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Tchaikovsky I, Lucena MM, Andrade da Costa BLDS, Garcia-Cairasco N, Carelli PV, Cairrao M. Behavior and electrophysiological effects on striatum-nigra circuit after high frequency stimulation. Relevance to Parkinson and epilepsy. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:523-531. [PMID: 34082662 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2021.1929216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of plasticity in the striatum, and its relation with the striatum-nigra neuronal circuit has clinical and neurophysiological relevance to Parkinson and epilepsy. High frequency stimulation (HFS) can induce neural plasticity. Furthermore, it is possible to induce plasticity in the dorsal striatum and this can be modulated by substantia nigra activity. But it has not been shown yet what would be the effects in the striatum-nigra circuit after plasticity induction in striatum with HSF. Literature also misses a detailed description of the way back loop of the circuit: the striatal firing rate after substantia nigrás inhibition. We here conducted: First Experiment, application of HFS in dorsomedial striatum and measure of spontaneous and longlasting behavior expression in the open field three days later; Second, application of single pulses on dorsomedial striatum and measure of the evoked potentials in substantia nigra before and after HFS; Third Experiment: inhibition of substantia nigra and recording of the firing rate of dorsomedial striatum. HFS in dorsomedial striatum caused increased locomotion behaviors, but not classical stereotypy. However, rats had either an increase or decrease in substantia nigrás evoked potentials. Also, substantia nigrás inhibition caused an increase in dorsomedial striatum firing rate. Present data are suggestive of a potential application of HFS in striatum, as an attempt to modulate behavior rigidity and hypokinesia of diseases involving the basal ganglia, especially Parkinson´s Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tchaikovsky
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pedro V Carelli
- Physics department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cairrao
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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2
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Corongiu S, Dessì C, Espa E, Pisanu A, Pinna A, Lecca D, Fenu S, Cadoni C. Influence of Age and Genetic Background on Ethanol Intake and Behavioral Response Following Ethanol Consumption and During Abstinence in a Model of Alcohol Abuse. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:858940. [PMID: 35418842 PMCID: PMC8996132 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.858940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic background and age at first exposure have been identified as critical variables that contribute to individual vulnerability to drug addiction. Evidence shows that genetic factors may account for 40–70% of the variance in liability to addiction. Alcohol consumption by young people, especially in the form of binge-drinking, is becoming an alarming phenomenon predictive of future problems with drinking. Thus, the literature indicates the need to better understand the influence of age and genetic background on the development of alcohol dependence. To this aim, the inbred rat strains Lewis (LEW, addiction prone) and Fischer 344 (F344, addiction resistant) were used as a model of genetic vulnerability to addiction and compared with the outbred strain Sprague-Dawley (SD) in a two-bottle choice paradigm as a model of alcohol abuse. During a 9-week period, adolescent and adult male rats of the three strains were intermittently exposed to ethanol (20%) and water during three 24-h sessions/week. Adult and adolescent SD and LEW rats escalated their alcohol intake over time reaching at stable levels, while F344 rats did not escalate their intake, regardless of age at drinking onset. Among adolescents, only F344 rats consumed a higher total amount of ethanol than adults, although only SD and LEW rats escalated their intake. Adult LEW rats, albeit having a lower ethanol consumption as compared to SD rats but greater than F344, showed a more compulsive intake, consuming higher amounts of ethanol during the first hour of exposure, reaching a higher degree of ethanol preference when start drinking as adolescents. Behavioral analysis during the first hour of ethanol consumption revealed significant strain differences, among which noticeable the lack of sedative effect in the LEW strain, at variance with F344 and SD strains, and highest indices of withdrawal (most notable jumping) in LEW rats during the first hour of abstinence days. The present results underscore the importance of individual genetic background and early onset of alcohol use in the progression toward abuse and development of alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corongiu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Christian Dessì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Espa
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Augusta Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniele Lecca
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandro Fenu
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Cadoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council of Italy, Cagliari, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cristina Cadoni, ,
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3
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Ferré S, Guitart X, Quiroz C, Rea W, García-Malo C, Garcia-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Earley CJ. Akathisia and Restless Legs Syndrome: Solving the Dopaminergic Paradox. Sleep Med Clin 2021; 16:249-267. [PMID: 33985651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Akathisia is an urgent need to move that is associated with treatment with dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs) and with restless legs syndrome (RLS). The pathogenetic mechanism of akathisia has not been resolved. This article proposes that it involves an increased presynaptic dopaminergic transmission in the ventral striatum and concomitant strong activation of postsynaptic dopamine D1 receptors, which form complexes (heteromers) with dopamine D3 and adenosine A1 receptors. It also proposes that in DRBA-induced akathisia, increased dopamine release depends on inactivation of autoreceptors, whereas in RLS it depends on a brain iron deficiency-induced down-regulation of striatal presynaptic A1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Ferré
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Xavier Guitart
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - César Quiroz
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - William Rea
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Triad Building, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Celia García-Malo
- Sleep Research Institute, Paseo de la Habana 151, Madrid 28036, Spain
| | | | - Richard P Allen
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Christopher J Earley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Mukherjee D, Gonzales BJ, Ashwal-Fluss R, Turm H, Groysman M, Citri A. Egr2 induction in spiny projection neurons of the ventrolateral striatum contributes to cocaine place preference in mice. eLife 2021; 10:65228. [PMID: 33724178 PMCID: PMC8057818 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug addiction develops due to brain-wide plasticity within neuronal ensembles, mediated by dynamic gene expression. Though the most common approach to identify such ensembles relies on immediate early gene expression, little is known of how the activity of these genes is linked to modified behavior observed following repeated drug exposure. To address this gap, we present a broad-to-specific approach, beginning with a comprehensive investigation of brain-wide cocaine-driven gene expression, through the description of dynamic spatial patterns of gene induction in subregions of the striatum, and finally address functionality of region-specific gene induction in the development of cocaine preference. Our findings reveal differential cell-type specific dynamic transcriptional recruitment patterns within two subdomains of the dorsal striatum following repeated cocaine exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that induction of the IEG Egr2 in the ventrolateral striatum, as well as the cells within which it is expressed, are required for the development of cocaine seeking. The human brain is ever changing, constantly rewiring itself in response to new experiences, knowledge or information from the environment. Addictive drugs such as cocaine can hijack the genetic mechanisms responsible for this plasticity, creating dangerous, obsessive drug-seeking and consuming behaviors. Cocaine-induced plasticity is difficult to apprehend, however, as brain regions or even cell populations can react differently to the compound. For instance, sub-regions in the striatum – the brain area that responds to rewards and helps to plan movement – show distinct responses during progressive exposure to cocaine. And while researchers know that the drug immediately changes how neurons switch certain genes on and off, it is still unclear how these genetic modifications later affect behavior. Mukherjee, Gonzales et al. explored these questions at different scales, first focusing on how progressive cocaine exposure changed the way various gene programs were activated across the entire brain. This revealed that programs in the striatum were the most affected by the drug. Examining this region more closely showed that cocaine switches on genes in specific ‘spiny projection’ neuron populations, depending on where these cells are located and the drug history of the mouse. Finally, Mukherjee, Gonzales et al. used genetically modified mice to piece together cocaine exposure, genetic changes and modifications in behavior. These experiments revealed that the drive to seek cocaine depended on activation of the Egr2 gene in populations of spiny projection neurons in a specific sub-region of the striatum. The gene, which codes for a protein that regulates how genes are switched on and off, was itself strongly activated by cocaine intake. Cocaine addiction can have devastating consequences for individuals. Grasping how this drug alters the brain could pave the way for new treatments, while also providing information on the basic mechanisms underlying brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Mukherjee
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben Jerry Gonzales
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Reut Ashwal-Fluss
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Turm
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maya Groysman
