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Generation of a Functionally Distinct Rhizopus oryzae Lipase through Protein Folding Memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124545. [PMID: 25970342 PMCID: PMC4430139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) has a propeptide at its N-terminus that functions as an intramolecular chaperone and facilitates the folding of mature ROL (mROL). In this study, we successfully generated a functionally distinct imprinted mROL (mROLimp) through protein folding memory using a mutated propeptide. The mutated propeptide left its structural memory on mROL and produced mROLimp that exhibited different substrate specificities compared with mROLWT (prepared from the wild type propeptide), although the amino acid sequences of both mROLs were the same. mROLimp showed a preference for substrates with medium chain-length acyl groups and, noticeably, recognized a peptidase-specific substrate. In addition, ROLimp was more stable than mROLWT. These results strongly suggest that proteins with identical amino acid sequences can fold into different conformations and that mutations in intramolecular chaperones can dynamically induce changes in enzymatic activity.
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Simões T, Valero F, Tecelão C, Ferreira-Dias S. Production of Human Milk Fat Substitutes Catalyzed by a Heterologous Rhizopus oryzae Lipase and Commercial Lipases. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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3
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Zhang SB, Pei XQ, Wu ZL. Multiple amino acid substitutions significantly improve the thermostability of feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 117:140-7. [PMID: 22613889 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase A from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) is one of the most important feruloyl esterases of industrial relevance. Previous work aided by the PoPMuSiC algorithm has identified two beneficial mutants (D93G and S187F) with thermostabilization effect. In this work, twelve additional amino acid substitutions were identified to be beneficial to the thermostability of AnFaeA after screening a random mutagenesis library constructed in Pichia pastoris. Combination of these mutations resulted in a mutant with 80% residual activity after heat treatment at 90 °C for 15 min and a half-life increasing from 15 min to >4000 min at 55 °C. The thermostabilized mutant displayed significantly enhanced performance compared to the parental AnFaeA when applied to the treatment of steam-exploded corn stalk at 60 °C together with an xylanase, demonstrating its great potential for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 416, Chengdu 610041, PR China
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Optimized Production of MLM Triacylglycerols Catalyzed by Immobilized Heterologous Rhizopus oryzae Lipase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Yuzbashev TV, Yuzbasheva EY, Vibornaya TV, Sobolevskaya TI, Laptev IA, Gavrikov AV, Sineoky SP. Production of recombinant Rhizopus oryzae lipase by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica results in increased enzymatic thermostability. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 82:83-9. [PMID: 22155648 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was expressed in the non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica under the control of the strong inducible XPR2 gene promoter. The effects of three different preprosequence variants were examined: a preprosequence of the Y. lipolytica alkaline extracellular protease (AEP) encoded by XPR2, the native preprosequence of ROL, and a hybrid variant of the presequence of AEP and the prosequence of ROL. Lipase production was highest (7.6 U/mL) with the hybrid prepropeptide. The recombinant protein was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The ROL included 28 amino acids of the C-terminal region of the prosequence, indicating that proteolytic cleavage occurred below the KR site through the activity of the Kex2-like endoprotease. The optimum temperature for recombinant lipase activity was between 30 and 40 °C, and the optimum pH was 7.5. The enzyme was shown not to be glycosylated. Furthermore, recombinant ROL exhibited greater thermostability than previously reported, with the enzyme retaining 64% of its hydrolytic activity after 30 min of incubation at 55 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tigran V Yuzbashev
- Russian State Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM), State Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow 117545, Russia.
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Stamatis H, Xenakis A, Provelegiou M, Kolisis FN. Esterification reactions catalyzed by lipases in microemulsions: the role of enzyme localization in relation to its selectivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:103-10. [PMID: 18609653 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The activity of lipases from Rhizopus delemar, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Penicillium simplicissimum entrapped in microemulsions formulated by bis-(2-ethylhexyl)sulfo-succinate sodium salt (AOT) in isooctane has been studied in esterification reactions of various aliphatic alcohols with fatty acids. The effect of the nature of the fatty acids (chain length) and of the alcohols (primary, secondary, or tertiary; chain length; cyclic structures) on the lipase activities was investigated in relation to the reverse micellar structure. The lipases tested showed a selectivity regarding the structure of the substrates used when hosted in the AOT/isooctane microemulsion systems. Penicillium simplicissimum lipase showed higher reaction rates in the esterification of long chain alcohols as well as secondary alcohols. Primary alcohols had a low reaction rate and tertiary a very slow rate of esterification. Long chain fatty acids were better catalyzed as compared to the shorter ones. Rhizopus delemar and R. arrhizus lipases showed a preference for the esterification of short chain primary alcohols, while the secondary alcohols had a low rate of esterification and the tertiary ones could not be converted. The reaction of medium chain length fatty acids was also better catalyzed than in the case of the long ones. The observed lipase selectivity appeared to be related to the localization of the enzyme molecule within the micellar microstructure due to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the protein. The reverse micellar structural characteristics, as well as the localization of the enzyme, were examined by fluorescence quenching measurements and spectroscopical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stamatis
- Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
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Shi B, Zeng L, Song H, Shi Q, Wu S. Cloning and expression of Aspergillus tamarii FS132 lipase gene in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2373-82. [PMID: 20640158 PMCID: PMC2904922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11062373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipase gene (atl) was cloned from Aspergillus tamarii FS132 for the first time. The gene was found to have an open reading frame of 1024 base pairs (bp), and the coding region of the gene contained two introns (51 bp and 52 bp). Multi-alignment analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated high homology between the enzyme and mono-and diacylglycerol lipases from fungi Aspergillus. The recombinant lipase was expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 cells. The recombinant lipase was found to have a molecular mass of 36.7 kDa, and it exhibited lipase activity of 20 U/mL in culture supernatant when tributyrin was used as the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihong Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, The University Town, Min-hou, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (H.S.)
