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Pereira-Pinto R, Barros M, Vaz-Velho M, Mata F, Pires P. Enhanced HPLC Method for Boar Taint Quantification. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300283. [PMID: 38809068 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Boar taint is an unpleasant odour found in the carcasses of entire male pigs, resulting from androstenone and skatole accumulation during pubertal development, and impacting pork quality. This study proposes the validation of an adapted chromatographic method for quantifying skatole and androstenone in the pigs' liquid fat using fluorescence detection. A good chromatographic separation was achieved, with skatole (SKA) and androstenone (AND) elution at 4.4 and 9.9 min., respectively. An external calibration method was applied, with calibration curves correlation coefficient of 0.9999 for both analytes. Detection limit values were 1.53 and 16.02 ng/g for SKA and AND, respectively. SKA recovery was 99.72±2.34 % (2.34 % RSD) and 102.84±1.62 % (1.57 % RSD) for AND. Results showed good precision values (repeatability <2.46 % RSD for SKA, <6.85 % RSD for AND; intermediate precision <2.87 % RSD for SKA, <6.98 % RSD for AND). The method's robustness was tested and the values were within the reference ranges. The validation results proved that the adaptation of an existing method resulted in good assessments of robustness, reliability and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pereira-Pinto
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - M Barros
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - M Vaz-Velho
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - F Mata
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - P Pires
- CISAS - Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico 644, 4900-348, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
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Albuquerque A, Garrido N, Charneca R, Egas C, Martin L, Ramos A, Costa F, Marmelo C, Martins JM. Influence of Sex and a High-Fiber Diet on the Gut Microbiome of Alentejano Pigs Raised to Heavy Weights. Vet Sci 2023; 10:641. [PMID: 37999464 PMCID: PMC10675691 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of sex and a dietary transition on the gut microbiota of a local Portuguese pig breed. Three groups of male Alentejano pigs (n = 10 each) were raised between ~40 and 160 kg LW. Group C included pigs that were surgically castrated, while the I group included intact ones; both were fed with commercial diets. The third group, IExp, included intact pigs that were fed commercial diets until ~130 kg, then replaced by an experimental diet based on legumes and agro-industrial by-products between ~130 and 160 kg. Fecal samples were collected two weeks before slaughter. The total DNA was extracted and used for 16S metabarcoding on a MiSeq® System. The dietary transition from a commercial diet to the experimental diet substantially increased and shifted the diversity observed. Complex carbohydrate fermenting bacteria, such as Ruminococcus spp. and Sphaerochaeta spp., were significantly more abundant in IExp (q < 0.05). On the other hand, castrated pigs presented a significantly lower abundance of the potential probiotic, Roseburia spp. and Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (q < 0.01), bacteria commonly associated with better gut health and lower body fat composition. Understanding the role of gut microbiota is paramount to ensure a low skatole deposition and consumers' acceptance of pork products from non-castrated male pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Albuquerque
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas, Departamento de Ciência Agrárias e Veterinárias, Edifício Quartel do Trem, Avenida 14 de Janeiro n° 21, 7350-092 Elvas, Portugal
| | - Rui Charneca
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- MED & CHANGE, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT–Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Conceição Egas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Next Generation Sequencing Unit, Biocant, 3060-197 Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Luísa Martin
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amélia Ramos
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa Costa
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Carla Marmelo
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Martins
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, Ap. 50, 3440-131 Santa Comba Dão, Portugal; (N.G.); (R.C.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (F.C.); (C.M.)
- MED & CHANGE, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT–Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
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Martins JM, Charneca R, Garrido N, Albuquerque A, Jerónimo E, Guerreiro O, Lage P, Marmelo C, Costa F, Ramos A, Martin L. Influence of Sex on Meat and Fat Quality from Heavy Alentejano Pigs Finished Outdoors on Commercial and High Fiber Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3099. [PMID: 37835705 PMCID: PMC10571643 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to examine the effects of sex on meat and fat quality traits from thirty Portuguese Alentejano (AL) pigs reared in outdoor conditions. These pigs were divided into three groups and fed ad libitum. From ~40 to 130 kg LW, castrated (C group) and intact animals (I and IExp) consumed commercial diets. Until slaughter (~160 kg), C and I pigs remained on commercial diets, and IExp changed to a more sustainable experimental diet with locally produced pulses and byproducts. Samples were collected from the Longissimus lumborum (LL), Psoas major (PM), and dorsal subcutaneous fat (DSF). At ~160 kg, the PM muscle of intact pigs presented lower intramuscular fat content than that of C pigs, while total collagen was higher. Additionally, PM myoglobin was lower and lightness (L*) was higher in intact pigs. Regarding DSF, moisture and total protein contents were higher and total lipids were lower in intact than in castrated pigs, while color parameters were not significantly different. Finally, antioxidant capacity measured in the LL muscle showed an overall lower value in intact pigs. However, lipid oxidation values were not significantly different between the experimental groups and only increased with storage time. Outdoor-reared intact AL pigs produced leaner and less saturated pork and fat compared to castrated ones. Despite the lower antioxidant activity observed in the LL muscles of intact pigs, the lipid oxidative stability of cooked meat was not different among the experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Martins
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT—Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (R.C.); (N.G.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT—Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (R.C.); (N.G.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT—Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (R.C.); (N.G.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - André Albuquerque
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT—Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (R.C.); (N.G.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Eliana Jerónimo
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; (E.J.); (O.G.); (P.L.)
- MED & CHANGE, Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - Olinda Guerreiro
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; (E.J.); (O.G.); (P.L.)
- MED & CHANGE, Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Lage
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), Instituto Politécnico de Beja, 7801-908 Beja, Portugal; (E.J.); (O.G.); (P.L.)
- MED & CHANGE, Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - Carla Marmelo
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT—Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (R.C.); (N.G.); (A.A.); (C.M.)
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Filipa Costa
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Amélia Ramos
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Martin
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal; (F.C.); (A.R.); (L.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
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Das S, Saha A, Banerjee A, Goyary D, Karmakar S, Dwivedi SK, Chattopadhyay P. Toxicological evaluation of a nonlethal riot control combinational formulation upon dermal application using animal models. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:118-130. [PMID: 37315295 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2023.2220393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous adverse effects on human health have been reported in epidemiological studies of oleoresin capsicum (OC) and other riot control agents (RCAs). Importantly, the daunting risk of such RCAs can be neutralized by optimizing the desired concentration of such agents for mob dispersal. Hence, a nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) was prepared for dispersing rioters without imparting fatal outcomes. However, for desired utilization of NCF, it is essential to recognize its extent of potential toxicity. Therefore, the current investigation evaluated the dermal toxicity of NCF using experimental animals in compliance with the OECD guidelines. Additionally, few essential metal ions were analyzed and found non -significantly different in the test rats as compared to control rats. Moreover, abnormal dermal morphology and lesions ultrastructural tissue defects were not noticed as evinced by different studies like ultrasonography, histology, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Further, Doppler ultrasonography exhibited non-significantly different blood flow velocity in both groups, whereas miles test demonstrated a significantly increased Evans blue concentration in test rats compared to the control rats, which might be due to an initial increase in blood flow via an instant action of the NCF at the cutaneous sensory nerve endings. However, our results demonstrated NCF can produce initial skin irritating and sensitizing effects in guinea pigs and rabbits without the antecedence of acute toxicity (≤2000 mg/kg) in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghita Das
- Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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Faggion S, Boschi E, Veroneze R, Carnier P, Bonfatti V. Genomic Prediction and Genome-Wide Association Study for Boar Taint Compounds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2450. [PMID: 37570259 PMCID: PMC10417264 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With a perspective future ban on surgical castration in Europe, selecting pigs with reduced ability to accumulate boar taint (BT) compounds (androstenone, indole, skatole) in their tissues seems a promising strategy. BT compound concentrations were quantified in the adipose tissue of 1075 boars genotyped at 29,844 SNPs. Traditional and SNP-based breeding values were estimated using pedigree-based BLUP (PBLUP) and genomic BLUP (GBLUP), respectively. Heritabilities for BT compounds were moderate (0.30-0.52). The accuracies of GBLUP and PBLUP were significantly different for androstenone (0.58 and 0.36, respectively), but comparable for indole and skatole (~0.43 and ~0.47, respectively). Several SNP windows, each explaining a small percentage of the variance of BT compound concentrations, were identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 18 candidate genes previously associated with BT (MX1), reproduction traits (TCF21, NME5, PTGFR, KCNQ1, UMODL1), and fat metabolism (CTSD, SYT8, TNNI2, CD81, EGR1, GIPC2, MIGA1, NEGR1, CCSER1, MTMR2, LPL, ERFE) were identified in the post-GWAS analysis. The large number of genes related to fat metabolism might be explained by the relationship between sexual steroid levels and fat deposition and be partially ascribed to the pig line investigated, which is selected for ham quality and not for lean growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Faggion
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (P.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Elena Boschi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (P.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Renata Veroneze
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-999, Brazil;
| | - Paolo Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (P.C.); (V.B.)
| | - Valentina Bonfatti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy; (E.B.); (P.C.); (V.B.)
