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Zhang B, Li TC, Wang X, Du CF, Zhu R. The effect of different fixation systems on oblique lumbar interbody fusion under vibration conditions. Med Eng Phys 2024; 128:104169. [PMID: 38789212 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2024.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that lower back pain caused by degenerative lumbar spine pathologies seriously affects the quality of life, however, there is a paucity of research on the biomechanical properties of different auxiliary fixation systems for its primary treatment (oblique lumbar interbody fusion) under vibratory environments. In order to study the effects of different fixation systems of OLIF surgery on the vibration characteristics of the human lumbar spine under whole-body vibration (WBV), a finite element (FE) model of OLIF surgery with five different fixation systems was established by modifying a previously established model of the normal lumbar spine (L1-S1). In this study, a compressive follower load of 500 N and a sinusoidal axial vertical load of ±40 N at the frequency of 5 Hz with a duration of 0.6 s was applied. The results showed that the bilateral pedicle screw fixation model had the highest resistance to cage subsidence and maintenance of disc height under WBV. In contrast, the lateral plate fixation model exerted very high stresses on important tissues, which would be detrimental to the patient's late recovery and reduction of complications. Therefore, this study suggests that drivers and related practitioners who are often in vibrating environments should have bilateral pedicle screws for OLIF surgery, and side plates are not recommended to be used as a separate immobilization system. Additionally, the lateral plate is not recommended to be used as a separate fixation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of mechanical engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Tian-Cheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of mechanical engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of mechanical engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Cheng-Fei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Advanced Mechatronic System Design and Intelligent Control, School of mechanical engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Education, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Chen C, Xiao B, He X, Wu J, Li W, Yan M. Prevalence of low back pain in professional drivers: a meta-analysis. Public Health 2024; 231:23-30. [PMID: 38603976 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-review aimed to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in professional drivers. STUDY DESIGN This study is a meta-analysis. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for cross-sectional studies on the prevalence of LBP in professional drivers up to August 2023. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality was utilized for cross-sectional analytical studies. Statistical analysis of the included outcome indicators was conducted using Stata 16.0. The prevalence of LBP among professional drivers was measured using the random effects model, and heterogeneity was evaluated utilizing subgroup analysis. This meta-analysis review was registered with PROSPERO on April 28, 2023, under the registration number CRD42023422205. RESULTS In total, 1, 558 results met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and 53 studies were included. The meta-analysis results indicated that professional drivers had a LBP prevalence of 35.0%, 95%CI (0.266, 0.433) for one week, 33.80%, 95%CI (0.233, 0.443) for one month, and 55.30%, 95%CI (0.503,0.603) for one year. In the global population of professional drivers, the prevalence of LBP was 56.0%, 95%CI (0.472, 0.648) and 54.5%, 95%CI (0.488, 0.602) without and with a history and high risk of LBP, respectively. CONCLUSIONS LBP remains prevalent among international drivers and has multiple contributing factors, highlighting the urgent need for increased awareness and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunshuo Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongda He
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junle Wu
- Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wankang Li
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Maosheng Yan
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Kenawy HM, Marshall SL, Rogot J, Lee AJ, Hung CT, Chahine NO. Blocking toll-like receptor 4 mitigates static loading induced pro-inflammatory expression in intervertebral disc motion segments. J Biomech 2023; 150:111491. [PMID: 36870259 PMCID: PMC10108674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
While the anabolic effects of mechanical loading on the intervertebral disc (IVD) have been extensively studied, inflammatory responses to loading have not been as well characterized. Recent studies have highlighted a significant role of innate immune activation, particularly that of toll-like receptors (TLRs), in IVD degeneration. Biological responses of intervertebral disc cells to loading depend on many factors that include magnitude and frequency. The goals of this study were to characterize the inflammatory signaling changes in response to static and dynamic loading of IVD and investigate the contributions of TLR4 signaling in response to mechanical loading. Rat bone-disc-bone motion segments were loaded for 3 hr under a static load (20 % strain, 0 Hz) with or without an additional low-dynamic (4 % dynamic strain, 0.5 Hz) or high-dynamic (8 % dynamic strain, 3 Hz) strain, and results were compared to unloaded controls. Some samples were also loaded with or without TAK-242, an inhibitor of TLR4 signaling. The magnitude of NO release into the loading media (LM) was correlated with the applied frequency and strain magnitudes across different loading groups. Injurious loading profiles, such as static and high-dynamic, significantly increased Tlr4 and Hmgb1 expression while this result was not observed in the more physiologically relevant low-dynamic loading group. TAK-242 co-treatment decreased pro-inflammatory expression in static but not dynamic loaded groups, suggesting that TLR4 plays a direct role in mediating inflammatory responses of IVD to static compression. Overall, the microenvironment induced by dynamic loading diminished the protective effects of the TAK-242, suggesting that TLR4 plays a direct role in mediating inflammatory responses of IVD to static loading injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar M Kenawy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Marshall
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Rogot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andy J Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clark T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadeen O Chahine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Roeder SK, Wilder DG, Fethke NB. Novel methods to detect impacts within whole-body vibration time series data. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:1609-1620. [PMID: 35148664 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2041735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present three candidate mathematical models for detecting impacts within time series accelerometer data in the context of whole-body vibration (WBV). In addition to WBV, data included recordings of erector spinae muscle activity and trunk posture collected during use of agricultural machines in a previous study. For each model, we evaluated associations between several mechanical and biomechanical variables at the time of predicted impact onset and the odds of subsequently observing a bilateral response of the erector spinae muscles. For all models, trunk posture at the time of impact onset was strongly associated with an observed bilateral muscle response; these associations were not observed when impacts were randomly assigned. Results provide a framework for describing the number and magnitudes of impacts that may help overcome ambiguities in current exposure metrics, such as the vibration dose value, and highlight the importance of considering posture in the evaluation of occupational WBV exposures. Practitioner summary: Common metrics of exposure to whole-body vibration do not quantify the number or magnitudes of impacts within time series accelerometer data. Three candidate impact detection methods are presented and evaluated using real-world data collected during use of agricultural machines. Results highlight the importance of considering posture when evaluating vibration exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus K Roeder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - David G Wilder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nathan B Fethke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Yang Y, Qi J, Liu J, Wang Y, Xu L, Zhang Y, Cheng L. Effect of seat tilting on biomechanics of L4 in tractor drivers. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2022; 26:960-971. [PMID: 35852119 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2022.2101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The tilting of the tractors' seat during deep tillage operations affects the drivers' sitting position, which can lead to lumbar spine injuries. To investigate the effect of seat tilting on the driver's L4 biomechanics, we built a tractor-driver musculoskeletal model in AnyBody™. The maximum activity of the driver's erector spinae at different tilted angles were measured by sEMG and compared with the simulation results to validate the model. The spatial position of the driver's spine at different tilted angles were obtained by 3 D motion capture. The model simulated the driver's spine posture during the actual tilt and investigated the effects of different tilted angles and vibration on the biomechanics of the driver's L4 . The results showed that as the tilt angle of the tractor increased, the load on the driver's L4 also increased, especially the shear force increased at a faster rate than the axial and normal forces, with the shear force on the driver's L4 increasing from 0 N to 138.7 N when the tractor was tilted from 0° to 15°. When vibration was applied to the musculoskeletal model, the maximum value of the shear force on the driver became progressively greater as the angle of tilt of the tractor increased. Overall, tilting the tractor can have a large impact on the biomechanics of the driver's L4, and tilting the tractor may be an important cause of lumbar spine injuries for tractor drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
- College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
| | - Jian Qi
- Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
| | - Jinghui Liu
- Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangyuan Xu
- Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- Scientific Experimental Center, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Liqing Cheng
- Intelligent Agricultural Equipment Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, HeFei, China
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Yang M, Xiang D, Wang S, Liu W. In Vitro Studies for Investigating Creep of Intervertebral Discs under Axial Compression: A Review of Testing Environment and Results. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072500. [PMID: 35407833 PMCID: PMC9000064 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Creep responses of intervertebral discs (IVDs) are essential for spinal biomechanics clarification. Yet, there still lacks a well-recognized investigation protocol for this phenomenon. Current work aims at providing researchers with an overview of the in vitro creep tests reported by previous studies, specifically specimen species, testing environment, loading regimes and major results, based on which a preliminary consensus that may guide future creep studies is proposed. Specimens used in creep studies can be simplified as a “bone–disc–bone” structure where three mathematical models can be adopted for describing IVDs’ responses. The preload of 10–50 N for 30 min or three cycles followed by 4 h-creep under constant compression is recommended for ex vivo simulation of physiological condition of long-time sitting or lying. It is worth noticing that species of specimens, environment temperature and humidity all have influences on biomechanical behaviors, and thus are summarized and compared through the literature review. All factors should be carefully set according to a guideline before tests are conducted to urge comparable results across studies. To this end, this review also provides a guideline, as mentioned before, and specific steps that might facilitate the community of biomechanics to obtain more repeatable and comparable results from both natural specimens and novel biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Dingding Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Song Wang
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.)
| | - Weiqiang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Biomechanics and Biotechnology Lab, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (W.L.)
