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Aljarrah D, Chalour N, Zorgani A, Nissan T, Pranjol MZI. Exploring the gut microbiota and its potential as a biomarker in gliomas. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116420. [PMID: 38471271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome alterations are associated with various cancers including brain tumours such as glioma and glioblastoma. The gut communicates with the brain via a bidirectional pathway known as the gut-brain axis (GBA) which is essential for maintaining homeostasis. The gut microbiota produces many metabolites including short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and essential amino acids such as glutamate, glutamine, arginine and tryptophan. Through the modulation of these metabolites the gut microbiome is able to regulate several functions of brain cells, immune cells and tumour cells including DNA methylation, mitochondrial function, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), T-cell proliferation, autophagy and even apoptosis. Here, we summarise current findings on gut microbiome with respect to brain cancers, an area of research that is widely overlooked. Several studies investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and brain tumours. However, it remains unclear whether the gut microbiome variation is a cause or product of cancer. Subsequently, a biomarker panel was constructed for use as a predictive, prognostic and diagnostic tool with respect to multiple cancers including glioma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This review further presents the intratumoural microbiome, a fascinating microenvironment within the tumour as a possible treatment target that can be manipulated to maximise effectiveness of treatment via personalised therapy. Studies utilising the microbiome as a biomarker and therapeutic strategy are necessary to accurately assess the effectiveness of the gut microbiome as a clinical tool with respect to brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Aljarrah
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
| | - Naima Chalour
- Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience laboratory, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology, Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Amine Zorgani
- The Microbiome Mavericks, 60 rue Christian Lacouture, Bron 69500, France.
| | - Tracy Nissan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Md Zahidul I Pranjol
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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2
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Zhou Y, Sui H, Wang Y, Yong L, Zhang L, Liang J, Zhou J, Xu L, Zhong Y, Chen J, Song Y. Dietary Exposure to Glutamates of 2- to 5-Year-Old Toddlers in China Using the Duplicate Diet Method. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091898. [PMID: 37174436 PMCID: PMC10178738 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A duplicate diet collection method was used to estimate dietary exposure to glutamates in children aged 2-5 years in selected provinces of China. Daily duplicate diet samples were collected from 86 healthy toddlers over three consecutive days. Glutamates were analyzed using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UHPLC-MS/MS). Results showed that the highest glutamates content was found in mixed meals, at 5.12 mg/kg, followed by powdered formula (3.89 mg/kg), and milk and dairy products (2.29 mg/kg). The total mean daily dietary exposure for subjects was 0.20 mg/kg BW, and P95 daily dietary exposure was 0.44 mg/kg BW, both below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (120 mg/kg BW) recommended by the Joint (FAO/WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the ADI (30 mg/kg BW) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Hence it can be considered that glutamates exposure would cause low risk in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zhou
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Yibaina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Ling Yong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Quality Inspection and Technical Research, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanxu Zhong
- Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A. Glial Glutamine Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1100-1128. [PMID: 36322369 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine is an essential cerebral metabolite. Several critical brain processes are directly linked to glutamine, including ammonia homeostasis, energy metabolism and neurotransmitter recycling. Astrocytes synthesize and release large quantities of glutamine, which is taken up by neurons to replenish the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter pools. Astrocyte glutamine hereby sustains the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, synaptic transmission and general brain function. Cerebral glutamine homeostasis is linked to the metabolic coupling of neurons and astrocytes, and relies on multiple cellular processes, including TCA cycle function, synaptic transmission and neurotransmitter uptake. Dysregulations of processes related to glutamine homeostasis are associated with several neurological diseases and may mediate excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration. In particular, diminished astrocyte glutamine synthesis is a common neuropathological component, depriving neurons of an essential metabolic substrate and precursor for neurotransmitter synthesis, hereby leading to synaptic dysfunction. While astrocyte glutamine synthesis is quantitatively dominant in the brain, oligodendrocyte-derived glutamine may serve important functions in white matter structures. In this review, the crucial roles of glial glutamine homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain are discussed. First, we provide an overview of cellular recycling, transport, synthesis and metabolism of glutamine in the brain. These cellular aspects are subsequently discussed in relation to pathological glutamine homeostasis of hepatic encephalopathy, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Further studies on the multifaceted roles of cerebral glutamine will not only increase our understanding of the metabolic collaboration between brain cells, but may also aid to reveal much needed therapeutic targets of several neurological pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Wang Z, Wu X, Chen HN, Wang K. Amino acid metabolic reprogramming in tumor metastatic colonization. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123192. [PMID: 36998464 PMCID: PMC10043324 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is considered as the major cause of cancer death. Cancer cells can be released from primary tumors into the circulation and then colonize in distant organs. How cancer cells acquire the ability to colonize in distant organs has always been the focus of tumor biology. To enable survival and growth in the new environment, metastases commonly reprogram their metabolic states and therefore display different metabolic properties and preferences compared with the primary lesions. For different microenvironments in various colonization sites, cancer cells must transfer to specific metabolic states to colonize in different distant organs, which provides the possibility of evaluating metastasis tendency by tumor metabolic states. Amino acids provide crucial precursors for many biosynthesis and play an essential role in cancer metastasis. Evidence has proved the hyperactivation of several amino acid biosynthetic pathways in metastatic cancer cells, including glutamine, serine, glycine, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), proline, and asparagine metabolism. The reprogramming of amino acid metabolism can orchestrate energy supply, redox homeostasis, and other metabolism-associated pathways during cancer metastasis. Here, we review the role and function of amino acid metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells colonizing in common metastatic organs, including lung, liver, brain, peritoneum, and bone. In addition, we summarize the current biomarker identification and drug development of cancer metastasis under the amino acid metabolism reprogramming, and discuss the possibility and prospect of targeting organ-specific metastasis for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyun Wu
- West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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5
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Xu F, Shi J, Qin X, Zheng Z, Chen M, Lin Z, Ye J, Li M. Hormone-Glutamine Metabolism: A Critical Regulatory Axis in Endocrine-Related Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710086. [PMID: 36077501 PMCID: PMC9456462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocrine-related cancers and hormones are undoubtedly highly interconnected. How hormones support or repress tumor induction and progression has been extensively profiled. Furthermore, advances in understanding the role of glutamine metabolism in mediating tumorigenesis and development, coupled with these in-depth studies on hormone (e.g., estrogen, progesterone, androgen, prostaglandin, thyroid hormone, and insulin) regulation of glutamine metabolism, have led us to think about the relationship between these three factors, which remains to be elucidated. Accordingly, in this review, we present an updated overview of glutamine metabolism traits and its influence on endocrine oncology, as well as its upstream hormonal regulation. More importantly, this hormone/glutamine metabolism axis may help in the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for endocrine-related cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jialu Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Xueyun Qin
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zimeng Zheng
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Min Chen
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200010, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ye
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Mingqing Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, China
- NHC Key Lab. of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence:
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Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A. Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 217:102331. [PMID: 35872221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the complex cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurons and astrocytes function in close collaboration through neurotransmitter recycling, collectively known as the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, which is essential to sustain neurotransmission. Neurotransmitter recycling is intimately linked to astrocyte energy metabolism. In the course of AD, astrocytes undergo extensive metabolic remodeling, which may profoundly affect the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. The consequences of altered astrocyte function and metabolism in relation to neurotransmitter recycling are yet to be comprehended. Metabolic alterations of astrocytes in AD deprive neurons of metabolic support, thereby contributing to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration. In addition, several astrocyte-specific components of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle, including glutamine synthesis and synaptic neurotransmitter uptake, are perturbed in AD. Integration of the complex astrocyte biology within the context of AD is essential for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the disease, while restoring astrocyte metabolism may serve as an approach to arrest or even revert clinical progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Arne Schousboe
