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Chen YQ, Wang J, Liao ML, Li XX, Dong YW. Temperature adaptations of the thermophilic snail Echinolittorina malaccana: insights from metabolomic analysis. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.238659. [PMID: 33536302 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The periwinkle snail Echinolittorina malaccana, for which the upper lethal temperature is near 55°C, is one of the most heat-tolerant eukaryotes known. We conducted a multi-level investigation - including cardiac physiology, enzyme activity, and targeted and untargeted metabolomic analyses - that elucidated a spectrum of adaptations to extreme heat in this organism. All systems examined showed heat intensity-dependent responses. Under moderate heat stress (37-45°C), the snail depressed cardiac activity and entered a state of metabolic depression. The global metabolomic and enzymatic analyses revealed production of metabolites characteristic of oxygen-independent pathways of ATP generation (lactate and succinate) in the depressed metabolic state, which suggests that anaerobic metabolism was the main energy supply pathway under heat stress (37-52°C). The metabolomic analyses also revealed alterations in glycerophospholipid metabolism under extreme heat stress (52°C), which likely reflected adaptive changes to maintain membrane structure. Small-molecular-mass organic osmolytes (glycine betaine, choline and carnitine) showed complex changes in concentration that were consistent with a role of these protein-stabilizing solutes in protection of the proteome under heat stress. This thermophilic species can thus deploy a wide array of adaptive strategies to acclimatize to extremely high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ming-Ling Liao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yun-Wei Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China .,Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
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Chen L, Wang Q, Cong X, Yu F, Xue Y, Tang Q, Xue C, Liu Y, Li Z. Seasonal Variations in Total Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Haliotis discus Hannai from Three Different Production Zones. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.1894287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohan Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fanqianhui Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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Ewere EE, Reichelt-Brushett A, Benkendorff K. Imidacloprid and formulated product impacts the fatty acids and enzymatic activities in tissues of Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104765. [PMID: 31353171 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of imidacloprid (IMI) and its formulated products in agriculture is a risk to aquatic organisms due to deposition into waterways from runoff and aerial spraying. However, there is limited information on the potential effects of this pesticide on commercially important shellfish, such as oysters. We investigated the impacts of IMI and Spectrum 200SC (IMI formulation) on the activity of the enzymes Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), in different oyster tissues including the gill, adductor muscle and digestive gland. We also investigated the condition index and fatty acid composition of the flesh of oysters after 2 weeks exposure. The concentrations of IMI in the different tissues was assessed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) after QuEChERS extraction. Higher concentrations of IMI residues were detected in the adductor muscle of the oysters, followed by the gills and with the lowest amounts recovered from the digestive gland across all the concentrations tested. IMI and Spectrum 200SC significantly affected the gill AChE activity at 2 mg/L, but digestive gland CAT, and gill and digestive gland GST were impacted at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.01 and 0.05 mg/L). In the whole oyster, 2 weeks exposure to IMI (≥0.01 mg/L) resulted in a proportional increase in saturated fatty acids (SFA), altered the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to SFA ratio and altered the omega 3 fatty acids (n-3) to omega 6 fatty acids (n-6) ratio, but there were no effects on the condition index of the oyster. Although the oysters responded differently to the formulated product, there was no consistent difference in the sublethal effects of analytical IMI and Spectrum 200SC. This study showed that exposure to IMI and Spectrum 200SC can significantly affect the biochemical processes and metabolites in oysters, with implications for food quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endurance E Ewere
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Amanda Reichelt-Brushett
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Kirsten Benkendorff
- Marine Ecology Research Centre, Southern Cross University, PO Box 157, Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia.