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ami Citri
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Program in Child and Brain Development, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, MaRS Centre, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Bakhurin KI, Li X, Friedman AD, Lusk NA, Watson GD, Kim N, Yin HH. Opponent regulation of action performance and timing by striatonigral and striatopallidal pathways. eLife 2020; 9:e54831. [PMID: 32324535 PMCID: PMC7180055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia have been implicated in action selection and timing, but the relative contributions of the striatonigral (direct) and striatopallidal (indirect) pathways to these functions remain unclear. We investigated the effects of optogenetic stimulation of D1+ (direct) and A2A+ (indirect) neurons in the ventrolateral striatum in head-fixed mice on a fixed time reinforcement schedule. Direct pathway stimulation initiates licking, whereas indirect pathway stimulation suppresses licking and results in rebound licking after stimulation. Moreover, direct and indirect pathways also play distinct roles in timing. Direct pathway stimulation produced a resetting of the internal timing process, whereas indirect pathway stimulation transiently paused timing, and proportionally delayed the next bout of licking. Our results provide evidence for the continuous and opposing contributions of the direct and indirect pathways in the production and timing of reward-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoran Li
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Alexander D Friedman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Nicholas A Lusk
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Glenn Dr Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Namsoo Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, United States
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Grieb ZA, Vitale EM, Morrell JI, Lonstein JS, Pereira M. Decreased mesolimbic dopaminergic signaling underlies the waning of maternal caregiving across the postpartum period in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:1107-1119. [PMID: 31927604 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) signaling is essential for the high maternal caregiving characteristic of the early postpartum period, but little is known about dopamine's role in the expression of maternal caregiving thereafter. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that decreased mesolimbic dopaminergic signaling is particularly responsible for the natural decline in maternal caregiving that occurs as the postpartum period progresses. METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) mother rats received intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle, the DA D1 receptor agonist SKF38393, the DA D2 receptor agonist quinpirole, or both agonists twice daily from postpartum days 9 to 15. In a separate experiment involving Long-Evans (LE) rats, we examined whether DA D1 and D2 receptor mRNAs in the nucleus accumbens (NA) shell and ventral tegmental area (VTA), along with DA turnover in the VTA, decline across the postpartum period in parallel with the decreasing maternal behavior. RESULTS All drug treatments significantly maintained higher frequencies of active maternal behaviors (nesting, pup licking, retrieval) compared to vehicle. Furthermore, the majority of mothers treated with SKF38393 either alone or combined with quinpirole maintained full expression of maternal behavior during behavioral testing. D2 receptor mRNA levels were found to be lower in the late postpartum NA shell and VTA compared to early postpartum, but D1 receptor mRNA levels in the NA shell were higher in the late postpartum period. Furthermore, both late postpartum and recently parturient LE mothers had higher VTA DA turnover compared to nulliparae, suggesting changes in mesolimbic signal-to-noise ratio both at the end and beginning of motherhood. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that alterations in mesolimbic DA is part of the neural substrate responsible for dynamic maternal caregiving across the entire postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Grieb
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, 880 Petit Science Center, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Erika M Vitale
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Joan I Morrell
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 316 Physics Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Mariana Pereira
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 535 Tobin Hall, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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7
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Maia TV, Conceição VA. Dopaminergic Disturbances in Tourette Syndrome: An Integrative Account. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:332-344. [PMID: 29656800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is thought to involve dopaminergic disturbances, but the nature of those disturbances remains controversial. Existing hypotheses suggest that TS involves 1) supersensitive dopamine receptors, 2) overactive dopamine transporters that cause low tonic but high phasic dopamine, 3) presynaptic dysfunction in dopamine neurons, or 4) dopaminergic hyperinnervation. We review evidence that contradicts the first two hypotheses; we also note that the last two hypotheses have traditionally been considered too narrowly, explaining only small subsets of findings. We review all studies that have used positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerized tomography to investigate the dopaminergic system in TS. The seemingly diverse findings from those studies have typically been interpreted as pointing to distinct mechanisms, as evidenced by the various hypotheses concerning the nature of dopaminergic disturbances in TS. We show, however, that the hyperinnervation hypothesis provides a simple, parsimonious explanation for all such seemingly diverse findings. Dopaminergic hyperinnervation likely causes increased tonic and phasic dopamine. We have previously shown, using a computational model of the role of dopamine in basal ganglia, that increased tonic dopamine and increased phasic dopamine likely increase the propensities to express and learn tics, respectively. There is therefore a plausible mechanistic link between dopaminergic hyperinnervation and TS via increased tonic and phasic dopamine. To further bolster this argument, we review evidence showing that all medications that are effective for TS reduce signaling by tonic dopamine, phasic dopamine, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago V Maia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Vasco A Conceição
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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8
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Thapa R, Gruber AJ. Lesions of ventrolateral striatum eliminate lose-shift but not win-stay behaviour in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:446-451. [PMID: 30179660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Animals tend to repeat actions that are associated with reward delivery, whereas they tend to shift responses to alternate choices following reward omission. These so-called win-stay and lose-shift responses are employed by a wide range of animals in a variety of decision-making scenarios, and depend on dissociated regions of the striatum. Specifically, lose-shift responding is impaired by extensive excitotoxic lesions of the lateral striatum. Here we used focal lesions to assess whether dorsal and ventral regions of the lateral striatum contribute differently to this effect. We found that damage to ventrolateral striatum reduced lose-shift responding without impairing win-stay, motoric, or motivational aspects of behaviour in the task, whereas lesions confined to the dorsolateral striatum significantly impaired the ability of rats to complete trials of the task. Moreover, lesions to the dorsomedial striatum had no effect on either lose-shift or win-stay responding. Together, these data suggest a novel role of the ventral portion of the lateral striatum in driving lose-shift decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Thapa
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4 Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron J Gruber
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Dr. W., T1K 3M4 Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
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9
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McDougall SA, Apodaca MG, Mohd-Yusof A, Mendez AD, Katz CG, Teran A, Garcia-Carachure I, Quiroz AT, Crawford CA. Ontogeny of cocaine-induced behaviors and cocaine pharmacokinetics in male and female neonatal, preweanling, and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1967-1980. [PMID: 29671013 PMCID: PMC7008939 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4894-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ontogenetic differences in the behavioral responsiveness to cocaine have often been attributed to the maturation of dopaminergic elements (e.g., dopamine transporters, D2High receptors, receptor coupling, etc.). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether ontogenetic changes in cocaine pharmacokinetics might contribute to age-dependent differences in behavioral responsiveness. METHODS Male and female neonatal (PD 5), preweanling (PD 10 and PD 20), and adult (PD 70) rats were injected (IP) with cocaine or saline and various behaviors (e.g., locomotor activity, forelimb paddle, vertical activity, head-down sniffing, etc.) were measured for 90 min. In a separate experiment, the dorsal striata of young and adult rats were removed at 10 time points (0-210 min) after IP cocaine administration. Peak cocaine values, cocaine half-life, and dopamine levels were determined using HPLC. RESULTS When converted to percent of saline controls, PD 5 and PD 10 rats were generally more sensitive to cocaine than older rats, but this effect varied according to the behavior being assessed. Peak cocaine values did not differ according to age or sex, but cocaine half-life in brain was approximately 2 times longer in PD 5 and PD 10 rats than adults. Cocaine pharmacokinetics did not differ between PD 20 and PD 70 rats. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the cocaine-induced behavioral responsiveness of very young rats (PD 5 and PD 10) and adults may be attributable, at least in part, to pharmacokinetic factors; whereas, age-dependent behavioral differences between the late preweanling period and adulthood cannot readily be ascribed to cocaine pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanders A McDougall
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA.