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Upadhyay R, Jaiswal V, Bhattacherjee A, Patra AK. Role of whole-body vibration exposure and posture of dumper operators in musculoskeletal disorders: a case study in metalliferous mines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2021; 28:1711-1721. [PMID: 34042562 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2021.1932111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. The combined role of whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure and awkward posture on musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) experienced by dumper operators in two metalliferous mines in India was evaluated through a cross-sectional study. Methods. Frequency-weighted root mean square (rms) acceleration was used for WBV exposure assessment. Anthropometry and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) were used for static and dynamic posture assessment, respectively. Prevalence of MSDs was assessed using the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ). Logistic regression was used to assess the factors contributing to MSD problems. Results. The rms values revealed that the operators exceeded the lower limit of Standard No. ISO 2631-1:1997. The dynamic posture study revealed that the majority of dumper operators were taking awkward postures and 58-74% of them were subjected to high and medium levels of MSD risk. The adjusted odds ratio (7.96, 95% confidence interval [1.24, 41.35]) for the most awkward postures revealed WBV exposure as the significant risk factor for MSD problems among the operators. Conclusion. WBV exposure and posture of operators should be regularly monitored and corrective actions implemented to reduce their MSD problems. Ergonomic seat design based on the anthropometry of the operators should be assessed at the time of procuring new equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Upadhyay
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - V Jaiswal
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - A Bhattacherjee
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - A K Patra
- Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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Patterson F, Miralami R, Tansey KE, Prabhu RK, Priddy LB. Deleterious effects of whole-body vibration on the spine: A review of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:77-86. [PMID: 34179716 PMCID: PMC8212824 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to whole-body vibration is associated with the development of musculoskeletal, neurological, and other ailments. Low back pain and other spine disorders are prevalent among those exposed to whole-body vibration in occupational and military settings. Although standards for limiting exposure to whole-body vibration have been in place for decades, there is a lack of understanding of whole-body vibration-associated risks among safety and healthcare professionals. Consequently, disorders associated with whole-body vibration exposure remain prevalent in the workforce and military. The relationship between whole-body vibration and low back pain in humans has been established largely through cohort studies, for which vibration inputs that lead to symptoms are rarely, if ever, quantified. This gap in knowledge highlights the need for the development of relevant in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models to study such pathologies. The parameters of vibrational stimuli (eg, frequency and direction) play critical roles in such pathologies, but the specific cause-and-effect relationships between whole-body vibration and spinal pathologies remain mostly unknown. This paper provides a summary of whole-body vibration parameters; reviews in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models for spinal pathologies resulting from whole-body vibration; and offers suggestions to address the gaps in translating injury biomechanics data to inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Folly Patterson
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Raheleh Miralami
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Keith E. Tansey
- Department of Neurosurgery and NeurobiologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
- Center for Neuroscience and Neurological RecoveryMethodist Rehabilitation CenterJacksonMSUSA
- Spinal Cord Injury Medicine and Research ServicesG.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical CenterJacksonMSUSA
| | - Raj K. Prabhu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
| | - Lauren B. Priddy
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
- Center for Advanced Vehicular SystemsMississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMSUSA
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Lynas D, Burgess-Limerick R. Whole-body vibration associated with underground coal mining equipment in Australia. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 89:103162. [PMID: 32763448 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and logistical difficulties associated with obtaining whole-body vibration measurements from mobile equipment during operation in underground coal mines have hampered attempts to assess the potential vibration exposures associated with the use of such equipment. An alternative measurement technique was used to gather data from mobile equipment during normal operation at three low-methane coal mines and to estimate the possible magnitude of benefit of three control measures. 188 long duration measurements were obtained from shuttle cars (N = 142, median measurement duration = 3.2 h); personnel transport (N = 24, median measurement duration = 2.4 h); and materials transport vehicles (N = 22, median measurement duration = 1.8 h). Whole-body vibration amplitudes either within or exceeding the ISO health guidance caution zone were consistently measured. In particular, shuttle cars demonstrated whole-body vibration amplitudes which frequently exceeded the health guidance caution zone. The potential effects of roadway maintenance, decreased vehicle speed, and shuttle car seat replacement were found to be practically meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danellie Lynas
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, University of Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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De Carvalho D, Greene R, Swab M, Godwin M. Does objectively measured prolonged standing for desk work result in lower ratings of perceived low back pain than sitting? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work 2020; 67:431-440. [PMID: 33074206 DOI: 10.3233/wor-203292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged sitting has been shown to induce transient low back pain (LBP). Height adjustable office desks now present the opportunity to replace sitting with standing in the workplace. Since standing has also been associated with LBP, this may not be an advisable alternative. OBJECTIVE To determine if objectively measured prolonged exposures to desk work while standing, compared to sitting, results in lower perceived LBP in healthy adults. METHODS A systematic search of several databases was conducted. Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts and conducted a quality assessment. The results of three studies were pooled using an inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis. Heterogeneity was tested using the Chi-squared test and I2 statistic. RESULTS Objectively measured prolonged standing postures during desk work did not induce significantly less perceived LBP compared to seated postures (standardized mean difference 0.60, 95% CI -0.68 to 1.87, p = 0.36.) There was significant heterogeneity, I2 = 90%). CONCLUSIONS It appears that replacing seated desk work postures with standing for prolonged periods of time would not be recommended. Larger studies, including a wider age range and health history, conducted in the field with objective measures is recommended to obtain more generalizable data on which to base ergonomic standards for work postures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana De Carvalho
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Ryan Greene
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Swab
- Health Science Library, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Marshall Godwin
- Primary Healthcare Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Lynas D, Burgess-Limerick R. Whole-Body Vibration Associated with Dozer Operation at an Australian Surface Coal Mine. Ann Work Expo Health 2019; 63:881-889. [PMID: 31278408 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bulldozers are used extensively on surface mine sites and have been previously identified as being associated with high amplitude whole-body vibration exposures. Previous investigations of this equipment have involved either a very small number of measurements, or measurements of very short duration (or both); or the data obtained were incompletely reported. This research reports 69 measurements (median duration 440 min) obtained from 15 different dozers during operation at a surface coal mine. More than one-third of vertical vibration measurements exceeded the ISO2631.1 Health Guidance Caution Zone when expressed as VDV(8). Considerable variability in measurement amplitudes was found. This was also true within measurements obtained from the same dozers on different shifts suggesting, by a process of elimination, that the remaining variability in whole-body vibration amplitude is a function of some combination of task characteristics, geology, and operator behaviour; rather than equipment-related variability, such as maintenance, suspension, seating, or track design. Short-comings in the evaluation methods provided by ISO2631.1 are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danellie Lynas
- Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Robin Burgess-Limerick
- Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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12
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Assiri A, Mahfouz AA, Awadalla NJ, Abolyazid AY, Shalaby M, Abogamal A, Alsabaani A, Riaz F. Classroom Furniture Mismatch and Back Pain Among Adolescent School-Children in Abha City, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16081395. [PMID: 31003399 PMCID: PMC6518290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the potential classroom furniture mismatch with students’ anthropometric measurements and back pain related to sitting for extended periods. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on all twelve male and female intermediate and secondary schools located in Abha city. Anthropometric and classroom furniture measurements were assessed, and the mismatch was determined using standardized methods. Students were also screened for back pain related to long sitting at school. Results: A total number of 879 students was selected. The study revealed seat height mismatch in both intermediate, and secondary school of 84.3%, and 75.6%, respectively. Seat depth mismatch was 74.0% in intermediate schools and reached 84.5% in secondary schools. The desk height was improper for 94.1%, and 82.3% of students in intermediate, and secondary schools, respectively. The levels of mismatch differ significantly by grade level and gender. A prevalence of 10.8% of back pain related to long sitting at school was found. In multivariable logistic regression, males, intermediate school children, and the presence of buttock-popliteal length/seat depth mismatch were significantly associated with pain. On the other hand, practicing exercise was a significant protective factor. Conclusions: There is a prevalent mismatch between students’ dimensions and existing schools’ furniture. School furniture providers should take in consideration the average Saudi students’ dimensions, while designing school furniture especially for males, and at intermediate schools, or provide schools with adjustable seats and desks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Assiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed A Mahfouz
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21511, Egypt.
| | - Nabil J Awadalla
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Y Abolyazid
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Medhat Shalaby
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Abogamal
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt.