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Averbuj A, Fernández D, Penchaszadeh PE, Bigatti G. High energetic cost of oviposition in an edible marine gastropod. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 186:62-67. [PMID: 28943230 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The edible neogastropod Buccinanops cochlidium from Patagonia, Argentina, reproduces by means of egg capsules attached by the female to its own shell. Gravid females lay an outstanding mean of 500,000 eggs that nurse around 800 embryos, which hatch as crawling juveniles (4mm in shell length) after four months of intracapsular development. This reproductive investment could be expressed as the energy content (EC) estimated for the production of a complete egg mass (33.94±12.85 KJ), representing a conservative estimation of the total EC needed for an adult female to spawn, which is in average ∼12% of the total EC in gravid females. This high maternal investment allows a considerable offspring size, which confers them high survival chances. A translocation of energy stored in the foot during the oviposition season is shown in a relative decrease of ∼10% in the foot EC in respect of the total EC (61.8% in non-gravid females vs. 51.3% in gravid females). Gravid females showed significantly higher body wet mass/shell length index and higher total EC than non-gravid females (266.0±66.4 KJ vs. 184.3±69.6 KJ), suggesting that a body condition threshold is required for females to reproduce. These values represent an energetic surplus of over 40% of the total EC per individual when compared to non-gravid females. Protecting gravid females from fisheries would ensure the sustainability of the resource and must be taken into account when establishing fisheries policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Averbuj
- Laboratorio de reproducción y biología integrativa de invertebrados marinos (LARBIM), IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET - CENPAT. Bvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Fisiología y Evolución (LEFyE), CADIC - CONICET. Bernardo Houssay 200 (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Polares, Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego (ICPA-UNTDF), Los Ñires 2382 (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Penchaszadeh
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Angel Gallardo 470 (1405), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gregorio Bigatti
- Laboratorio de reproducción y biología integrativa de invertebrados marinos (LARBIM), IBIOMAR, CCT CONICET - CENPAT. Bvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACV Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; UNPSJB, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Bvd. Brown 3100 (9120), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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van Houcke J, Medina I, Maehre HK, Cornet J, Cardinal M, Linssen J, Luten J. The effect of algae diets (Skeletonema costatum and Rhodomonas baltica) on the biochemical composition and sensory characteristics of Pacific cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during land-based refinement. Food Res Int 2017; 100:151-160. [PMID: 28873674 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oyster refinement, a common practice in France, is aimed at increasing the weight of oyster tissue and influencing the taste properties of the refined oysters. Refinement usually takes place in land-based systems where the oysters are fed with relatively high concentrations of microalgae. In this study the impact of feeding Skeletonema costatum and Rhodomonas baltica on the biochemical composition and sensory characteristics of Pacific cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from the Eastern Scheldt during land-based refinement was studied. After a feeding period of four and seven weeks market-sized oysters were sampled for the analysis of fatty acids, free amino acids and volatile organic compounds and for a sensory evaluation by consumers and an expert panel. The algae Skeletonema costatum showed a lower ∑PUFA, ∑n-3, ∑n-6, C18:2n6, C18:3n3, C18:4n3, C22:6n3 content as compared with Rhodomonas baltica. These differences were also reflected in the fatty acid profile of the oysters fed with the corresponding algae diets. Furthermore, general linear model and principal component analysis showed marked differences in free amino acids and volatile organic compound content between Skeletonema, Rhodomonas fed oysters and reference oysters. For example, threonine, glutamine, leucine, histidine, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, (E,E)-2,4-octadien-1-ol, (E,Z)-3,6-nonadien-1-ol and (Z,E)-2,6-nonadienal contents were higher in Skeletonema fed oysters compared to Rhodomonas fed oysters. Sensory differences between the experimental oyster groups were shown. Skeletonema fed Pacific cupped oysters were characterized by a stronger seaweed flavor, higher perceived sweetness and a firmer texture in comparison with Rhodomonas fed oysters. Naïve consumers were only able to differentiate between Rhodomonas fed oysters and reference oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper van Houcke
- HZ University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 364, 4380 AJ Vlissingen, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food Quality and Design, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas del CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, E-36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Hanne K Maehre
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Josiane Cornet