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Martins JM, Varino R, Charneca R, Albuquerque A, Garrido N, Neves J, Freitas A, Costa F, Marmelo C, Ramos A, Martin L. Outdoor Finishing of Intact Male Portuguese Alentejano Pigs on a Sustainable High-Fiber Diet: Impacts on Blood, Growth, Carcass, Meat Quality and Boar Taint Compounds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2221. [PMID: 37444019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This trial evaluated the effect of sex on the blood, growth, carcass, meat quality, and boar taint compounds in male Alentejano (AL) pigs (n = 30). From ~40 to 130 kg LW, castrated (C) and intact pigs (I and IExp groups) were fed commercial diets ad libitum. Between ~130 and 160 kg (slaughter), C and I pigs continued on commercial diets, while IExp were fed an experimental diet containing locally produced pulses and by-products aimed at reducing boar taint. At ~160 kg, blood urea levels were higher in IExp than C pigs, triacylglycerols were lower in both intact groups, and cortisol was lower in IExp. IExp pigs exhibited faster growth, improved feed conversion ratio, carcass higher commercial yield and leaner meat than C pigs. The loin intramuscular fat in intact pigs was lower, less saturated and more polyunsaturated, while total collagen was higher. Fat androstenone content was higher in intact pigs and skatole content was similar across treatments, although they were below threshold values for consumer detection. Finally, although boar taint compounds were low in intact AL pigs raised outdoors, adding pulses and by-products to the experimental diet did not result in a reduction in fat skatole content compared to pigs fed the commercial diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Martins
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Varino
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - André Albuquerque
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Nicolás Garrido
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - José Neves
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Freitas
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Zootecnia, ECT-Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Filipa Costa
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
| | - Carla Marmelo
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- MED & CHANGE, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Amélia Ramos
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Martin
- ECO-PIG Consortium, Z.I. Catraia, 3440-131 S. Comba Dão, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnologias, Escola Superior Agrária de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
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Aung SH, Abeyrathne EDNS, Hossain MA, Jung DY, Kim HC, Jo C, Nam KC. Comparative Quality Traits, Flavor Compounds, and Metabolite Profile of Korean Native Black Goat Meat. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:639-658. [PMID: 37483995 PMCID: PMC10359836 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although goat meat has several health benefits than other red meats but comsumers reluctant it due to its unpleasant flavor. This study aimed to investigate the odorant of goat meat as well as compare the quality traits of meat regarding sex status. The loin meats [non-castrated male (NCM), castrated male (CM), and female (FM)] were collected and stored at 4°C in a laboratory refrigerator and analyzed on the 1st, 5th, and 8th consecutive days. The moisture content was the lowest and the protein content was highest in FM (p<0.05). Fat and ash content in NCM and FM were similar while lowest in CM. The CIE L* was significantly higher in NCM, but there were no significant differences of CIE a* and CIE b* within groups at initial day. The color intensity increased on the 5th storage day and decreased again after the 8th storage day, except in NCM. NCM displayed the highest thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (p<0.05), whereas CM displayed a higher pH value than other groups throughout the storage period. Indole levels were the highest in NCM (0.031 mg/kg); however, skatole levels were not significant differences across all treatments (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in the fatty acid composition between NCM and CM (p>0.05), whereas a significant difference was observed in FM (p<0.05). Most of the water-soluble metabolites showed significant differences between sexes. Overall, sex status effects on quality properties of meat and castration can improve the overall sensory acceptance by reducing goaty flavor of Korean native black goat meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shine Htet Aung
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Zoology, Kyaukse
University, Kyaukse 05151, Myanmar
| | - Edirisinghe Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa
University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Md. Altaf Hossain
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
- Department of Applied Food Science and
Nutrition, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences
University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Doo Yeon Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Cheorun Jo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Center for Food and Bioconvergence, and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Nam
- Department of Animal Science and
Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922,
Korea
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8
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Bahelka I, Stupka R, Čítek J, Šprysl M, Bučko O, Fľak P. Eating Quality of Pork from Entire Male Pigs after Dietary Supplementation with Hydrolysable Tannins. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050893. [PMID: 36899752 PMCID: PMC10000101 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Boar taint is an unpleasant odour and flavour released during heat treatment of pork from uncastrated male pigs. The two main compounds responsible for boar taint are androstenone and skatole. Androstenone is a steroid hormone formed in the testis during sexual maturity. Skatole is a product of microbial degradation of the amino acid tryptophan in the hindgut of pigs. Both of these compounds are lipophilic, which means that they can be deposited in adipose tissue. Several studies have reported heritability estimates for their deposition from medium (skatole) to high magnitudes (androstenone). In addition to efforts to influence boar taint through genetic selection, much attention has also been paid to reducing its incidence using various feeding strategies. From this point of view, research has focused especially on the reduction in skatole content by supplementation of feed additives into the nutrition of entire male pigs. Promising results have been achieved using hydrolysable tannins in the diet. To date, most studies have investigated the effects of tannins on the production and accumulation of skatole in adipose tissue, intestinal microbiota, growth rate, carcasses and pork quality. Thus, the objective of this study was, in addition to determining the effects of tannins on androstenone and skatole accumulation, to assess the effects of tannins on the sensory traits of meat from entire males. The experiment was performed on 80 young boars-progeny of several hybrid sire lines. Animals were randomly assigned to one control and four experimental groups (each numbering 16). The control group (T0) received a standard diet without any tannin supplementation. Experimental groups were supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3) or 4% (T4) SCWE (sweet chestnut wood extract) rich in hydrolysable tannins (Farmatan). Pigs received this supplement for 40 days prior to slaughter. Subsequently, the pigs were slaughtered, and sensory analysis was applied to evaluate the odour, flavour, tenderness and juiciness of the pork. The results showed a significant effect of tannins on skatole accumulation in adipose tissue (p = 0.052-0.055). The odour and flavour of the pork were not affected by tannins. However, juiciness and tenderness were reduced by higher tannin supplementation (T3-T4) compared to the controls (p < 0.05), but these results were sex-dependent (in favour of men compared to women). Generally, women rated tenderness and juiciness worse than men regardless of the type of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bahelka
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-383-059
| | - Roman Stupka
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Čítek
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šprysl
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bučko
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Fľak
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia
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9
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Tao D, Liu J, Li Q, Jiang Y, Xu B, Khazalwa EM, Gong P, Xu J, Ma Y, Ruan J, Niu L, Xie S. A Simple, Affordable, and Rapid Visual CRISPR-Based Field Test for Sex Determination of Earlier Porcine Embryos and Pork Products. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:263-272. [PMID: 35840848 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Sex selection technologies have immensely impacted swine production globally. Conventional earlier embryo sex identification methods require professional technicians and sophisticated laboratory instruments. Rapid on-site gender identification of porcine embryos and pork products remains challenging. In this study, we developed a CRISPR/Cas12a-based fluorescence visualization point-of-care sex determination test that is rapid, accurate and easy to implement on-site. The CRISPR/Cas12a assay coupled with either the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) employs precisely designed primers and single-guide RNAs targeting the sex-determining region Y (SRY) and the zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) genes. PCR and LAMP amplicons were cleaved with the subsequent generation of fluorescing products detectable with portable blue and ultraviolet light transilluminators. Approximately two copies per microliter of the ZFX and SRY genes were detected using the RApid VIsual CRISPR (RAVI-CRISPR) assay. This method is a sensitive, inexpensive, versatile, and point-of-care test. The technology has other potential applications like determining the sex of diverse livestock species, detecting livestock disease-causing pathogens and evaluating the quality of meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Li
- College of Biological Engineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Yangshan Customs, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Ping Gong
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan, 430208, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Pesenti Rossi G, Dalla Costa E, Filipe JFS, Mazzola SM, Motta A, Borciani M, Gastaldo A, Canali E, Pilia F, Argenton M, Caniatti M, Pecile A, Minero M, Barbieri S. Does Immunocastration Affect Behaviour and Body Lesions in Heavy Pigs? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080410. [PMID: 36006325 PMCID: PMC9414783 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Castration of piglets is routinely practiced to prevent the presence of boar taint. In Europe, around 61% of pigs are surgically castrated, 54% of which do not receive any pain-relief therapy. The increasing public awareness towards animal welfare and the ethical characteristics of animal-derived products has led to the necessity of finding more animal-friendly alternatives. Among them, immunocastration, a process of active immunisation leading to the suppression of testicular function, has shown promising results in light pig production, both in terms of animal welfare and productivity. Besides, no study has yet investigated animal welfare in immunocastrated males intended for Italian heavy pig production. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of immunocastration on the welfare of heavy pigs by monitoring behaviour and body lesions in immunocastrated and surgically castrated pigs. Salivary testosterone levels and productive traits were also evaluated. Our results confirmed that immunocastration is a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performance, whereas the higher activity of animals and the higher presence of body lesions before the effective immunisation caused an impairment of animal welfare, which should be further investigated as a critical aspect in heavy pig production. Abstract Immunocastration has been pointed out as an alternative to surgical castration; though, most of the scientific studies were performed in light pig production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of immunocastration on animal welfare in heavy pig production through the evaluation of behaviour and body lesions. A total of 188 commercial-hybrid pigs were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: surgical castration (SC) and immunocastration with Improvac® (IC). Data on behaviour, body lesions, and salivary testosterone levels were collected the day before each vaccination at 15, 22, 32, and 36 weeks of age. IC and SC pigs were slaughtered at 40 and 41 weeks of age, respectively; productive and carcass traits data were also collected. Considering productive performance, our results confirmed that IC pigs grew faster and presented a higher weight at slaughter. A critical period for pig welfare was observed before 32 weeks: testosterone concentration and body lesion score were significantly higher in IC pigs compared to SC pigs; active behaviours were significantly more frequent in IC at 15 weeks. Immunocastration may represent a suitable alternative to surgical castration with profitable productive performances, whereas the impairment of welfare during the period before the effective vaccination should be further investigated as a potential critical aspect in heavy pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Pesenti Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Emanuela Dalla Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Silvia Michela Mazzola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Ambra Motta
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Marzia Borciani
- Fondazione C.R.P.A. Studi Ricerche, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Pilia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Marco Argenton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Mario Caniatti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pecile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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11
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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Schmidt G, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Padalino B, Roberts HC, Stahl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Edwards S, Ivanova S, Leeb C, Wechsler B, Fabris C, Lima E, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Van der Stede Y, Vitali M, Spoolder H. Welfare of pigs on farm. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07421. [PMID: 36034323 PMCID: PMC9405538 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This scientific opinion focuses on the welfare of pigs on farm, and is based on literature and expert opinion. All pig categories were assessed: gilts and dry sows, farrowing and lactating sows, suckling piglets, weaners, rearing pigs and boars. The most relevant husbandry systems used in Europe are described. For each system, highly relevant welfare consequences were identified, as well as related animal-based measures (ABMs), and hazards leading to the welfare consequences. Moreover, measures to prevent or correct the hazards and/or mitigate the welfare consequences are recommended. Recommendations are also provided on quantitative or qualitative criteria to answer specific questions on the welfare of pigs related to tail biting and related to the European Citizen's Initiative 'End the Cage Age'. For example, the AHAW Panel recommends how to mitigate group stress when dry sows and gilts are grouped immediately after weaning or in early pregnancy. Results of a comparative qualitative assessment suggested that long-stemmed or long-cut straw, hay or haylage is the most suitable material for nest-building. A period of time will be needed for staff and animals to adapt to housing lactating sows and their piglets in farrowing pens (as opposed to crates) before achieving stable welfare outcomes. The panel recommends a minimum available space to the lactating sow to ensure piglet welfare (measured by live-born piglet mortality). Among the main risk factors for tail biting are space allowance, types of flooring, air quality, health status and diet composition, while weaning age was not associated directly with tail biting in later life. The relationship between the availability of space and growth rate, lying behaviour and tail biting in rearing pigs is quantified and presented. Finally, the panel suggests a set of ABMs to use at slaughter for monitoring on-farm welfare of cull sows and rearing pigs.