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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7
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Ramírez-Guerrero S, Guardo-Maya S, Medina-Rincón GJ, Orrego-González EE, Cabezas-Pérez R, González-Reyes RE. Taurine and Astrocytes: A Homeostatic and Neuroprotective Relationship. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937789. [PMID: 35866158 PMCID: PMC9294388 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is considered the most abundant free amino acid in the brain. Even though there are endogenous mechanisms for taurine production in neural cells, an exogenous supply of taurine is required to meet physiological needs. Taurine is required for optimal postnatal brain development; however, its brain concentration decreases with age. Synthesis of taurine in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs predominantly in astrocytes. A metabolic coupling between astrocytes and neurons has been reported, in which astrocytes provide neurons with hypotaurine as a substrate for taurine production. Taurine has antioxidative, osmoregulatory, and anti-inflammatory functions, among other cytoprotective properties. Astrocytes release taurine as a gliotransmitter, promoting both extracellular and intracellular effects in neurons. The extracellular effects include binding to neuronal GABAA and glycine receptors, with subsequent cellular hyperpolarization, and attenuation of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity. Taurine intracellular effects are directed toward calcium homeostatic pathway, reducing calcium overload and thus preventing excitotoxicity, mitochondrial stress, and apoptosis. However, several physiological aspects of taurine remain unclear, such as the existence or not of a specific taurine receptor. Therefore, further research is needed not only in astrocytes and neurons, but also in other glial cells in order to fully comprehend taurine metabolism and function in the brain. Nonetheless, astrocyte’s role in taurine-induced neuroprotective functions should be considered as a promising therapeutic target of several neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases in the near future. This review provides an overview of the significant relationship between taurine and astrocytes, as well as its homeostatic and neuroprotective role in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Ramírez-Guerrero
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Santiago Guardo-Maya
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Germán J. Medina-Rincón
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Eduardo E. Orrego-González
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ricardo Cabezas-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas GRINCIBIO, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E. González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- *Correspondence: Rodrigo E. González-Reyes,
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8
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Ji C, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Li C, Liang H, Ding L, Xia X, Xiong L, Qi XR, Zheng JC. Microglial glutaminase 1 deficiency mitigates neuroinflammation associated depression. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:231-245. [PMID: 34678461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase 1 (GLS1) has recently been reported to be expressed in microglia and plays a crucial role in neuroinflamation. Significantly increased level of GLS1 mRNA expression together with neuroinflammation pathway were observed in postmortem prefrontal cortex from depressed patients. To find out the function of microglial GLS1 in depression and neuroinflammation, we generated transgenic mice (GLS1 cKO), postnatally losing GLS1 in microglia, to detect changes in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression model. LPS-induced anxiety/depression-like behavior was attenuated in GLS1 cKO mice, paralleled by a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an abnormal microglia morphological phenotype in the prefrontal cortex. Reduced neuroinflammation by GLS1 deficient microglia was a result of less reactive astrocytes, as GLS1 deficiency enhanced miR-666-3p and miR-7115-3p levels in extracellular vesicles released from microglia, thus suppressing astrocyte activation via inhibiting Serpina3n expression. Together, our data reveal a novel mechanism of GLS1 in neuroinflammation and targeting GLS1 in microglia may be a novel strategy to alleviate neuroinflammation-related depression and other disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Ji
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yalin Tang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Congcong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Huazheng Liang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China; Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Xin-Rui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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Kimura M, Oda Y, Hirose Y, Kimura H, Yoshino K, Niitsu T, Kanahara N, Shirayama Y, Hashimoto K, Iyo M. Upregulation of heat-shock protein HSP-70 and glutamate transporter-1/glutamine synthetase in the striatum and hippocampus in haloperidol-induced dopamine-supersensitivity-state rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 211:173288. [PMID: 34653399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excessive blockade of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2s) with long-term antipsychotic treatment is known to induce a dopamine supersensitivity state (DSS). The mechanism of DSS is speculated to be a compensatory up-regulation of DRD2s, but an excess blockade of DRD2s can also cause glutamatergic neuronal damage. Herein, we investigated whether antipsychotic-induced neuronal damage plays a role in the development of DSS. METHODS Haloperidol (HAL; 0.75 mg/kg/day for 14 days) or vehicle was administered to rats via an osmotic mini-pump. Haloperidol-treated rats were divided into groups of DSS rats and non-DSS rats based on their voluntary locomotion data. We then determined the tissue levels of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)/glutamine synthetase (GS) and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) in the rats' brain regions. RESULTS The levels of HSP-70 in the striatum and CA-3 region of the DSS rats were significantly higher than those of the control and non-DSS rats, whereas the dentate gyrus HSP-70 levels in both the DSS and non-DSS rats were increased versus the controls. The levels of GLT-1/GS in the CA-3 and nucleus accumbens were increased in the DSS rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the DSS rats experienced striatal neuronal damage and indicate that a HAL-induced upregulation of HSP-70 and the GLT-1/GS system in the CA3 may be involved in the development of DSS. It remains unknown why the non-DSS rats did not suffer neuronal damage. In view of the need for therapeutic strategies for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, dopamine supersensitivity psychosis, and tardive dyskinesia, further investigations of our findings are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita, Chiba 286-8686, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomihisa Niitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Division of Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0111, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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10
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Caldwell S, Rothman DL. 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Understand the Biological Basis of ALS, Diagnose Patients Earlier, and Monitor Disease Progression. Front Neurol 2021; 12:701170. [PMID: 34512519 PMCID: PMC8429815 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.701170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, limited biomarkers exist to reliably understand, diagnose, and monitor the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal neurological disease characterized by motor neuron death. Standard MRI technology can only be used to exclude a diagnosis of ALS, but 1H-MRS technology, which measures neurochemical composition, may provide the unique ability to reveal biomarkers that are specific to ALS and sensitive enough to diagnose patients at early stages in disease progression. In this review, we present a summary of current theories of how mitochondrial energetics and an altered glutamate/GABA neurotransmitter flux balance play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS. The theories are synthesized into a model that predicts how pathogenesis impacts glutamate and GABA concentrations. When compared with the results of all MRS studies published to date that measure the absolute concentrations of these neurochemicals in ALS patients, results were variable. However, when normalized for neuronal volume using the MRS biomarker N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), there is clear evidence for an elevation of neuronal glutamate in nine out of thirteen studies reviewed, an observation consistent with the predictions of the model of increased activity of glutamatergic neurons and excitotoxicity. We propose that this increase in neuronal glutamate concentration, in combination with decreased neuronal volume, is specific to the pathology of ALS. In addition, when normalized to glutamate levels, there is clear evidence for a decrease in neuronal GABA in three out of four possible studies reviewed, a finding consistent with a loss of inhibitory regulation contributing to excessive neuronal excitability. The combination of a decreased GABA/Glx ratio with an elevated Glx/NAA ratio may enhance the specificity for 1H-MRS detection of ALS and ability to monitor glutamatergic and GABAergic targeted therapeutics. Additional longitudinal studies calculating the exact value of these ratios are needed to test these hypotheses and understand how ratios may change over the course of disease progression. Proposed modifications to the experimental design of the reviewed 1H MRS studies may also increase the sensitivity of the technology to changes in these neurochemicals, particularly in early stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caldwell
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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11
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Xu YW, Yang JS, Kang DZ, Yao PS. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Astrocytes Regulate Differentiation and Glutamate Uptake of Glioma Stem Cells via Formyl Peptide Receptor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1389. [PMID: 32474726 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, NO. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China
| | - Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - De-Zhi Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, NO. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China.
| | - Pei-Sen Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, NO. 20 Chazhong Road, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, 350004, Fujian, China.
