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Utashima Y, Yamashita S, Arima TH, Masaki K. Codon optimization enables the Zeocin resistance marker's use in the ascomycete yeast Debaryomyces occidentalis. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:254-257. [PMID: 28747584 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Utashima
- Tsuruga Institute of Biotechnology, Toyobo Co., Ltd
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Toshi-Hide Arima
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
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2
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Lee JY, Im YK, Ko HM, Chin JE, Kim IC, Lee HB, Bai S. Direct utilization of purple sweet potato by sake yeasts to produce an anthocyanin-rich alcoholic beverage. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:1439-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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3
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Park JY, Lee JY, Choi SH, Ko HM, Kim IC, Lee HB, Bai S. Construction of dextrin and isomaltose-assimilating brewer's yeasts for production of low-carbohydrate beer. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1693-9. [PMID: 24737083 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most Saccharomyces spp. cannot degrade or ferment dextrin, which is the second most abundant carbohydrate in wort for commercial beer production. Dextrin-degrading brewer's bottom and top yeasts expressing the glucoamylase gene (GAM1) from Debaryomyces occidentalis were developed to produce low-carbohydrate (calorie) beers. GAM1 was constitutively expressed in brewer's yeasts using a rDNA-integration system that contained yeast CUP1 gene coding for copper resistance as a selective marker. The recombinants secreted active glucoamylase, displaying both α-1,4- and α-1,6-debranching activities, that degraded dextrin and isomaltose and consequently grew using them as sole carbon source. One of the recombinant strains expressing GAM1 hydrolyzed 96 % of 2 % (w/v) dextrin and 98 % of 2 % (w/v) isomaltose within 5 days of growth. Growth, substrate assimilation, and enzyme activity of these strains were characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yeong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
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4
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Wang R, Wang D, Gao X, Hong J. Direct fermentation of raw starch using aKluyveromyces marxianusstrain that expresses glucoamylase and Alpha-amylase to produce ethanol. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:338-47. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongliang Wang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026, P. R., China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026, P. R., China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
| | - Xiaolian Gao
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
- Dept. of Biology and Biochemistry; University of Houston; Houston TX 77004-5001
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Science; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei Anhui 230026, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale; Hefei Anhui 230026 P.R. China
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5
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van Zyl WH, Bloom M, Viktor MJ. Engineering yeasts for raw starch conversion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1377-88. [PMID: 22797599 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Next to cellulose, starch is the most abundant hexose polymer in plants, an import food and feed source and a preferred substrate for the production of many industrial products. Efficient starch hydrolysis requires the activities of both α-1,4 and α-1,6-debranching hydrolases, such as endo-amylases, exo-amylases, debranching enzymes, and transferases. Although amylases are widely distributed in nature, only about 10 % of amylolytic enzymes are able to hydrolyse raw or unmodified starch, with a combination of α-amylases and glucoamylases as minimum requirement for the complete hydrolysis of raw starch. The cost-effective conversion of raw starch for the production of biofuels and other important by-products requires the expression of starch-hydrolysing enzymes in a fermenting yeast strain to achieve liquefaction, hydrolysis, and fermentation (Consolidated Bioprocessing, CBP) by a single organism. The status of engineering amylolytic activities into Saccharomyces cerevisiae as fermentative host is highlighted and progress as well as challenges towards a true CBP organism for raw starch is discussed. Conversion of raw starch by yeast secreting or displaying α-amylases and glucoamylases on their surface has been demonstrated, although not at high starch loading or conversion rates that will be economically viable on industrial scale. Once efficient conversion of raw starch can be demonstrated at commercial level, engineering of yeast to utilize alternative substrates and produce alternative chemicals as part of a sustainable biorefinery can be pursued to ensure the rightful place of starch converting yeasts in the envisaged bio-economy of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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6
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Álvaro-Benito M, Polo A, González B, Fernández-Lobato M, Sanz-Aparicio J. Structural and kinetic analysis of Schwanniomyces occidentalis invertase reveals a new oligomerization pattern and the role of its supplementary domain in substrate binding. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13930-41. [PMID: 20181943 PMCID: PMC2859555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.095430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwanniomyces occidentalis invertase is an extracellular enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose and releases beta-fructose from various oligosaccharides and essential storage fructan polymers such as inulin. We report here the three-dimensional structure of Sw. occidentalis invertase at 2.9 A resolution and its complex with fructose at 1.9 A resolution. The monomer presents a bimodular arrangement common to other GH32 enzymes, with an N-terminal 5-fold beta-propeller catalytic domain and a C-terminal beta-sandwich domain for which the function has been unknown until now. However, the dimeric nature of Sw. occidentalis invertase reveals a unique active site cleft shaped by both subunits that may be representative of other yeast enzymes reported to be multimeric. Binding of the tetrasaccharide nystose and the polymer inulin was explored by docking analysis, which suggested that medium size and long substrates are recognized by residues from both subunits. The identified residues were mutated, and the enzymatic activity of the mutants against sucrose, nystose, and inulin were investigated by kinetic analysis. The replacements that showed the largest effect on catalytic efficiency were Q228V, a residue putatively involved in nystose and inulin binding, and S281I, involved in a polar link at the dimer interface. Moreover, a significant decrease in catalytic efficiency against inulin was observed in the mutants Q435A and Y462A, both located in the beta-sandwich domain of the second monomer. This highlights the essential function that oligomerization plays in substrate specificity and assigns, for the first time, a direct catalytic role to the supplementary domain of a GH32 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Álvaro-Benito