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EM3B), Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Mireille Cardinal
- Laboratoire Ecosystèmes Microbiens et Molécules Marines pour les Biotechnologies (EM3B), Ifremer, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Jozef Linssen
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food Quality and Design, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop Luten
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Food Quality and Design, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Moreira A, Figueira E, Pecora IL, Soares AMVM, Freitas R. Biochemical alterations in native and exotic oyster species in Brazil in response to increasing temperature. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:183-193. [PMID: 27816652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The increase of temperature in marine coastal ecosystems due to atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions is becoming an increasing threat for biodiversity worldwide, and may affect organisms' biochemical performance, often resulting in biogeographical shifts of species distribution. At the same time, the introduction of non-native species into aquatic systems also threatens biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Oysters are among the most valuable socio economic group of bivalve species in global fishery landings, and also provide numerous ecosystem services. However, the introduction of non-native oyster species, namely Crassostrea gigas for aquaculture purposes may threaten native oyster species, mainly by out competing their native congeners. It is therefore of upmost importance to understand physiological and biochemical responses of native and introduced oyster species in a scenario of global temperature rise, in order to provide knowledge that may allow for better species management. Hence, we compared biochemical alterations of the introduced C. gigas and the native Crassostrea brasiliana, the most important oyster species in Brazil, in response to different thermal regimes for 28days (24, 28 and 32°C). For this, metabolism (ETS), energy content (GLY), antioxidant system (SOD, CAT and GSH/GSSG) and cellular damage (LPO) were assessed in adult and juvenile specimens of both species. Juvenile C. gigas were the most affected by increased temperatures, presenting higher mortality, more pronounced antioxidant response (SOD), whereas adults were more tolerant than juveniles, showing no mortality, no significant changes in antioxidant enzymes activity neither energy expenditure. Native C. brasiliana juveniles presented lower mortality and less pronounced biochemical alterations were noted at higher temperature comparing to non-native C. gigas juveniles. Adult C. brasiliana were the least responsive to tested temperatures. Results obtained in this study bring interesting new insights on different oyster species life stages' physiological and biochemical tolerance towards thermal stress. The native species C. brasiliana showed ability to maintain biochemical performance at higher temperatures, with less pronounced biochemical changes than the non-native species. The introduced (C. gigas) showed to be more sensitive, presenting biochemical alterations to cope with the increase of temperature. Despite the lower observed fitness of the introduced species to temperatures closer to those naturally experienced by the native species, the ability of C. gigas to cope with higher temperatures should still raise concerns towards the native species C. brasiliana management and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Moreira
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Iracy L Pecora
- Campus do Litoral Paulista - Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n., CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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van Houcke J, Medina I, Linssen J, Luten J. Biochemical and volatile organic compound profile of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) and Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) cultivated in the Eastern Scheldt and Lake Grevelingen, the Netherlands. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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“Gone with the wind”: Fatty acid biomarkers and chemotaxonomy of stranded pleustonic hydrozoans (Velella velella and Physalia physalis). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Dagorn F, Couzinet-Mossion A, Kendel M, Beninger PG, Rabesaotra V, Barnathan G, Wielgosz-Collin G. Exploitable Lipids and Fatty Acids in the Invasive Oyster Crassostrea gigas on the French Atlantic Coast. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060104. [PMID: 27231919 PMCID: PMC4926063 DOI: 10.3390/md14060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic exploitation is one means to offset the cost of controlling invasive species, such as the introduced Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg) on the French Atlantic coast. Total lipid and phospholipid (PL) fatty acids (FAs) and sterols were examined in an invasive population of C. gigas in Bourgneuf Bay, France, over four successive seasons, with a view to identify possible sources of exploitable substances. The total lipid level (% dry weight) varied from 7.1% (winter) to 8.6% (spring). Of this, PLs accounted for 28.1% (spring) to 50.4% (winter). Phosphatidylcholine was the dominant PL throughout the year (up to 74% of total PLs in winter). Plasmalogens were identified throughout the year as a series of eleven dimethylacetals (DMAs) with chain lengths between C16 and C20 (up to 14.5% of PL FAs + DMAs in winter). Thirty-seven FAs were identified in the PL FAs. Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3 EPA/7.53% to 14.5%) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3 DHA/5.51% to 9.5%) were the dominant polyunsaturated FAs in all seasons. Two non-methylene-interrupted dienoic (NMID) FAs were identified in all seasons: 7,13-docosadienoic and 7,15-docosadienoic acids, the latter being present at relatively high levels (up to 9.6% in winter). Twenty free sterols were identified, including cholesterol at 29.9% of the sterol mixture and about 33% of phytosterols. C. gigas tissues thus contained exploitable lipids for health benefits or as a potential source of high-quality commercial lecithin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Dagorn