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12
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Is a short concentrate-finishing period in lambs raised on alfalfa pasture effective at reducing fat indoles contents and lightening meat colour? Animal 2022; 16:100610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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13
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Boschi E, Faggion S, Mondin C, Carnier P, Bonfatti V. Concentrations of Boar Taint Compounds Are Weakly Associated with Sexual Behavior of Young Boars. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121499. [PMID: 35739836 PMCID: PMC9219486 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to control boar taint (BT) in meat relies on the reduction of skatole, indole, and androstenone concentration. This might have unfavorable effects on the libido of breeding boars. The association between BT compound concentration in backfat and libido was investigated in 391 commercial breeding boars. Six sexual behavior traits (SBT; sexual arousal, salivation, mounting performance, interest in the dummy sow, penis unsheathing, and overall libido score) were scored during the training of the boars with the dummy sow. Variation in SBT was analyzed by proportional-odds cumulative logistic models. Overall, indole, skatole, and androstenone concentrations were weakly associated with libido. Farm of origin, age at training or body weight, and BT compound levels were poor predictors of boar performance (the area under the ROC curve ranged from 0.60 to 0.69). This indicates that BT compound concentrations were weakly associated with libido, even though the probability of observing good SBT scores increased with high levels of androstenone, intermediate or low levels of skatole, and intermediate to high levels of indole. Hence, practices aiming at reducing androstenone, and controlling the concentrations of skatole and indole to intermediate levels are not expected to impair the libido of young boars.
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14
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Stewart S, Scorsone E, Prunier A, Hamel M. Novel ECL Method for the Determination of Skatole in Porcine Adipose Tissue. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6403-6409. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stewart
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - Matthieu Hamel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
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15
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Botelho ME, Lopes MS, Mathur PK, Knol EF, e Silva FF, Lopes PS, Gimarães SEF, Marques DB, Veroneze R. Weighted genome-wide association study reveals new candidate genes related to boar taint compounds 1. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Batorek-Lukač N, Čandek-Potokar M, Škrlep M, Kubale V, Labussière E. Effect of Changes in Dietary Net Energy Concentration on Growth Performance, Fat Deposition, Skatole Production, and Intestinal Morphology in Immunocastrated Male Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:789776. [PMID: 34970619 PMCID: PMC8712477 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.789776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional requirements of heavy immunocastrated (IM) pigs and therefore appropriate feeding strategies have not yet been determined. Thus, the effects of changes in dietary net energy (NE) content were studied in 41 IM pigs, fed ad libitum diets with low, medium, and high NE content (LNE, MNE, and HNE diets, with 8.5, 9.3, and 10.0 MJ NE/kg, respectively), from 84 days of age until slaughter at an average age of 172 days and an average body weight of 122.5 kg. In the period from 143 to 170 days of age, there was a tendency for a greater NE intake (p = 0.08) in pigs fed the HNE diet along with greater (p < 0.01) backfat gain. Dietary treatment affected carcass composition, as lower backfat thickness (p = 0.01) and lower area of fat over the longissimus muscle (p = 0.05) were observed in the LNE and MNE pigs. In addition, greater lean meat content (p = 0.04) was observed in the LNE pigs. Reducing the NE of the diet by replacement of cereals and soybean meal with high-fiber ingredients resulted in lower indole production in the ascending colon (p < 0.01) and greater skatole production (p < 0.01) in the cecum. Greater villus area, width, height and perimeter, crypt depth, and thickness of the intestinal mucosa in the jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, and descending colon were found in the LNE group (p < 0.01) than in the HNE group, while those in the MNE group was intermediate. Cell proliferation was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). The present results show that a reduction in dietary NE concentration lowers lipid deposition, without affecting performance or energy efficiency in IM pigs. This technique provides an advantage in terms of improved leanness, without affecting growth rate in IM pigs after immunization, which is particularly important when the backfat thickness is a determinant of carcass value and IM pigs are fattened to higher weights (e.g., in heavy pig production) or when a longer delay between immunization and slaughter is practiced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Batorek-Lukač
- Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Animal Production Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural institute of Slovenia, Animal Production Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Das S, Saha A, Patowary P, Niri P, Goyary D, Karmakar S, Chattopadhyay P. Assessment of toxicological consequences upon acute inhalation exposure to chemically improvised nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) containing oleoresin capsicum and skatole. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1129-1143. [PMID: 34956616 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory irritation is an acute adverse effect leading to temporary disability posed by riot control agents in various deployable forms are utilized by defense personal in violent mob attacks but their irreversible toxic effects and risk assessment have been a matter of concern. These intimidating risks of available riot control agents have led to exploring the pulmonary toxicity profile of the oil in water emulsion formulation developed for vicious crowd controls containing an irritant oleoresin capsicum, a malodorant (skatole), and a commercial dye, followed by characterization using standard methods. Nonlethal riot control combinational formulation (NCF) has been aimed to be the best possible low-lethal alternative for riot control measures. In this study, 30 min of acute inhalation exposure of NCF was given to Wistar rats and various respiratory parameters like lung dynamics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytological assays, pro-inflammatory cytokines estimation, antioxidant activity, collagen accumulation, cytotoxicity, in vivo lung imaging, western blot, histology of lung tissue, etc. were investigated to validate its potentiality and rate of irritation reversibility as nonlethal agents. An exaggerated physiological change like sensory irritation, changes in lung functional variables, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, etc. were noticed initially without airway obstruction as the expression of nociceptive TRPV1 protein did not alter the physiological regulation of protective proteins like Nrf2 and HO-1 and also no abnormality was found in lung tissue architecture. In conclusion, it can be stated that this formulation can be explored as a nonlethal riot control agent intending to generate discomfort but with early reversibility of sensory irritation and no recurrence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghita Das
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Pompy Patowary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Pakter Niri
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Danswrang Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Sanjeev Karmakar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
| | - Pronobesh Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Solmara, Tezpur, Assam 784001, India
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18
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Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, López-Mendoza MC, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Latorre MA. Influence of Immunocastration and Diet on Meat and Fat Quality of Heavy Female and Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3355. [PMID: 34944132 PMCID: PMC8697961 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out; one with female pigs and the other with male pigs destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production, to evaluate the effect of immunocastration (entire gilts-EG vs. immunocastrated gilts-IG and surgically castrated males vs. immunocastrated males-IM) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on meat quality and fat composition. Fifteen meat samples and eight fat samples of each treatment were analyzed in both experiments. In the case of males, six fat samples per treatment were analyzed to determine boar taint. Immunocastration is a good strategy in gilts intended for dry-cured ham production because improves meat composition; however, in males, immunocastration impairs the results of pork chemical composition compared with surgical castration. The IG presented a lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio than EG, improving fat technological quality. Diets had little effect on pork or fat quality in gilts, but a high-energy level using oilseeds and a low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diet from 80 to 137 kg of body weight could be interesting in IM to maintain or increase fat consistency, respectively. Moreover, in general, immunocastration is effective in avoiding boar taint in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - María Carmen López-Mendoza
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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19
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Witte F, Pajic A, Menger F, Tomasevic I, Schubert DC, Visscher C, Terjung N. Preliminary Test of the Reduction Capacity for the Intestinal Adsorption of Skatole and Indole in Weaning Piglets by Pure and Coated Charcoal. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2720. [PMID: 34573685 PMCID: PMC8469709 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the risk of boar taint, intact male piglets are immuno- or surgically castrated. One alternative is reducing skatole by adding skatole reducing or adsorbing substances to the boars' diet. Charcoal with a high capacity for adsorbing skatole and indole in vitro (tested before, data not shown) was fed to the boars to test the hypothesis that a fat coating prevents the unspecific adsorption of charcoal before entry into the large intestine while increasing skatole adsorption. Twelve male and six female weaning piglets with initial body weights of 7.74 ± 0.75 kg were fed for 18 (or 19) days with either 2% pure (untreated) charcoal or 4% coated (50% charcoal + 50% fat-coating) charcoal or no charcoal. After euthanasia, skatole and indole were quantified in caecum and colon chyme. Skatole and indole contents in caecum chyme were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the group fed with coated charcoal (33 ± 4.2, 7 ± 2.8 µg/gDM, respectively) than in the group fed with pure charcoal (51 ± 7.3, 14 ± 3.0 µg/gDM) or with no charcoal (73 ± 12.6, 15 ± 1.7 µg/gDM). Similar effects were obvious for colon chyme. The results indicate that a fat coating of charcoal might prevent unspecific adsorption in the small intestine and might consequently lead to a higher adsorption capacity for skatole and indole in the large intestine, as skatole and indole concentrations in the chyme of caecum and colon were approximately 50% lower in the piglets who received coated charcoal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Witte
- German Institute of Food Technologies—DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; (F.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleksandar Pajic
- German Institute of Food Technologies—DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; (F.W.); (A.P.)
