treated parasites showed no adherence to host cells, indicating the involvement of carbohydrate containing molecules in the adhesion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Martín-Gómez S, González-Paniello R, Pereira-Bueno J, Ortega-Mora LM. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in northwestern Spain. Vet Parasitol 1998; 75:265-8. [PMID: 9637229 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef bulls in north-western Spain. The study area comprised of 350 herds (5909 cows and 102 bulls) managed under extensive or semi-extensive systems where natural mating alone or alternated with artificial insemination are used. The targets of this survey were bulls of 1 year of age or older. Preputial smegma samples were taken from 70 bulls (68.6% of bull population) servicing a total of 184 herds (52.6%) and 4136 cows (69.9%). Data collected at sampling included farm location, herd size, age, breed, private or communal bull and previous infertility problems in the herd. The percentage of infected bulls was 2.9% (2 of 70). Age of infected bulls was 5 and 7 years and both were of the local breed, Asturiana de los Valles. These results confirm the presence of T. foetus infection in Spain and the necessity to include this disease in the differential diagnosis of reproductive failure in rangeland grazing cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martín-Gómez
- Dpto. Patología Animal (Sanidad Animal), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Spain
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Abstract
A range of protozoans were tested for the presence of glycosidases using p-nitrophenyl sugars as substrates. Some of the organisms were mucin dwellers whereas others were blood borne parasites. It had been hypothesized that glycosidase production would be significantly higher in the mucin dwellers. The results obtained demonstrated that the urogenital protozoans Tritrichomonas foetus and Trichomonas vaginalis produced a vast range of glycosidases which included those required for mucin breakdown. The gut dwelling protozoans Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica both produced beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. G.lamblia also had detectable beta N-acetylgalactosaminidase activity, and small amounts of beta mannosidase were found in the extracts from E. histolytica. In contrast, little or no glycosidase activity was detected under the same experimental conditions in Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei or T. cruzi. The mucin dwelling protozoans all produce beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase but only the Trichomonads produced the range of enzymes required for complete breakdown of mucin. This seems to suggest that mucin breakdown is not a characteristic of all mucin dwelling protozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Connaris
- School of Biological and Health Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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