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Aurélie Couzinet-Mossion
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Melha Kendel
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Peter G Beninger
- Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR34473 CNRS, 2 rue de La Houssinière BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - Vony Rabesaotra
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Gilles Barnathan
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
| | - Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Nantes, Groupe Mer, Molécules, Santé-EA 2160, Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral FR3473 CNRS, 9 rue Bias, BP 53508, F-44035 Nantes Cedex 1, France.
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Chakraborty K, Chakkalakal SJ, Joseph D, Asokan PK, Vijayan KK. Nutritional and Antioxidative Attributes of Green Mussel (Perna viridisL.) from the Southwestern Coast of India. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2015.1004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Latuihamallo M, Iriana D, Apituley D. Amino Acid and Fatty Acid of Abalone Haliotis Squamata Cultured in Different Aquaculture Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fernández A, Grienke U, Soler-Vila A, Guihéneuf F, Stengel DB, Tasdemir D. Seasonal and geographical variations in the biochemical composition of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) from Ireland. Food Chem 2014; 177:43-52. [PMID: 25660856 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) farming constitutes the largest volume of the shellfish sector in Ireland. Recently, interest in mussel dietary supplements and functional foods has increased significantly. To identify the optimal harvesting time and location in Ireland, blue mussels were investigated for their biochemical composition over a period of one year. The study included samples from aquaculture facilities, wild grown mussels and waste material. Each sample was analysed at four time points to determine the total content of (i) glycogen, (ii) lipids, (iii) proteins, (iv) inorganic substances, and (v) energy. Moreover, fatty acid profiles were investigated by GC-FID revealing high contents of PUFAs and a high ω-3/ω-6 ratio. Compared to less pronounced geographical variations, distinct seasonal trends could be observed for all samples. The content of the investigated metabolite classes, inorganic substances, and energy was at a maximum level in spring or late summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoa Fernández
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ulrike Grienke
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Anna Soler-Vila
- Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Freddy Guihéneuf
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dagmar B Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Fratini G, Medina I, Lupi P, Messini A, Pazos M, Parisi G. Effect of a finishing period in sea on the shelf life of Pacific oysters (C. gigas) farmed in lagoon. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hurtado MA, Racotta IS, Arcos F, Morales-Bojórquez E, Moal J, Soudant P, Palacios E. Seasonal variations of biochemical, pigment, fatty acid, and sterol compositions in female Crassostrea corteziensis oysters in relation to the reproductive cycle. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:172-83. [PMID: 22613818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wild female Crassostrea corteziensis oyster (n=245) were analyzed over one year to understand the main ecophysiological events associated to gonad development. Different indicators (mainly biochemical) were analyzed to infer: i) utilization and accumulation of energy reserves (e.g. neutral lipids, carbohydrates, proteins; vitellogenin), ii) membrane components provided by the diet as essential nutrients and indicative of cell proliferation (e.g. highly unsaturated fatty acids linked to phospholipids, sterols), iii) indicators of food availability (chlorophyll a in water, pigments in tissues, specific fatty acids and sterols), iv) gonad development (e.g. gonad coverage area, vitellin). A PCA analysis was applied to 269 measured variables. The first PC (PC1) was composed of total carbohydrate and lipid concentration, percentage of esterified sterols, fatty acids specific of diatoms; 16:1n-7/16:0, 20:5n-3 in neutral lipids with positive loadings and non methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMI) in neutral lipids with negative loadings. The second PC (PC2) was composed of 18:4n-3 in lipid reserves and the concentration of zeaxanthin, a pigment typical of cyanobacteria with positive loadings and the proportion of 20:4n-6 in polar lipids with negative loading. The third PC (PC3) was composed of gonad coverage area (GCA) and the concentration of vitellin. Variation in GCA confirms that gonad development began in April with an extended period of spawning and rematuration from April to November. The PCA further shows that a second period of minimal maturation from November to March corresponds to the accumulation of reserves (PC1) together with an initial high availability of food (PC2) at the beginning of this period. These two periods are in accordance with the classical periods of allocation of energy to reserves followed by gonad development reported for several mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Hurtado