| | - Abdullah Alsabaani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatima Riaz
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhang C, Wang W, Anderson D, Guan S, Li G, Xiang H, Zhao H, Cheng B. Effect of Low-Frequency Vibration on Muscle Response under Different Neurointact Conditions. Appl Bionics Biomech 2019; 2019:1971045. [PMID: 30719071 PMCID: PMC6335862 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1971045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch reflex is an important factor that influences the biomechanical response of the human body under whole-body vibration. However, there is a lack of quantitative evaluation at lower frequencies. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vibration on the stretch reflex and, in particular, to explore the quantitative relationship between dynamic muscle responses and low-frequency vibrations. The gastrocnemius muscle of 45 Sprague-Dawley rats was dissected. Sinusoidal vibrations of five discrete frequencies (2~16 Hz) with peak-to-peak amplitudes of 1 mm were applied to the gastrocnemius muscles with 2 mm or 3 mm prelengthening. Variables including dynamic muscle force, vibration acceleration, and displacement were recorded in two conditions, with and without the stretch reflex. Results showed that the dynamic muscle forces decreased by 20% on average for the 2 mm prelengthening group after the stretch reflex was blocked and by 24% for the 3 mm prelengthening group. Statistical analysis indicated that the amplitude of dynamic muscle force in the "with stretch reflex" condition was significantly larger than that in the "without stretch reflex" condition (p < 0.001). The tension-length curve was found to be a nonlinear hysteresis loop that changed with frequency. The phase difference between the dynamic muscle force and the length change was affected significantly by vibration frequency (p < 0.01), and the minimum frequency was 4-8 Hz. Experimental results of this study could benefit musculoskeletal model by providing a theoretical support to build a stretch reflex model for low-frequency vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dennis Anderson
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sishu Guan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle/Biological Crash Security, Department 4th, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Guofa Li
- Institute of Human Factors and Ergonomics, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hongyi Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle/Biological Crash Security, Department 4th, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vehicle/Biological Crash Security, Department 4th, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Guo LX, Fan W. Impact of material properties of intervertebral disc on dynamic response of the human lumbar spine to vertical vibration: a finite element sensitivity study. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 57:221-229. [PMID: 30083805 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of variations in material properties of the intervertebral disc on dynamic response of the human lumbar spine to vertical vibration using a finite element model of the lumbar L1-S1 motion segment. The present material sensitivity study was conducted by varying elastic moduli for annulus ground substance (AGS), annulus fibers (AF), and nucleus pulposus (NP) in the disc. Transient dynamic analysis was performed initially on the model with basic material property under a sinusoidal vertical vibration load. Subsequently, the same analysis was done for each of the three disc components corresponding to high and low material property cases. The computed results were plotted as a function of time and compared. The AGS property displayed a larger impact on vertebral axial displacement and von Mises stress in AGS, and the AF property displayed a larger impact on disc bulge. In contrast, the NP property had little effect on all the response parameters. Additionally, the intradiscal pressure was found to be not sensitive to any of the disc properties. These findings may be helpful in adoption of appropriate material parameters for the intervertebral disc in finite element model of the lumbar spine used for vibration analysis. Graphical abstract Material property sensitivity analysis on vibration characteristics of the human lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, No. 3-11, Wenhua Road, Heping District, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Wahlström J, Burström L, Johnson PW, Nilsson T, Järvholm B. Exposure to whole-body vibration and hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2018; 91:689-694. [PMID: 29855719 PMCID: PMC6060752 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-018-1316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim was to examine if exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) increases the risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Methods The study basis is a cohort of 288,926 Swedish construction workers who participated in a national occupational health surveillance programme from 1971 until 1992. Job title, smoking habits, body weight, height and age were registered at the examinations. Assessment of WBV were made for each of the constituent occupations by constructing a job-exposure matrix (JEM). Exposure to WBV was graded on a scale from 0 to 5. In addition, the occurrence of hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation from January 1st 1987 until December 31st 2010 was collected from a linkage with the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register. Poisson regressions were used to estimate relative risk with 95 percent confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for age, height, weight and smoking, using white-collar workers and foremen as a reference group. Results There was an increased risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation for workers in the construction industry exposed to medium to high WBV compared to white-collar workers and foremen 1.35 (1.12–1.63). When restricting the analyses to include workers 30–49 years of age at the time of the hospital admission the risk was 1.69 (95% CI 1.29–2.21). Conclusion This study further supports that occupational exposure to whole-body vibration increases the risk for hospitalization due to lumbar disc herniation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00420-018-1316-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wahlström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lage Burström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter W Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tohr Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bengt Järvholm
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Agarwal S, Steinmaus C, Harris-Adamson C. Sit-stand workstations and impact on low back discomfort: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:538-552. [PMID: 29115188 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1402960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sit-stand workstations are proposed solutions to reduce sedentary time at work. Numerous companies are using them to mitigate health concerns such as musculoskeletal discomfort. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on sit-stand workstations and low back discomfort. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis on literature published before 17 November 2016 that addressed the relationship between sit-stand workstations and musculoskeletal discomfort, focusing on the low back. RESULTS Twelve articles were identified and eight that presented results in means (SD) were included. Among a pain-free population, the standardised mean difference was -0.230 for low back discomfort with use of sit-stand workstations. When applying the SMD to studies using the 10-point pain scale, the effect estimates ranged between -0.30 and -0.51. CONCLUSION sit-stand workstations may reduce low back pain among workers. Further research is needed to help quantify dosage parameters and other health outcomes. Practitioner Summary: In a sedentary population, changing posture may reduce the chance of developing low back pain. The literature lacks studies on specific populations such as those who have pre-existing low back pain and also does not adequately address the dosage of sit-stand time required to help reduce pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Agarwal
- a Department of Medicine , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Craig Steinmaus
- a Department of Medicine , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
- b Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Carisa Harris-Adamson
- a Department of Medicine , University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
- c Environmental Health Sciences , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , CA , USA
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Newman HR, Bowles RD, Buckley MR. Viscoelastic heating of insulated bovine intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1002. [PMID: 31463434 PMCID: PMC6686830 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Back pain is the leading cause of disability globally and the second most common cause of doctors' visits. Despite extensive research efforts, the underlying mechanism of back pain has not been fully elucidated. The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a viscoelastic tissue that provides flexibility to the spinal column and acts as a shock absorber in the spine. When viscoelastic materials like the IVD are cyclically loaded, they dissipate energy as heat. Thus, diurnal, regular movements of the vertebral column that deform the IVD could increase disc temperature through viscoelastic heating. This temperature rise has the potential to influence cell function, drive cell death and induce nociception in innervating nociceptive neurons within the IVD. The present study was conducted to investigate the capacity of IVD to increase in temperature due to viscoelastic heating. Insulated caudal bovine IVD were subjected to physiological cyclic uniaxial compression over a range of frequencies (0.1-15 Hz) and loading durations (1-10 min) ex vivo, and the temperature rise in the tissue was recorded. According to our findings, the IVD can experience a temperature rise of up to 2.5°C under cyclic loading. Furthermore, under similar conditions, the inner nucleus pulposus exhibits more viscoelastic heating than the outer annulus fibrosis, likely due to its more viscous composition. The measured temperature rise of the disc has physiological relevance as degenerative IVD tissue has been shown to produce a sensitization of nociceptive neurons that spontaneously fire at 37°C, with a T50 response at 37.3°C and a maximum response at 38°C. Our results suggest that viscoelastic heating of IVD could interact with sensitized nociceptive neurons in the degenerative IVD to play a role in back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrah R. Newman
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew York
| | - Robert D. Bowles
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Mark R. Buckley
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of RochesterRochesterNew York
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18
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Influence of different frequencies of axial cyclic loading on time-domain vibration response of the lumbar spine: A finite element study. Comput Biol Med 2017; 86:75-81. [PMID: 28511121 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have quantitatively analyzed influence of the loading frequency on time-domain vibration response of the whole lumbar spine in the presence of a physiologic compressive preload. In this study, a three-dimensional non-linear finite element model of ligamentous L1-S1 segment was developed to predict time-domain dynamic response of the whole lumbar spine to axial cyclic loading with different frequencies. A compressive follower preload of 400 N was applied to the model to simulate the physiologic compressive load. Modal analysis was initially performed to extract axial resonant frequency of the model under a 40 kg upper body mass and the 400 N preload. The result showed that the axial resonant frequency was 7.77 Hz. Subsequently, transient dynamic analyses were performed on the model under a sinusoidal axial load of ±40 N at frequencies of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 Hz with the 400 N preload and 40 kg mass. The computational results (strains and stresses in the spinal components) were collected and plotted as a function of time. These predicted results were found to be frequency-dependent and consistent with the notion in engineering dynamics texts that the closer the loading frequency approaches the resonant frequency, the larger the response is. For example, the results for 5 Hz load compared to 3 Hz load showed a 68.6-111.5% increase in peak-to-bottom variations of the predicted response parameters, and the results for 13 Hz load compared to 11 Hz load showed a 26.4-37.8% decrease in these variations.