| | - Florian Menger
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Igor Tomasevic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dana Carina Schubert
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany; (D.C.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, 30173 Hanover, Germany; (D.C.S.); (C.V.)
| | - Nino Terjung
- German Institute of Food Technologies—DIL e.V., 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; (F.W.); (A.P.)
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Schubert DC, Chuppava B, Witte F, Terjung N, Visscher C. Evaluation of Coated Biochar as an Intestinal Binding Agent for Skatole and Indole in Male Intact Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:760. [PMID: 33801873 PMCID: PMC7998114 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The ban on piglet castration without anaesthesia poses a challenge for the meat industry since alternatives ensuring the production of flawless pork have to be established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of biochar on skatole and indole concentration in faeces and plasma on a small scale in finishing boars to prove whether biochar was suitable for use in commercial pork production. Moreover, it was investigated whether biochar affects faecal properties or the performance. For a four-week trial period, 54 boars (bodyweight 97.2 ± 6.88 kg) were divided into three groups. The control (BC0) received no dietary biochar, one group received a diet containing 4% coated biochar (corresponding to 2% pure biochar) for the final two experimental weeks (BC2), and another group for the entire four weeks (BC4), respectively, prior to slaughter. Skatole and indole concentrations were measured in faeces and plasma at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the trial. Mean skatole concentrations did not differ between groups, but in BC2 faecal skatole was significantly decreased at day 26, whereas in BC4 initial and final faecal skatole levels did not differ. At day 15 and 26, the faecal dry matter content was significantly higher in pigs fed the biochar diet (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Carina Schubert
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Bussarakam Chuppava
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (B.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Franziska Witte
- German Institute for Food Technologies (DIL e.V), Quakenbrück, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, D-49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; (F.W.); (N.T.)
| | - Nino Terjung
- German Institute for Food Technologies (DIL e.V), Quakenbrück, Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straße 7, D-49610 Quakenbrück, Germany; (F.W.); (N.T.)
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hanover, Germany; (B.C.); (C.V.)
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Steybe L, Kress K, Schmucker S, Stefanski V. Impact of Housing Condition on Welfare and Behavior of Immunocastrated Fattening Pigs ( Sus scrofa domestica). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030618. [PMID: 33652799 PMCID: PMC7996791 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study aimed to analyze if the well-known positive effects of immunocastration on the behavior and welfare of pigs are robust to varying environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs were studied with regard to their sex category (EM: entire males, IC: immunocastrates, BA: barrows) and housing environment (ENR: enriched, STD: standard, MIX: repeated social mixing). The second (=effective) vaccination was administered to the immunocastrates 5 or 6 weeks before slaughter according to the standard protocol. Regardless of housing conditions, beneficial effects of immunocastration on a reduction in undesired agonistic and sexual behavior, including penis biting and penile injuries, were observed. Enriched housing showed a beneficial effect on play, whereas the social mixing environment reduced the number of social nosing events. The novel result is that the beneficial effects of immunocastration on behavioral and welfare aspects apply independent from the housing environments assessed in this study. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate whether the well-known positive effects of immunocastration on the behavior and welfare of pigs persist under varying environments. One hundred forty-four male pigs were studied with regard to their sex category (EM: entire males, IC: immunocastrates, BA: barrows) and housing environment (ENR: enriched, STD: standard, MIX: repeated social mixing). The vaccination of immunocastrates included two injections at the age of 12 and 22 weeks. Regardless of the housing conditions, frequencies of sexual and fighting behavior expressed by immunocastrates shifted from boar-like to barrow-like behavior after the second immunocastration vaccination (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.05). Penis biting decreased in IC after the second vaccination (Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, p = 0.036) and penile injuries were lower in IC animals compared to EM (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.001). Housing-dependent effects on behavior could also be observed in the animals at a relatively young age. Enriched housing showed a beneficial effect on play behavior (Chi-square test, p < 0.001) and the social mixing environment reduced the number of social nosing events (Mixed model analysis, p < 0.05). The positive effects of immunocastration thus are robust to all housing conditions assessed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Steybe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
- German Genetic, Schweinezuchtverband Baden-Wuerttemberg e.V., Im Wolfer 10, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany or (K.K.); (S.S.); (V.S.)
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Werner D, Baldinger L, Bussemas R, Büttner S, Weißmann F, Ciulu M, Mörlein J, Mörlein D. Early Immunocastration of Pigs: From Farming to Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020298. [PMID: 33503873 PMCID: PMC7912067 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to test a very early immunization of pigs to prevent boar taint with regard to its practicability and influence on production performance, its reliability in ensuring good meat and fat quality, and animal welfare. Immunization was already conducted at piglet production stage and could be easily integrated into routine vaccination (week 3) and weaning practices (week 7). The fattening and slaughter performance of the animals was not affected by the immunization regime and was within the usual range. In addition, there were no abnormalities in animal behavior and the prevalence of injuries caused by aggressive interactions. All animals were classified as infertile on the basis of the histological examination of the testicles. However, the testosterone levels measured at slaughter were significantly higher in animals of the early immunization regime than in animals subjected to the standard immunization regime. Androstenone and skatole levels as the main components of boar taint were, on average, higher and varied to a greater extent in early immunized animals. Furthermore, the comparison of the immunization scheme did not result in significant differences for meat quality and for fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Werner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Lisa Baldinger
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Ralf Bussemas
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Sinje Büttner
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Friedrich Weißmann
- Institute of Organic Farming, Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute, Trenthorst 32, 23847 Westerau, Germany; (D.W.); (L.B.); (R.B.); (F.W.); (S.B.)
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Johanna Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (M.C.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Evaluation of the Effect of Surgical and Immunological Castration of Male Pigs on Boar Taint Compounds in Oral Fluid and Fat Tissue by LC-MS/MS Method. J Vet Res 2020; 64:557-565. [PMID: 33367145 PMCID: PMC7734676 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction An effective way of preventing undesirable boar taint in pork meat caused by the presence of androstenone, skatole and indole is surgical castration of piglets. This, however, arouses growing social opposition. An alternative method of inhibiting the development of unpleasant odour is immune castration. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of both methods of castration for the elimination of the compounds responsible and to assess the suitability of oral fluid for pre-slaughter predictive testing for boar taint. Material and Methods The research material was pooled oral fluid and fat samples taken from gilts and surgically and immunologically castrated piglets. The samples were tested with a liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry method developed in this research. Results The compounds giving rise to boar taint were found only sporadically above the accepted limits; only one sample of oral fluid contained skatole at a concentration above 200 μg L−1 and one contained indole more concentrated than 100 μg L−1. Indole above the limit value was also detected in one fat sample. In none of the tested samples was androstenone found. Conclusion The results indicate the similar effectiveness of both methods of piglet castration on the reduction of compounds generating boar taint. The usefulness of testing oral fluid for the ante-mortem prediction of boar taint has not been fully confirmed and further investigation is needed.
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Gender effects on pork quality and calpain-1 and calpastatin gene expression in male pig muscle. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108366. [PMID: 33186872 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies that investigate the expression of genes related to the tenderness of meat from entire and immunocastrated male pigs have not yet been performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between gender (entire male and immunocastrated) and the meat quality of pigs, as well as to quantify the expression of calpain-1 and the calpastatin gene. Regarding carcass measurements and meat quality, boars presented lower values of muscle depth (P = 0.028), subcutaneous fat thickness (P = 0.046), L* value (P = 0.004) and cook loss (P = 0.008) than the immunocastrated pigs. The boars presented greater calpain-1 gene expression (P = 0.006) and lower calpastatin gene expression (P = 0.003) than immunocastrated pigs. This study shows that combined with other factors the gene expression can contribute to a tender meat from boars due to their higher calpain-1 expression and lower calpastatin expression than those of immunocastrated male pigs.