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12
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Stackhouse TL, Mishra A. Neurovascular Coupling in Development and Disease: Focus on Astrocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702832. [PMID: 34327206 PMCID: PMC8313501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling is a crucial mechanism that matches the high energy demand of the brain with a supply of energy substrates from the blood. Signaling within the neurovascular unit is responsible for activity-dependent changes in cerebral blood flow. The strength and reliability of neurovascular coupling form the basis of non-invasive human neuroimaging techniques, including blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. Interestingly, BOLD signals are negative in infants, indicating a mismatch between metabolism and blood flow upon neural activation; this response is the opposite of that observed in healthy adults where activity evokes a large oversupply of blood flow. Negative neurovascular coupling has also been observed in rodents at early postnatal stages, further implying that this is a process that matures during development. This rationale is consistent with the morphological maturation of the neurovascular unit, which occurs over a similar time frame. While neurons differentiate before birth, astrocytes differentiate postnatally in rodents and the maturation of their complex morphology during the first few weeks of life links them with synapses and the vasculature. The vascular network is also incomplete in neonates and matures in parallel with astrocytes. Here, we review the timeline of the structural maturation of the neurovascular unit with special emphasis on astrocytes and the vascular tree and what it implies for functional maturation of neurovascular coupling. We also discuss similarities between immature astrocytes during development and reactive astrocytes in disease, which are relevant to neurovascular coupling. Finally, we close by pointing out current gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying neurovascular coupling maturation, with the expectation that this may also clarify astrocyte-dependent mechanisms of cerebrovascular impairment in neurodegenerative conditions in which reduced or negative neurovascular coupling is noted, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Stackhouse
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States
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13
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Shen J, Tomar JS. Elevated Brain Glutamate Levels in Bipolar Disorder and Pyruvate Carboxylase-Mediated Anaplerosis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:640977. [PMID: 33708149 PMCID: PMC7940766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have found elevated brain glutamate or glutamate + glutamine levels in bipolar disorder with surprisingly high reproducibility. We propose that the elevated glutamate levels in bipolar disorder can be explained by increased pyruvate carboxylase-mediated anaplerosis in brain. Multiple independent lines of evidence supporting increased pyruvate carboxylase-mediated anaplerosis as a common mechanism underlying glutamatergic hyperactivity in bipolar disorder and the positive association between bipolar disorder and obesity are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shen
- Section on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jyoti Singh Tomar
- Section on Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Astroglial glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthetase of the nucleus accumbens are involved in the antidepressant-like effects of allopregnanolone in learned helplessness rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 401:113092. [PMID: 33359844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have demonstrated that allopregnanolone (3α5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, ALLO) has antidepressant-like effects on patients with depression. Previous studies have shown alteration of the astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in depression, and ALLO is known to modulate glutamate release. The present study aimed to investigate whether astroglial GLT-1 and GS are indeed involved in the antidepressant-like effects of ALLO in learned helplessness (LH) rats, a validated animal model of depression. The results of this study showed that bilateral microinjection of ALLO into the lateral ventricles could normalize the levels of GLT-1 and GS in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and of GS in the hippocampal CA1 region of LH rats. These results suggest a certain connection between the antidepressant-like effects of ALLO and the astroglial GLT-1/GS system of the NAc in LH rats.
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15
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Bukke VN, Archana M, Villani R, Romano AD, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Beggiato S, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Dual Role of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207452. [PMID: 33050345 PMCID: PMC7589203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related dementia and neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by Aβ and tau protein deposition impairing learning, memory and suppressing synaptic plasticity of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a link between the glucose and glutamate alterations with age that down-regulates glucose utilization reducing glutamate levels in AD patients. Deviations in brain energy metabolism reinforce the development of AD by hampering glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and the major excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from glucose. Alterations in cerebral glucose and glutamate levels precede the deposition of Aβ plaques. In the brain, over 40% of neuronal synapses are glutamatergic and disturbances in glutamatergic function have been implicated in pathophysiology of AD. Nevertheless, targeting the glutamatergic system seems to be a promising strategy to develop novel, improved therapeutics for AD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in AD pathophysiology as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in this neurodegenerative disorder. We also discuss exciting new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Manisha C, Selvaraj A, Jubie S, Moola Joghee Nanjan C, Moola Joghee N, Clement JP, Justin A. Positive allosteric activation of glial EAAT-2 transporter protein: A novel strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hypotheses 2020; 142:109794. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Yoshino K, Oda Y, Kimura M, Kimura H, Nangaku M, Shirayama Y, Iyo M. The alterations of glutamate transporter 1 and glutamine synthetase in the rat brain of a learned helplessness model of depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2547-2553. [PMID: 32445055 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although glutamate transmission via astrocytes has been proposed to contribute to the pathophysiology of depression, the precise mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we investigated the levels of glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) and glutamine synthetase (GS) of astrocytes in learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression) and non-LH rats (an animal model of resilience). METHODS We administered inescapable mild electric shock to rats and then discriminated the LH and non-LH rats by a post-shock test. Almost 55% of the rats acquired LH. We then measured the expressions of GLT-1 and GS in several brain regions of LH and non-LH rats by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The levels of GLT-1 and GS in the CA-1, CA-3, dentate gyrus (DG), medial prefrontal cortex (mPF), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of the LH group were significantly higher than those of the control group. The GS levels in the amygdala of the LH rats were significantly decreased compared to the controls. There were significant differences in GLT-1 and GS levels between the non-LH and LH rats in the CA-1 and CA-3. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the LH rats experienced up-regulations of GLT-1 and GS in the CA-1, CA-3, DG, mPF, and NAc and a down-regulation of GS in the amygdala. It is possible that the effects of the GLT-1 and GS levels on astrocytes in the CA-1 and CA-3 are critical for the differentiation of resilience from vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasunori Oda
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masahito Nangaku
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 290-0111, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana Chuou-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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18
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Natarajan SK, Venneti S. Glutamine Metabolism in Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1628. [PMID: 31652923 PMCID: PMC6893651 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer cells. Tumor cells rewire their metabolism to support their uncontrolled proliferation by taking up nutrients from the microenvironment. The amino acid glutamine is a key nutrient that fuels biosynthetic processes including ATP generation, redox homeostasis, nucleotide, protein, and lipid synthesis. Glutamine as a precursor for the neurotransmitter glutamate, and plays a critical role in the normal functioning of the brain. Brain tumors that grow in this glutamine/glutamate rich microenvironment can make synaptic connections with glutamatergic neurons and reprogram glutamine metabolism to enable their growth. In this review, we examine the functions of glutamate/glutamine in the brain and how brain tumor cells reprogram glutamine metabolism. Altered glutamine metabolism can be leveraged to develop non-invasive imaging strategies and we review these imaging modalities. Finally, we examine if targeting glutamine metabolism could serve as a therapeutic strategy in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Natarajan
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Metabolism and Epigenetics, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan 3520E MSRB 1, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 41804, USA.