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
| | - Aitana Polo
- the Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz González
- the Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain and
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- the Grupo de Cristalografía Macromolecular y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Química-Física “Rocasolano,” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Construction of a direct starch-fermenting industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing glucoamylase, α-amylase and debranching enzyme. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:713-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Kumar P, Satyanarayana T. Microbial glucoamylases: characteristics and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2009; 29:225-55. [DOI: 10.1080/07388550903136076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Alvaro-Benito M, de Abreu M, Fernández-Arrojo L, Plou FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Ballesteros A, Polaina J, Fernández-Lobato M. Characterization of a β-fructofuranosidase from Schwanniomyces occidentalis with transfructosylating activity yielding the prebiotic 6-kestose. J Biotechnol 2007; 132:75-81. [PMID: 17904238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
beta-Fructofuranosidases are powerful tools in industrial biotechnology. We have characterized an extracellular beta-fructofuranosidase from the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. The enzyme shows broad substrate specificity, hydrolyzing sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose and raffinose, with different catalytic efficiencies (k(cat)/K(m)). Although the main reaction catalysed by this enzyme is sucrose hydrolysis, it also produces two fructooligosaccharides (FOS) by transfructosylation. A combination of (1)H, (13)C and 2D-NMR techniques shows that the major product is the prebiotic trisaccharide 6-kestose. The 6-kestose yield obtained with this beta-fructofuranosidase is, to our concern, higher than those reported with other 6-kestose-producing enzymes, both at the kinetic maximum (76gl(-1)) and at reaction equilibrium (44gl(-1)). The total FOS production in the kinetic maximum was 101gl(-1), which corresponded to 16.4% (w/w) referred to the total carbohydrates in the reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvaro-Benito
- Departamento de Biología Molecular (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Ghang DM, Yu L, Lim MH, Ko HM, Im SY, Lee HB, Bai S. Efficient one-step starch utilization by industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing the glucoamylase and α-amylase genes from Debaryomyces occidentalis. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:1203-8. [PMID: 17505783 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-007-9371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amylolytic industrial polyploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC 4126, ATCC 9763 and ATCC 24858) expressing a glucoamylase gene (GAM1) or an alpha-amylase gene (AMY) from Debaryomyces occidentalis were developed. The glucoamylase activity of S. cerevisiae ATCC 9763 expressing the GAM1 gene was 3.7-times higher than that of D. occidentalis. On the other hand, alpha-amylase activity in the corresponding strain expressing the D. occidentalis AMY gene increased 10-times relative to D. occidentalis. These two recombinant yeast strains expressing the GAM1 gene and AMY gene, respectively were cultured simultaneously to produce both glucoamylase and alpha-amylase for efficient one-step utilization of starch. Growth, substrate utilization and enzyme activity of these strains are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Myeong Ghang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Korea
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11
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Nakai H, Ito T, Tanizawa S, Matsubara K, Yamamoto T, Okuyama M, Mori H, Chiba S, Sano Y, Kimura A. Plant .ALPHA.-Glucosidase: Molecular Analysis of Rice .ALPHA.-Glucosidase and Degradation Mechanism of Starch Granules in Germination Stage. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2006. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.53.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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12
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Hostinová E, Solovicová A, Gasperík J. Cloning and expression of a gene for an alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera homologous to family GH31 of yeast glucoamylases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:51-6. [PMID: 15821912 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cloning of cDNA encoding an alpha-glucosidase from the dimorphous yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and characterization of the gene product were performed. The cDNA of the putative alpha-glucosidase gene consists of 2,886 bp, which includes an open reading frame encoding a 19 amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminal end and a 944 amino acid mature protein with a predicted molecular mass of 105.4 kDa and pI value of 4.52. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of identity (70%) with two yeast glucoamylases, namely, the extracellular glucoamylase Gam from Schwanniomyces occidentalis and the cell surface glucoamylase Gca from Candida albicans. The recombinant product, synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is localized on the cell surface and hydrolyses maltooligosaccharides exclusively without the ability to digest soluble starch, which is consistent with the specificity characteristic of alpha-glucosidase, EC. 3.2.1.20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hostinová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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13