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Carcass Characteristics and Primal Pork Cuts of Gilts, Boars, Immunocastrates and Barrows Using AutoFOM III Data of a Commercial Abattoir. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101912. [PMID: 33086496 PMCID: PMC7603092 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Male piglets designated for pork production have been surgically castrated for centuries. The fattening of intact boars is more environmentally friendly due to anabolic effects, but entails a higher risk of aggressive and sexual behavior, and some boar carcasses may exhibit boar taint, which reduces pork quality. Immunocastration as a further alternative to surgical castration is considered as a reliable and animal welfare-friendly method, but currently still has a very small market share. A crucial factor for the period following surgical castration is that pork production, either with boars or immunocastrates, is competitive and produces valuable carcasses with regard to lean meat content and the respective amounts of primal pork cuts. In this study, we therefore evaluated AutoFOM III data from a commercial abattoir. The results show that carcasses from immunocastrates were of similar quality to those of barrows, with carcass characteristics that lay between the values of gilts and barrows. Boar carcasses are leaner in comparison to barrows, but produce the same amount of valuable pork per carcass. Boars and immunocastrates are therefore suitable for the processing industry and both techniques are able to compete with pork production with barrows in terms of carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts. Abstract The surgical castration of male piglets as a routine procedure in modern pig production is facing increasing societal criticism. Pork production with boars and immunocastrates are available alternatives, but both have low market shares as it is so far uncertain how the carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts of boars and immunocastrates will be estimated in comparison to barrows and gilts. This article therefore evaluates the impact of sex group (gilts, boars, immunocastrates and barrows) on carcass characteristics and primal pork cuts using AutoFOM III data from a commercial abattoir. In our study, weekly slaughter data from a total of n = 36,994 pigs between 2018 and 2019 were analyzed. The results show that gilts had the highest amount of pork per carcass of all sex groups, whereas non-significant differences between boars, immunocastrates and barrows could be observed. Boars had the highest lean meat content, followed by gilts, immunocastrates and finally barrows with the lowest lean meat content. These results suggest that both immunocastration and pork production with boars are sustainable techniques that can replace pork production with barrows without affecting carcass quality.
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On the Road to End Pig Pain: Knowledge and Attitudes of Brazilian Citizens Regarding Castration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101826. [PMID: 33049950 PMCID: PMC7650544 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the attitudes of Brazilians towards different methods to deal with boar taint in pork (surgical castration without pain control, SC; surgical castration with pain control, SC+PC; immunocastration, IC; raising entire males, EM). Two surveys (Sv1, n = 441 and Sv2, n = 768) containing closed and open questions were conducted. Nearly 70% of Sv1 and Sv2 participants were unaware that meat of entire males may have boar taint and that SC is widely used in pig production in Brazil. In Sv1, acceptability of SC+PC (63%) and IC (53%) was greater than of SC (15%). In Sv2, acceptability of IC (55%) and EM (52%) was greater than of SC (18%). Open-ended responses indicated that participants objected to inflicting pain to pigs to attain a production goal, and were concerned with organoleptic traits and risks of exogenous residues in pork. Participants' views regarding the potential increases in the cost of meat due to adoption of alternative methods varied; some argued that avoiding pain justifies an increase in the price of pork and others that this would impact especially lower income citizens. Our findings indicate that participants opposed surgical castration without pain control, and supported alternative methods. However, the concern with potential risks of presence of residues in meat, expressed by a few participants, may need to be addressed among consumers.
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Škrlep M, Tomašević I, Mörlein D, Novaković S, Egea M, Garrido MD, Linares MB, Peñaranda I, Aluwé M, Font-i-Furnols M. The Use of Pork from Entire Male and Immunocastrated Pigs for Meat Products-An Overview with Recommendations. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1754. [PMID: 32993171 PMCID: PMC7601181 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the strong public initiative in Europe and increased regulator focus to mitigate pain, surgical castration of pigs is being gradually abandoned, while the importance of other sex categories like entire males (EM) and immunocastrates (IC) increases. Although beneficial for animal welfare and economics, their use also brings forward several quality problems. Besides the occurrence of boar taint in EM, these include excessive carcass leanness, softer fat, meat color and pH deviations, inferior water holding capacity and increased meat toughness. In this paper, the raw material differences between the male sex categories and their influence on product quality are reviewed, and possible solutions are presented. Using EM for dried or thermally processed products may result in lower processing yields and inferior sensory quality, which may partially be prevented by applying specific processing adaptations. Immunocastration is a viable solution, especially when prolonging the vaccination to slaughter interval. Low to medium levels of boar taint can be effectively managed in most of the meat products, applying procedures like cooking, microbial inoculation or masking (by spices and especially smoking), while highly tainted material can be valorized only by combining various methods and/or with dilution of the tainted meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Tomašević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Saša Novaković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Macarena Egea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - María Dolores Garrido
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - María Belén Linares
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - Irene Peñaranda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium;
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Developing and Understanding Olfactory Evaluation of Boar Taint. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091684. [PMID: 32957708 PMCID: PMC7552758 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Boar taint is an unpleasant smell and taste of fat of uncastrated male pigs. Growing welfare concerns are pushing towards a ban on the common practice of castrating male piglets as a means to prevent boar taint. This pushes the pork industry to apply alternative strategies to prevent the consumption of tainted of meat. Detecting boar taint is an important aspect of solving this problem, both as a control strategy in slaughterhouses and in boar taint research. This study provides a training protocol and scoring method as well as recommendations for evaluating boar taint. Abstract Trained expert panels are used routinely in boar taint research, with varying protocols for training of panelists and scoring methods. We describe a standardized process for training and scoring, to contribute to standardize the olfactory detection of boar taint. Three experiments are described in which we (1) evaluate the importance of training and the effect of the previous sample, (2) determine detection thresholds on strips and in fat for our panel, and (3) test priming panelists before boar taint evaluation. For the final evaluation of boar taint, we propose a consistent three-person evaluation scoring on a 0–4 scale using a final mean score of 0.5 as the cut-off for boar taint. This gave an optimal sensitivity of 0.81 and a specificity of 0.56 compared to chemical cut-offs. Even limited training proved useful, but priming assessors with strips did not improve the evaluation of fat samples. Detection thresholds were higher in fat compared to strips, except for indole. We recommend panelists to always smell a non-tainted control sample after a tainted one as a ‘reset’ mechanism, before continuing. For longitudinal studies, we additionally advise to set up an expert panel with a fixed number of assessors performing each evaluation in duplicate.
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Health Risk Perception, Consumption Intention, and Willingness to Pay for Pig Products Obtained by Immunocastration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091548. [PMID: 32883019 PMCID: PMC7552121 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Public awareness of farm animal welfare has gradually increased. It is well-known that some routine procedures in pig farming are detrimental to animal welfare, including surgical castration, especially without anaesthesia and/or analgesia. Some alternative techniques that offer welfare advantages over surgical castration can be implemented—immunocastration is among them. However, producers fear that consumers may be frightened by this technique and therefore they delay changes in the production system. This work aimed to understand whether Italian consumers perceive a health risk from the immunocastration technique and whether this perception is connected with their willingness to consume and to pay for products derived from immunocastrated animals. The results show that, within the Italian population, there are different levels of perceived health risk and that, as the perception of risk increases, the willingness to consume products obtained from immunocastrated animals decreases (and vice versa). The health risk perception by consumers also changes the willingness to pay for immunocastrated products. Particular attention must be paid to the information transmitted to the consumer if this technology will be widely adopted in pig husbandry. Abstract Surgical castration without the use of anaesthesia and/or analgesia is considered to be detrimental for the welfare of pigs and for this reason its abandonment is advocated. Immunocastration is a more welfare-friendly alternative method; however, stakeholders in the pork sector fear consumer rejection due to perceived safety issues of immunocastrated meat. This work aimed to analyse whether Italian consumers perceive a health risk arising from the use of this technique and, if so, how the perceived risk may influence the purchase choices and the willingness to pay for products derived from immunocastrated animals. To achieve this objective, a survey was carried out on a representative sample of the Italian population. The results highlight that consumers perceive different levels of risk related to the use of immunocastration and that this influences purchasing behaviour and willingness to pay. Moreover, it should be noted that the willingness to pay is also influenced by certain demographic factors, since this is positively associated with younger respondents with lower incomes and less knowledge of farming systems, who live in rural areas and have a greater sensitivity to animal welfare. Given the concerns expressed by consumers, particular attention must be paid to the information transmitted if this technology will be widely implemented in pig husbandry.
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Hemeryck LY, Wauters J, Dewulf L, Decloedt AI, Aluwé M, De Smet S, Fraeye I, Vanhaecke L. Valorisation of tainted boar meat in patties, frankfurter sausages and cooked ham by means of targeted dilution, cooking and smoking. Food Chem 2020; 330:126897. [PMID: 32569929 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of the need to abolish the castration of piglets without anaesthesia/analgesia, the pig industry is searching for a mode of action for the valorisation of meat with boar taint, an off-odour in entire male pigs. Carcasses with boar taint were selected by means of sensory and chemical analysis, after which patties with different levels of tainted boar meat were produced, as well as cooked ham and Frankfurter sausages using different smoke condensates and cooking temperatures. For these products orthonasal and retronasal boar taint odour were assessed by a trained expert panel. The results offer guidance regarding dilution of tainted meat (with <400 µg/kg androstenone if skatole is low or <200 µg/kg androstenone in concurrence with ≥37 µg/kg skatole) and the potential application of smoke condensates (e.g., Rudinsmoke C for sausages and Smokez LFBN for ham) as promising boar taint masking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselot Y Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jella Wauters
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lore Dewulf
- Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Department M(2)S, Member of Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anneleen I Decloedt
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg, 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links, 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Fraeye
- Research Group for Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Department M(2)S, Member of Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven Ghent Technology Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat, 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biosciences, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, Ireland.