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19
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Rothman DL, de Graaf RA, Hyder F, Mason GF, Behar KL, De Feyter HM. In vivo 13 C and 1 H-[ 13 C] MRS studies of neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling, applications to neurological and psychiatric disease and brain cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4172. [PMID: 31478594 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last 25 years 13 C MRS has been established as the only noninvasive method for measuring glutamate neurotransmission and cell specific neuroenergetics. Although technically and experimentally challenging 13 C MRS has already provided important new information on the relationship between neuroenergetics and neuronal function, the high energy cost of brain function in the resting state and the role of altered neuroenergetics and neurotransmitter cycling in disease. In this paper we review the metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways that can be measured by 13 C MRS and key findings on the linkage between neuroenergetics, neurotransmitter cycling, and brain function. Applications of 13 C MRS to neurological and psychiatric disease as well as brain cancer are reviewed. Recent technological developments that may help to overcome spatial resolution and brain coverage limitations of 13 C MRS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Rothman
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, and Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin L Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Henk M De Feyter
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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20
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Bordone MP, Salman MM, Titus HE, Amini E, Andersen JV, Chakraborti B, Diuba AV, Dubouskaya TG, Ehrke E, Espindola de Freitas A, Braga de Freitas G, Gonçalves RA, Gupta D, Gupta R, Ha SR, Hemming IA, Jaggar M, Jakobsen E, Kumari P, Lakkappa N, Marsh APL, Mitlöhner J, Ogawa Y, Paidi RK, Ribeiro FC, Salamian A, Saleem S, Sharma S, Silva JM, Singh S, Sulakhiya K, Tefera TW, Vafadari B, Yadav A, Yamazaki R, Seidenbecher CI. The energetic brain - A review from students to students. J Neurochem 2019; 151:139-165. [PMID: 31318452 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past 20 years have resulted in unprecedented progress in understanding brain energy metabolism and its role in health and disease. In this review, which was initiated at the 14th International Society for Neurochemistry Advanced School, we address the basic concepts of brain energy metabolism and approach the question of why the brain has high energy expenditure. Our review illustrates that the vertebrate brain has a high need for energy because of the high number of neurons and the need to maintain a delicate interplay between energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and plasticity. Disturbances to the energetic balance, to mitochondria quality control or to glia-neuron metabolic interaction may lead to brain circuit malfunction or even severe disorders of the CNS. We cover neuronal energy consumption in neural transmission and basic ('housekeeping') cellular processes. Additionally, we describe the most common (glucose) and alternative sources of energy namely glutamate, lactate, ketone bodies, and medium chain fatty acids. We discuss the multifaceted role of non-neuronal cells in the transport of energy substrates from circulation (pericytes and astrocytes) and in the supply (astrocytes and microglia) and usage of different energy fuels. Finally, we address pathological consequences of disrupted energy homeostasis in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Paula Bordone
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haley E Titus
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elham Amini
- Department of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (HUKM), Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jens V Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Artem V Diuba
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatsiana G Dubouskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Eric Ehrke
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Andiara Espindola de Freitas
- Neurobiology Section, Biological Sciences Division, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Richa Gupta
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sharon R Ha
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabel A Hemming
- Brain Growth and Disease Laboratory, The Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Minal Jaggar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Emil Jakobsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Punita Kumari
- Defense Institute of Physiology and allied sciences, Defense Research and Development Organization, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS college of Pharmacy, Ooty, India
| | - Ashley P L Marsh
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jessica Mitlöhner
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Ahmad Salamian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suraiya Saleem
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sorabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Joana M Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), Medical School, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Shripriya Singh
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kunjbihari Sulakhiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India
| | - Tesfaye Wolde Tefera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Behnam Vafadari
- Institute of environmental medicine, UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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21
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He S, Zhang X, Qu S. Glutamate, Glutamate Transporters, and Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:175-181. [PMID: 30485059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, a primary excitatory neurotransmitter and an important intermediate in the cellular metabolism of the brain, has a widespread influence in the sleep-wake regulatory system. Glutamate transporters, including vesicular glutamate transporters and excitatory amino acid transporters, serve as the main force controlling the extracellular concentration of glutamate in the brain. These are likely to be critical tools needed for the brain to modulate the sleep-wake cycle and are likely innervated by the circadian rhythm system in a day-night variant pattern. Because in the initial stages, nearly all patients with neurodegenerative diseases have rhythmic sleep disorders that become aggravated with disease development and often exhibit glutamate uptake dysfunction, we examined whether the above glutamate transporters could be used as potential targets to help address circadian rhythm sleep disorders in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in this review, we sought to analyze the principles governing glutamate transmission and discuss whether the circadian rhythm regulatory properties of these processes endow glutamate transporters with unique functions in the sleep-wake shift of the brain. We attempt to provide a theoretical framework in this field for future studies, to help in the exploration of potential therapeutic targets to delay or prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suifen He
- Central Laboratory, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiuping Zhang
- Teaching Center of Experimental Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Central Laboratory, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
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22
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Liang SL. The glutamine-glutamate cycle regulates synaptic glutamate release in the ventrolateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus of perinatal female rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12642. [PMID: 30168642 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The astrocytic glutamine (Gln)-glutamate (Glu) cycle (GGC) supplies Gln for the regulation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (GST) in the adult hippocampus. Increased synaptic Glu release in the perinatal ventrolateral ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (vlVMH) modulates sexual differentiation, however, whether GGC regulates GST in the perinatal vlVMH has not been determined. Sex differences in oestradiol (E2 ) levels exist in the neonatal hypothalamus, and E2 increases levels of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase, two key enzymes involved in the GGC. Thus, it is hypothesised that sexually dimorphic phenotypes may exist in glutamatergic synapses associated with the GGC in the vlVMH in perinatal rats. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in vlVMH neurones in brain slices from male and female pups revealed that pharmacological disruption of the GGC by α-(methylamino) isobutyric acid (5 mmol L-1 ), which blocks neuronal Gln uptake; or by l-methionine sulphoximine (1.5 mmol L-1 ), which inhibits astrocytic Gln synthesis, decreased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes in female but not male pups. By contrast, GGC interruptions decreased evoked (e)EPSC amplitudes in both sexes following increased synaptic activity produced by a period of stimulation. In male pups, the decreased eEPSCs were attributable to reduced Glu release, as assessed by paired-pulse stimulations, whereas, in female pups, they were attributable to decreased Glu content in the synaptic vesicles, as measured by strontium-evoked mEPSCs. The l-methionine sulphoximine-mediated decrease in eEPSCs was rapidly rescued by exogenous Gln in female but not male pups. The reductions in mEPSCs and eEPSCs in female pups were accompanied by enhanced blocking effects of the low-affinity Glu AMPA receptor antagonist, γ-d-glutamylglycine, consistent with diminished Glu release. In conclusion, female, but not male pups, rely on constitutive astrocytic Gln for sustained synaptic Glu release in the vlVMH. This glutamatergic synaptic phenotype may be associated with brain and behaviour feminisation and/or defeminisation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Liang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Østergaard L, Jørgensen MB, Knudsen GM. Low on energy? An energy supply-demand perspective on stress and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 94:248-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hamed A, Kursa MB. Inter-individual differences in serotonin and glutamate co-transmission reflect differentiation in context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response after morphine withdrawal. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3149-3167. [PMID: 29774428 PMCID: PMC6132671 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research provides compelling evidence that in rats 50-kHz USVs are a form of expression of positive emotions. Context-induced 50-kHz USVs emission is variable among rats, indicating individual differences in contextual response bound up with pharmacological reward. The aims of this study were to: extract the most important neurotransmitters related to context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response; find biological basis of existing inter-individual differences in context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response; create a model of all-to-all neurotransmitters correlations. The data collected here confirms that re-exposure to the context of morphine administration after the withdrawal period increases the level of 50-kHz USVs and this contextual response is associated with elevated serotonin concentrations in amygdala, hippocampus and mPFC and with increased Glu/Gln ratio in nucleus accumbens. The concentration of serotonin increases simultaneously in amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Moreover, 5-HT concentration in amygdala is bound up with glutamate level in this structure as well as in hippocampus. Furthermore, Glu/Gln ratio in nucleus accumbens has strong associations with Glu/Gln ratio simultaneously in VTA, amygdala, striatum and hippocampus. All-to-all-analysis indicate that concentration of glutamate in hippocampus is proportional to glutamate in VTA and GABA concentration in the hippocampus. We have also demonstrated that Glu/GABA ratio in VTA and amygdala was elevated after post withdrawal re-exposure to the pharmacological reward paired context. Presented analysis indicates a strong correlation between serotonergic and glutamatergic systems in context-induced conditioned response. The strength of this co-transmission correlates with the number of 50-kHz USVs emitted in response to morphine-paired context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hamed