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Klinner U, Schäfer B. Genetic aspects of targeted insertion mutagenesis in yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2004; 28:201-23. [PMID: 15109785 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2003.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted insertion mutagenesis is a main molecular tool of yeast science initially applied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method was extended to fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and to "non-conventional" yeast species, which show specific properties of special interest to both basic and applied research. Consequently, the behaviour of such non-Saccharomyces yeasts is reviewed against the background of the knowledge of targeted insertion mutagenesis in S. cerevisiae. Data of homologous integration efficiencies obtained with circular, ends-in or ends-out vectors in several yeasts are compared. We follow details of targeted insertion mutagenesis in order to recognize possible rate-limiting steps. The route of the vector to the target and possible mechanisms of its integration into chromosomal genes are considered. Specific features of some yeast species are discussed. In addition, similar approaches based on homologous recombination that have been established for the mitochondrial genome of S. cerevisiae are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Klinner
- RWTH Aachen, Institut für Biologie IV (Mikrobiologie und Genetik), Worringer Weg, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Janatova I, Costaglioli P, Wesche J, Masson JM, Meilhoc E. Development of a reporter system for the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis: influence of DNA composition and codon usage. Yeast 2003; 20:687-701. [PMID: 12794930 DOI: 10.1002/yea.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report on searching for suitable reporters to monitor gene expression and protein secretion in the amylolytic yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Several potential reporter and marker genes, formerly shown to be functional in other yeasts, were cloned downstream from the homologous invertase gene (INV) promoter and their activity was followed in conditions of repression and derepression of the INV promoter. However, neither beta-glucuronidase nor beta-lactamase nor phleomycin resistance-conferring gene, all originating from E. coli, were expressed in S. occidentalis cells to such a level to allow for monitoring of their activity. All the reporter genes tested have a higher percentage of GC (47-62%) in their DNA compared to the DNA composition of S. occidentalis genes that are more AT-rich (36% GC). The codon usage of all the reporter genes also varies from that of 16 so far sequenced S. occidentalis genes. This suggests that an appropriate composition of DNA and a codon usage similar to S. occidentalis genes might be very important parameters for an efficient expression of a heterologous gene in Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Indeed, two genes originating from Staphylococcus aureus, with an AT-content in their DNA similar to that of S. occidentalis, were functionally expressed in S. occidentalis cells. Both a phleomycin resistance-conferring gene and a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase-encoding gene thus represent suitable reporters of gene expression and protein secretion in S. occidentalis. Additionally, we show in this work that the transcription-regulating region and the signal peptide sequence of the S. occidentalis invertase gene were efficient to direct gene expression and subsequent protein secretion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Janatova
- Laboratory of Cell Reproduction, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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15
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MarıÌn D, Jiménez A, Fernández Lobato M. Construction of an efficient amylolytic industrial yeast strain containing DNA exclusively derived from yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Sturtevant J, Dixon F, Wadsworth E, Latge JP, Zhao XJ, Calderone R. Identification and cloning of GCA1, a gene that encodes a cell surface glucoamylase from Candida albicans. Med Mycol 1999; 37:357-66. [PMID: 10520161 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-280x.1999.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherence of yeast cells of Candida albicans to human oesophageal cells is greater when cells are grown in 500 mM D-galactose in comparison to D-glucose at the same concentration. Moreover, a 190 kDa mannoprotein (MP190) from a yeast cell wall preparation is highly expressed when cells are grown in the presence of galactose but less so in glucose. We now report on the identification of the MP190 and the isolation of its encoding gene. MP190 was purified, and three internal peptides were isolated and sequenced. Each of the three peptides showed significant homology (65-85%) with a glucoamylase (GAM1) from the yeast, Schwanniomyces occidentalis. In order to isolate the C. albicans homologue of GAM1 (GCA1), we probed a genomic library with a 0.9-kb internal fragment of the S. occidentalis GAM1 and isolated a 2.3-kb clone that corresponded to the 5' region of the gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was used to isolate the remainder of the open reading frame. GCA1 encodes a 946 amino acid protein containing three putative hydrophobic, membrane-spanning domains and 15 potential N-glycosylation sites. Both Gca1p and GAM1 are novel to the family of glycosyl hydrolases. Northern analysis indicated that GCA1 is transcribed to a greater extent in galactose than in sucrose or glucose. Also, using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, we observed expression of GCA1 in a rat model of oral candidiasis, indicating that Gca1p is expressed during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sturtevant
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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17