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Li P, Gan Y, Xu Y, Song L, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang L, Zhao C, Luo L, Zhou Q. Matrix homeostasis within the immature annulus fibrosus depends on the frequency of dynamic compression: a study based on the self-developed mechanically active bioreactor. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:385-394. [PMID: 27590020 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that mechanical load is related to structural destruction of disk annulus fibrosus (AF) either in adult disk degeneration or in child disk acute injury. Both biochemical and biomechanical properties are different between immature and mature disks. However, the effects of mechanical compression on immature AF are not fully clear. This study was to investigate the effects of a relatively wide range of dynamic compressive frequency on matrix homeostasis within the immature AF. Immature disks from pig (3-4 months) were randomly assigned into the control group (non-compression) and compression groups (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 Hz). All disks were bioreactor-cultured for 7 days. AF matrix production was evaluated by histology, gene expression, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, hydroxyproline (HYP) content and immunohistochemistry. Generally, no obvious difference was found in HE staining between control group and compression groups. However, alcian blue staining indicated proteoglycan content in the 5.0-Hz group was decreased compared with the control group and other compression groups. Similarly, a catabolic remodeling gene expression profile with the down-regulated matrix genes (aggrecan, collagen I and collagen II) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-3) and the up-regulated matrix catabolic enzymes (ADAMTS-4 and MMP-3) was found in the 5.0-Hz group. Further analysis indicated that GAG content, HYP content and aggrecan protein deposition were also decreased in the 5.0-Hz group. Hence, we concluded that matrix homeostasis within the immature AF was compressive frequency dependent, and the relatively higher frequency (5.0 Hz) is unfavorable for matrix production within the immature AF. These findings will contribute to further understanding of the relationship between mechanical compression and immature AF biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Li P, Gan Y, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang L, Xu Y, Song L, Li S, Li S, Ou Y, Zhou Q. Dynamic Compression Effects on Immature Nucleus Pulposus: a Study Using a Novel Intelligent and Mechanically Active Bioreactor. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:225-34. [PMID: 26941583 PMCID: PMC4773287 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous cell culture and animal in vivo studies indicate the obvious effects of mechanical compression on disc cell biology. However, the effects of dynamic compression magnitude, frequency and duration on the immature nucleus pulposus (NP) from an organ-cultured disc are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a relatively wide range of compressive magnitudes, frequencies and durations on cell apoptosis and matrix composition within the immature NP using an intelligent and mechanically active bioreactor. METHODS Discs from the immature porcine were cultured in a mechanically active bioreactor for 7 days. The discs in various compressive magnitude groups (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 hours), frequency groups (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 Hz at a magnitude of 0.4 MPa for 2 hours) and duration groups (1, 2, 4 and 8 hours at a magnitude of 0.4 MPa and frequency of 1.0 Hz) experienced dynamic compression once per day. Discs cultured without compression were used as controls. Immature NP samples were analyzed using the TUNEL assay, histological staining, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content measurement, real-time PCR and collagen II immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS In the 1.3 MPa, 5.0 Hz and 8 hour groups, the immature NP showed a significantly increase in apoptotic cells, a catabolic gene expression profile with down-regulated matrix molecules and up-regulated matrix degradation enzymes, and decreased GAG content and collagen II deposition. In the other compressive magnitude, frequency and duration groups, the immature NP showed a healthier status regarding NP cell apoptosis, gene expression profile and matrix production. CONCLUSION Cell apoptosis and matrix composition within the immature NP were compressive magnitude-, frequency- and duration-dependent. The relatively high compressive magnitude or frequency and long compressive duration are not helpful for maintaining the healthy status of an immature NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yibo Gan
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- 2. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, 404000, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- 3. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Song
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Songtao Li
- 4. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No. 181 Hospital of PLA, Guilin, Guangxi, 541002, China
| | - Sukai Li
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yangbin Ou
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- 1. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Burgess-Limerick R, Lynas D. Long duration measurements of whole-body vibration exposures associated with surface coal mining equipment compared to previous short-duration measurements. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:339-345. [PMID: 26771238 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1125486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous measurements of whole-body vibration associated with earth-moving equipment at surface coal mines have highlighted the significance of the hazard. Considerable variability in measurement amplitudes, even within the same equipment type operated at the same site, has been noted. However, the measurements have previously been undertaken for relatively short durations. Fifty-nine measurements were collected from a range of earth-moving equipment in operation at a surface coal mine. Measurement durations ranged from 100-460 min (median = 340 min). The results indicate that the measurements previously observed are not an artifact of the relatively short durations and confirm that operators of dozers and off-road haul trucks, in particular, are frequently exposed to vertical whole-body vibration levels which lie within, or above, the Health Guidance Caution Zone defined by ISO2631.1. Further investigations are justified to identify opportunities for reducing operators' exposure to high amplitude vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Burgess-Limerick
- a Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland , Queensland , Australia
| | - Danellie Lynas
- a Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland , Queensland , Australia
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Zeeman ME, Kartha S, Jaumard NV, Baig HA, Stablow AM, Lee J, Guarino BB, Winkelstein BA. Whole-body Vibration at Thoracic Resonance Induces Sustained Pain and Widespread Cervical Neuroinflammation in the Rat. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2015; 473:2936-47. [PMID: 25917423 PMCID: PMC4523525 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-015-4315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole-body vibration (WBV) is associated with back and neck pain in military personnel and civilians. However, the role of vibration frequency and the physiological mechanisms involved in pain symptoms are unknown. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES This study asked the following questions: (1) What is the resonance frequency of the rat spine for WBV along the spinal axis, and how does frequency of WBV alter the extent of spinal compression/extension? (2) Does a single WBV exposure at resonance induce pain that is sustained? (3) Does WBV at resonance alter the protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) response in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)? (4) Does WBV at resonance alter expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal dorsal horn? (5) Does WBV at resonance alter the spinal neuroimmune responses that regulate pain? METHODS Resonance of the rat (410 ± 34 g, n = 9) was measured by imposing WBV at frequencies from 3 to 15 Hz. Separate groups (317 ± 20 g, n = 10/treatment) underwent WBV at resonance (8 Hz) or at a nonresonant frequency (15 Hz). Behavioral sensitivity was assessed throughout to measure pain, and PKCε in the DRG was quantified as well as spinal CGRP, glial activation, and cytokine levels at Day 14. RESULTS Accelerometer-based thoracic transmissibility peaks at 8 Hz (1.86 ± 0.19) and 9 Hz (1.95 ± 0.19, mean difference [MD] 0.290 ± 0.266, p < 0.03), whereas the video-based thoracic transmissibility peaks at 8 Hz (1.90 ± 0.27), 9 Hz (2.07 ± 0.20), and 10 Hz (1.80 ± 0.25, MD 0.359 ± 0.284, p < 0.01). WBV at 8 Hz produces more cervical extension (0.745 ± 0.582 mm, MD 0.242 ± 0.214, p < 0.03) and compression (0.870 ± 0.676 mm, MD 0.326 ± 0.261, p < 0.02) than 15 Hz (extension, 0.503 ± 0.279 mm; compression, 0.544 ± 0.400 mm). Pain is longer lasting (through Day 14) and more robust (p < 0.01) after WBV at the resonant frequency (8 Hz) compared with 15 Hz WBV. PKCε in the nociceptors of the DRG increases according to the severity of WBV with greatest increases after 8 Hz WBV (p < 0.03). However, spinal CGRP, cytokines, and glial activation are only evident after painful WBV at resonance. CONCLUSIONS WBV at resonance produces long-lasting pain and widespread activation of a host of nociceptive and neuroimmune responses as compared with WBV at a nonresonance condition. Based on this work, future investigations into the temporal and regional neuroimmune response to resonant WBV in both genders would be useful. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Although WBV is a major issue affecting the military population, there is little insight about its mechanisms of injury and pain. The neuroimmune responses produced by WBV are similar to other pain states, suggesting that pain from WBV may be mediated by similar mechanisms as other neuropathic pain conditions. This mechanistic insight suggests WBV-induced injury and pain may be tempered by antiinflammatory intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Zeeman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Nicolas V. Jaumard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Hassam A. Baig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Alec M. Stablow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Benjamin B. Guarino
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321 USA
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Abstract
Occupational exposures to vibration come in many guises, and they are very common at a population level. It follows that an important minority of working-aged patients seen by medical services will have been exposed to this hazard of employment. Vibration can cause human health effects, which may manifest in the patients that rheumatologists see. In this chapter, we identify the health effects of relevance to them, and review their epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and vocational and clinical management. On either side of this, we describe the nature and assessment of the hazard, the scale and common patterns of exposure to vibration in the community and the legal basis for controlling health risks, and we comment on the role of health surveillance in detecting early adverse effects and what can be done to prevent the rheumatic effects of vibration at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Palmer