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Wang X, Kadarmideen HN. Characterization of Global DNA Methylation in Different Gene Regions Reveals Candidate Biomarkers in Pigs with High and Low Levels of Boar Taint. Vet Sci 2020; 7:E77. [PMID: 32545802 PMCID: PMC7356388 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation of different gene components, including different exons and introns, or different lengths of exons and introns is associated with differences in gene expression. To investigate the methylation of porcine gene components associated with the boar taint (BT) trait, this study used reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) data from nine porcine testis samples in three BT groups (low, medium and high BT). The results showed that the methylation levels of the first exons and first introns were lower than those of the other exons and introns. The first exons/introns of CpG island regions had even lower levels of methylation. A total of 123 differentially methylated promoters (DMPs), 194 differentially methylated exons (DMEs) and 402 differentially methylated introns (DMIs) were identified, of which 80 DMPs (DMP-CpGis), 112 DMEs (DME-CpGis) and 166 DMIs (DMI-CpGis) were discovered in CpG islands. Importantly, GPX1 contained one each of DMP, DME, DMI, DMP-CpGi, DME-CpGi and DMI-CpGi. Gene-GO term relationships and pathways analysis showed DMP-CpGi-related genes are mainly involved in methylation-related biological functions. In addition, gene-gene interaction networks consisted of nodes that were hypo-methylated GPX1, hypo-methylated APP, hypo-methylated ATOX1, hyper-methylated ADRB2, hyper-methylated RPS6KA1 and hyper-methylated PNMT. They could be used as candidate biomarkers for reducing boar taint in pigs, after further validation in large cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haja N. Kadarmideen
- Quantitative Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
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Dalla Costa OA, Tavernari FDC, Lopes LDS, Dalla Costa FA, Feddern V, de Lima GJMM. Performance, carcass and meat quality of pigs submitted to immunocastration and different feeding programs. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:137-145. [PMID: 32360912 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The feed restriction of pigs aims to improve the nutrient utilization of the diet, reduce carcass fat and increase lean meat. Immunocastration is a painless, reversible technique that improves animal welfare, decreases boar taint in meat, leading to lower fat deposition and increases lean meat. This study aimed at evaluating either feeding (restricted) programs (FP) and castration categories (surgically castrated × immunocastration) in terms of pig performance, carcass traits and meat quality. Castration category and FP did not influence marbling, initial pH and drip loss in loin and ham. However, immunocastrated pigs presented lighter loins and hams with lower ultimate pH, compared to the surgically castrated pigs. The FP with lower feed volume resulted in higher ultimate pH. Immunocastrated males had a higher live weight than those surgically castrated. Also, the more the feed supply decreased, the better the feed conversion. Immunocastrates had lower carcass yields, however these pigs had their backfat thickness decreased and lean meat increased in the carcass, without affecting the loin depth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Filipe A Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - São Paulo State University, 14.884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Maneja bem-estar animal, MANEJA, 89710-037 Concórdia, SC, Brazil.
| | - Vivian Feddern
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, BR 153, km 110, 89715-899 Concórdia, SC, Brazil
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Miller R. Drivers of Consumer Liking for Beef, Pork, and Lamb: A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E428. [PMID: 32260287 PMCID: PMC7230179 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tenderness, juiciness, and flavor have been associated with consumer acceptance of beef, lamb, and pork. Drivers of consumer liking are interrelated across these species, but there are differences in consumer preferences. Animal age, animal diet, and subsequent marbling impact consumer liking across species. For beef, consumer research prior to the 1990s showed that tenderness was the main driver of liking. Consumer tenderness and juiciness liking are highly correlated. More recent research has shown that as overall tenderness improved and tenderness variation decreased, flavor has become a more important driver of beef consumer liking. Flavor is affected by consumer preparation methods, familiarity with different flavor presentations, and animal production systems. Animal diet impacts consumer perception of beef tenderness and flavor, especially when comparing forage-fed versus grain-fed beef. Flavor preferences vary across countries more so than preferences for beef based on consumer tenderness preferences and are most likely influenced by the consumption of locally produced beef and the flavor-derived type of beef traditionally consumed. Drivers of pork consumer liking have been shown to be affected by pH, color, water holding capacity, animal diet, and the presence of boar taint compounds. While tenderness and juiciness continue to be drivers of consumer liking for pork, flavor, as impacted by animal diet and the presence of boar taint compounds, continues to be a driver for consumer liking. For lamb, the flavor, as affected by diet, and animal age continue to be the main drivers of consumer liking. Lamb consumers vary across countries based on the level of consumption and preferences for flavor based on cultural effects and production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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Identification of Faecal Maternal Semiochemicals in Swine (Sus scrofa) and their Effects on Weaned Piglets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5349. [PMID: 32210329 PMCID: PMC7093430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets are attracted to maternal faeces early in life. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify faecal maternal semiochemicals that attract piglets and evaluate their effects on piglets at weaning. Faecal samples were collected from eight sows during gestation and lactation. Faecal semiochemicals were extracted and identified using solid phase extraction and GC/MS. A total of 26 volatiles were present in lactating and gestating sow faeces. Sows secreted no unique semiochemical after farrowing. However, the concentration of skatole and myristic acid were 2.68 and 1.13 times higher after farrowing. A free-choice preference assessment showed that piglets had a preference for a feeder sprayed with a solution containing skatole and myristic acid. No preference was found when feeders were sprayed with skatole and myristic acid individually. The application of skatole and myristic acid to the feeders of weaned pigs significantly reduced piglet aggression by 30% and tended to increase feeding behaviour by 35% the first 24 h post-weaning. These results suggest that skatole and myristic acid might be acting as a multicomponent maternal signal that attracts piglets and has a calming effect at weaning.
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Zoels S, Reiter S, Ritzmann M, Weiß C, Numberger J, Schütz A, Lindner P, Stefanski V, Weiler U. Influences of Immunocastration on Endocrine Parameters, Growth Performance and Carcass Quality, as Well as on Boar Taint and Penile Injuries. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020346. [PMID: 32098237 PMCID: PMC7070702 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Surgical castration of male pigs is associated with pain. Improvac®, a GnRH vaccine induces an endogenous immune reaction that leads transiently to a decrease in testicular steroid synthesis after second vaccination. Investigating consequences of different vaccination schemes revealed that GnRH vaccination reliably prevents boar taint, if the manufacturers’ recommendations are applied. It had beneficial effects on animal welfare as it reduced penile injuries. Animals showed improved feed efficiency, leaner carcasses, and lower PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) percentages than surgically castrated animals. Thus, immunocastration offers a reliable and animal friendly alternative to surgical castration. Abstract Castration of male pigs without anesthesia is a significant welfare issue. Improvac®, a GnRH vaccine induces an endogenous immune response leading to a decrease in testicular steroids. Consequences of different vaccination schemes on testicular function and carcass quality were evaluated in immunocastrated boars (IC), surgical castrates (SC), and entire males (EM). Therefore, 128 male piglets were assigned to five treatment-groups and a long term follow-up group. IC groups received two vaccinations (V1, V2) with Improvac® at 8 and 12, 12 and 16, or 12 and 18 weeks. Testosterone-concentrations decreased significantly two weeks after V2 in feces and dropped in serum from V2 to slaughter (S) except IC-8/12 without differing significantly. GnRH-binding results indicated the highest values for IC-12/18 animals. While IC-12/16 and IC-12/18 animals showed boar taint compounds below the threshold levels, two IC-8/12 animals had concentrations above the threshold level. Feed-efficiency was higher in EM than in SC with IC in between. In IC compared to EM, a decreasing amount of polyunsaturated-fatty-acids was obvious and GnRH-vaccination reduced penile injuries. The examined vaccination protocols reduce penile injuries, improve feed efficiency and carcass quality, and reliably prevents boar taint, if manufacturer’s recommendations concerning vaccination schedules are applied. Therefore immunocastration offers a reliable, animal friendly alternative to surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Zoels
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simon Reiter
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Christine Weiß
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Jasmin Numberger
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.R.); (M.R.); (C.W.); (J.N.)
| | - Aneka Schütz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat, Max Rubner-Institut, E.-C.-Baumann-Strasse 20, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany;
| | - Peter Lindner
- Bavarian State Research Center for Pig Farming Schwarzenau, Stadtschwarzacher Strasse 18, 97359 Schwarzach am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Institute of Animal Science, Hohenheim University, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (U.W.)
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Institute of Animal Science, Hohenheim University, Schloss Hohenheim 1, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (V.S.); (U.W.)