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Monroe JD, Gough CM, Chandler LE, Loch CM, Ferrante JE, Wright PW. Structure, properties, and tissue localization of apoplastic alpha-glucosidase in crucifers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 119:385-97. [PMID: 9952433 PMCID: PMC32114 DOI: 10.1104/pp.119.2.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1998] [Accepted: 10/26/1998] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Apoplastic alpha-glucosidases occur widely in plants but their function is unknown because appropriate substrates in the apoplast have not been identified. Arabidopsis contains at least three alpha-glucosidase genes; Aglu-1 and Aglu-3 are sequenced and Aglu-2 is known from six expressed sequence tags. Antibodies raised to a portion of Aglu-1 expressed in Escherichia coli recognize two proteins of 96 and 81 kD, respectively, in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis, broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.), and mustard (Brassica napus L.). The acidic alpha-glucosidase activity from broccoli flower buds was purified using concanavalin A and ion-exchange chromatography. Two active fractions were resolved and both contained a 96-kD immunoreactive polypeptide. The N-terminal sequence from the 96-kD broccoli alpha-glucosidase indicated that it corresponds to the Arabidopsis Aglu-2 gene and that approximately 15 kD of the predicted N terminus was cleaved. The 81-kD protein was more abundant than the 96-kD protein, but it was not active with 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside as the substrate and it did not bind to concanavalin A. In situ activity staining using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside revealed that the acidic alpha-glucosidase activity is predominantly located in the outer cortex of broccoli stems and in vascular tissue, especially in leaf traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Monroe
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA.
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18
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Construction of an amylolytic yeast by multiple integration of the Aspergillus awamori glucoamylase gene into a Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(98)00058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Le Chevalier P, Van Wormhoudt A. Alpha-glucosidase from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp,Penaus vannamei (Crustacea-Decapoda). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980415)280:6<384::aid-jez2>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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20
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Nichols BL, Eldering J, Avery S, Hahn D, Quaroni A, Sterchi E. Human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase cDNA cloning. Homology to sucrase-isomaltase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3076-81. [PMID: 9446624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.5.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that human mucosal glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1. 20 and 3.2.1.3) activity serves as an alternate pathway for starch digestion when luminal alpha-amylase activity is reduced because of immaturity or malnutrition and that maltase-glucoamylase plays a unique role in the digestion of malted dietary oligosaccharides used in food manufacturing. As a first step toward the testing of this hypothesis, we have cloned human small intestinal maltase-glucoamylase cDNA to permit study of the individual catalytic and binding sites for maltose and starch enzyme hydrolase activities in subsequent expression experiments. Human maltase-glucoamylase was purified by immunoisolation and partially sequenced. Maltase-glucoamylase cDNA was amplified from human intestinal RNA using degenerate and gene-specific primers with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The 6,513-base pair cDNA contains an open reading frame that encodes a 1,857-amino acid protein (molecular mass 209,702 Da). Maltase-glucoamylase has two catalytic sites identical to those of sucrase-isomaltase, but the proteins are only 59% homologous. Both are members of glycosyl hydrolase family 31, which has a variety of substrate specificities. Our findings suggest that divergences in the carbohydrate binding sequences must determine the substrate specificities for the four different enzyme activities that share a conserved catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Nichols
- United States Department of Agriculture Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-2600, USA
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JAMES JENNYLYNDA, LEE BYONGH. GLUCOAMYLASES: MICROBIAL SOURCES, INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ? A REVIEW. J Food Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
To correlate structural features with glucoamylase properties, a structure-based multisequence alignment was constructed using information from catalytic and starch-binding domain models. The catalytic domain is composed of three hydrophobic folding units, the most labile and least hydrophobic of them being missing in the most stable glucoamylase. The role of O-glycosylation in stabilizing the most hydrophobic folding unit, the only one where thermostabilizing mutations with unchanged activity have been made, is described. Differences in both length and composition of interhelical loops are correlated with stability and selectivity characteristics. Two new glucoamylase subfamilies are defined by using homology criteria. Protein parsimony analysis suggests an ancient bacterial origin for the glucoamylase gene. Increases in length of the belt surrounding the active site, degree of O-glycosylation, and length of the linker probably correspond to evolutionary steps that increase stability and secretion levels of Aspergillus-related glucoamylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Coutinho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-2230, USA
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23
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Gellissen G, Hollenberg CP. Application of yeasts in gene expression studies: a comparison of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha and Kluyveromyces lactis -- a review. Gene 1997; 190:87-97. [PMID: 9185853 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From the onset of gene technology yeasts have been among the most commonly used host cells for the production of heterologous proteins. At the beginning of this new development the attention in molecular biology and biotechnology focused on the use of the best characterized species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, leading to an increasing number of production systems for recombinant compounds. In recent years alternative yeasts became accessible for the techniques of modern molecular genetics and, thereby, for potential applications in biotechnology. In this respect Kluyveromyces lactis, and the methylotrophs Hansenula polymorpha and Pichia pastoris have been proven to offer significant advantages over the traditional baker's yeast for the production of certain proteins. In the following article, the present status of the various yeast systems is discussed.