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, Mexico
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Le Grand F, Kraffe E, Marty Y, Donaghy L, Soudant P. Membrane phospholipid composition of hemocytes in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2011; 159:383-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Seasonal variations of total lipid and fatty acid contents in muscle, gonad and digestive glands of farmed Jade Tiger hybrid abalone in Australia. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Saito H, Marty Y. High Levels of Icosapentaenoic Acid in the Lipids of Oyster Crassostrea gigas Ranging over Both Japan and France. J Oleo Sci 2010; 59:281-92. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.59.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ventrella V, Pirini M, Pagliarani A, Trombetti F, Manuzzi MP, Borgatti AR. Effect of temporal and geographical factors on fatty acid composition of M. galloprovincialis from the Adriatic sea. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 149:241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Ketata I, Smaoui-Damak W, Guermazi F, Rebai T, Hamza-Chaffai A. In situ endocrine disrupting effects of cadmium on the reproduction of Ruditapes decussatus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 146:415-30. [PMID: 17611166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The gulf of Gabès is well known for its multiple contaminations which are closely associated with the past and present industrial and anthropogenic activity. In order to evaluate in situ the cadmium bioaccumulation in the clam Ruditapes decussatus sampled in this area, we measured cadmium concentrations in the whole soft tissues and in the digestive gland during one year. Energy reserves (proteins, glycogen, lipids) were monitored during gametogenesis in the remainder (mantle, adductor muscle, foot, siphons) of clams. Sex steroids (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol-17beta) were also measured by radio-immunoassay (RIA) in the gonads. The results showed that cadmium varied according to the reproductive cycle. High values were recorded at the resting stage in both sexes, during the gamete development and maturation in males and at the ripening and partially spawn stages in females. No significant changes in protein levels were observed in both females and males. However, high levels of glycogen and lipid reserves were recorded during the gametogenesis activity (from the development to the partially spawn stages). For steroid analyses, the results showed no important changes in testosterone levels all along the reproductive cycle. Fluctuations of sex steroids (especially progesterone and estradiol-17beta) could suggest their possible role as endogenous modulators of gametogenesis in R. decussatus. Correlation matrix and multiple regression models were also proposed to describe negative and significant relationship between cadmium and (glycogen, progesterone, testosterone and estradiol-17beta). These correlations may suggest the involvement of cadmium in the dysfunction of energy status and the endocrine disruption which could impede reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ketata
- Ecotoxicologie Marine, UR 09-03, Université de Sfax, IPEIS, BP 805, 3018 Sfax, and Service nucléaire, Hôpital Habib Bourguiba, Tunisia
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21
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Hanson N, Larsson A. Influence of feeding procedure on biomarkers in caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) used in environmental monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:168-73. [PMID: 17285159 DOI: 10.1039/b617917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers in feral fish can be a useful tool for environmental monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Drawbacks, however, are that suitable fish species are not always available and that natural variations can bias the results. An alternative strategy is to use farmed fish placed in cages. There is, however, still a risk that factors other than pollution level could have an impact on the biomarkers and the observed responses in the fish. The present study evaluates the effects of feeding procedure on biomarkers in caged fish. Two feeding rations (2% and 8% weekly feeding) have been examined for a large number of biomarkers in caged rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Significant effects of feeding rations were found on hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and catalase activity, PAH metabolites in bile, plasma ion concentrations and the presence of immature red blood cells. The influence on EROD activity and PAH metabolites seems to be caused by elevated uptake of pollutants when feeding ratios are higher. The effects on other biochemical and physiological variables are more likely caused by stress due to insufficient feeding. According to these results, valid comparison of fish groups in environmental monitoring requires standardized feeding levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hanson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, Box 461, Göteborg, Sweden.