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, ARUK-MRC Centre for Work and Musculoskeletal Heath, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Massimo Bovenzi
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
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Whole-body vibration and occupational physical performance: a review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2015; 89:181-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-015-1062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Johanning E. Whole-body vibration-related health disorders in occupational medicine--an international comparison. ERGONOMICS 2015; 58:1239-1252. [PMID: 25655650 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1005170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Workers with whole-body vibration (WBV) exposure are likely to report non-specific health complaints. Health and safety providers may not recognise such occupational injuries and may be unfamiliar with appropriate exposure assessment and prevention. This is a review of clinical studies, medical evidence, differential diagnostic evaluation protocols, surveillance programmes, national and international standards, and interventions recommendations utilising PubMed and other online resources. In summary, several studies show a clear trend: with increasing duration and intensity of occupational WBV exposure, primarily musculoskeletal or neurological disorders of the spine occur. Other organ damage has also been reported. In some European Union countries, spinal injury caused by WBV is recognised as an occupational disease and may be compensable. The WBV-related injury diagnosis includes a review of the work history, exposure assessment and differential diagnostic evaluation. WBV health surveillance should assess health status of WBV-exposed workers and address preventive measures. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Workers with whole-body vibration exposure report a variety of physical disorders. Health and safety providers may not recognise such injuries, or may be unfamiliar with exposure assessment and prevention. This review addresses health issues, exposure assessment and an international review of compensation criteria, trends and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckardt Johanning
- a Center for Family and Community Medicine , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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Blood RP, Yost MG, Camp JE, Ching RP. Whole-body Vibration Exposure Intervention among Professional Bus and Truck Drivers: A Laboratory Evaluation of Seat-suspension Designs. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:351-362. [PMID: 25625530 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.989357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to seated whole-body vibration (WBV) is one of the leading risk factors for the development of low back disorders. Professional bus and truck drivers are regularly exposed to continuous WBV, since they spend the majority of their working hours driving heavy vehicles. This study measured WBV exposures among professional bus and truck drivers and evaluated the effects of seat-suspension designs using simulated field-collected data on a vibration table. WBV exposures were measured and compared across three different seat designs: an air-ride bus seat, an air-ride truck seat, and an electromagnetically active (EM-active) seat. Air-ride seats use a compressed-air bladder to attenuate vibrations, and they have been in operation throughout the transportation industry for many years. The EM-active seat is a relatively new design that incorporates a microprocessor-controlled actuator to dampen vibration. The vibration table simulated seven WBV exposure scenarios: four segments of vertical vibration and three scenarios that used field-collected driving data on different road surfaces-a city street, a freeway, and a section of rough roadway. The field scenarios used tri-axial WBV data that had been collected at the seat pan and at the driver's sternum, in accordance with ISO 2631-1 and 2631-5. This study found that WBV was significantly greater in the vertical direction (z-axis) than in the lateral directions (x-and y-axes) for each of the three road types and each of the three types of seats. Quantitative comparisons of the results showed that the floor-to-seat-pan transmissibility was significantly lower for the EM-active seat than for either the air-ride bus seat or the air-ride truck seat, across all three road types. This study also demonstrated that seat-suspension designs have a significant effect on the vibrations transmitted to vehicle operators, and the study's results may prove useful in designing future seat suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Blood
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington , Seattle , Washington
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Amari M, Caruel E, Donati P. Inter-individual postural variability in seated drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. ERGONOMICS 2014; 58:1162-1174. [PMID: 25537005 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.968633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Long-term occupational exposure to whole-body vibration (WBV) is a cause of low back pain for seated drivers. Poor and long-term seated postures are considered as a cofactor in the risk. It depends on the vehicle's ergonomics and tasks. Differences in posture may also be observed between operators doing identical tasks. An experiment has been performed in order to simultaneously measure posture and WBV for 12 drivers in 3 vehicles (loader, dumper and excavator) during controlled tasks. The inter-individual postural variability has been evaluated. The positions and movements of the body were measured with the CUELA system (computer-assisted recording and long-term analysis of musculoskeletal loads). Significant differences were observed between the three vehicles in the WBV, positions and movements of the body. Significant postural differences were observed between drivers (EN 1005-4 2005). Individual strategies for performing a task were also identified. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY Posture is considered as a cofactor in the risk of low back pain for seated drivers exposed to whole-body vibration. Combined measurements revealed significant postural differences between drivers doing identical tasks. Depending on individual driving strategies, driver’s body segments could be significantly deviated from neutral body postures (EN 1005-4 2005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Amari
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , 1, rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre , France
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Wolfgang R, Burgess-Limerick R. Whole-body vibration exposure of haul truck drivers at a surface coal mine. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:1700-1704. [PMID: 24958611 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Haul truck drivers at surface mines are exposed to whole-body vibration for extended periods. Thirty-two whole-body vibration measurements were gathered from haul trucks under a range of normal operating conditions. Measurements taken from 30 of the 32 trucks fell within the health guidance caution zone defined by ISO2631-1 for an 8 h daily exposure suggesting, according to ISO2631-1, that "caution with respect to potential health risks is indicated". Maintained roadways were associated with substantially lower vibration amplitudes. Larger trucks were associated with lower vibration levels than small trucks. The descriptive nature of the research, and small sample size, prevents any strong conclusion regarding causal links. Further investigation of the variables associated with elevated vibration levels is justified. RELEVANCE TO INDUSTRY The operators of mining equipment such as haul trucks are exposed to whole-body vibration amplitudes which have potential to lead to long term health effects. Systematic whole-body vibration measurements taken at frequent intervals are required to provide an understanding of the causes of elevated vibration levels and hence determine appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wolfgang
- Department of Rural Health, The University of Newcastle, Tamworth 2348, Australia; Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Robin Burgess-Limerick
- Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Neuromuscular response of the trunk to inertial based sudden perturbations following whole body vibration exposure. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:977-85. [PMID: 25241645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of whole body vibration exposure on the neuromuscular responses following inertial-based trunk perturbations were examined. Kinematic and surface EMG (sEMG) data were collected while subjects were securely seated on a robotic platform. Participants were either exposed to 10 min of vibration or not, which was followed by sudden inertial trunk perturbations with and without timing and direction knowledge. Amplitude of sEMG was analyzed for data collected during the vibration protocol, whereas the onset of sEMG activity and lumbar spine angle were analyzed for the perturbation protocol. Data from the vibration protocol did not show a difference in amplitude of sEMG for participants exposed to vibration and those not. The perturbation protocol data showed that those not exposed to vibration had a 14% faster muscle onset, despite data showing no difference in fatigue level.
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DeShaw J, Rahmatalla S. Predictive discomfort in single- and combined-axis whole-body vibration considering different seated postures. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:850-863. [PMID: 25141593 DOI: 10.1177/0018720813516993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a predictive discomfort model in single-axis, 3-D, and 6-D combined-axis whole-body vibrations of seated occupants considering different postures. BACKGROUND Non-neutral postures in seated whole-body vibration play a significant role in the resulting level of perceived discomfort and potential long-term injury. The current international standards address contact points but not postures. METHOD The proposed model computes discomfort on the basis of static deviation of human joints from their neutral positions and how fast humans rotate their joints under vibration. Four seated postures were investigated. For practical implications, the coefficients of the predictive discomfort model were changed into the Borg scale with psychophysical data from 12 volunteers in different vibration conditions (single-axis random fore-aft, lateral, and vertical and two magnitudes of 3-D). The model was tested under two magnitudes of 6-D vibration. RESULTS Significant correlations (R = .93) were found between the predictive discomfort model and the reported discomfort with different postures and vibrations. The ISO 2631-1 correlated very well with discomfort (R2 = .89) but was not able to predict the effect of posture. CONCLUSION Human discomfort in seated whole-body vibration with different non-neutral postures can be closely predicted by a combination of static posture and the angular velocities of the joint. APPLICATION The predictive discomfort model can assist ergonomists and human factors researchers design safer environments for seated operators under vibration. The model can be integrated with advanced computer biomechanical models to investigate the complex interaction between posture and vibration.