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24
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Nakamura A, Nishimura I, Yokoyama A, Lee DG, Hidaka M, Masaki H, Kimura A, Chiba S, Uozumi T. Cloning and sequencing of an alpha-glucosidase gene from Aspergillus niger and its expression in A. nidulans. J Biotechnol 1997; 53:75-84. [PMID: 9165762 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(97)01664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned an extracellular alpha-glucosidase gene from Aspergillus niger with oligonucleotide probes synthesized on the basis of the determined peptide sequences. The nucleotide sequence revealed an open reading frame of 985 amino acids split with three introns, and the deduced amino acid sequence was nearly identical to that of the alpha-glucosidase previously determined. The cloned gene was introduced into Aspergillus nidulans, and its expression in the transformants was shown to be regulated by the carbon sources in the medium, suggesting that a common regulatory expression system is shared by these two species as is the case of other starch-degrading enzymes of Aspergillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nakamura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Hülseweh B, Dahlems UM, Dohmen J, Strasser AW, Hollenberg CP. Characterization of the active site of Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase by in vitro mutagenesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 244:128-33. [PMID: 9063455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to define the active site of the Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase. The mutated GAM1 genes were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and enzymatic and growth properties of the transformants were determined. Mutants were transcribed and translated similar to the wild-type glucoamylase. Therefore, all effects on enzymatic activity could be referred to single amino acid substitutions. Asp470 was shown to be essential for the enzyme activity. Replacement of Asp470 by glycine led to a complete loss of activity. We suppose that Asp470 serves as a general acid-base and stabilizes the formation of the intermediate carbenium ion. Substitution of Trp468 by alanine affected predominantly the alpha-1,6 activity and not the alpha-1,4 activity of the enzyme. The exchange impaired substrate binding as well as enzymatic catalysis. An influence of amino acid 474 on the substrate specificity could not be demonstrated. Exchanges at position 474 exhibited K(m) and Vmax values similar to wild-type glucoamylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hülseweh
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
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26
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James JA, Robert N, Lee BH. Cloning and expression of a glucoamylase gene from Lactobacillus amylovorus ATCC 33621 in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00129344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Tibbot BK, Skadsen RW. Molecular cloning and characterization of a gibberellin-inducible, putative alpha-glucosidase gene from barley. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:229-241. [PMID: 8616248 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A putative alpha-glucosidase clone has been isolated from a cDNA library constructed from mRNA of barley aleurones treated with gibberellin A 3 (GA). The clone is 2752 bp in length and has an uninterrupted open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 877 amino acids. A 680 amino acid region is 43% identical to human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase and other glycosyl hydrolases. In isolated aleurones, the levels of the corresponding mRNA increase strongly after the application of GA, similar to the pattern exhibited by low-pI alpha-amylase mRNA. High levels are also observed in the aleurone and scutellum after germination, while low levels are found in developing seeds. The genome contains a single form of this alpha-glucosidase gene and two additional sequences that may be related genes or pseudogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Tibbot
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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28
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Abstract
Academic studies and traditional breeding of yeasts depend upon their sporulation lifestyle. The strains used have been specially selected to sporulate readily and to mate producing new yeast types. Unfortunately brewing yeast strains do not behave in this way. They sporulate poorly, any spores which are formed are usually non-viable and any haploid strains produced are invariably non-maters. Only in recent years, with the development of recombinant-DNA techniques, has the specific breeding of new brewing yeast strains become widespread. Strains have been produced with the ability to ferment a wider range of carbohydrates, with altered flocculation properties and which produce beers with modified flavours. Many have been tested on the pilot scale and one, an amylolytic brewing yeast, has received approval for commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hammond
- BRF International, Lyttel Hall, Nutfield, Redhill, Surrey, UK.