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SU XIAOQUN, ANTONAS KIRIAKOS, LI DUO, NICHOLS PETER. SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF TOTAL LIPID AND FATTY ACID CONTENTS IN THE MUSCLE OF TWO AUSTRALIAN FARMED ABALONE SPECIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2006.00063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vale P. Detailed profiles of 7-O-acyl esters in plankton and shellfish from the Portuguese coast. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:181-8. [PMID: 16860331 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In bivalve mollusks from the Portuguese coast contaminated by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), most of the parent toxins, okadaic acid (OA) or dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX2), are found esterified, and toxicity assessment is only performed after an alkaline hydrolysis step to recover the parent molecules in their free form. The presence of 7-O-acyl esters with fatty acids (FAs) has already been confirmed previously in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Donax trunculus samples. This paper reports the presence of acyl esters in a wider range of estuarine and offshore bivalve species found by direct analysis in LC-MS. The total of acyl esters found in each species represented the percentages commonly found by hydrolysis in those species in previous years, justifying the majority of the esters commonly found in shellfish. This implies that any diol esters remaining after digestion of toxic microalgae would represent only a minor contribution to the ester's contents. Esters with C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C20:5 and C22:6 FAs were the most abundant, followed by esters with C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C18:4. This is the first report of OA and DTX2 esters with odd FAs: C15:0, C17:0, C17:1, and probably a branched FA: iso-C16:0. Esters with iso-C16:0 where found in high percentages particularly in two species of estuarine clams, where they represented 13-34% of total esters found. Esters were also found in plankton, predominantly with C16:0. Total esters in plankton were not higher than 10%, not enough to justify per se the high levels found in bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vale
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas - IPIMAR, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Zanette J, Monserrat JM, Bianchini A. Biochemical biomarkers in gills of mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae from three Brazilian estuaries. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 143:187-95. [PMID: 16542881 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2005] [Revised: 01/29/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Responses of biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in gills of immature adult mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae collected in three estuarine regions along the Brazilian coast. In each region, ten oysters were collected in one reference site (R) located far from pollution sources, and in two polluted sites (P-I and P-II sites) located in another water body with similar characteristics. P-I site is located close to recognized pollution sources while P-II site is in the same water body, but far from pollution sources. At the Paranaguá Bay (Southern Brazil), polluted sites receive domestic, harbor and phosphate fertilizer plant discharges. High lipid peroxides (LPO) content was observed in winter oysters from the P-I site. In summer, higher catalase activity was observed in these oysters. In the Piraquê region (Southeastern Brazil), polluted sites receive domestic and agricultural effluents. Lower total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) towards peroxyradicals was observed in summer oysters from both P-I and P-II sites. In the Itamaracá region (Northeastern Brazil), polluted sites receive paper mill and caustic soda and chlorine factories effluents. Increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was observed in oysters from the P-I site in both summer and winter. At Paranaguá Bay (higher latitude), no seasonal differences were observed in oysters from the R site, suggesting that temperature was not an important factor influencing biomarkers levels. Lower GST activity was observed in oysters from the R site of the Itamaracá Bay (lower latitude) in winter and summer. Taken together, data obtained point to responses of biomarkers in oysters from polluted sites of the three estuarine regions analyzed, indicating the need for future monitoring of the biological effects of contaminants in these environments. They also point to the relevance to consider both season and latitude as factors influencing biomarker responses in environmental contamination monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Zanette
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Campus Carreiros, RS, Brazil