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36
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Pros and Cons of Alternatives to Piglet Castration: Welfare, Boar Taint, and Other Meat Quality Traits. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110884. [PMID: 31671665 PMCID: PMC6912452 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the pros and cons of various alternatives to the surgical castration of male piglets without pain relief. Castration is mostly motivated by the presence of boar taint in the meat from some entire male pigs. It results in pain during surgery and markedly increases feed costs and the fat content of the carcass. Raising entire male pigs avoids pain at castration, but animals can suffer from increased stress during the finishing period because of aggressive and mounting behavior. Feed efficiency and carcass quality are much better than in surgical castrates. The quality of meat from entire male pigs is lower because of boar taint, a reduced intramuscular fat content, and increased unsaturation of the fat. Immunocastration prevents boar taint, pain associated with surgery, and stress related to aggressive and mounting behavior. Feed efficiency and carcass quality are intermediate between surgical castrates and entire males. Meat quality is similar to surgical castrates. Anesthesia alone prevents pain during surgery, but not after, while analgesia alone mitigates pain after surgery, but not during it. With the currently available methods, the cost of combined anesthesia and analgesia is too high for conventional production systems in most countries.
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37
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Tomasevic I, Bahelka I, Čandek-Potokar M, Čítek J, Djekić I, Djurkin Kušec I, Getya A, Guerrero L, Iordăchescu G, Ivanova S, Nakov D, Sołowiej BG, Szabó C, Tudoreanu L, Weiler U, Font-I-Furnols M. Attitudes and beliefs of Eastern European consumers towards piglet castration and meat from castrated pigs. Meat Sci 2019; 160:107965. [PMID: 31669861 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Castration of male piglets is a common practice to avoid boar taint but is being questioned. The present work has an exploratory character and aims to investigate the beliefs and attitudes of Eastern European consumers regarding boar taint, surgical castration immunocastration and perception of meat from castrated pigs and to find out possible segments of consumers regarding these attitudes and beliefs. For this purpose, a consumer study was carried out involving 5508 consumers from 13 Eastern European countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, North Macedonia, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Ukraine). The questionnaire included statements related to beliefs about castration and perception of meat from castrated pigs, attitudes towards meat from castrated pigs. Results show that in general beliefs and attitudes of the consumers are not defined, probably because of the lack of knowledge (information was not provided to the consumers) towards these issues. Three different clusters of consumers were obtained with different beliefs towards castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tomasevic
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Bahelka
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jaroslav Čítek
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilija Djekić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivona Djurkin Kušec
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31 000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Andriy Getya
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Heroiv Оborony str., 12, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Luis Guerrero
- IRTA- Food Industries, Granja Camps i Armet E-17121, Monells, Spain
| | | | - Sonya Ivanova
- Agricultural Academy, 30 Suhodolska str., 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Nakov
- University Ss.Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, blvd. Aleksandar Makedonski bb, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Bartosz G Sołowiej
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland
| | - Csaba Szabó
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, 4032 Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, Hungary
| | - Liliana Tudoreanu
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bd Marasti 59, 011464 Bucuresti, Romania
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Universitaet Hohenheim, 460 f Garbenstr. 17 / 208, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang X, Kadarmideen HN. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis using next-generation sequencing to reveal candidate genes responsible for boar taint in pigs. Anim Genet 2019; 50:644-659. [PMID: 31515844 DOI: 10.1111/age.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Boar taint (BT) is an offensive flavor observed in non-castrated male pigs that reduces the carcass price. Surgical castration effectively avoids the taint but is associated with animal welfare concerns. The functional annotation of farm animal genomes for understanding the biology of complex traits can be used in the selection of breeding animals to achieve favorable phenotypic outcomes. The characterization of pig epigenomes/methylation changes between animals with high and low BT and genome-wide epigenetic markers that can predict BT are lacking. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing of DNA methylation patterns based on next-generation sequencing is an efficient technology to identify candidate epigenetic biomarkers associated with BT. Three different BT levels were analyzed using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data to calculate the methylation levels of cytosine and guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites. The co-analysis of differentially methylated CpG sites identified by this study and differentially expressed genes identified by a previous study found 32 significant co-located genes. The joint analysis of GO terms and pathways revealed that methylation and gene expression of seven candidate genes were associated with BT; in particular, FASN plays a key role in fatty acid biosynthesis, and PEMT might be involved in estrogen regulation and the development of BT. This study is the first to report the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of BT in pigs using next-generation sequencing and summarize candidate genes associated with epigenetic markers of BT, which could contribute to the understanding of the functional biology of BT traits and selective breeding of pigs against BT based on epigenetic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Quantitative Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - H N Kadarmideen
- Quantitative Genomics, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Group, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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Yunes MC, Teixeira DL, von Keyserlingk MAG, Hötzel MJ. Is gene editing an acceptable alternative to castration in pigs? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218176. [PMID: 31233520 PMCID: PMC6590801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Male piglets are commonly castrated to eliminate the risk of boar taint. Surgical castration is the commonly used procedure and is known to induce pain. Gene modification targeted at eliminating boar taint in male pigs has been proposed as a possible alternative to surgical castration. The aims of this study were to explore public acceptability of this biotechnology using a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data to assess acceptability of 570 participants from southern Brazil were analysed with multinomial logistic regression models and Spearman correlations; qualitative responses of the reasons provided in support of their position were coded into themes. Just over half of the participants (56%) considered gene modification of male pigs acceptable. Acceptability was lower among participants who grew up in an agricultural environment (ρ = 0.02), but was not influenced by sex, age, religion, urban or rural living, or level of education. Acceptability of gene modification of male pigs as an alternative to surgical castration was positively related to the perception of benefits (r = -0.56, ρ<0.0001) and negatively related to the participant’s perception of risks (r = -0.35, ρ<0.0001). Acceptability was not related to knowledge of basic concepts of genetic biotechnologies (r = 0.06, ρ<0.14), or to awareness of issues related to pig castration or boar taint (r = 0.03, ρ<0.44), both of which were low among participants. Participants that considered gene modification of pigs acceptable justified their position using arguments that it improved animal welfare. In contrast, those that were not in favour were generally opposed to genetic modification. Unforeseen downstream consequences of using genetic modification in this manner was a major concern raised by over 80% of participants. Our findings suggest that perceived animal welfare may encourage public support of gene editing of food animals. However, potential risks of the technology need to be addressed and conveyed to the public, as many participants requested clarification of such risks as a condition for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Yunes
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Dayane L. Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marina A. G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria J. Hötzel
- Laboratório de Etologia Aplicada e Bem-Estar Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
Immunocastration, a technique to replace surgical castration of piglets, consists of two consecutive vaccinations to induce antibodies which transiently suppress testicular functions and avoid boar taint. It is a method to ensure both a high product quality and a high level of animal welfare. The impact of immunocastration on the three pillars of sustainability has been studied extensively. While all aspects of sustainability have been studied separately, however, a contemporary global overview of different aspects is missing. In immunocastrates, performance results are better than in barrows, but worse than in boars. The environmental impact of pork production with immunocastrates is lower than with barrows, but higher than with boars. The level of aggression is considerably lower in immunocastrates compared to boars. Societal concerns are mainly related to food safety, and are not supported by scientific evidence. After second vaccination, immunocastrates switch from a boar- to a barrow-like status. Therefore, the timing of second vaccination is a fine-tuning tool to balance advantages of boars with environmental and economic benefits against increased risk of welfare problems and boar taint. Nevertheless, both synergic and conflicting relationships between the pillars of sustainability must be communicated along the value chain to produce tailored pork products.
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41
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Laderoute H, Bone C, Brewer D, Squires EJ. The synthesis of 16-androstene sulfoconjugates from primary porcine Leydig cell culture. Steroids 2019; 146:14-20. [PMID: 30904503 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased public interest in the welfare of pigs reared for pork production has led to an enhanced effort in finding alternatives to castration for controlling the unpleasant odour and flavour from heated pork products known as boar taint. The purpose of this study was to investigate the testicular metabolism of androstenone, one of the major components of boar taint. Leydig cells were isolated from mature boars and incubated with radiolabeled androstenone for 10 min, 1 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h. Steroid profiles were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sulfoconjugated, but not glucuronidated steroids were produced by Leydig cells. Approximately 85% of androstenone was converted into sulfoconjugated metabolites in Leydig cell incubations after 8 h. This sulfoconjugate fraction included androstenol-3-sulfate and two major sulfated forms of androstenone. Following removal of the sulfate group, these two sulfated forms of androstenone returned the parent compound androstenone, and not a hydroxylated metabolite. These findings provided direct evidence for the testicular production of sulfoconjugated forms of androstenone and androstenol in the boar. The high proportion of sulfoconjugates produced by the Leydig cells emphasizes the importance of steroid conjugation, which serves to regulate the amount of unconjugated steroid hormones available for accumulation in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Laderoute
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Christine Bone
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Dyanne Brewer
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - E James Squires
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
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Monitoring of behavior, sex hormones and boar taint compounds during the vaccination program for immunocastration in three sire lines. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:293-302. [PMID: 31026762 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration (vaccination against boar taint) is an alternative method to prevent boar taint without the need for surgical castration. This study investigates the evolution of boar taint compounds in serum and fat, serum steroid compounds as well as behavior in immunocastrated pigs from 3 sire lines: 15 stress positive Belgian Piétrain (BP), 20 stress negative French Piétrain (FP), and 20 stress negative Canadian Duroc (CD). Hormone and boar taint compounds in serum were determined at 4 time points; boar taint compounds in fat were determined at 3 time points. Behavior, skin lesions, animal and pen fouling were also recorded before the first vaccination (<V1), between the first and second vaccination (<V2), and after the second vaccination (>V2). Aggressiveness, eating and drinking and general activity behavior declined from <V1 to <V2 and > V2 for all sire lines. Pigs from BP were cleaner than FP and CD pigs. Even though immunocastration was effective in general (reduced testosterone, estradiol as well as androstenone in serum) for all sire lines, some individual pigs showed either androstenone or skatole levels in fat above cutoff values. While the immunocastration mechanism works as intended for androstenone, and also for skatole for the three sire lines, the risk of carcasses with boar taint compounds above cutoff levels (respectively 1.9 and 3.7%) still remains to some extent.