| | - Matthew G Apodaca
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Alena Mohd-Yusof
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Adrian D Mendez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Caitlin G Katz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Angie Teran
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Israel Garcia-Carachure
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Anthony T Quiroz
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
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10
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McElvain LE, Friedman B, Karten HJ, Svoboda K, Wang F, Deschênes M, Kleinfeld D. Circuits in the rodent brainstem that control whisking in concert with other orofacial motor actions. Neuroscience 2018; 368:152-170. [PMID: 28843993 PMCID: PMC5849401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The world view of rodents is largely determined by sensation on two length scales. One is within the animal's peri-personal space; sensorimotor control on this scale involves active movements of the nose, tongue, head, and vibrissa, along with sniffing to determine olfactory clues. The second scale involves the detection of more distant space through vision and audition; these detection processes also impact repositioning of the head, eyes, and ears. Here we focus on orofacial motor actions, primarily vibrissa-based touch but including nose twitching, head bobbing, and licking, that control sensation at short, peri-personal distances. The orofacial nuclei for control of the motor plants, as well as primary and secondary sensory nuclei associated with these motor actions, lie within the hindbrain. The current data support three themes: First, the position of the sensors is determined by the summation of two drive signals, i.e., a fast rhythmic component and an evolving orienting component. Second, the rhythmic component is coordinated across all orofacial motor actions and is phase-locked to sniffing as the animal explores. Reverse engineering reveals that the preBötzinger inspiratory complex provides the reset to the relevant premotor oscillators. Third, direct feedback from somatosensory trigeminal nuclei can rapidly alter motion of the sensors. This feedback is disynaptic and can be tuned by high-level inputs. A holistic model for the coordination of orofacial motor actions into behaviors will encompass feedback pathways through the midbrain and forebrain, as well as hindbrain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E McElvain
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harvey J Karten
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Shafer RL, Newell KM, Lewis MH, Bodfish JW. A Cohesive Framework for Motor Stereotypy in Typical and Atypical Development: The Role of Sensorimotor Integration. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28890690 PMCID: PMC5575145 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotyped motor behavior manifests as rhythmic, repetitive movements. It is common in several neurologic and psychiatric disorders where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development where it serves an adaptive function in the development of complex, controlled motor behavior. Currently, no framework accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive forms of motor stereotypy. We propose a conceptual model that implicates sensorimotor mechanisms in the phenomenology of adaptive and maladaptive stereotypy. The extensive structural and functional connectivity between sensory and motor neural circuits evidences the importance of sensory integration in the production of controlled movement. In support of our model, motor stereotypy in normative development occurs when the sensory and motor brain regions are immature and the infant has limited sensory and motor experience. With maturation and experience, complex movements develop and replace simple, stereotyped movements. This developmental increase in motor complexity depends on the availability of sensory feedback indicating that the integration of sensory information with ongoing movement allows individuals to adaptively cater their movements to the environmental context. In atypical development, altered neural function of sensorimotor circuitry may limit an individual's ability to integrate sensory feedback to adapt movements to appropriately respond to environmental conditions. Consequently, the motor repertoire would remain relatively simple, resulting in the persistence of motor stereotypy. A framework that considers motor stereotypy as a manifestation of low motor complexity resulting from poor sensorimotor integration has many implications for research, identification and treatment of motor stereotypy in a variety of developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Shafer
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of GeorgiaAthens, GA, United States
| | - Mark H Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, United States
| | - James W Bodfish
- Vanderbilt Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, United States.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical CenterNashville, TN, United States
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Maltête D. Adult-onset stereotypical motor behaviors. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2016; 172:477-482. [PMID: 27498241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stereotypies have been defined as non-goal-directed movement patterns repeated continuously for a period of time in the same form and on multiple occasions, and which are typically distractible. Stereotypical motor behaviors are a common clinical feature of a variety of neurological conditions that affect cortical and subcortical functions, including autism, tardive dyskinesia, excessive dopaminergic treatment of Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia. The main differential diagnosis of stereotypies includes tic disorders, motor mannerisms, compulsion and habit. The pathophysiology of stereotypies may involve the corticostriatal pathways, especially the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulated cortices. Because antipsychotics have long been used to manage stereotypical behaviours in mental retardation, stereotypies that present in isolation tend not to warrant pharmacological intervention, as the benefit-to-risk ratio is not great enough.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital, University of Rouen, 1, rue de Germont, 76031 cedex Rouen, France; Inserm U 1073, 22, boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen cedex, France.
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Dwyer JB, Leslie FM. Adolescent Maturation of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Function and Interactions in Rodents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146966. [PMID: 26784516 PMCID: PMC4718668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened vulnerability to illicit drug use and the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. These clinical phenomena likely share common neurobiological substrates, as mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems actively mature during this period. Whereas prior studies have examined age-dependent changes in dopamine receptor binding, there have been fewer functional analyses. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine whether the functional consequences of D1 and D2-like activation are age-dependent. Adolescent and adult rats were given direct D1 and D2 agonists, alone and in combination. Locomotor and stereotypic behaviors were measured, and brains were collected for analysis of mRNA expression for the immediate early genes (IEGs), cfos and arc. Adolescents showed enhanced D2-like receptor control of locomotor and repetitive behaviors, which transitioned to dominant D1-like mechanisms in adulthood. When low doses of agonists were co-administered, adults showed supra-additive behavioral responses to D1/D2 combinations, whereas adolescents did not, which may suggest age differences in D1/D2 synergy. D1/D2-stimulated IEG expression was particularly prominent in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Given the BNST’s function as an integrator of corticostriatal, hippocampal, and stress-related circuitry, and the importance of neural network dynamics in producing behavior, an exploratory functional network analysis of regional IEG expression was performed. This data-driven analysis demonstrated similar developmental trajectories as those described in humans and suggested that dopaminergic drugs alter forebrain coordinated gene expression age dependently. D1/D2 recruitment of stress nuclei into functional networks was associated with low behavioral output in adolescents. Network analysis presents a novel tool to assess pharmacological action, and highlights critical developmental changes in functional neural circuitry. Immature D1/D2 interactions in adolescents may underlie their unique responses to drugs of abuse and vulnerability to psychopathology. These data highlight the need for age-specific pharmacotherapy design and clinical application in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Frances M. Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Rodent models of impulsive–compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease: How far have we reached? Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:561-573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Investigating complex basal ganglia circuitry in the regulation of motor behaviour, with particular focus on orofacial movement. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:18-32. [PMID: 25485640 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current concepts of basal ganglia function have evolved from the essentially motoric, to include a range of extramotoric functions that involve not only dopaminergic but also cholinergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamatergic mechanisms. We consider these mechanisms and their efferent systems, including spiralling, feed-forward striato-nigro-striatal circuitry, involving the dorsal and ventral striatum and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell. These processes are illustrated using three behavioural models: turning-pivoting, orofacial movements in rats and orofacial movements in genetically modified mice. Turning-pivoting indicates that dopamine-dependent behaviour elicited from the NAc shell is funnelled through the NAc-nigro-striato-nigro-pedunculopontine pathway, whereas acetylcholine-dependent behaviour elicited from the NAc shell is funnelled through the NAc-ventral pallidum-mediodorsal thalamus pathway. Cooperative/synergistic interactions between striatal D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors regulate individual topographies of orofacial movements that are funnelled through striatal projection pathways and involve interactions with GABAergic and glutamatergic receptor subtypes. This application of concerted behavioural, neurochemical and neurophysiological techniques implicates a network that is yet broader and interacts with other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides within subcortical, cortical and brainstem regions to 'sculpt' aspects of behaviour into its topographical collective.