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Ozmen M, Güngördü A, Kucukbay FZ, Güler RE. Monitoring the effects of water pollution on Cyprinus carpio in Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2006; 15:157-69. [PMID: 16374666 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-005-0045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Karakaya Dam Lake (KDL) is one of the most important water sources, both for irrigation and fishery, located in eastern part of Turkey. This study is concerned with the pollution of the lake contributed by urban, industrial and agricultural activities. The parameters selected for this aim were the enzymes commonly used as biomarkers of environmental pollution. The activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CE), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) has been determined in liver tissue samples of Cyprinus carpio, a representative species of KDL. Furthermore, brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity which is mainly affected by pesticides such as organophosphates, has been assayed. Chemical analysis results showed that KDL was polluted by various heavy metals as it was apparent from water, sediment and gill tissue. The activity of brain AChE was significantly lower in all localities than Tecimli area (St-5) where there is no agricultural and industrial activities in the immediate periphery. Thus, this change of AChE activity may relate to agricultural pollution in KDL. On the other hand, no significant differences were found for selected enzyme biomarkers, but condition factor (CF) or hepatosomatic index were significantly different from the St-5 samples, a result that may be attributed to water pollution in KDL by various contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ozmen
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology, Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Inonu University, 44069, Malatya, Turkey.
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Seguineau C, Soudant P, Moal J, Delaporte M, Miner P, Quéré C, Samain JF. Techniques for delivery of arachidonic acid to pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, spat. Lipids 2005; 40:931-9. [PMID: 16329466 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested two techniques for dietary supplementation of Crassostrea gigas spat with PUFA, such as arachidonic acid (AA). The first technique consisted of a preliminary enrichment and growth of an algal concentrate (T-ISO, Isochrysis sp.) with AA dissolved in an ethanol solution, the whole culture then being fed to the spat. This enrichment increased the AA weight percentage in T-ISO neutral and polar lipids from 0.6 to 22.4% and from 0.4 to 6.8%, respectively. The second delivery technique was direct addition separately of free AA dissolved in ethanol solution and algal concentrate (T-ISO + AA) to the spat-rearing tank. To test the efficiency of these delivery techniques, oyster spat were supplemented with AA-enriched T-ISO, T-ISO + AA, and T-ISO alone. The possible biological impacts of these dietary treatments were assessed by measuring growth, condition index, and TAG content of oyster spat. Dry weight and condition index of spat fed AA-enriched T-ISO decreased by 24 and 49%, respectively, after 26 d of feeding; basically, TAG content declined 88% after 34 d of conditioning. When AA was added directly to seawater, spat growth and condition index were comparable with those of oysters fed T-ISO alone. AA incorporation in oyster tissues was assessed by analysis of the FA compositions in both neutral and polar lipid fractions. After 34 d, AA content in neutral lipids reached 7 and 11.7% in the spat fed, respectively, AA-enriched T-ISO and T-ISO + AA, as compared with 1.1% in spat fed only T-ISO. AA incorporation was greater in polar lipids than in neutral lipids, reaching 7.8 and 12.5% in spat fed AA-enriched T-ISO and T-ISO + AA, respectively. A direct addition of PUFA along with the food supply represents an effective and promising means to supplement PUFA to oyster spat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Seguineau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie des Invertébrés, Institut Français de Recherché pour l'Exploitation de la Mer de Brest, Plouzané, France
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Brazão S, Morais S, Boaventura D, Ré P, Narciso L, Hawkins SJ. Spatial and temporal variation of the fatty acid composition of Patella spp. (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) soft bodies and gonads. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136:425-41. [PMID: 14602151 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of season and spatial distribution on the fatty acid composition of Patella depressa gonads and Patella spp. soft body tissue. The results show that the quantitatively most important fatty acids were the saturated fatty acids (SFA) 16:0, 14:0 and 18:0; the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 18:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 16:1(n-7) and 20:1(n-9) and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 20:5(n-3)), and arachidonic acid (ARA 20:4(n-6)). P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis soft body fatty acid profiles revealed significant differences between sexes; males showed significantly higher percentages of PUFA, highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), (n-3) fatty acids and ARA, while in females significantly higher proportions of MUFA were found. Analysis of variance on the fatty acid composition of P. depressa gonads revealed significant differences between sexes, which were more marked than when the whole body was analysed. Males showed a significantly higher percentage of PUFA, HUFA, fatty acids from the (n-3) and (n-6) series, ARA and EPA, while females were seen to have higher proportions of SFA, MUFA and total fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Some variability was seen to occur due to shore location and seasons, but these effects were not so obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Brazão
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia/IMAR-Faculdade da Ciências de Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada do Guincho, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal
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Pazos AJ, Sánchez JL, Román G, Luz Pérez-Parallé M, Abad M. Seasonal changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition in the digestive gland of Pecten maximus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 134:367-80. [PMID: 12568813 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal variations in lipid classes and fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in the digestive gland of Pecten maximus were studied over a period of 16 months. Acylglycerols predominated (19-77% of total lipids), in accordance with the role of the digestive gland as an organ for lipid storage in scallops. Seasonal variations were mainly seen in the acylglycerol content, while phospholipids (2.5-10.0% of total lipids) and sterols (1.9-7.4% of total lipids) showed only minor changes. The most abundant fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 18:1(n-7), 18:4(n-3), 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) and these showed similar seasonal profiles in both, triacylglycerol and phospholipid fractions. In contrast to the phospholipid fraction, the triacylglycerol fraction contained more 20:5(n-3) than 22:6(n-3). In three phospholipid samples we noted a high percentage of a 22-2-non-methylene-interrupted fatty acid, previously described to have a structural role in several bivalve species. The main polyunsaturated fatty acids displayed important seasonal variations parallel to those of the acylglycerols, suggesting good nutritional conditions. A positive correlation existed between the level of saturated fatty acids and temperature, whereas the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids correlated negatively with temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pazos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Freites L, Fernández-Reiriz MJ, Labarta U. Fatty acid profiles of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lmk) mussel of subtidal and rocky shore origin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:453-61. [PMID: 12031472 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid profiles of seeds of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis originating from two habitats (rocky shore and subtidal) were compared after transfer to the same habitat (subtidal). The objective was to study the initial levels of different fatty acids of metabolic importance and, furthermore, the variability of these fatty acids over the experimental period. The results show that of all fatty acids identified in both seed groups, the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is the group with highest percentage. Within this group, the C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 fatty acids show the highest levels. Additionally, the mussels of subtidal origin presented higher initial levels than the rocky shore mussels with regard to fatty acids characterised by energetic-type functions, such as the C14:0, C16:0, and the C20:5n-3 fatty acids, among others. Fatty acids characterised by structural-type functions, e.g. C18:0, C22:6n-3 and non-methylene interrupted dienoic (NMID) with 20 and 22 carbons in rocky shore mussels presented higher levels than those of the subtidal mussels. However, it has not been ruled out that aside from influences relating to the functional aspects of the different fatty acids, the initial differences were also associated with the quantitative and qualitative differences of the available food in both habitats. Nevertheless, 22 days into the experiment (in the majority of cases) the initial differences disappear in the different fatty acids with metabolic importance. On the basis of these results, the influence that mussel origin could exercise on the variability of the fatty acid profiles of recognised metabolic importance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Freites
- CSIC Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, C/Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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