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Han X, Zhou M, Cao X, Du X, Meng F, Bu G, Kong F, Huang A, Zeng X. Mechanistic insight into the role of immunocastration on eliminating skatole in boars. Theriogenology 2019; 131:32-40. [PMID: 30939354 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of skatole in fat tissue is one of the predominant factors, causing boar taint. The present study was aimed to understand the mechanism whereby active immunization against GnRH (immunocastration) eliminates skatole in boars. Thirty-six boars were assigned within litter into three groups (n = 12): control, surgically castrated, or immunized against GnRH at 10 wk of age (with a booster 8 wk later). Faecal and blood samples (for skatole and skatole-regulatory hormone profiles) were collected at 4-wk intervals until boars were slaughtered (26 weeks). Immunocastration reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of androstenone, 17β-estradiol and IGF1 especially after the booster immunization, and down-regulated (P < 0.05) mRNA expressions of both IGF1 and IGF1receptor (IGF1R) in mucosa of ileum as well as colon at slaughter. Compared to intact controls, immunocastration substantially decreased (P < 0.05) faecal skatole contents subsequent to the decrease of serum IGF1 levels, which persisted in boars after surgical castration. In parallel with the decreased formation of skatole in the intestine, levels of skatole in serum and then in fat tissue were also decreased (P < 0.05). On the other hand, deprivation of testicular steroids, especially androstenone and 17β-estradiol accelerated skatole degradation metabolism in the liver by increasing (P < 0.05) hepatic CYP2E1, CYP2A, CYP2C49 and CYB5A expressions. Collectively, our results suggested that immunocastration decreased skatole formation in the intestine and meanwhile accelerated skatole degradation metabolism in the liver, resultantly eliminating skatole accumulation in male pigs. Decreased intestinal skatole formation by immunocastration appeared to be associated with the attenuated actions of IGF1 on the turnover of both ileal and colon mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Han
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Du
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyan Meng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixian Bu
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Huang
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- Isotope Research Lab, Biological Engineering and Application Biology Department, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, People's Republic of China.
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Škrlep M, Tomažin U, Lukač NB, Poklukar K, Čandek-Potokar M. Proteomic Profiles of the Longissimus Muscles of Entire Male and Castrated Pigs as Related to Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E74. [PMID: 30818748 PMCID: PMC6465998 DOI: 10.3390/ani9030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There are indications of reduced meat quality in entire male pigs (EMs) in comparison to surgically castrated pigs (SCs); however, the differences are not strongly confirmed, and the etiology is not clarified. In the present study, samples of the longissimus dorsi, pars lumborum muscle (LL) from EMs (n = 12) and SCs (n = 12) of the same age and weight were evaluated at the physico-chemical and proteomic level. EMs exhibited lower intramuscular fat content, higher collagen content with higher solubility, a higher level of protein carbonyl groups (indicating higher protein oxidation), lower water holding capacity, and tougher meat than SCs. Proteomic analysis revealed differences in heat shock proteins expression, while a greater abundance of several other identified proteins (malate dehydrogenase, Na/K-transporting adenosintriphosphatase (ATP-ase) subunit alpha-1, and blood plasma proteins) indicates that EMs have a more oxidative metabolic profile than that of SCs. More abundant protein fragments (mainly actin and myosin heavy chain) suggest a higher degree of proteolysis in EMs, which was not followed by lower meat toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
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Dalmau A, Borges TD, de Mercado E, González J, Juan AMS, Huerta-Jiménez M, Gómez-Izquierdo E, Lizardo R, Pallisera J, Borrisser-Pairó F, Esteve-Garcia E, Panella-Riera N, Ovejero I. Effect of environmental temperature, floor type and breed on skatole and indole concentrations in fat of females, immuno-castrated and entire males. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Yang G, Zhang P, Liu H, Zhu X, Dong W. Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:412-422. [PMID: 30656801 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spatial variations in intestinal skatole production and microbial composition in broilers were evaluated. Fifteen 42-day-old broilers were slaughtered. Samples were taken from the broilers' ileum, cecum, and rectum and analyzed for skatole levels. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) technique was used to analyze the microbial community from the intestinal digesta. The skatole levels could be arranged in decreasing order: cecum > rectum > ileum. Cecal lactate and acetate levels were higher than those of ileum and rectum (p < 0.01). Cecal microbial diversity and richness were higher than those of ileum (p < 0.05). One specific DGGE band was found in cecal sample and is closely related to Bacteroides uniformis. Cecum and rectum samples consisted of three coexistence bands, the related bacteria included Lactobacillus vaginalis and two members of Candidatus Arthromitus. The total bacterial population in cecum was higher than that in ileum and rectum (p < 0.05). Skatole levels were positively correlated with microbial Shannon-Wiener index, richness, total bacteria (p < 0.01) and Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) populations. These results suggest that the variations in fermentation patterns are more likely to explain differences in intestinal skatole level. Bacteroides uniformis may play a role in the production of skatole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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47
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Regassa A, Nyachoti CM. Application of resistant starch in swine and poultry diets with particular reference to gut health and function. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:305-310. [PMID: 30175259 PMCID: PMC6116817 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The immediate post-weaning period poses a major challenge on the survival of piglets. Similarly, newly hatched chicks face life threatening challenges due to enteric infections. In the past several years, in-feed antibiotics have been used to reduce these production problems and improve growth. However, in-feed antibiotics have been banned in many jurisdictions and therefore the most effective alternatives to in-feed antibiotics must be developed. To date, several studies have been conducted to develop alternatives to antibiotics. One of the potential candidates as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is resistant starch (RS). Resistance starch is a type of starch that resists enzymatic digestion in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore passes to hindgut where it can be fermented by resident microorganisms. Microbial fermentation of RS in the hindgut results in the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Production of SCFA in turn results in growth and proliferation of colonic and cecal cells, increased expression of genes involved in gut development, and creation of an acidic environment. The acidic environment suppresses the growth of pathogenic microorganisms while selectively promoting the growth of beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to improve gut health and function by modifying and stabilising gut microbial community and by improving the immunological status of the host. In this review, we discussed the roles of RS in modifying and stabilising gut microbiota, gut health and function, carcass quality, and energy metabolism and growth performance in pigs and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
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48
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Heyrman E, Millet S, Tuyttens FAM, Ampe B, Janssens S, Buys N, Wauters J, Vanhaecke L, Aluwé M. On farm intervention studies on reduction of boar taint prevalence: Feeding strategies, presence of gilts and time in lairage. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:508-516. [PMID: 29758535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the challenges in the production of entire male pigs is the occurrence of boar taint. We separately tested the effect of 3 management strategies to reduce boar taint on respectively 2, 3, and 6 Flemish pig farms: 1) adapted feeding strategies, 2) presence of gilts in the compartment, and 3) varying lairage duration at the slaughterhouse. A commercialized feed concept resulted in a significant reduction of olfactory boar taint prevalence when fed for 2 weeks (T2W) compared to control (T-CON) (P = 0.030). For T2W and when fed for 3 weeks (T3W), androstenone (AND) (P = 0.002 for T2W, P = 0.029 for T3W) and skatole (SKA) (P < 0.001 for T2W and T3W) were significantly reduced compared to T-CON. Olfactory boar taint prevalence was significantly reduced when feeding 5% dried chicory roots (FI5%) (P = 0.032), but not for 3% dried chicory roots (FI3%) (P = 0.958). SKA concentration was significantly lower when feeding FI5% (P < 0.001) and when feeding FI3% (P = 0.034). Rearing entire male pigs separately from gilts and increasing lairage duration from <1 h to >3 h did not significantly affect boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Heyrman
- ILVO (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium; KU Leuven, Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - S Millet
- ILVO (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - F A M Tuyttens
- ILVO (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - B Ampe
- ILVO (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - S Janssens
- KU Leuven, Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - N Buys
- KU Leuven, Livestock Genetics, Department of Biosystems, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J Wauters
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Aluwé
- ILVO (Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food), Animal Sciences Unit, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Visscher C, Kruse A, Sander S, Keller C, Mischok J, Tabeling R, Henne H, Deitmer R, Kamphues J. Dietary approaches reducing boar taint-Importance ofLawsonia intracellulariscolonisation for interpreting results. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102 Suppl 1:3-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - A. Kruse
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Sander
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - C. Keller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG; Hannover Germany
| | - J. Mischok
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - R. Tabeling
- Veterinärgesellschaft im BHZP; Uelzen Germany
| | - H. Henne
- BHZP GmbH; Dahlenburg-Ellringen Germany
| | - R. Deitmer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH; Ingelheim am Rhein Germany
| | - J. Kamphues
- Institute for Animal Nutrition; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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50
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Marro P, Bauer A, Stefanski V, Weiler U. Effect of processing on the concentrations of boar taint compounds skatole and androstenone in different types of sausage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Marro
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science; University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17; 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Aneka Bauer
- Department of Safety and Quality of Meat; Max Rubner Institute, E.-C.-Baumann-Str. 20; 95326 Kulmbach Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science; University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17; 70599 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science; University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 17; 70599 Stuttgart Germany
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