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29
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Reiser V, Gasperík J. Purification and characterization of the cell-wall-associated and extracellular alpha-glucosidases from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera. Biochem J 1995; 308 ( Pt 3):753-60. [PMID: 8948429 PMCID: PMC1136789 DOI: 10.1042/bj3080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-wall-associated and extracellular alpha-glucosidases were purified to homogeneity from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera KZ growing on a medium containing cellobiose as the sole source of carbon; this substrate has the greatest inducing effect on the production of both forms of the enzyme. Depending on the source of carbon, 75-90% of the enzyme is associated with cell wall, from which it can be completely released by 1% Triton X-100 at 25 degrees C in 2 h. Both enzymes are glycoproteins in monomeric form with an apparent molecular mass of 132 kDa estimated by SDS/PAGE and 135 kDa estimated by gel filtration. N-linked carbohydrate accounts for 12% of the total mass. Both forms exhibited optimum activity at pH 5.5 and seem to be stable in the pH range 4.0-8.0 on incubation at 4 degrees C for 24 h. The cell-wall-associated form had an optimum activity at 42.5 degrees C and was stable in the absence of substrate up to 30 degrees C, while the extracellular form had optimal activity at 52.5 degrees C and was stable up to 40 degrees C. Both forms are unable to renature after thermal inactivation. The cell-wall-associated and extracellular alpha-glucosidases cleaved the same kind of substrates, from maltose to maltoheptaose, isomaltase and panose, although showing different rates of hydrolysis, and had little or no activity with polysaccharides. The extracellular form cross-reacts with antibody raised against the cell-wall-associated form, and both forms show the same peptide pattern after cleavage with chymotrypsin. The amino acid sequences of six peptides from both forms show marked similarity to those of Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Reiser
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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30
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Iserentant D, Verachtert H. Cloning and sequencing of the LEU2 homologue gene of Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Yeast 1995; 11:467-73. [PMID: 7597851 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320110510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A gene that complements the leu2 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been cloned from Schwanniomyces occidentalis. The gene codes for a protein of 379 amino acids. As expected for a Schwanniomyces gene, it has a high AT content, which is also reflected in the codon usage. The sequence homology with other known leu2 complementing genes is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Iserentant
- Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology and Biochemistry, Catholic University of Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
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31
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Rose M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the hexokinase from the starch-utilizing yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Curr Genet 1995; 27:330-8. [PMID: 7614556 DOI: 10.1007/bf00352102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hexose-phosphorylating enzymes from the starch-utilizing yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis were purified and two isoenzymes separated. The substrate pattern characterized one of these as a hexokinase phosphorylating glucose and fructose and the other as a glucokinase unable to phosphorylate fructose. The purified Schw. occidentalis hexokinase had a KM value of 0.98 mM for glucose and 9.3 mM for fructose. The hexokinase gene was cloned by cross hybridization with a probe from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HXK2 gene. Deletion of Schw. occidentalis hexokinase by gene replacement yielded a mutant unable to grow on fructose as sole carbon source, but still growing on glucose. Deletion mutants of Schw. occidentalis hexokinase prevented glucose repression of invertase and maltase. Growth deficiencies and the defect of glucose repression of a S. cerevisiae hexokinase null mutant could be restored by heterologous expression of the Schw. occidentalis hexokinase. Moreover, the results clearly showed the existence of a separate glucokinase in Schw. occidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rose
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Main, Germany
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32
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Abstract
Protein structural flexibility is important for catalysis, binding, and allostery. Flexibility has been predicted from amino acid sequence with a sliding window averaging technique and applied primarily to epitope search. New prediction parameters were derived from 92 refined protein structures in an unbiased selection of the Protein Data Bank by developing further the method of Karplus and Schulz (Naturwissenschaften 72:212-213, 1985). The accuracy of four flexibility prediction techniques was studied by comparing atomic temperature factors of known three-dimensional protein structures to predictions by using correlation coefficients. The size of the prediction window was optimized for each method. Predictions made with our new parameters, using an optimized window size of 9 residues in the prediction window, were giving the best results. The difference from another previously used technique was small, whereas two other methods were much poorer. Applicability of the predictions was also tested by searching for known epitopes from amino acid sequences. The best techniques predicted correctly 20 of 31 continuous epitopes in seven proteins. Flexibility parameters have previously been used for calculating protein average flexibility indices which are inversely correlated to protein stability. Indices with the new parameters showed better correlation to protein stability than those used previously; furthermore they had relationship even when the old parameters failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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33