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Kumar JR, Rajkumar R, Farooq U, Lee LC, Tan FCK, Dawe GS. Evidence of D2 receptor expression in the nucleus incertus of the rat. Physiol Behav 2015; 151:525-34. [PMID: 26300469 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nucleus incertus (NI), located in the caudal brainstem, mainly consists of GABAergic neurons with widespread projections across the brain. It is the chief source of relaxin-3 in the mammalian brain and densely expresses corticotropin-releasing factor type 1 (CRF1) receptors. Several other neurotransmitters, peptides and receptors are reportedly expressed in the NI. In the present investigation, we show the expression of dopamine type-2 (D2) receptors in the NI by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF). RT-PCR did not show expression of D3 receptors. D2 receptor short isoform (D2S)-like, relaxin-3, CRF1/2 receptor and NeuN immunoreactivity were co-expressed in the cells of the NI. Behavioural effects of D2 receptor activation by intra-NI infusion of quinpirole (a D2/D3 agonist) were evaluated. Hypolocomotion was observed in home cage monitoring system (LABORAS) and novel environment-induced suppression of feeding behavioural paradigms. Thus the D2 receptors expressed in the NI are likely to play a role in locomotion. Based on its strong bidirectional connections to the median raphe and interpeduncular nuclei, the NI was predicted to play a role in modulating behavioural activity and the present results lend support to this hypothesis. This is the first evidence of expression of a catecholamine receptor, D2-like immunoreactivity, in the NI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Ramamoorthy Rajkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Usman Farooq
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Liying Corinne Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Francis Chee Kuan Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore
| | - Gavin S Dawe
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Neurobiology and Ageing Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore; Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology (SINAPSE), 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Rossi MA, Yin HH. Elevated dopamine alters consummatory pattern generation and increases behavioral variability during learning. Front Integr Neurosci 2015; 9:37. [PMID: 26029064 PMCID: PMC4432675 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of dopamine in controlling behavior remains poorly understood. In this study we examined licking behavior in an established hyperdopaminergic mouse model—dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice. DAT KO mice showed higher rates of licking, which is due to increased perseveration of licking in a bout. By contrast, they showed increased individual lick durations, and reduced inter-lick intervals. During extinction, both KO and control mice transiently increased variability in lick pattern generation while reducing licking rate, yet they showed very different behavioral patterns. Control mice gradually increased lick duration as well as variability. By contrast, DAT KO mice exhibited more immediate (within 10 licks) adjustments—an immediate increase in lick duration variability, as well as more rapid extinction. These results suggest that the level of dopamine can modulate the persistence and pattern generation of a highly stereotyped consummatory behavior like licking, as well as new learning in response to changes in environmental feedback. Increased dopamine in DAT KO mice not only increased perseveration of bouts and individual lick duration, but also increased the behavioral variability in response to the extinction contingency and the rate of extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rossi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
| | - Henry H Yin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Durham, NC, USA ; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
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Voon V, Dalley JW. Translatable and Back-Translatable Measurement of Impulsivity and Compulsivity: Convergent and Divergent Processes. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 28:53-91. [PMID: 27418067 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Impulsivity and compulsivity have emerged as important dimensional constructs that challenge traditional psychiatric classification systems. Both are present in normal healthy populations where the need to act quickly and repeatedly without hesitation can be highly advantageous. However, when excessively expressed, impulsive and compulsive behavior can lead to adverse consequences and spectrum disorders exemplified by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), autism, and drug addiction. Impulsive individuals have difficulty in deferring gratification and are inclined to 'jump the gun' and respond prematurely before sufficient information is gathered. Compulsivity involves repetitive behavior often motivated by the need to reduce or prevent anxiety, thus leading to the maladaptive perseveration of behavior. Defined in this way, impulsivity and compulsivity could be viewed as separate entities or 'traits' but overwhelming evidence indicates that both may be present in the same disorder, either concurrently or even separately at different time points. Herein we discuss the neural and cognitive heterogeneity of impulsive and compulsive endophenotypes. These constructs map onto distinct fronto-striatal neural and neurochemical structures interacting both at nodal convergent points and as opponent processes highlighting both the heterogeneity and the commonalities of function. We focus on discoveries made using both translational research methodologies and studies exclusively in humans, and implications for treatment intervention in disorders in which impulsive and compulsive symptoms prevail. We emphasize the relevance of these constructs for understanding dimensional psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Voon
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Behavioral and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
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Der-Ghazarian T, Widarma CB, Gutierrez A, Amodeo LR, Valentine JM, Humphrey DE, Gonzalez AE, Crawford CA, McDougall SA. Behavioral effects of dopamine receptor inactivation in the caudate-putamen of preweanling rats: role of the D2 receptor. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:651-62. [PMID: 24057816 PMCID: PMC3946740 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Inactivating dopamine (DA) receptors in the caudate-putamen (CPu) attenuates basal and DA agonist-induced behaviors of adult rats while paradoxically increasing the locomotor activity of preweanling rats. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine (a) whether D1 or D2 receptor inactivation is responsible for the elevated locomotion shown by preweanling rats and (b) whether DA receptor inactivation produces a general state in which any locomotor-activating drug will cause a potentiated behavioral response. METHODS Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) was bilaterally infused into the CPu on postnatal day (PD) 17. In experiment 1, DA receptors were selectively protected from EEDQ-induced alkylation by pretreating rats with D1 and/or D2 antagonists. On PD 18, rats received bilateral microinjections of the DA agonist R(-)-propylnorapomorphine into the dorsal CPu, and locomotor activity was measured for 40 min. In subsequent experiments, the locomotion of DMSO- and EEDQ-pretreated rats was assessed after intraCPu infusions of the selective DA agonists SKF82958 and quinpirole, the partial agonist terguride, or after systemic administration of nonDAergic compounds. RESULTS Experiment 1 showed that EEDQ's ability to enhance the locomotor activity of preweanling rats was primarily due to the inactivation of D2 receptors. Consistent with this finding, only drugs that directly or indirectly stimulated D2 receptors produced a potentiated locomotor response in EEDQ-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS These results show that DA receptor inactivation causes dramatically different behavioral effects in preweanling and adult rats, thus providing additional evidence that the D2 receptor system is not functionally mature by the end of the preweanling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taleen Der-Ghazarian
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA, 92407, USA
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20
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Less E, Bergl R, Ball R, Dennis P, Kuhar C, Lavin S, Raghanti M, Wensvoort J, Willis M, Lukas K. Implementing a low-starch biscuit-free diet in zoo gorillas: The impact on behavior. Zoo Biol 2014; 33:63-73. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.H. Less
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; Cleveland Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - R. Bergl
- North Carolina Zoological Garden; Asheboro North Carolina
| | - R. Ball
- Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo; Tampa Florida
| | - P.M. Dennis
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; Cleveland Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
- Ohio State University; Columbus Ohio
| | - C.W. Kuhar
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; Cleveland Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - S.R. Lavin
- Disney's Animal Kingdom; Lake Buena Vista Florida
| | | | | | - M.A. Willis
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
| | - K.E. Lukas
- Cleveland Metroparks Zoo; Cleveland Ohio
- Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio
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Tomiyama K, Kato R, Hara Y, Kobayashi M, Mishina M, Yanagawa Y, Kinsella A, Koshikawa N, Waddington J. Phenotypic characterization of orofacial movement topography in mutants with disruption of amino acid mechanisms: Glutamate N2A/B/D [GluRε1/2/4] subtypes and the GABA synthesizing enzyme GAD65. Neuroscience 2013; 250:743-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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The selective μ opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine attenuates methamphetamine-induced stereotypical biting in mice. Brain Res 2013; 1522:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mermillod M, Devaux D, Derost P, Rieu I, Chambres P, Auxiette C, Legrand G, Galland F, Dalens H, Coulangeon LM, Broussolle E, Durif F, Jalenques I. Rapid Presentation of Emotional Expressions Reveals New Emotional Impairments in Tourette's Syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:149. [PMID: 23630481 PMCID: PMC3633791 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on a variety of empirical evidence obtained within the theoretical framework of embodiment theory, we considered it likely that motor disorders in Tourette's syndrome (TS) would have emotional consequences for TS patients. However, previous research using emotional facial categorization tasks suggests that these consequences are limited to TS patients with obsessive-compulsive behaviors (OCB). METHOD These studies used long stimulus presentations which allowed the participants to categorize the different emotional facial expressions (EFEs) on the basis of a perceptual analysis that might potentially hide a lack of emotional feeling for certain emotions. In order to reduce this perceptual bias, we used a rapid visual presentation procedure. RESULTS Using this new experimental method, we revealed different and surprising impairments on several EFEs in TS patients compared to matched healthy control participants. Moreover, a spatial frequency analysis of the visual signal processed by the patients suggests that these impairments may be located at a cortical level. CONCLUSION The current study indicates that the rapid visual presentation paradigm makes it possible to identify various potential emotional disorders that were not revealed by the standard visual presentation procedures previously reported in the literature. Moreover, the spatial frequency analysis performed in our study suggests that emotional deficit in TS might lie at the level of temporal cortical areas dedicated to the processing of HSF visual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Mermillod
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble and CNRS, LPNC UMR 5105 Grenoble, France ; Institut Universitaire de France Paris, France