- Laboratory of Spatial Memory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miron Bartosz Kursa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Bachtell RK, Jones JD, Heinzerling KG, Beardsley PM, Comer SD. Glial and neuroinflammatory targets for treating substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:156-170. [PMID: 28892721 PMCID: PMC5790191 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plenary session at the 2016 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry: Translational Research in Addiction Conference focused on glia as potential players in the development, persistence and treatment of substance use disorders. Glia partake in various functions that are important for healthy brain activity. Drugs of abuse alter glial cell activity producing several perturbations in brain function that are thought to contribute to behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Consequently, drug-induced changes in glia-driven processes in the brain represent potential targets for pharmacotherapeutics treating substance use disorders. METHODS Four speakers presented preclinical and clinical research illustrating the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects of psychostimulants and opioids. This review highlights some of these findings and expands its focus to include other research focused on drug-induced glia abnormalities and glia-focused treatment approaches in substance use disorders. RESULTS Preclinical findings show that drugs of abuse induce neuroinflammatory signals and disrupt glutamate homeostasis through their interaction with microglia and astrocytes. Preclinical and clinical studies testing the effects of glial modulators show general effectiveness in reducing behaviors associated with substance use disorders. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of drug-induced glial activity continues to emerge as an intriguing target for substance use disorder treatments. Clinical investigations of glial modulators have yielded promising results on substance use measures and indicate that they are generally safe and well-tolerated. However, results have not been entirely positive and more questions remain for continued exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Bachtell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, and Center for Neuroscience, UCB 345, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Keith G. Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine and Center for Behavioral and Addiction Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Beardsley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 N. 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sandra D. Comer
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Lanz B, Rackayova V, Braissant O, Cudalbu C. MRS studies of neuroenergetics and glutamate/glutamine exchange in rats: Extensions to hyperammonemic models. Anal Biochem 2017; 529:245-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Mortensen A, Aguilar F, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Dusemund B, Frutos MJ, Galtier P, Gott D, Gundert-Remy U, Leblanc JC, Lindtner O, Moldeus P, Mosesso P, Parent-Massin D, Oskarsson A, Stankovic I, Waalkens-Berendsen I, Woutersen RA, Wright M, Younes M, Boon P, Chrysafidis D, Gürtler R, Tobback P, Altieri A, Rincon AM, Lambré C. Re-evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium glutamate (E 623), ammonium glutamate (E 624) and magnesium glutamate (E 625) as food additives. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04910. [PMID: 32625571 PMCID: PMC7009848 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) when used as food additives. Glutamate is absorbed in the intestine and it is presystemically metabolised in the gut wall. No adverse effects were observed in the available short-term, subchronic, chronic, reproductive and developmental studies. The only effect observed was increased kidney weight and increased spleen weight; however, the increase in organ weight was not accompanied by adverse histopathological findings and, therefore, the increase in organ weight was not considered as an adverse effect. The Panel considered that glutamic acid-glutamates (E 620-625) did not raise concern with regards to genotoxicity. From a neurodevelopmental toxicity study, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg body weight (bw) per day could be identified. The Panel assessed the suitability of human data to be used for the derivation of a health-based guidance value. Although effects on humans were identified human data were not suitable due to the lack of dose-response data from which a dose without effect could be identified. Based on the NOAEL of 3,200 mg monosodium glutamate/kg bw per day from the neurodevelopmental toxicity study and applying the default uncertainty factor of 100, the Panel derived a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg bw per day, expressed as glutamic acid, for glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625). The Panel noted that the exposure to glutamic acid and glutamates (E 620-625) exceeded not only the proposed ADI, but also doses associated with adverse effects in humans for some population groups.
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Yamamoto T, Hamasaki T, Nakamura H, Yamada K. Improvement of visual field defects after focal resection for occipital lobe epilepsy: case report. J Neurosurg 2017; 128:862-866. [PMID: 28524796 DOI: 10.3171/2016.12.jns161820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of visual field defects after surgical treatment for occipital lobe epilepsy is rare. Here, the authors report on a 24-year-old man with a 15-year history of refractory epilepsy that developed after he had undergone an occipital craniotomy to remove a cerebellar astrocytoma at the age of 4. His seizures started with an elementary visual aura, followed by secondary generalized tonic-clonic convulsion. Perimetry revealed left-sided incomplete hemianopia, and MRI showed an old contusion in the right occipital lobe. After evaluation with ictal video-electroencephalography, electrocorticography, and mapping of the visual cortex with subdural electrodes, the patient underwent resection of the scarred tissue, including the epileptic focus at the occipital lobe. After surgery, he became seizure free and his visual field defect improved gradually. In addition, postoperative 123I-iomazenil (IMZ) SPECT showed partly normalized IMZ uptake in the visual cortex. This case is a practical example suggesting that neurological deficits attributable to the functional deficit zone can be remedied by successful focal resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hamasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Kumamoto, Japan
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Kanamori K. Faster flux of neurotransmitter glutamate during seizure - Evidence from 13C-enrichment of extracellular glutamate in kainate rat model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174845. [PMID: 28403176 PMCID: PMC5389799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective is to examine how the flux of neurotransmitter glutamate from neurons to the extracellular fluid, as measured by the rate of 13C enrichment of extracellular glutamate (GLUECF), changes in response to seizures in the kainate-induced rat model of temporal-lobe epilepsy. Following unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainate, GLUECF was collected by microdialysis from the CA1/CA3 region of awake rats, in combination with EEG recording of chronic-phase recurrent seizures and intravenous infusion of [2,5-13C]glucose. The 13C enrichment of GLUECF C5 at ~ 10 picomol level was measured by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. The rate of 13C enrichment, expressed as the increase of the fractional enrichment/min, was 0.0029 ± 0.0001/min in frequently seizing rats (n = 4); this was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than in the control (0.00167 ± 0.0001/min; n = 6) or in rats with infrequent seizures (0.00172 ± 0.0001/min; n = 6). This result strongly suggests that the flux of the excitatory neurotransmitter from neurons to the extracellular fluid is significantly increased by frequent seizures. The extracellular [12C + 13C]glutamate concentration increased progressively in frequently seizing rats. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the observed seizure-induced high flux of glutamate overstimulated glutamate receptors, which triggered a chain reaction of excitation in the CA3 recurrent glutamatergic networks. The rate of 13C enrichment of extracellular glutamine (GLNECF) at C5 was 0.00299 ± 0.00027/min in frequently seizing rats, which was higher (p < 0.05) than in controls (0.00227 ± 0.00008/min). For the first time in vivo, this study examined the effects of epileptic seizures on fluxes of the neurotransmitter glutamate and its precursor glutamine in the extracellular fluid of the hippocampus. The advantages, limitations and the potential for improvement of this approach for pre-clinical and clinical studies of temporal-lobe epilepsy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kanamori