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Production of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylase P by a stable industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00166081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Stone PJ, Makoff AJ, Parish JH, Radford A. Cloning and sequence analysis of the glucoamylase gene of Neurospora crassa. Curr Genet 1993; 24:205-11. [PMID: 8221928 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A 1.0-kb DNA fragment, corresponding to an internal region of the Neurospora crassa glucoamylase gene, gla-1, was generated from genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction, using oligonucleotide primers which had been deduced from the known N-terminal amino-acid sequence or from consensus regions within the aligned amino-acid sequences of other fungal glucoamylases. The fragment was used to screen an N. crassa genomic DNA library. One clone contained the gene together with flanking regions and its sequence was determined. The gene was found to code for a preproprotein of 626 amino acids, 35 of which constitute a signal and propeptide region. The protein and the gene are compared with corresponding sequences in other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Stone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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35
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Teuber M. Genetic engineering techniques in food microbiology and enzymology. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129309540968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Vainio AE, Torkkeli HT, Tuusa T, Aho SA, Fagerström BR, Korhola MP. Cloning and expression of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylase P cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 1993; 24:38-44. [PMID: 8358830 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for glucoamylase P of Hormoconis resinae was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe coding for a peptide fragment of the purified enzyme and polyclonal anti-glucoamylase antibodies. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs coding for a protein of 616 amino-acid residues. Comparison with other fungal glucoamylase amino-acid sequences showed homologies of 37-48%. The glucoamylase cDNA, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast ADC1 promoter, directed the secretion of active glucoamylase P into the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Vainio
- Research Laboratories, Alko Ltd, Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Hermans MM, Kroos MA, de Graaff E, Oostra BA, Reuser AJ. Two mutations affecting the transport and maturation of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase in an adult case of glycogen storage disease type II. Hum Mutat 1993; 2:268-73. [PMID: 8401535 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal recessive glycogen storage disease type II is associated with a deficiency of lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase). This paper reports on the mutations in the lysosomal alpha-glucosidase alleles of an adult patient. A G-1927 to A transition was discovered in exon 14 causing the substitution of Gly-643 by Arg and a second C-2173 to T transition in exon 15 resulting in the substitution of Arg-725 by Trp. Each of the mutations was located in a different allele. The mutations were introduced in the wild-type lysosomal alpha-glucosidase cDNA and expressed in COS cells. Both mutations had a similar effect. The synthesis of the mutant enzyme precursors was not disturbed but the intracellular transport and maturation were impaired. As a result there was an overall deficiency of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hermans
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Chantret I, Lacasa M, Chevalier G, Ruf J, Islam I, Mantei N, Edwards Y, Swallow D, Rousset M. Sequence of the complete cDNA and the 5' structure of the human sucrase-isomaltase gene. Possible homology with a yeast glucoamylase. Biochem J 1992; 285 ( Pt 3):915-23. [PMID: 1353958 PMCID: PMC1132882 DOI: 10.1042/bj2850915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence of the 6 kb cDNA and the 5' genomic structure are reported for the gene coding for the human intestinal brush border hydrolase sucrase-isomaltase. The human sucrase-isomaltase cDNA shows a high level of identity (83%) with that of the rabbit enzyme, indicating that the protein shares the same structural domains in both species. In addition to the previously reported homology with lysosomal alpha-glucosidase, the sucrase and isomaltase subunits also appear to be homologous to a yeast glucoamylase. A 14 kb human genomic clone has been isolated which includes the first three exons and the first two introns of the gene, as well as 9.5 kb 5' to the major start site of transcription. The first exon comprises 62 bp of untranslated sequence and the second starts exactly at the initiation ATG codon. Typical CAAT and TATA boxes are seen upstream of the first exon. A genetic polymorphism is described which involves a PstI site in the second intron. Southern blotting, sequencing and mRNA studies indicate that the structures of the sucrase-isomaltase gene and its mRNA are unaltered in the two human colon cancer cell lines Caco-2 and HT-29 in comparison with normal human small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chantret
- MRC Human Biochemical Genetics Unit, Galton Laboratory, University College London, U.K
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39
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Jong Chun Park, Suk Bai, Chi Youn Tai, Soon Bai Chun. Nucleotide sequence of the extracellular α-amylase gene in the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalisATCC 26077. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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40
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Gellissen G, Janowicz ZA, Weydemann U, Melber K, Strasser AW, Hollenberg CP. High-level expression of foreign genes in Hansenula polymorpha. Biotechnol Adv 1992; 10:179-89. [PMID: 14544533 DOI: 10.1016/0734-9750(92)90002-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha belongs to a limited number of non-Saccharomyces yeast species used as hosts for heterologous gene expression. It has successfully been applied for the production of hormones, antigens and enzymes. The system excells by mitotically stable recombinant strains, high productivity and faithful processing of the produced polypeptides. The favourable characteristics of this microorganism for protein production at an industrial scale are described in the following article focusing on some recent representative examples.