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Fujita S, Kato R, Cui Y, Terakado M, Suga K, Koshikawa N, Kobayashi M. Apomorphine-induced modulation of neural activities in the ventrolateral striatum of rats. Synapse 2013; 67:363-73. [PMID: 23401143 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system in the ventrolateral portion of the striatum (Svl), part of the basal ganglia, regulates orofacial movements; bilateral co-stimulation of both dopamine D1 -like and D2 -like receptors elicits repetitive jaw movements in rats. However, how the activities of Svl neurons are modulated by the activation of dopaminergic receptors remains unknown. We systematically injected apomorphine, a non-selective dopamine receptor agonist that induced jaw movements under urethane anesthesia, and performed multi-channel unit recording from Svl neurons. The Svl neurons were classified into two subgroups: (1) the phasically active (PA) neurons represented by mainly the medium spiny neurons and the GABAergic interneurons in part, and (2) the tonically active (TA) neurons composed of mainly the cholinergic interneurons. Apomorphine modulated PA neuron firing frequency with wide variability; 33.3% of the PA neurons were facilitated, while 38.3% were suppressed. In the majority of TA neurons, the firing frequency was reduced by apomorphine (71.1%). The cross-correlations between PA and PA, PA and TA, and TA and TA neurons were analyzed, and pairs of PA neurons and pairs of PA and TA neurons, showed negligible apomorphine-induced effect on the number of synchronized spikes. In contrast, pairs between TA neurons showed a consistent decrease in the number of synchronized spikes. The apomorphine-induced suppression of TA neuron activities with decreased synchronized outputs is likely to reduce the amount of locally released acetylcholine, which may contribute to the induction of apomorphine-induced jaw movements in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
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Gahr M, Plener PL, Kölle MA, Freudenmann RW, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C. Self-mutilation induced by psychotropic substances: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2012; 200:977-83. [PMID: 22841344 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Self-mutilation (SM) not only occurs among patients with schizophrenia, personality disorders or transsexuality but also as a phenomenon induced by psychotropic substances (PS). We intended to find characteristics of patients at risk to perform SM induced by PS (SMIPS), frequent PS within this phenomenon and typical presentations of SMIPS. A systematic review of the literature (including Medline, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Scopus) was conducted. On October 2011 we identified 26 cases (23 publications) of SM related to PS. Majority of patients (85%) was male, mean age was 30 years (median 41 years). Seventy-three percent of patients developed SM subsequent to the use of one PS, 27% presented SM after the use of more than one PS. Alcohol (25%), hallucinogens (25%) and amphetamines (22%) were found most frequently among the reported substances. Major impairment was present in 80%. Our findings suggest male sex, young age, a previous history of abuse of PS and the current use of alcohol, hallucinogens or amphetamines to favour SMIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Gahr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Pandy V, Narasingam M, Mohamed Z. Antipsychotic-like activity of noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) in mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2012; 12:186. [PMID: 23082808 PMCID: PMC3487797 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Noni fruit is widely consumed in tropical regions of Indonesia to the Hawaiian Islands. The noni plant has a long history of use as a medicinal plant to treat a wide variety of ailments including CNS disorders. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) using mouse models of apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour and methamphetamine-induced stereotypy (licking, biting, gnawing and sniffing). Methods In acute study, the methanolic extract of Morinda citrifolia (MMC) at different doses 1, 3, 5, 10 g/kg was administered orally one hour prior to apomorphine (5 mg/kg, i.p) and methamphetamine ( 5 mg/kg, i.p) injection respectively in Swiss albino mice. In chronic studies, (TAHITIAN NONI® Juice, TNJ) was made available freely in daily drinking water at 30, 50 and 100% v/v for 7 days; 30 and 50% v/v for 21 days respectively. On the test day, an equivalent average daily divided dose of TNJ was administered by oral gavage one hour prior to apomorphine treatment. Immediately after apomorphine/ methamphetamine administration, the animals were placed in the cylindrical metal cages and observed for climbing behaviour/ stereotypy and climbing time. Results The acute treatment of MMC (1, 3, 5, 10 g/kg, p.o) significantly decreased the apomorphine-induced cage climbing behaviour and climbing time in mice in a dose dependent manner. The MMC also significantly inhibited methamphetamine-induced stereotypy behaviour and climbing time in mice dose-dependently. The 7 and 21 days treatment of TNJ in drinking water at 50 and 100%v/v significantly alleviated the apomorphine-induced climbing behaviour and climbing time in mice. Conclusions The present study results demonstrated the antidopaminergic effect of Morinda citrifolia Linn. in mice, suggesting that noni has antipsychotic-like activity which can be utilized in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. However further studies are warranted to identify the active principles responsible for the antipsychotic activity of noni.
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Amato D, Müller CP, Badiani A. Increased drinking after intra-striatal injection of the dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist quinpirole in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 223:457-63. [PMID: 22581392 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopamine D2 receptor hyperactivity has been implicated in the development of psychogenic polydipsia in schizophrenic patients. Repeated treatment with dopamine agonists, including the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole, has been shown to induce hyperdipsia in a number of animal models. Despite these observations, obtained with systemic administrations, little attempt has been made to investigate where in the brain dopamine agonists act to induce hyperdipsia. OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the effects of repeated intra-caudate infusions of quinpirole on the intake of water by rats tested under free-drinking conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with bilateral cannulae placed into the anterior, central or posterior caudate received quinpirole microinfusions (1 μg/side) for five consecutive days in their home cage. Water intake was measured 15 and 60 min after the treatment. RESULTS When injected in the central caudate, quinpirole increased water intake, and this effect progressively increased over sessions, indicating the development of sensitization. When injected in the posterior caudate, the dipsogenic effect of quinpirole was less intense and did not undergo sensitization. The infusion of quinpirole in the anterior caudate did not affect drinking. CONCLUSION The present study shows that caudate D2/3 receptors play an important role in the development of quinpirole-induced hyperdipsia, an animal model of psychotic polydipsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Amato
- Section of Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Mermillod M, Vermeulen N, Droit-Volet S, Jalenques I, Durif F, Niedenthal P. Embodying Emotional Disorders: New Hypotheses about Possible Emotional Consequences of Motor Disorders in Parkinson's Disease and Tourette's Syndrome. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2011; 2011:306918. [PMID: 22389814 PMCID: PMC3263541 DOI: 10.5402/2011/306918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS) lead to important motor disorders among patients such as possible facial amimia in PD and tics in Tourette's syndrome. Under the grounded cognition framework that shows the importance of motor embodiment in emotional feeling (Niedenthal, 2007), both types of pathology with motor symptoms should be sufficient to induce potential impairments for these patients when recognizing emotional facial expressions (EFE). In this opinion paper, we describe a theoretical framework that assumes potential emotional disorders in Parkinson's disease and Tourette's syndrome based on motor disorders characterizing these two pathologies. We also review different methodological barriers in previous experimental designs that could enable the identification of emotional facial expressions despite emotional disorders in PD and TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Mermillod
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO) and CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, UMR, and CNRS 6024, 34 avenue Carnot, 63037 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Nicolas Vermeulen
- Research Unit for Emotion, Cognition, and Health, Psychology Department, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), 10 Place du Cardinal Mercier, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), Belgium
| | - Sylvie Droit-Volet
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO) and CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, UMR, and CNRS 6024, 34 avenue Carnot, 63037 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Jalenques
- Service de Psychiatrie A (EA 3845), CHRU Clermont-Ferrand Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63003 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Service de Neurologie A (EA 3845), CHRU Clermont-Ferrand Gabriel-Montpied, 58 Boulevard Montalembert, 63003 Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO) and CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont Université, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France, UMR, and CNRS 6024, 34 avenue Carnot, 63037 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France
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CHARNTIKOV S, DER-GHAZARIAN T, HERBERT MS, HORN LR, WIDARMA CB, GUTIERREZ A, VARELA FA, MCDOUGALL SA. Importance of D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal caudate-putamen for the locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviors of preweanling rats. Neuroscience 2011; 183:121-33. [PMID: 21443930 PMCID: PMC3090456 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic compounds often affect the unlearned behaviors of preweanling and adult rats differently, although the brain regions underlying these age-dependent behavioral effects have not been specified. A candidate brain region is the dorsal caudate-putamen (CPu); thus, a goal of the present study was to determine whether D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu are capable of modulating the unlearned behaviors of preweanling rats. In Experiments 1 and 2, selective and nonselective dopamine agonists were bilaterally microinjected into the dorsal CPu on postnatal day (PD) 18 and both locomotor activity and stereotypy were measured. In Experiment 3, the functional coupling of D1 and D2 receptors was assessed by microinjecting the D1 agonist SKF-82958 and the D₂/D₃ agonist quinpirole either alone or in combination. In Experiments 4 and 5, quinpirole and the D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390, or SKF-82958 and the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride, were co-administered into the dorsal CPu to further assess whether a functional D1 or D2 receptor system is necessary for the expression of quinpirole- or SKF-82958-induced behaviors. Results showed that selective stimulation of D1 or D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu increased both the locomotor activity and stereotypy of preweanling rats. Receptor coupling was evident on PD 18 because co-administration of a subthreshold dose of SKF-82958 and quinpirole produced more locomotor activity than either agonist alone. Lastly, the dopamine antagonist experiments showed that both D1 and D2 receptor systems must be functional for SKF-82958- or quinpirole-induced locomotor activity to be fully manifested. When the present data are compared to results from non-ontogenetic studies, it appears that pharmacological manipulation of D1 and D2 receptors in the dorsal CPu affects the behavior of preweanling and adult rats in a generally similar manner, although some important age-dependent differences are apparent. For example, D1 and/or D2 agonists preferentially induce locomotor activity, and not intense stereotypy, in younger animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. DER-GHAZARIAN
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA
| | | | | | - C. B. WIDARMA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA
| | - A. GUTIERREZ
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA
| | - F. A. VARELA
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA
| | - S. A. MCDOUGALL
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407 USA
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Tomiyama K, Kim HA, Kinsella A, Ehrlich ME, Schütz G, Koshikawa N, Lawrence AJ, Waddington JL, Drago J. Phenotypic disruption to orofacial movement topography in conditional mutants with generalized CamKIIa/Cre D1Tox versus striatal-specific DARPP-32/Cre D1Tox ablation of D1 dopamine receptor-expressing cells. Synapse 2011; 65:835-42. [PMID: 21308794 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial movements were quantified in (a) DARPP-32/Cre D1Tox mutants, having progressive loss of D1 dopamine receptor expressing striatal medium spiny neurons and (b) CamKIIa/Cre D1Tox mutants, having progressive, generalized loss of forebrain D1 receptor expressing cells. Horizontal jaw movements and tongue protrusions were reduced in DARPP-32/Cre but not in CamKIIa/Cre mutants; head and vibrissae movements were increased in DARPP-32/Cre but decreased in CamKIIa/Cre mutants. In drug challenge studies, tongue protrusions were increased in CamKIIa/Cre mutants following vehicle, suggesting a stress-related phenotype. These findings indicate that mice with progressive loss of striatal-specific D1 receptor expressing cells have an orofacial phenotype that may be modulated by the loss of extrastriatal D1 receptor expressing cells. As progressive loss of D1 dopamine receptor-expressing cells is a hallmark feature of Huntington's disease (HD), these findings may inform the functional role of loss of this cell population in the overall pathobiology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Tomiyama