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Morgan LJ, Mansfield NJ. A survey of expert opinion on the effects of occupational exposures to trunk rotation and whole-body vibration. ERGONOMICS 2014; 57:563-574. [PMID: 24697831 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2014.887785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a review of current expert opinion on the effects of combined exposures to trunk rotation and whole-body vibration (WBV), commonly experienced by operators of agricultural machinery. We evaluate the level of agreement between academic experts in the field of ergonomics, human response to WBV and agricultural operators, on the effects of exposure to WBV and trunk rotation. A total of 83 individuals responded to the paper-based questionnaire, which included questions on risk levels from individual and combined exposures, discomfort development, exposure duration limits and tasks within agriculture. The results showed that all groups considered exposure to WBV and trunk rotation as risk factors for the development of back pain. The experts were not in consensus regarding acceptable exposure durations, areas of discomfort experienced or recommendations for cab developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Morgan
- a Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University , Loughborough LE11 3TU , UK
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Kepler CK, Ponnappan RK, Tannoury CA, Risbud MV, Anderson DG. The molecular basis of intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine J 2013; 13:318-30. [PMID: 23537454 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration remains a clinically important condition for which treatment is costly and relatively ineffective. The molecular basis of degenerative disc disease has been an intense focus of research recently, which has greatly increased our understanding of the biology underlying this process. PURPOSE To review the current understanding of the molecular basis of disc degeneration. STUDY DESIGN Review article. METHODS A literature review was performed to identify recent investigations and current knowledge regarding the molecular basis of IVD degeneration. RESULTS The unique structural requirements and biochemical properties of the disc contribute to its propensity toward degeneration. Mounting evidence suggests that genetic factors account for up to 75% of individual susceptibility to IVD degeneration, far more than the environmental factors such as occupational exposure or smoking that were previously suspected to figure prominently in this process. Decreased extracellular matrix production, increased production of degradative enzymes, and increased expression of inflammatory cytokines contribute to the loss of structural integrity and accelerate IVD degeneration. Neurovascular ingrowth occurs, in part, because of the changing degenerative phenotype. CONCLUSIONS A detailed understanding of the biology of IVD degeneration is essential to the design of therapeutic solutions to treat degenerative discs. Although significant advances have been made in explaining the biologic mediators of disc degeneration, the inhospitable biochemical environment of the IVD remains a challenging environment for biological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Kepler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University & Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Survival analyses of a large cohort of published lumbar spine compression fatigue tests. OBJECTIVE To produce the first large-scale evaluation of human lumbar spine tolerance to repetitive compressive loading and to evaluate and improve guidelines for human exposure to whole-body vibration and repeated mechanical shock environments. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Several studies have examined the effects of compressive cyclic loading on the lumbar spine. However, no previous effort has coalesced these studies and produced an injury risk analysis with an expanded sample size. Guidelines have been developed for exposure limits to repetitive loading (e.g., ISO 2631-5), but there has been no large-scale verification of the standard against experimental data. METHODS Survival analyses were performed using the results of 77 male and 28 female cadaveric spinal segment fatigue tests from 6 previously published studies. Segments were fixed at each end and exposed to axial cyclic compression. The effects of the number of cycles, load amplitude, sex, and age were examined through the use of survival analyses. RESULTS Number of cycles, load amplitude, sex, and age all are significant factors in the likelihood of bony failure in the spinal column. Using a modification of the risk prediction parameter from ISO 2631-5, an injury risk model was developed, which relates risk of vertebral failure to repeated compressive loading. The model predicts lifetime risks less than 7% for industrial machinery exposure from axial compression alone. There was a 38% risk for a high-speed planing craft operator, consistent with epidemiological evidence. CONCLUSION A spinal fatigue model which predicts the risk of in vitro lumbar spinal failure within a narrow confidence interval has been developed. Age and sex were found to have significant effects on fatigue strength, with sex differences extending beyond those accounted for by endplate area disparities.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vitro biomechanics investigation exposing porcine functional spinal units (FSUs) to submaximal cyclic or static compressive forces while in a flexed, neutral, or extended posture. OBJECTIVE To investigate the combined effect of cyclically applied compressive force (e.g., vibration) and postural deviation on intervertebral joint mechanics. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Independently, prolonged vibration exposure and non-neutral postures are known risk factors for development of low back pain and injury. However, there is limited basic scientific evidence to explain how the risk of low back injury from vibration exposure is modified by other mechanical factors. This work examined the influence of static postural deviation on vertebral joint height loss and compressive stiffness under cyclically applied compressive force. METHODS Forty-eight FSUs, consisting of 2 adjacent vertebrae, ligaments, and the intervening intervertebral disc were included in the study. Each specimen was randomized to 1 of 3 experimental posture conditions (neutral, flexed, or extended) and assigned to 1 of 2 loading protocols, consisting of (1) cyclic (1500 ± 1200 N applied at 5 Hz using a sinusoidal waveform, resulting in 0.2 g rms acceleration) or (2) 1500 N of static compressive force. RESULTS.: As expected, FSU height loss followed a typical first-order response in both the static and cyclic loading protocols, with the majority (~50%) of the loss occurring in the first 20 minutes of testing. A significant interaction between posture and loading protocol (P < 0.001) was noted in the magnitude of FSU height loss. Subsequent analysis of simple effects revealed significant differences between cyclic and static loading protocols in both a neutral (P = 0.016) and a flexed posture (P < 0.0001). No significant differences (P = 0.320) were noted between pre/postmeasurements of FSU compressive stiffness. CONCLUSION Posture is an important mechanical factor to consider when assessing the risk of injury from cyclic loading to the lumbar spine.
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Sonne M, Villalta DL, Andrews DM. Development and evaluation of an office ergonomic risk checklist: ROSA--rapid office strain assessment. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2012; 43:98-108. [PMID: 21529772 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA) was designed to quickly quantify risks associated with computer work and to establish an action level for change based on reports of worker discomfort. Computer use risk factors were identified in previous research and standards on office design for the chair, monitor, telephone, keyboard and mouse. The risk factors were diagrammed and coded as increasing scores from 1 to 3. ROSA final scores ranged in magnitude from 1 to 10, with each successive score representing an increased presence of risk factors. Total body discomfort and ROSA final scores for 72 office workstations were significantly correlated (R = 0.384). ROSA final scores exhibited high inter- and intra-observer reliability (ICCs of 0.88 and 0.91, respectively). Mean discomfort increased with increasing ROSA scores, with a significant difference occurring between scores of 3 and 5 (out of 10). A ROSA final score of 5 might therefore be useful as an action level indicating when immediate change is necessary. ROSA proved to be an effective and reliable method for identifying computer use risk factors related to discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sonne
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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HUANG SHYHCHOUR, HUSTON RONALDL. A MODEL FOR HUMAN VIBRATION STUDIES AND FOR PREDICTING RESPONSE TO JOLTING AND JARRING. J MECH MED BIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519402000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a finite-segment, human-body model for studying whole body vibration and for studying human response to jarring and jolting (impulses). The model is a multibody system based upon previously developed models for simulating vehicle occupant response in crashes. The model has 17 bodies representing the various limbs of the human body. Nonlinear springs and dampers are used at the joints to represent soft tissue restraint forces. The model is tested and validated with experimental data. It is then illustrated with application with random whole-body vibration and impulsive loading simulating jarring and jolting.
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Affiliation(s)
- SHYH-CHOUR HUANG
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung, University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, Republic of China
| | - RONALD L. HUSTON
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Nuclear Engineering, P.O. Box 210072, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0072, USA
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Balasubramanian V, Dutt A, Rai S. Analysis of muscle fatigue in helicopter pilots. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2011; 42:913-918. [PMID: 21411058 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Helicopter pilots espouse ergonomically unfavourable postures and endure vibration which result in low back pain. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a helicopter flight on pilots back and shoulder muscles using surface Electromyography (sEMG) analysis. This study also correlates low back pain symptoms from Rehabilitation Bioengineering Group Pain Scale (RBGPS) questionnaire with muscle fatigue rates obtained. RBGPS was administered on 20 Coast Guard helicopter pilots. sEMG was acquired before and after flight from erector spinae and trapezius muscles in 8 of these 20 pilots. Statistical analysis of time and frequency domain parameters indicated significant fatigue in right trapezius muscle due to flying. Muscle fatigue correlated with average duration of flight (r² = 0.913), total service as pilot (r² = 0.825), pain (r² = 0.463) and total flying hours (r² = 0.507). However, muscle fatigue weakly correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI) (r² = 0.000144) and age (r² = 0.033).