- Department of Epilepsy, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Márquez J, Alonso FJ, Matés JM, Segura JA, Martín-Rufián M, Campos-Sandoval JA. Glutamine Addiction In Gliomas. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1735-1746. [PMID: 28281102 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells develop and succeed by shifting to different metabolic programs compared with their normal cell counterparts. One of the classical hallmarks of cancer cells is their higher glycolysis rate and lactate production even in the presence of abundant O2 (Warburg effect). Another common metabolic feature of cancer cells is a high rate of glutamine (Gln) consumption normally exceeding their biosynthetic and energetic needs. The term Gln addiction is now widely used to reflect the strong dependence shown by most cancer cells for this essential nitrogen substrate after metabolic reprogramming. A Gln/glutamate (Glu) cycle occurs between host tissues and the tumor in order to maximize its growth and proliferation rates. The mechanistic basis for this deregulated tumor metabolism and how these changes are connected to oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways are becoming increasingly understood. Based on these advances, new avenues of research have been initiated to find novel therapeutic targets and to explore strategies that interfere with glutamine metabolism as anticancer therapies. In this review, we provided an updated overview of glutamine addiction in glioma, the most prevalent type of brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Márquez
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Alonso
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Matés
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A Segura
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martín-Rufián
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Campos-Sandoval
- Canceromics lab, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Maus A, Peters GJ. Glutamate and α-ketoglutarate: key players in glioma metabolism. Amino Acids 2017; 49:21-32. [PMID: 27752843 PMCID: PMC5241329 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2342-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common type of primary brain tumor. It has a devastating prognosis with a 2-year-overall survival rate of only 26 % after standard treatment, which includes surgery, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy with temozolomide. Also lower grade gliomas are difficult to treat, because they diffusely spread into the brain, where extensive removal of tissue is critical. Better understanding of the cancer's biology is a key for the development of more effective therapy approaches. The discovery of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in leukemia and glioma drew attention to specific metabolic aberrations in IDH-mutant gliomas. In the center of the metabolic alterations is α-ketoglutarate (αKG), an intermediate metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the associated amino acid glutamate (Glu). This article highlights the role of these metabolites in glioma energy and lipid production and indicates possible weak spots of IDH-mutant and IDH-wt gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Maus
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Márquez J, Campos-Sandoval JA, Peñalver A, Matés JM, Segura JA, Blanco E, Alonso FJ, de Fonseca FR. Glutamate and Brain Glutaminases in Drug Addiction. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:846-857. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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García-Pérez D, Ferenczi S, Kovács KJ, Laorden ML, Milanés MV, Núñez C. Different contribution of glucocorticoids in the basolateral amygdala to the formation and expression of opiate withdrawal-associated memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 74:350-362. [PMID: 27728875 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-withdrawal aversive memories generate a motivational state leading to compulsive drug taking, with plasticity changes in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) being essential in aversive motivational learning. The conditioned-place aversion (CPA) paradigm allows for measuring the negative affective component of drug withdrawal. First, CPA triggers association between negative affective consequences of withdrawal with context (memory consolidation). Afterwards, when the animals are re-exposed to the paired environment, they avoid it due to the association between the context and aversive memories (memory retrieval). We examined the influence of glucocorticoids (GCs) for a morphine-withdrawal CPA paradigm, along with plasticity changes in the BLA, in sham-operated and adrenalectomized (ADX) animals. We demonstrated that sham+morphine animals robustly displayed CPA, whereas ADX-dependent animals lacked the affective-like signs of opiate withdrawal but displayed increased somatic signs of withdrawal. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) actions promote memory consolidation but highly depend on increases in GC levels. Interestingly, we observed that GCs were only increased in sham-dependent rodents during aversive-withdrawal memory consolidation, and that GR expression correlated with phosphorylated cAMP response element binding (pCREB) protein, early growth response 1 (Egr-1) and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated (Arc) mRNA induction in this experimental group. In contrast, ADX-animals displayed reduced (pCREB). GCs are also known to impair memory retrieval. Accordingly, we showed that GCs levels remained at basal levels in all experimental groups following memory retrieval, and consequently GRs no longer acted as transcriptional regulators. Importantly, memory retrieval elicited increased pCREB levels in sham+morphine animals (not in ADX+morphine group), which were directly correlated with enhanced Arc mRNA/protein expression mainly in glutamatergic neurons. In conclusion, context-withdrawal associations are accompanied plasticity changes in the BLA, which are, in part, regulated by GR signaling. Moreover, dysregulation of CREB signaling, in part through Arc expression, may enhance reconsolidation, resulting in the maintenance of excessive aversive states. These findings might have important implications for drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Szilamer Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J Kovács
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Luisa Laorden
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, Spain
| | - M Victoria Milanés
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Núñez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Murcia Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIB), University of Murcia, Spain
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In vivo N-15 MRS study of glutamate metabolism in the rat brain. Anal Biochem 2016; 529:179-192. [PMID: 27580850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo 15N MRS has made a unique contribution to kinetic studies of the individual pathways that control glutamate flux in the rat brain. This review covers the following topics: (1) the advantages and limitations of in vivo 15N MRS and its indirect detection through coupled 1H; (2) kinetic methods; (3) major findings from our and other laboratories in the areas: (a) the uptake of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular fluid into glia; (b) the metabolism of glutamate to glutamine; (c) glutamine transport to the extracellular fluid; (d) hydrolysis of neuronal glutamine to glutamate; and (e) contribution of transamination from leucine to replenish the glutamate nitrogen. In vivo glutamine synthetase activities measured at several levels of hyperammonemia showed that this enzyme becomes saturated at blood ammonia concentration >0.9 μmol/g, and causes the elevation of brain ammonia. Implications of the results for the cause of hyperammonemic encephalopathy are discussed. Leucine provides >25% of glutamate nitrogen. An intriguing possibility that supplementing leucine may restore cognitive function after brain injury is discussed. Finally, some characteristics of 15N MRS that may facilitate the future application of this technique to the study of the human brain at 4 or 7 T are described.
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Abstract
One of the features that distinguishes glial cells from most other brain cells is their ability to communicate with each other through cytoplasmic connections established by gap- junctions. Gap-junctions are cell-cell channels composed of two connexons, one con tributed by each communicating cell. These connexons are formed by six connexin mol ecules that assemble in a hexagonal array to form a central pore. As is common for channel proteins, connexins comprise a superfamily of at least 12 members, with molecular weights ranging from 26 to 50 kDa and overall sequence identities of 50%. In the brain, only two connexins are expressed to a significant degree. These are connexin 43 (Cx43), which is the predominant molecular unit of astrocytic gap-junctions, and connexin 32 (Cx32), which forms the gap-junctions in oligodendrocytes and some neurons. The pore formed by these connexins is permeant to ions and small hydrophilic molecules with molecular weights <1 kDa. Molecules believed to be trafficking through gap-junctions include metabolites and second messengers, but hydrophobic molecules and most pro teins are excluded. It is believed that large numbers of glial cells, and particularly astro cytes, participate in syncytia in which cells share a common cytoplasm. Gap-junctions are thought to integrate regional variances between cells and provide a diffusional pathway to facilitate the sequestration and redistribution of ions and neurotransmitters. Recent evidence suggests that astrocytic gap-junction may also allow the passage of cell-cell signals, permitting information to spread in the form of regenerative Ca2+ changes through a glial network. The Neuroscientist 1:188-191, 1995
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Kimelberg HK. ■ Review : Cell Volume in the CNS: Regulation and Implications for Nervous System Function and Pathology. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Swelling of cells in the nervous system is frequently associated with pathological states such as cerebral ischemia. The major cell type that swells in gray matter appears to be the astrocyte, although swelling of neuronal dendrites also occurs. Such swelling probably affects function by reducing the volume of the extracellular space. In addition the properties of the swollen cells themselves are altered, such as the swelling-induced release of excitatory amino acids, which are likely to be deleterious. Recent work has shown that these effects, linked to astrocytic swelling, may be involved in pathological states such as cerebral ischemia and trauma. Increased understanding of such swelling in the CNS will thus be of great importance in understanding mechanisms of brain damage and may provide specific sites for therapeutic intervention. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:14-25, 2000
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Abstract
Since their discovery in the late nineteenth century, glial cells have taken a backstage role to neurons in our investigations of the nervous system. Yet, in the mammalian brain, glial cells outnumber neurons and comprise 50% of the brain volume. A number of proteins, including important synthetic enzymes, are located almost exclusively in glia, suggesting that glial cells may serve functions beyond providing structural support. Speculations of more active roles for glial cells in brain function began at the turn of the century, at which time it had been suggested that they serve nutritive functions (Golgi, 1885), insulate nerve fibers (Ramon y Cajal, 1909), phagocytose dying neurons (Marinesco, 1896), secrete fac tors (Achucarro, 1915), and remove neurotransmitters (the substances by which one nerve cell excites another) from the synaptic cleft (Lugaro, 1907). Many of these early hypotheses have subsequently gained experimental support; however, our understanding of glial roles in brain function is still limited. The Neuroscientist 1:123-126, 1995