- Advanced Research Institute for the Sciences and Humanities, Nihon University, Tokyo 102, Japan
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31
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Maia TV, Frank MJ. From reinforcement learning models to psychiatric and neurological disorders. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:154-62. [PMID: 21270784 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade and a half, reinforcement learning models have fostered an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the functions of dopamine and cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits. More recently, these models, and the insights that they afford, have started to be used to understand important aspects of several psychiatric and neurological disorders that involve disturbances of the dopaminergic system and CBGTC circuits. We review this approach and its existing and potential applications to Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, addiction, schizophrenia and preclinical animal models used to screen new antipsychotic drugs. The approach's proven explanatory and predictive power bodes well for the continued growth of computational psychiatry and computational neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago V Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Koshikawa N, Fujita S, Adachi K. Behavioral pharmacology of orofacial movement disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 97:1-38. [PMID: 21708305 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385198-7.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction in orofacial movement is evident in patients with schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. In animal studies on orofacial dyskinesia, these neurological disorders have been considered as a starting point to examine the pathophysiology and mechanisms underlying the symptoms. There is circumstantial evidence that orofacial dyskinesia in humans might be the consequence of hyperfunctioning mesolimbic-pallidal circuitry, in which the mesolimbic region occupies a central role, in contrast to typical Parkinson-like symptoms which involve hypofunction in the nigrostriato-nigral circuity. Studies in animals suffer from technical difficulties concerning the assessment of orofacial behaviors. There are some experimental designs that provide detailed information on the amplitude and the frequency of the jaw movements. By using such methods, the involvement of neurotransmitter systems and functional neural connections within the basal ganglia has been studied in rat rhythmical jaw movements. Regarding neurotransmitter systems, dopaminergic, cholinergic, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and glutamaterigic systems have been shown to be involved in rat rhythmical jaw movements. The involved neural connections have also been investigated, focusing on the differential role between the dorsal and ventral part of the striatum, the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens and the output pathways from the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. Taking available clinical and experimental evidence, the orofacial dyskinesias are thought to arise when hierarchically lower order output stations of the mesolimbic region start to dysfunction as a consequence of the arrival of distorted information sent by the mesolimbic region. This review seeks to provide an overview of prior and recent findings across several orofacial movement disorders and interpret new insights in the context of the limitations of behavioral pharmacology and prior knowledge of the regulation of behavior by dopamine receptors and other related neuronal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Koshikawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
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(-)-Epigallocatethin-3-O-gallate counteracts caffeine-induced hyperactivity: evidence of dopaminergic blockade. Behav Pharmacol 2010; 21:572-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833beffb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bonnet C, Roubertie A, Doummar D, Bahi-Buisson N, Cochen de Cock V, Roze E. Developmental and benign movement disorders in childhood. Mov Disord 2010; 25:1317-34. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Lepekhina LM, Tsitsurina EA. Ontogenetic development of dopaminergic regulation of grooming behavior in rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2010; 148:363-5. [PMID: 20396689 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-010-0713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the developing nucleus accumbens and ventrolateral striatum on grooming behavior in rat pups (1st month of life) and adult rats (2-12 months of life) was studied during activation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors with apomorphine. Over the 1st week of life, apomorphine treatment was followed by hypersensitivity of D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. It was manifested in the early appearance of scratching and washing movements during ontogeny. The effect of activation was reduced after neonatal gangliosympathectomy. D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens are identified on day 22 of life. D2 receptors in the ventrolateral striatum become functionally active during this period. Under these conditions, apomorphine increased significantly the duration of licking and biting movements. The number of D2 receptors in the ventrolateral striatum increases sharply during sexual maturity (2nd month of life). These changes are accompanied by an increase in the duration of oral stereotyped behavior. The duration of grooming movements was significantly reduced by the end of stereotyped behavior. The effect of apomorphine was most pronounced in 9-month-old animals. We conclude that the immature ventrolateral striatum has a reciprocal stimulatory effect on licking and biting movements during ontogeny. By contrast, the mature striatum produces a subordinate reciprocal inhibitory influence on various types of grooming movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lepekhina
- I M Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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36
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Fujita S, Kiguchi M, Kobayashi M, Koshikawa N, Waddington JL. Involvement of NMDA receptors in the ventrolateral striatum of rats in apomorphine-induced jaw movements. Brain Res 2010; 1322:30-7. [PMID: 20122906 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of NMDA receptors in the ventrolateral striatum to modulate dopamine receptor-mediated jaw movements was investigated in freely moving rats, using a magnetic sensor system combined with intracerebral microinjection of drugs. Apomorphine (1mg/kg i.v.) induced repetitive jaw movements that were reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, by bilateral microinjections of the NMDA receptor agonist NMDA (0.1 and 1mug/0.2mul bilaterally) into the ventrolateral striatum. Apomorphine-induced repetitive jaw movements were also reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, by bilateral microinjections of the NMDA receptor antagonists d-APV (0.01 and 0.1mug) or MK-801 (0.5 and 5mug). The inhibitory effect of NMDA (1mug) was reduced by co-administration of MK-801 (0.5mug). Microinjections of drugs into the ventrolateral striatum in the absence of apomorphine did not affect jaw movements. These results suggest that NMDA receptors in the ventrolateral striatum play an important modulatory role in the expression of dopamine receptor-mediated jaw movements. However, similar effects of NMDA and NMDA antagonists echo previous paradoxical findings and indicate that interactions between dopamine and NMDA receptors are complex and multifaceted. Cellular mechanism(s) may involve differential effects of NMDA agonism and antagonism on dopamine D1-like vs D2-like receptors and, possibly, on related GABAergic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Fujita S, Kiguchi M, Kobayashi M, Kinsella A, Koshikawa N, Waddington JL. Assessment of jaw movements by magnetic sensor in relation to topographies of orofacial behaviour in freely moving rats: Studies with the dopamine D(1)-like receptor agonists SKF 83822 vs SKF 83959. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 632:39-44. [PMID: 20122923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study applies new magnetic sensor-electromyographic technology for recording jaw movements in freely moving rats to analyse topographies of orofacial movement that occur in association with individual elements of behaviour under challenge with two dopamine D(1)-like receptor agonists, SKF 83822 ([R/S]-6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-3-allyl-1-[3-methyl-phenyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine) and SKF 83959([R/S]-3-methyl-6-chloro-7, 8-dihydroxy-1-[3-methyl-phenyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine). Grooming of the snout/face involved primarily dominant-mouth opening jaw movements with small activation of digastric muscles; subsequent grooming of the flank/trunk was characterised by repetitive, uniform jaw movements with small activation of digastric and masseter muscles. In contrast, grooming of the fingers and tail typically involved high-frequency jaw movements with variable vertical jaw movements and/or strong activation of masseter muscles. Vacuous chewing involved two distinct patterns of jaw movements: a dominant-closing pattern, with strong activation of masseter muscles, and a dominant-opening pattern, with slight activation of masseter muscles. SKF 83822 stimulates dopamine D(1)-like receptors and activates adenylate cyclase but not phosphoinositide hydrolysis, while SKF 83959 stimulates dopamine D(1)-like receptors and activates phosphoinositide hydrolysis but not adenylate cyclase. These agonists exerted differential effects on jaw movements, as SKF 83959 induced more jaw movements per episode of syntactic grooming than SKF 83822, while SKF 83822 induced more jaw movements during non-syntactic grooming than SKF 83959. Magnetic sensor technology in freely moving animals resolved distinct topographies of orofacial movement and informs on their relationship to other behaviours in the rodent repertoire and to dopamine D(1)-like receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Taylor JL, Rajbhandari AK, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW. Dopamine receptor modulation of repetitive grooming actions in the rat: potential relevance for Tourette syndrome. Brain Res 2010; 1322:92-101. [PMID: 20114036 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of rodent grooming can provide valuable insight for dopamine contributions to the initiation, organization, and repetition of motor patterns. This information is useful for understanding how brain dysfunctions contribute to movement disorders such as Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder, in which patients are driven to reiterate particular movement patterns. In rodents, dopamine D1 receptor stimulation causes a complex behavioral super-stereotypy in the form of excessive production and rigid execution of whole sequences of movements known as syntactic grooming chains. Sequential super-stereotypy of grooming chains may be particularly advantageous for modeling movement sequences and treatments in Tourette syndrome and related disorders. Here, we report that co-administration of haloperidol, one available treatment for Tourette syndrome and primarily a D2 receptor antagonist, prevented D1 stimulation with SKF38393 from inducing sequential super-stereotypy, which manifests as an exaggeration of the tendency to complete all four phases of a syntactic chain in rigid serial order once the first phase has begun. In a separate experiment, we showed that in contrast to acute D1 agonist administration, 39h withdrawal from chronic (3weeks) administration of the D1 antagonist SCH23390 (which has been suggested to increase D1 receptor expression in the basal ganglia) did not elicit sequential super-stereotypy after drug cessation. Instead, rats suddenly removed from repeated SCH23390 spent more time performing simple stereotypies that included intense scratching and biting behaviors. Together, these results have implications for understanding how dopamine receptors facilitate particular stereotypies manifest in animal models of Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Taylor
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109-1043, USA.