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Blood RP, Ploger JD, Johnson PW. Whole body vibration exposures in forklift operators: comparison of a mechanical and air suspension seat. ERGONOMICS 2010; 53:1385-1394. [PMID: 20967660 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.519053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using a repeated measures design, this study compared differences in whole body vibration (WBV) exposures when 12 forklift operators drove the same forklift with a mechanical suspension and an air suspension seat. A portable PDA-based WBV data acquisition system collected and analysed time-weighted and raw WBV data per ISO 2631-1 and 2631-5 WBV measurement standards. Tri-axial measurements of weighted vibration (A(w)), crest factor, vibration dose values, time-weighted average-peak, raw (+) peak, raw (-) peak and static compression dose (S(ed)) were compared between seats. There were significant differences in z-axis WBV exposures with the air suspension seat, yielding lower WBV exposures. In addition, there were differences between seats in how they attenuated WBV exposures based on the driver's weight. In the mechanical suspension seat, WBV exposures were weight-dependent, with lighter drivers having higher WBV exposures, whereas with the air suspension seat, the same trends were not as prevalent. STATEMENT OF RELEVANCE: This study contributes to the understanding of how different seat suspensions can influence WBV transmission and how some components of vibration transmission are dependent on the weight of the driver. Additional systematic studies are needed to quantify how various factors can influence WBV exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Blood
- School of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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The combined effects of limited nutrition and high-frequency loading on intervertebral discs with endplates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:1744-52. [PMID: 20395884 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181c48019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Whole ovine caudal intervertebral discs were cultured under simulated-physiologic or high-frequency loading and either sufficient or limited nutrition for 7 days. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of high-frequency loading under sufficient or limited glucose conditions and to investigate the additive effects of load and nutrition on cell survival, gene expression, and cell activity after 7 days of culture. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Limited nutrition and certain mechanical stimuli are generally believed to be etiologic factors for disc degeneration. Although these effects and their interactions have been demonstrated in cell culture, no investigations have been reported in entire discs. METHODS Discs were maintained in a whole organ culture bioreactor system under simulated-physiologic (0.2 Hz) or high-frequency (10 Hz) loading, in media with either limited (2 g/L) or sufficient (4.5 g/L) glucose concentration. After 7 days, cell viability, relative gene expression, newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate content, glycosaminoglycan synthesis rate, and disc morphology were assessed after culture and compared with fresh tissue. RESULTS Culture under either limited glucose or high-frequency loading conditions led to a significant drop in cell viability. Combined treatment with limited glucose and high-frequency loading resulted in an additive increase in cell death in both the anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus and in an increase in MMP13 gene expression. CONCLUSION Supporting in vivo studies and cell culture experiments, high-frequency loading simulating vibration conditions shows detrimental effects on intervertebral disc cells in whole organ culture. The effect on cell viability was exacerbated by limited nutrition culture. However, neither frequency nor limited glucose affected cell metabolism, measured by glycosaminoglycan synthesis rate. Longer culture periods may be required to detect changes at the extracellular matrix level.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A multiple-comparative study between normal and low back pain (LBP) patients before and after rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE To examine whether there is a change in flexion-relaxation phenomenon in sitting in LBP patient following a rehabilitation treatment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA There is an association between LBP and seated spine posture. Previous study has reported an absence of flexion-relaxation phenomenon in LBP patients during sitting. However, it is unknown whether there is a difference in flexion-relaxation phenomenon in sitting in LBP patients before and after rehabilitation treatment. METHODS A total of 20 normal subjects and 25 chronic LBP patients who underwent a 12 weeks rehabilitation program were recruited. Surface electromyography recordings during upright sitting and flexed sitting were taken from the paraspinal muscles (L3) bilaterally from the normal subjects, and in the LBP patients before and after the rehabilitation treatment. The main outcome measures for patients include the visual analogue scale, Oswestry disability index, subjective tolerance for sitting, standing and walking, trunk muscle endurance, lifting capacity, and range of trunk motion in the sagittal plane. Flexion-relaxation phenomenon in sitting, expressed as a ratio between the average surface electromyography activity during upright and flexed sitting, was compared between normal and patients; and in LBP patients before and after rehabilitation. RESULTS Flexion-relaxation ratio in sitting in normal subjects (Left: 6.83 +/- 3.79; Right: 3.45 +/- 2.2) presented a significantly higher (Left: P < 0.001; Right: P < 0.05) value than LBP patients (Left: 3.04 +/- 2.36; Right: 2.02 +/- 1.49). An increase in flexion-relaxation ratio in sitting was observed in LBP patients after rehabilitation (Left: 4.69 +/- 3.94, P < 0.05; Right: 3.58 +/- 2.97, P < 0.001), together with a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in subjective tolerance in sitting and standing, abdominal and back muscle endurance, lifting capacity, and range of motion. There were no significant changes in disability and pain scores, and subjective tolerance in walking. CONCLUSION Flexion-relaxation ratio in sitting has demonstrated its ability to discriminate LBP patients from normal subjects, and to identify changes in pattern of muscular activity during postural control after rehabilitation.
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M-Pranesh A, Rakheja S, Demont R. Influence of support conditions on vertical whole-body vibration of the seated human body. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2010; 48:682-697. [PMID: 20953085 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.mswbvi-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The vibration transmission to the lumbar and thoracic segments of seated human subjects exposed to whole body vibration of a vehicular nature have been mostly characterised without the back and hand supports, which is not representative of general driving conditions. This non-invasive experimental study investigated the transmission of vertical seat vibration to selected vertebrae and the head along the vertical and fore-aft axes of twelve male human subjects seated on a rigid seat and exposed to random vertical excitation in the 0.5-20 Hz range. The measurements were performed under four different sitting postures involving combinations of back support conditions and hands positions, and three difference magnitudes of vertical vibration (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 m/s(2) rms acceleration). The results showed significant errors induced by sensor misalignment and skin effects, which required appropriate correction methodologies. The averaged corrected responses revealed that the back support attenuates vibration in the vertical axis to all the body locations while increasing the fore-aft transmissibility at the C7 and T5. The hands position generally has a relatively smaller effect, showing some influences on the C7 and L5 vibration. Sitting without a back support resulted in very low magnitude fore-aft vibration at T5, which was substantially higher with a back support, suggestive of a probable change in the body's vibration mode. The effect of back support was observed to be very small on the horizontal vibration of the lower thoracic and lumbar regions. The results suggest that distinctly different target body-segment biodynamic functions need to be defined for different support conditions in order to represent the unique contribution of the specific support condition. These datasets may then be useful for the development of biodynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand M-Pranesh
- CONCAVE Research Centre, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 Blvd. de Maisonneuve West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
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Tissot F, Messing K, Stock S. Studying the relationship between low back pain and working postures among those who stand and those who sit most of the working day. ERGONOMICS 2009; 52:1402-1418. [PMID: 19851907 DOI: 10.1080/00140130903141204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A relationship between low back pain (LBP) and prolonged standing or prolonged sitting at work has not been clearly shown, despite its biological plausibility. Because sitting and standing postures vary as to duration and freedom to alternate postures, and standing postures vary as to mobility, associations between specific working postures and LBP were explored using multiple logistic regression. Associations between work factors and self-reported LBP during the previous 12 months that interfered with usual activities were examined among 4493 standing workers and 3237 sitting workers interviewed in the 1998 Quebec Health and Social Survey; 24.5% reported significant LBP. Since the same conditions can correspond to different physiological demands for sitting compared with standing workers, analyses were performed separately for the two groups. Standing without freedom to sit was associated with LBP. Different occupational physical and psychosocial factors were associated with LBP in sitting compared with standing populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tissot
- Centre for the Study of Biological Interactions in Human Health, CINBIOSE, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada.