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Abstract
Throughout the nervous system, neurons are closely surrounded by glial cells, leaving only a 20-nm wide extracellular space filled with interstitial fluid. Ions, transmitters, hormones, nutrients, and waste products all share this narrow diffusion pathway. Because the interstitial space occupies only a small volume, neuronal activity can lead to appreciable changes in the extracellular concentration of ions, protons, and neurotrans mitters. These changes can affect neuronal activity and are believed to be influenced by glial cells. The proximity of glial processes to synapses and axons make glial cells ideal partners to sequester ions and transmitters released by neurons. The failure of glial cells to perform such essential homeostatic functions can have profound effects, and these homeostatic activities may constitute one way in which glial cells can influence neuronal signaling. In addition, glial cells, which, unlike most neurons, are coupled to each other through gap-junctions, communicate with each other and possibly also with adjacent neurons through prop agated intracellular Ca2+waves. The importance of such interglial signaling is not understood. Additionally, glial cells and neurons mutually modulate their expression of ion channels, most likely through factors re leased into the extracellular space. The range of responses observed in glial cells and their intimate anatomical relationship with neurons suggest a broader role for glia than is currently appreciated. It also emphasizes the importance of a better understanding of glial-neuronal interactions to an understanding of brain function. The Neuroscientist 1:328-337, 1995
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Sontheimer
- Neurobiology Research Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
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Astroglial glutamate transporters coordinate excitatory signaling and brain energetics. Neurochem Int 2016; 98:56-71. [PMID: 27013346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, a family of sodium-dependent transporters maintains low extracellular glutamate and shapes excitatory signaling. The bulk of this activity is mediated by the astroglial glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST (also called EAAT2 and EAAT1). In this review, we will discuss evidence that these transporters co-localize with, form physical (co-immunoprecipitable) interactions with, and functionally couple to various 'energy-generating' systems, including the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, glycogen metabolizing enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and mitochondria/mitochondrial proteins. This functional coupling is bi-directional with many of these systems both being regulated by glutamate transport and providing the 'fuel' to support glutamate uptake. Given the importance of glutamate uptake to maintaining synaptic signaling and preventing excitotoxicity, it should not be surprising that some of these systems appear to 'redundantly' support the energetic costs of glutamate uptake. Although the glutamate-glutamine cycle contributes to recycling of neurotransmitter pools of glutamate, this is an over-simplification. The ramifications of co-compartmentalization of glutamate transporters with mitochondria for glutamate metabolism are discussed. Energy consumption in the brain accounts for ∼20% of the basal metabolic rate and relies almost exclusively on glucose for the production of ATP. However, the brain does not possess substantial reserves of glucose or other fuels. To ensure adequate energetic supply, increases in neuronal activity are matched by increases in cerebral blood flow via a process known as 'neurovascular coupling'. While the mechanisms for this coupling are not completely resolved, it is generally agreed that astrocytes, with processes that extend to synapses and endfeet that surround blood vessels, mediate at least some of the signal that causes vasodilation. Several studies have shown that either genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of glutamate transport impairs neurovascular coupling. Together these studies strongly suggest that glutamate transport not only coordinates excitatory signaling, but also plays a pivotal role in regulating brain energetics.
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Robel S, Sontheimer H. Glia as drivers of abnormal neuronal activity. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:28-33. [PMID: 26713746 PMCID: PMC4966160 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes have been proposed to become incompetent bystanders in epilepsy as a result of cellular changes rendering them unable to perform important housekeeping functions. Indeed, successful surgical treatment of mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy hinges on the removal of the glial scar. New research now extends the role of astrocytes, suggesting that they may drive the disease process by impairing the inhibitory action of neuronal GABA receptors. Here we discuss studies that include hyperexcitability resulting from impaired supply of astrocytic glutamine for neuronal GABA synthesis, and epilepsy resulting from genetically induced astrogliosis or malignant transformation, both of which render the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA excitatory. In these examples, glial cells alter the expression or function of neuronal proteins involved in excitability. Although epilepsy has traditionally been thought of as a disease caused by changes in neuronal properties exclusively, these new findings challenge us to consider the contribution of glial cells as drivers of epileptogenesis in acquired epilepsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Robel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Glial Biology in Health, Disease, and Cancer Center, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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Block L. Glial dysfunction and persistent neuropathic postsurgical pain. Scand J Pain 2016; 10:74-81. [PMID: 28361776 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pain in response to injury is an important mechanism that serves to protect living beings from harm. However, persistent pain remaining long after the injury has healed serves no useful purpose and is a disabling condition. Persistent postsurgical pain, which is pain that lasts more than 3 months after surgery, affects 10-50% of patients undergoing elective surgery. Many of these patients are affected by neuropathic pain which is characterised as a pain caused by lesion or disease in the somatosensory nervous system. When established, this type of pain is difficult to treat and new approaches for prevention and treatment are needed. A possible contributing mechanism for the transition from acute physiological pain to persistent pain involves low-grade inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS), glial dysfunction and subsequently an imbalance in the neuron-glial interaction that causes enhanced and prolonged pain transmission. AIM This topical review aims to highlight the contribution that inflammatory activated glial cell dysfunction may have for the development of persistent pain. METHOD Relevant literature was searched for in PubMed. RESULTS Immediately after an injury to a nerve ending in the periphery such as in surgery, the inflammatory cascade is activated and immunocompetent cells migrate to the site of injury. Macrophages infiltrate the injured nerve and cause an inflammatory reaction in the nerve cell. This reaction leads to microglia activation in the central nervous system and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate and alter astrocyte function. Once the astrocytes and microglia have become activated, they participate in the development, spread, and potentiation of low-grade neuroinflammation. The inflammatory activated glial cells exhibit cellular changes, and their communication to each other and to neurons is altered. This renders neurons more excitable and pain transmission is enhanced and prolonged. Astrocyte dysfunction can be experimentally restored using the combined actions of a μ-opioid receptor agonist, a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, and an anti-epileptic agent. To find these agents we searched the literature for substances with possible anti-inflammatory properties that are usually used for other purposes in medicine. Inflammatory induced glial cell dysfunction is restorable in vitro by a combination of endomorphine-1, ultralow doses of naloxone and levetiracetam. Restoring inflammatory-activated glial cells, thereby restoring astrocyte-neuron interaction has the potential to affect pain transmission in neurons. CONCLUSION Surgery causes inflammation at the site of injury. Peripheral nerve injury can cause low-grade inflammation in the CNS known as neuroinflammation. Low-grade neuroinflammation can cause an imbalance in the glial-neuron interaction and communication. This renders neurons more excitable and pain transmission is enhanced and prolonged. Astrocytic dysfunction can be restored in vitro by a combination of endomorphin-1, ultralow doses of naloxone and levetiracetam. This restoration is essential for the interaction between astrocytes and neurons and hence also for modulation of synaptic pain transmission. IMPLICATIONS Larger studies in clinical settings are needed before these findings can be applied in a clinical context. Potentially, by targeting inflammatory activated glial cells and not only neurons, a new arena for development of pharmacological agents for persistent pain is opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Block
- Institute of Clinical Sciences at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Mammalian glutaminases catalyze the stoichiometric conversion of L-glutamine to L-glutamate and ammonium ions. In brain, glutaminase is considered the prevailing pathway for synthesis of the neurotransmitter pool of glutamate. Besides neurotransmission, the products of glutaminase reaction also fulfill crucial roles in energy and metabolic homeostasis in mammalian brain. In the last years, new functional roles for brain glutaminases are being uncovered by using functional genomic and proteomic approaches. Glutaminases may act as multifunctional proteins able to perform different tasks: the discovery of multiple transcript variants in neurons and glial cells, novel extramitochondrial localizations, and isoform-specific proteininteracting partners strongly support possible moonlighting functions for these proteins. In this chapter, we present a critical account of essential works on brain glutaminase 80 years after its discovery. We will highlight the impact of recent findings and thoughts in the context of the glutamate/glutamine brain homeostasis.