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Koshikawa N, Tomiyama K, Waddington JL. Dopamine Receptor Subtypes and Orofacial Movement Topographies: Studies with Mutant Models. J Oral Biosci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(10)80014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sigma1 receptor antagonists determine the behavioral pattern of the methamphetamine-induced stereotypy in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 203:781-92. [PMID: 19052726 PMCID: PMC3157915 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of sigma receptor antagonists on methamphetamine (METH)-induced stereotypy have not been examined. We examined the effects of sigma antagonists on METH-induced stereotypy in mice. RESULTS The administration of METH (10 mg/kg) to male ddY mice induced stereotyped behavior consisting of biting (90.1%), sniffing (4.2%), head bobbing (4.1%), and circling (1.7%) during an observation period of 1 h. Pretreatment of the mice with BMY 14802 (alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinebutanol; 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), a non-specific sigma receptor antagonist, significantly increased METH-induced sniffing (19.2%, 30.5%, and 43.8% of total stereotypical behavior) but decreased biting (76.6%, 66.9%, and 49.3% of total stereotypical behavior) in a dose-dependent manner. This response was completely abolished by (+)-SKF 10,047 ([2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11R)]-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-6,11-dimethyl-3-(2-propenyl)-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-8-ol; 4 and 10 mg/kg), a putative sigma(1) receptor agonist, and partially by PB 28 (1-cyclohexyl-4-[3-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methoxy-1-naphthalen-1-yl)-n-propyl]piperazine; 1 and 10 mg/kg), a putative sigma(2) receptor agonist. The BMY 14802 action on METH-induced stereotypy was mimicked by BD 1047 (N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine; 10 mg/kg), a putative sigma(1) receptor antagonist, but not by SM-21 ((+/-)-tropanyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)butanoate; 1 mg/kg), a putative sigma(2) receptor antagonist. The BD 1047 effect on METH-induced stereotypy was also abolished completely by (+)-SKF 10,047 and partially by PB 28. The overall frequency of METH-induced stereotypical behavior was unchanged with these sigma receptor ligands, despite the alteration in particular behavioral patterns. The BMY 14802 action on METH-induced stereotypy was unaffected by pretreatment with centrally acting histamine H(1) receptor antagonists (pyrilamine or ketotifen, 10 mg/kg), suggesting that these effects are independent of histamine H(1) receptor signaling systems. CONCLUSION In summary, modulation of central sigma(1) receptors alters the pattern of METH-induced stereotypy, producing a shift from stereotypical biting to stereotypical sniffing, without affecting the overall frequency of stereotypical behavior.
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Caster JM, Kuhn CM. Maturation of coordinated immediate early gene expression by cocaine during adolescence. Neuroscience 2009; 160:13-31. [PMID: 19245875 PMCID: PMC2668738 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence may be a critical period for drug addiction. Young adolescent male rats have greater locomotor responses than adults after acute low dose cocaine administration. Further, repeated cocaine administration produces as much or more conditioned place preference but reduced locomotor sensitization in adolescents compared to adults. Acute activation of neurons by cocaine induces long-term changes in behavior by activating transcriptional complexes. The purpose of the present study was to correlate cocaine-induced locomotor activity with neuronal activation in subregions of the striatum and cortex by acute cocaine in young adolescent (postnatal (PN) 28) and adult (PN 65) male rats by measuring the induction of the plasticity-associated immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos and zif268 using in situ hybridization. Animals were treated with saline, low (10 mg/kg), or high (40 mg/kg) dose cocaine in locomotor activity chambers and killed 30 min later. Low dose cocaine induced more locomotor activity and striatal c-fos expression in adolescents than adults whereas high dose cocaine induced more locomotor activity, striatal c-fos, and striatal zif268 expression in adults. Locomotor activity correlated with the expression of both genes in adults but correlated with striatal c-fos only in adolescents. Finally, there was a significant correlation between the expression of c-fos and zif268 in the adult striatum but not in adolescents. Our results suggest that the coordinated expression of transcription factors by cocaine continues to develop during adolescence. The immature regulation of transcription factors by cocaine could explain why adolescents show unique sensitivity to specific long-term behavioral alterations following cocaine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Caster
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Research Park Building 2, Room 100B, Box 3813, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Hopf FW, Bonci A. Striatal-enriched protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, synaptic plasticity, and psychostimulant-induced stereotypies. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:635-6. [PMID: 19328273 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Woodward Hopf
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Shanahan NA, Holick KA, Masten VL, Waeber C, Ansorge M, Gingrich JA, Geyer MA, Hen R, Dulawa SC. Chronic reductions in serotonin transporter function prevent 5-HT1B-induced behavioral effects in mice. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 65:401-8. [PMID: 19013555 PMCID: PMC2674010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses and/or repetitive stereotypical behavior. Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients exhibit reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) and symptom exacerbation after challenge with 5-HT1B receptor agonists. Recently, gain-of-function alleles of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) have been associated with OCD. We tested the hypothesis that reducing 5-HTT function chronically, either genetically or via serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment, attenuates PPI deficits and perseverative hyperlocomotion induced by 5-HT1B agonists in mice. METHODS Mice received subchronic or chronic pretreatment with the SRI fluoxetine and acute treatment with RU24969 (5-HT1A/1B agonist) or 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A agonist) and were assessed for PPI, locomotor activity, and spatial patterns of locomotion. The same measures were evaluated in 5-HTT wild-type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and knockout (KO) mice after RU24969 treatment. The effects of WAY100635 (5-HTA antagonist) or GR127935 (5-HT1B/D antagonist) pretreatment on RU24969-induced effects were evaluated. Finally, 5-HT1B binding and functional coupling were assessed in 5-HTT-WT, -HT, and -KO mice, and normal fluoxetine-treated mice. RESULTS Chronic, but not subchronic, fluoxetine treatment prevented RU24969-induced PPI deficits and perseverative hyperlocomotion. These RU24969-induced effects were mediated via 5-HT1B and not 5-HT1A receptors. 5-HTT-KO mice showed no effects of RU24969, and 5-HTT-HT mice exhibited intermediate phenotypes. 5-HT1B binding and functional coupling were reduced in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra of 5-HTT-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that chronic, but not subchronic, fluoxetine treatment and 5-HTT knockout robustly attenuate 5-HT1B agonist-induced PPI deficits and perseverative hyperlocomotion. These results may have implications for the etiology and treatment of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A. Shanahan
- Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637
| | - Kerri A. Holick
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Virginia L. Masten
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Christian Waeber
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Mark Ansorge
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jay A. Gingrich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Rene Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Stephanie C. Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, Committee on Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637,Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Stephanie Dulawa, Department of Psychiatry, 924 East 57 Street, Room R018, MC 3077, Chicago, IL 60637, Tel: 773-834-0241, Fax: 773-834-2970,
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44