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41
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Naim HY, Niermann T, Kleinhans U, Hollenberg CP, Strasser AW. Striking structural and functional similarities suggest that intestinal sucrase-isomaltase, human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase and Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase are derived from a common ancestral gene. FEBS Lett 1991; 294:109-12. [PMID: 1743281 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81353-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sequence comparison of the primary structure of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis glucoamylase (GAM) with GAMs in different microorganisms did not reveal significant similarities. By contrast, striking similarities were, surprisingly, found with 3 mammalian secretory and integral membrane proteins: the 2 subunits of intestinal brush border sucrase-isomaltase and human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase. The similarities among these proteins are found as clusters of up to 8 amino acids and distributed all over the protein sequences. The major sequence differences are found in the N-terminal regions accounting, probably, for the different cellular locations of these proteins. The high level of similarities between sucrase, isomaltase, Sch. occidentalis GAM and human lysosomal alpha-glucosidase suggest that these proteins are derived from the same ancestral gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report that describes similarities between a yeast secretory protein and mammalian secretory and integral membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Naim
- Institute of Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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42
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Jespersen HM, MacGregor EA, Sierks MR, Svensson B. Comparison of the domain-level organization of starch hydrolases and related enzymes. Biochem J 1991; 280 ( Pt 1):51-5. [PMID: 1741756 PMCID: PMC1130598 DOI: 10.1042/bj2800051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Structure-prediction and hydrophobic-cluster analysis of several starch hydrolases and related enzymes indicated the organization of eleven domain types. Most enzymes possess a catalytic (beta/alpha)8-barrel and a smaller C-terminal domain as seen in crystal structures of alpha-amylase and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. Some also have a starch-granule-binding domain. Enzymes breaking or forming endo-alpha-1,6 linkages contain domains N-terminal to the (beta/alpha)8-barrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Jespersen
- Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen Valby, Denmark
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43
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Gellissen G, Janowicz ZA, Merckelbach A, Piontek M, Keup P, Weydemann U, Hollenberg CP, Strasser AW. Heterologous gene expression in Hansenula polymorpha: efficient secretion of glucoamylase. Nat Biotechnol 1991; 9:291-5. [PMID: 1367303 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0391-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have introduced the glucoamylase gene (GAM1) from Schwanniomyces occidentalis into the genome of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha to study the potential of this organism as a host for high-level expression of a heterologous gene encoding a secretory protein. Transformants of H. polymorpha containing GAM1 under control of the formate dehydrogenase (FMD) promoter are stable and efficiently secrete an active glucoamylase that is faithfully processed and modified. Yields of up to 1.4g/l of active enzyme were obtained at cell densities of 100-130 grams dry weight per liter.
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44
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Dohmen RJ, Madura K, Bartel B, Varshavsky A. The N-end rule is mediated by the UBC2(RAD6) ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:7351-5. [PMID: 1651502 PMCID: PMC52293 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.16.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule relates the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its amino-terminal residue. Distinct versions of the N-end rule operate in all organisms examined, from mammals to bacteria. We show that UBC2(RAD6), one of at least seven ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is essential for multiubiquitination and degradation of the N-end rule substrates. We also show that UBC2 is physically associated with UBR1, the recognition component of the N-end rule pathway. These results indicate that some of the UBC2 functions, which include DNA repair, induced mutagenesis, sporulation, and regulation of retrotransposition, are mediated by protein degradation via the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dohmen
- Department of Biology, Massachusettes Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139
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45
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De Zoysa PA, Connerton IF, Watson DC, Johnston JR. Cloning, sequencing and expression of the Schwanniomyces occidentalis NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Curr Genet 1991; 20:219-24. [PMID: 1934128 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cloned NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) genes of Aspergillus nidulans (gdhA) and Neurospora crassa (am) have been shown to hybridize under reduced stringency conditions to genomic sequences of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Using 5' and 3' gene-specific probes, a unique 5.1 kb BclI restriction fragment that encompasses the entire Schwanniomyces sequence has been identified. A recombinant clone bearing the unique BclI fragment has been isolated from a pool of enriched clones in the yeast/E. coli shuttle vector pWH5 by colony hybridization. The identity of the plasmid clone was confirmed by functional complementation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gdh-1 mutation. The nucleotide sequence of the Schw. occidentalis GDH gene, which consists of 1380 nucleotides in a continuous reading frame of 459 amino acids, has been determined. The predicted amino acid sequence shows considerable homology with GDH proteins from other fungi and significant homology with all other available GDH sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A De Zoysa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Reading, England, UK
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