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A Tribute to Mary C. McKenna: Glutamate as Energy Substrate and Neurotransmitter-Functional Interaction Between Neurons and Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 42:4-9. [PMID: 26721512 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1813-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate metabolism in the brain is extremely complex not only involving a large variety of enzymes but also a tight partnership between neurons and astrocytes, the latter cells being in control of de novo synthesis of glutamate. This review provides an account of the processes involved, i.e. pyruvate carboxylation and recycling as well as the glutamate-glutamine cycle, focusing on the many seminal contributions from Dr. Mary McKenna. The ramification of the astrocytic end feet allowing contact and control of hundreds of thousands of synapses at the same time obviously puts these cells in a prominent position to regulate neural activity. Additionally, the astrocytes take active part in the neurotransmission processes by releasing a variety of gliotransmitters including glutamate. Hence, the term "the tripartite synapse", in which there is an active and dynamic interplay between the pre- and post-synaptic neurons and the ensheathing astrocytes, has been coined. The studies of Mary McKenna and her colleagues over several decades have been of paramount importance for the elucidation of compartmentation in astrocytes and synaptic terminals and the intricate metabolic processes underlying the glutamatergic neurotransmission process.
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Glutamate Limitation, BvgAS Activation, and (p)ppGpp Regulate the Expression of the Bordetella pertussis Type 3 Secretion System. J Bacteriol 2015; 198:343-51. [PMID: 26527639 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00596-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bordetella pertussis is a bacterium that is considered to be highly adapted to humans, and it has not been isolated from the environment. As this bacterium does not utilize sugars, the abundant supply of glutamate in Stainer Scholte (SS) medium enables B. pertussis to grow efficiently in liquid culture in vitro, and as such, SS medium is a popular choice for laboratory experiments. However, the concentration of glutamate in the in vivo niche of B. pertussis is quite low. We investigated the bacterial response to low concentrations of glutamate to elucidate bacterial physiology via the expression of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS), and we discuss its relationship to the Bvg mode in which the two-component regulator of pathogenesis (BvgAS) is activated. Glutamate limitation induced the expression of both the T3SS apparatus and effector genes at the transcriptional level. (p)ppGpp, a modulator of the stringent response, was necessary for maximum expression of the T3SS genes. These observations indicate that the expression of the T3SS is managed by nutrient starvation. In addition, the autoaggregation ability was high in the absence of glutamate and no autoaggregation was observed in glutamate-replete medium. Taken together, glutamate-limited conditions in Bvg(+) mode elicit the high expression of T3SS genes in B. pertussis and promotes its sessile form. IMPORTANCE Bordetella pertussis is a highly contagious pathogen that causes respiratory infectious disease. In spite of the increasing use of vaccination, the number of patients with pertussis is increasing. The proteins produced in vivo often are different from the protein profile under laboratory conditions; therefore, the development of conditions reflecting the host environment is important to understand native bacterial behavior. In the present study, we examined the effect of glutamate limitation, as its concentration in vivo is much lower than that in the culture medium currently used for B. pertussis experiments. As predicted, the T3SS was induced by glutamate limitation. These results are suggestive of the importance of regulation by nutrient conditions and in the pathogenicity of B. pertussis.
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Takado Y, Knott G, Humbel BM, Masoodi M, Escrig S, Meibom A, Comment A. Imaging the time-integrated cerebral metabolic activity with subcellular resolution through nanometer-scale detection of biosynthetic products deriving from 13C-glucose. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 69:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Evanson NK, Herman JP. Role of Paraventricular Nucleus Glutamate Signaling in Regulation of HPA Axis Stress Responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:253-260. [PMID: 26472933 DOI: 10.4036/iis.2015.b.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the main neuroendocrine arm of the stress response, activation of which leads to the production of glucocorticoid hormones. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that are secreted from the adrenal cortex, and have a variety of effects on the body, including modulation of the immune system, suppression of reproductive hormones maintenance of blood glucose levels, and maintenance of blood pressure. Glutamate plays an important role in coordination of HPA axis output. There is strong evidence that glutamate drives HPA axis stress responses through excitatory signaling via ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling. However, glutamate signaling via kainate receptors and group I metabotropic receptors inhibit HPA drive, probably via presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. Notably, kainate receptors are also localized in the median eminence, and appear to play an excitatory role in control of CRH release at the nerve terminals. Finally, glutamate innervation of the PVN undergoes neuroplastic changes under conditions of chronic stress, and may be involved in sensitization of HPA axis responses. Altogether, the data suggest that glutamate plays a complex role in excitation of CRH neurons, acting at multiple levels to both drive HPA axis responses and limit over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan K Evanson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric rehabilitation division. 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 4009, Cincinnati, OH, USA. 45229
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati. 2170 E. Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH, USA. 45237
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Takahashi K, Foster JB, Lin CLG. Glutamate transporter EAAT2: regulation, function, and potential as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3489-506. [PMID: 26033496 PMCID: PMC11113985 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is primarily responsible for clearance of extracellular glutamate to prevent neuronal excitotoxicity and hyperexcitability. EAAT2 plays a critical role in regulation of synaptic activity and plasticity. In addition, EAAT2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many central nervous system disorders. In this review, we summarize current understanding of EAAT2, including structure, pharmacology, physiology, and functions, as well as disease relevancy, such as in stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, and addiction. A large number of studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of EAAT2 protein provides significant beneficial effects in many disease models suggesting EAAT2 activation is a promising therapeutic approach. Several EAAT2 activators have been identified. Further understanding of EAAT2 regulatory mechanisms could improve development of drug-like compounds that spatiotemporally regulate EAAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Joshua B. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Chien-Liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Rama Rao KV, Kielian T. Neuron-astrocyte interactions in neurodegenerative diseases: Role of neuroinflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6:245-263. [PMID: 26543505 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective neuron loss in discrete brain regions is a hallmark of various neurodegenerative disorders, although the mechanisms responsible for this regional vulnerability of neurons remain largely unknown. Earlier studies attributed neuron dysfunction and eventual loss during neurodegenerative diseases as exclusively cell autonomous. Although cell-intrinsic factors are one critical aspect in dictating neuron death, recent evidence also supports the involvement of other central nervous system cell types in propagating non-cell autonomous neuronal injury during neurodegenerative diseases. One such example is astrocytes, which support neuronal and synaptic function, but can also contribute to neuroinflammatory processes through robust chemokine secretion. Indeed, aberrations in astrocyte function have been shown to negatively impact neuronal integrity in several neurological diseases. The present review focuses on neuroinflammatory paradigms influenced by neuron-astrocyte cross-talk in the context of select neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakulavarapu V Rama Rao
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Nissen JD, Pajęcka K, Stridh MH, Skytt DM, Waagepetersen HS. Dysfunctional TCA-Cycle Metabolism in Glutamate Dehydrogenase Deficient Astrocytes. Glia 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D. Nissen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kamilla Pajęcka
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Malin H. Stridh
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Dorte M. Skytt
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Helle S. Waagepetersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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