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Geser F, Egger KE, Wenning G. A face to remember …. Mov Disord 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/9780203008454-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chun S, McEvilly R, Foster JA, Sakic B. Proclivity to self-injurious behavior in MRL-lpr mice: implications for autoimmunity-induced damage in the dopaminergic system. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:1043-53. [PMID: 17768421 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4002078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is frequently accompanied by psychiatric manifestations of unknown origin. Although damage of central neurons had been documented, little is known about neurotransmitter systems affected by the autoimmune/inflammatory process. Recent studies on lupus-prone MRL-lpr mice point to imbalanced dopamine function and neurodegeneration in dopamine-rich brain regions. We follow up on anecdotal observations of singly housed mice developing chest wounds. Compulsive grooming and/or skin biting accounted for open lesions, lending itself to the operational term 'self-injurious behavior' (SIB). Low incidence of spontaneous SIB increased significantly after repeated injections of dopamine-2/3 receptor (D2/D3R) agonist quinpirole (QNP). To further probe the dopaminergic circuitry and examine whether SIB is associated with development of lupus-like disease, we compared behavioral responses among cohorts that differed in the immune status. Two-week treatment with QNP (intraperitoneal, 0.5 mg kg(-1) body weight per day) induced SIB in 60% of diseased MRL-lpr mice, and exacerbated their splenomegaly. Although increased grooming and stereotypy were observed in less symptomatic MRL+/+ controls, only one mouse (10%) developed SIB. Similarly, SIB was not seen in young, asymptomatic groups despite dissimilar ambulatory responses to QNP. In situ hybridization revealed treatment-independent upregulation of D2R mRNA in substantia nigra of diseased MRL-lpr mice. The above results suggest that development of systemic autoimmunity alters sensitivity of the dopaminergic system and renders MRL-lpr mice prone to SIB. Although pathogenic factors were not examined, we hypothesize that immune and endocrine mechanisms jointly contribute to early neuronal damage, which underlies behavioral deficiency in the adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Abstract
The ontogenetic development of stereotyped behavior induced by activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors with apomorphine was studied in rat pups (1st month of life) and adult rats (2nd-12th months of life). Stereotyped sniffing and licking movements developed not simultaneously under the influence of apomorphine. Apomorphine-induced sniffing hyperactivity was observed in newborn animals, but disappeared after eye opening (day 18 of life). Stereotyped licking movements (long-term intense licking of the wall of the actograph) induced by activation of dopamine D2 receptors with apomorphine were revealed in rat pups on the 4th week of life. The duration of these movements in rats was maximum by the 9th month of life. The dynamics of stereotyped behavior probably reflects the non-simultaneous formation and development of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the ventrolateral striatum during the ontogeny of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Lepekhina
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg
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47
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Charntikov S, Halladay LR, Herbert MS, Marquez EM, McDougall SA. Effects of dorsal striatal infusions of R(-)-propylnorapomorphine on kappa-opioid-mediated locomotor activity in the young rat: possible role of the indirect pathway. Neuroscience 2008; 155:603-12. [PMID: 18616989 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of kappa-opioid receptors in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNPR) increases the locomotor activity of young rats: an effect blocked by systemic administration of a D2-like receptor agonist. Based on these initial findings, we proposed that: (a) D2-like receptors in the dorsal striatum are responsible for attenuating kappa-opioid-induced locomotor activity, and (b) the effects of D2-like receptor stimulation are mediated by the indirect pathway, which extends from the dorsal striatum to the SNPR via the globus pallidus (GP) and subthalamic nucleus (STN). To test the first hypothesis, young rats were given a systemic injection (i.p.) of saline or the kappa-opioid receptor agonist (+/-)-trans-U50,488 methanesulfonate salt (U50,488) on postnatal day (PD) 18. Later in the testing session, rats received bilateral infusions of vehicle or the D2-like receptor agonist R(-)-propylnorapomorphine (NPA) into the dorsal striatum, and the ability of NPA to block U50,488-induced locomotor activity was determined. To test the second hypothesis, rats were given sham or bilateral electrolytic lesions of the GP or STN on PD 16. Two days later, saline- and U50,488-induced locomotor activity was measured after systemic (i.p.) administration of vehicle or NPA. As predicted, dorsal striatal infusions of NPA attenuated the U50,488-induced locomotor activity of young rats. Contrary to our expectations, bilateral lesions of the GP or STN did not impair NPA's ability to block U50,488-induced locomotor activity. When considered together, these results suggest that: (a) stimulation of D2-like receptors in the dorsal striatum is sufficient to attenuate the kappa-opioid-mediated locomotor activity of young rats; and (b) the indirect pathway does not mediate the effects of D2-like receptor stimulation in this behavioral model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Charntikov
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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48
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Abstract
This unit presents a quantitative, observational method for the assessment of rodent stereotyped behavior which consists of motor responses that are repetitive, invariant, and seemingly without purpose or goal. The most classic behavioral pattern that is characteristic of stereotypy is that elicited by high doses of stimulants, such as cocaine and amphetamine, in rats, although it can also occur in response to other drugs or neurotoxic treatments affecting the basal ganglia. An observational time-sampling procedure is described in which animals are observed and rated by an experimenter, who is blind to treatment, at regular time points over the course of a behavioral testing period. The frequency of different behaviors is measured by scoring the presence or absence of a given behavior during predetermined time bins. The apparatus and test procedures are described, and a comprehensive list of commonly observed behaviors that may appear as stereotyped is provided. In addition to being ideally suited to the measurement of stereotypy, the protocol can be adapted to sampling many forms of spontaneous behaviors, including locomotion, rearing, grooming, eating, and drinking. Samples of behavioral checklists and scoring sheets are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kelley
- University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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49
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Harris KM, Mahone EM, Singer HS. Nonautistic motor stereotypies: clinical features and longitudinal follow-up. Pediatr Neurol 2008; 38:267-72. [PMID: 18358406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To characterize further the clinical features and long-term outcomes among children with motor stereotypies who do not manifest mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders, a review of clinical records and semistructured telephone interviews were undertaken. The identified clinical cohort consisted of 100 typically developing children with motor stereotypies. The mean length of follow-up was 6.8 +/- 4.6 years. At most recent follow-up, movements had continued in 94% of the sample (62% for >5 years). Only six children reported complete cessation of movements, with four (3 of 4 with head nodding) doing so >1 year after their initial diagnosis. Thus the course of motor stereotypies, especially in children with arm/hand movements, appears chronic. Nearly half the children in this cohort exhibit other comorbidities, including attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (30%), tics (18%), and obsessive-compulsive behaviors/obsessive-compulsive disorder (10%). Twenty-five percent of children with motor stereotypies reported positive family histories of motor stereotypies, suggesting an underlying genetic abnormality. Finally, evidence is emerging that the clinical course of children who exhibit head nodding may differ from those whose motor stereotypy predominantly involves the hands and arms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Harris
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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50
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Tang C, Mittler T, Duke DC, Zhu Y, Pawlak AP, West MO. Dose- and rate-dependent effects of cocaine on striatal firing related to licking. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 324:701-13. [PMID: 17991811 PMCID: PMC3160282 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.129734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of striatal mechanisms in cocaine-induced stereotyped licking, we investigated the acute effects of cocaine on striatal neurons in awake, freely moving rats before and after cocaine administration (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). Stereotyped licking was induced only by the high dose. Relative to control (saline), cocaine reduced lick duration and concurrently increased interlick interval, particularly at the high dose, but it did not affect licking rhythm. Firing rates of striatal neurons phasically related to licking movements were compared between matched licks before and after injection, minimizing any influence of sensorimotor variables on changes in firing. Both increases and decreases in average firing rate of striatal neurons were observed after cocaine injection, and these changes exhibited a dose-dependent pattern that strongly depended on predrug firing rate. At the middle and high doses relative to the saline group, the average firing rates of slow firing neurons were increased by cocaine, resulting from a general elevation of movement-related firing rates. In contrast, fast firing neurons showed decreased average firing rates only in the high-dose group, with reduced firing rates across the entire range for these neurons. Our findings suggest that at the high dose, increased phasic activity of slow firing striatal neurons and simultaneously reduced phasic activity of fast firing striatal neurons may contribute, respectively, to the continual initiation of stereotypic movements and the absence of longer movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengke Tang
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
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