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Telfer S, Spence WD, Solomonidis SE. The potential for actigraphy to be used as an indicator of sitting discomfort. HUMAN FACTORS 2009; 51:694-704. [PMID: 20196294 DOI: 10.1177/0018720809352789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel technique that uses actigraphy, the study of activity involving the use of body-mounted accelerometers, to detect the discomfort-related movements of a sitting individual has been proposed as a potential indicator of sitting discomfort, and the purpose of this study was to test its validity. BACKGROUND Objective measurement of sitting discomfort has always been challenging for researchers. Electromyographic measurements, pressure mapping, and a wide range of other techniques have all been investigated with limited success. METHOD The activity monitor's ability to detect and measure seated movement was assessed, and 12 participants were tested on four different chairs (100-min sessions for each). RESULTS The activity monitor was able to detect participants' sitting movements (Pearson coefficients > 0.9). The chairs were shown to have significantly different subjective discomfort ratings, all of which increased over time. The movements detected by the activity monitor also increased significantly with time, and the amount measured was greater in the chairs rated as most uncomfortable. Regression analysis indicated that the actigraphy data were able to account for 29.6% of the variation in perceived discomfort ratings. CONCLUSION Actigraphy can reliably detect sitting movements and may be of use in measuring sitting discomfort. APPLICATION Potential applications of this technique exist for seating research in the automotive industry, health care, and office and leisure chairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Telfer
- Bioengineering Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Wong A, Mishra A, Fieguth P, Clausi D, Dunk NM, Callaghan JP. Shape-guided active contour based segmentation and tracking of lumbar vertebrae in video fluoroscopy using complex wavelets. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009; 2008:863-6. [PMID: 19162793 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2008.4649290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel shape-guided active contour based approach for segmenting and tracking lumbar vertebrae in video fluoroscopy using complex-valued wavelets. representations. Due to low radiation exposure levels, fluoroscopic images are characterized by low signal-to-noise ratios, low contrast resolution, and illumination non-homogeneities both spatially and temporally, making current methods ill-suited for segmenting and tracking lumbar vertebrae based on existing energy functionals. Furthermore, current methods perform poorly in situations characterized by high curvature as found in the structure of lumbar spine vertebrae. In this paper, a novel iterative estimation approach is used to determine an external energy functional based on complex wavelets. A shaped-guided algorithm is used to evolve the contour around a lumbar spine vertebra based on the complex wavelet energy. The high curvature exhibited by the lumbar spine vertebra is addressed through a novel importance sampling scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly better segmentation and tracking performance for lumbar spine vertebrae in fluoroscopic images when compared to existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wong
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Hadjipavlou AG, Tzermiadianos MN, Bogduk N, Zindrick MR. The pathophysiology of disc degeneration: a critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 90:1261-70. [PMID: 18827232 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.90b10.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of intervertebral disc degeneration has been extensively studied. Various factors have been suggested as influencing its aetiology, including mechanical factors, such as compressive loading, shear stress and vibration, as well as ageing, genetic, systemic and toxic factors, which can lead to degeneration of the disc through biochemical reactions. How are these factors linked? What is their individual importance? There is no clear evidence indicating whether ageing in the presence of repetitive injury or repetitive injury in the absence of ageing plays a greater role in the degenerative process. Mechanical factors can trigger biochemical reactions which, in turn, may promote the normal biological changes of ageing, which can also be accelerated by genetic factors. Degradation of the molecular structure of the disc during ageing renders it more susceptible to superimposed mechanical injuries. This review supports the theory that degeneration of the disc has a complex multifactorial aetiology. Which factors initiate the events in the degenerative cascade is a question that remains unanswered, but most evidence points to an age-related process influenced primarily by mechanical and genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Hadjipavlou
- Division of Spine Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An in vitro biomechanical study using adolescent porcine discs. OBJECTIVE To find the effect of fatigue loading and rest on the dynamic properties of healthy intervertebral disc. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The fatigue loading is a risk factor for low back pain. The disc dynamic properties describe the shock attenuation capability of disc. Knowledge of effect of fatigue loading and rest on the disc dynamic properties can be beneficial for the study of fatigue loading induced spinal disorder. METHODS Specimens were divided into short-term (0.5 hours at 5 Hz, n = 9) and long-term (2 hours at 5 Hz, n = 9) fatigue loading groups. The specimen was applied with fatigue loading, followed by a 12-hours rest, and then applied with the second fatigue loading again. The impulse loading was applied at 0, 10, 20, and 30 minutes during short-term group and at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 hours during long-term group using a drop-tower apparatus. The stiffness, damping coefficient, and ratio were calculated using impulse loading information. Dynamic properties between first and second fatigue loading were compared. RESULTS The stiffness increased, but the damping coefficient and ratio decreased with fatigue loadings. A 12-hours rest can fully restore the dynamic properties of fatigue loaded disc to original status. However, the degradation of dynamic properties during the subsequent fatigue loading was faster than the previous fatigue loading if the disc experienced a long-term fatigue loading. CONCLUSION A 12-hours rest can largely restore disc dynamic properties during fatigue loading; hence fully recover disc dynamic properties. A long-term fatigue loading squeezes the disc fluid and injures the disc integrity. The 12-hours rest can recover the fluid loss but not the injury of disc. Hence, the disc degradation during the second fatigue loading was faster than the first fatigue loading.
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Ward MM, Reveille JD, Learch TJ, Davis JC, Weisman MH. Occupational physical activities and long-term functional and radiographic outcomes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 59:822-32. [PMID: 18512723 DOI: 10.1002/art.23704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify specific occupational activities associated with functional limitations and radiographic damage in patients with longstanding ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS We asked patients diagnosed with AS for >or=20 years to report all past occupations, which we mapped to specific physical activities using the Occupational Information Network, which is the US Department of Labor job classification database. For each occupation reported, we obtained ratings for 13 physical abilities of the worker and 13 aspects of the work environment or work tasks (work context) thought to be most relevant to patients with AS. Averages for each measure, weighted by the number of years in each job, were related to the degree of functional limitation as assessed by the Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI) and to the extent of spinal radiographic damage as assessed by the Bath AS Radiology Index for the spine (BASRI-s). RESULTS Among 397 patients, those with a history of jobs requiring dynamic flexibility (the ability to repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach) had more functional limitations than those whose past jobs required little or no dynamic flexibility (adjusted mean BASFI score 48.3 in the top quartile versus 38.1 in all others). Those whose past jobs required more dynamic flexibility, extent flexibility, and exposure to whole body vibration also had significantly higher BASRI-s scores. CONCLUSION Bending, twisting, and stretching are the occupational activities associated with greater functional limitations and radiographic damage in patients with longstanding AS. Exposure to whole body vibration was also associated with more radiographic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Ward
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1468, USA.
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Waters T, Genaidy A, Barriera Viruet H, Makola M. The impact of operating heavy equipment vehicles on lower back disorders. ERGONOMICS 2008; 51:602-636. [PMID: 18432441 DOI: 10.1080/00140130701779197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Literature reviews examining the relationship between heavy equipment vehicle (HEV) operation and the development of musculoskeletal disorders have generally been qualitative in nature and have not employed an evidence-based assessment procedure. This research determines the extent to which whole-body vibration/shock and working postures are associated with lower back and neck disorders among HEV operators, while accounting for individual (i.e. age, gender, prior history of back or neck disorders) and occupational (i.e. material handling, climatic conditions, psychosocial factors) confounders. Published articles were obtained from a search of electronic databases and from bibliographies in the identified articles. A critical appraisal of these articles was conducted using an epidemiological appraisal instrument (Genaidy et al. 2007). The meta-analysis was conducted using statistical techniques employing fixed-effect and random-effect models. Eighteen articles reporting observational studies satisfied the inclusion criteria adopted for this research. The methodological qualities of the published studies ranged from marginal to average. The meta-relative risk was found to be 2.21, indicating that operators exposed to driving HEVs are at more than twice the risk of developing lower back pain in comparison to those not exposed to driving HEVs. Therefore, it seems possible that there is a causal relationship between working as a HEV operator and development of lower back disorders. Prospective cohort studies are urgently needed to confirm the outcomes of this evidence-based methodology (based in part on the meta-analysis) and the biological plausibility should be further explored. The reported findings point to a need for improved ergonomic design of HEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Waters
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA. trwl.cdc.gov
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Carcone SM, Keir PJ. Effects of backrest design on biomechanics and comfort during seated work. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2007; 38:755-64. [PMID: 17275776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of backrest configuration on seatpan and backrest pressure, spinal posture, and comfort. Thirty volunteers (15 male, 15 female) typed a standardized text passage while seated at a computer workstation in five backrest configurations: chair only, chair with a supplementary backrest, and with each of three lumbar pad thicknesses. Pressure, lumbar and cervical angles were collected during 15-min trials. Subjective data were collected during each trial and at the end of the entire protocol. The addition of a supplementary backrest to a standard chair reduced peak and average pressure on the back by 35% and 20%, respectively (P<0.02). Lumbar lordosis was observed only when lumbar pads were used, being greatest with the large pad. Participants preferred backrest configurations that had lower pressure on the back and less lordotic lumbar posture (backrest only or 3 cm lumbar pad), regardless of anthropometrics. Comfort was rated highest in conditions that would not necessarily be considered biomechanically ideal. Further delineation between specific comfort and objective seating variables is required to effectively reduce and prevent low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Carcone
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Lin F, Crowther Z, Makhsous M. Reducing whole-body vibration of vehicle drivers with a new sitting concept. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2004:5111-4. [PMID: 17271468 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A new car seat design, which allows the back part of the seat (BPS) to lower down while a protruded cushion supports the lumbar spine, was quantitatively tested to determine its effectiveness in reducing whole-body vibration (WBV) in automobile drivers. Results on 12 drivers show that, by reducing contact between the seat and the ischial tuberosities (TTs), the new seating design reduced both contact pressure and amplitude of harmful vibrations transmitted through the body. Significant reduction of WBV, in terms of RMS and VDV, was found as large as 30% by this seating design (P < 0.05), especially at lumbar spine region. This reduction in WBV allows more sustained driving than permitted by conventional seating devices, by around 2 hours daily, before reaching harmful WBV levels. The new seating design also promotes improved posture by restoring normal spinal curvature. Such seating devices, implemented in cars, buses, large trucks, and other high-vibration vehicles, may effectively reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders among long term drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lin
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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