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (Q.S.); (S.W.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-591-228-682-20; Fax: +86-591-838-577-75
| | - Liqing Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, The University Town, Min-hou, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Haolei Song
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, The University Town, Min-hou, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (L.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Qiaoqin Shi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (Q.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Songgang Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; E-Mails: (Q.S.); (S.W.)
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Abbate V, Bassindale AR, Brandstadt KF, Lawson R, Taylor PG. Enzyme mediated silicon–oxygen bond formation; the use of Rhizopus oryzae lipase, lysozyme and phytase under mild conditions. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:9361-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Guo Z, Sun Y. Characteristics of Immobilized Lipase on Hydrophobic Superparamagnetic Microspheres To Catalyze Esterification. Biotechnol Prog 2008; 20:500-6. [PMID: 15058995 DOI: 10.1021/bp034272s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel immobilized lipase (from Candida rugosa) on hydrophobic and superparamagnetic microspheres was prepared and used as a biocatalyst to catalyze esterification reactions in diverse solvents and reaction systems. The results showed that the immobilized lipase had over 2-fold higher activities in higher log P value solvents. An exponential increase of lipase activity against log P of two miscible solvent mixtures was observed for the first time. Both free and immobilized lipase achieved its maximum activity at the range of water activity (a(w)) 0.5-0.8 or higher. At a(w) 0.6, the immobilized lipase exhibited markedly higher activities in heptane and a solvent-free system than did the native lipase. In multicompetitive reactions, the alcohol specificity of the lipase showed a strong chain-length dependency, and the immobilized enzyme exhibited more preference for a longer-chain alcohol, which is different from previous reports. The immobilized lipase showed higher specificities for butyric acid and the medium-chain-length fatty acids (C(8)-C(12)). Then, the immobilized lipase was extended to solvent-free synthesis of glycerides from glycerol and fatty acids. Recovered by magnetic separation, the immobilized lipase exhibited good reusability in repeated batch reaction, indicating its promising feature for biotechnology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Lai OM, Weete J, Akoh C. Microbial Lipases. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Niu WN, Li ZP, Zhang DW, Yu MR, Tan TW. Improved thermostability and the optimum temperature of Rhizopus arrhizus lipase by directed evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Di Lorenzo M, Hidalgo A, Haas M, Bornscheuer UT. Heterologous production of functional forms of Rhizopus oryzae lipase in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 71:8974-7. [PMID: 16332903 PMCID: PMC1317389 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.12.8974-8977.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, expression of the lipase from Rhizopus oryzae (ROL) in Escherichia coli always led to the formation of inclusion bodies and inactive protein. However, the production of active ROL and its precursor ProROL in soluble form was achieved when E. coli Origami(DE3) and pET-11d were used as expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Di Lorenzo
- Department of Technical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Greifswald University, Soldmannstr. 16, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Bian C, Yuan C, Lin L, Lin J, Shi X, Ye X, Huang Z, Huang M. Purification and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a Penicillium expansum lipase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1752:99-102. [PMID: 16112629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PF898 is a strain of Penicillium expansum optimized for the high level production of Penicillium expansum lipase (PEL). This PEL is unique compared with other lipases in several aspects, For example, the PEL shows low sequence identities (<30%) to all other known lipases, and high percentage of hydrophobic residues in the N-terminal region. The PEL was purified to homogeneity and shown to be 28 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained by the sitting-drop method of vapor diffusion with ammonia sulfate as the precipitating agent at 298 K. The crystals have tetragonal lattice and unit-cell parameters of a=b=88.09 A, c=126.54 A. Diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.08 A on an in-house rotating-anode generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbing Bian
- State Key Lab on Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yang Qiao Xi Lu, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Sayari A, Frikha F, Miled N, Mtibaa H, Ben Ali Y, Verger R, Gargouri Y. N-terminal peptide ofRhizopus oryzaelipase is important for its catalytic properties. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:976-82. [PMID: 15710378 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 12/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a culture medium, the Rhizopus oryzae strain produces only one form of lipase, ROL32. When the concentrated culture medium was stored at 0 degrees C during several months or kept at 6 degrees C during a few days, we noticed the appearance of a second shorter form of ROL32 lacking its N-terminal 28 amino acid (ROL29). ROL29 was purified to homogeneity and its 21 N-terminal amino acid residues were found to be identical to the 29-49 sequence of ROL32. The cleavage of the N-terminal peptide reduced the specific activity of ROL29 by 50% using either triolein or tributyrin as substrates. In order to explain this decrease of the specific activity of ROL29, we measured its critical surface pressure of penetration into phosphatidyl choline from egg yolk films which was found to be 10 mN/m, in contrast to a value of 23 mN/m found in ROL32. A kinetic study on the surface pressure dependency, stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of ROL29 was performed using the three dicaprin isomers spread as monomolecular films at the air-water interface. Our results showed that in contrast to ROL32, ROL29 presented a preference for the distal ester groups of one diglyceride isomer (1,3-sn-dicaprin). Furthermore, ROL32 was markedly more stereoselective than ROL29 for the sn-3 position of the 2,3-sn-enantiomer of dicaprin. A structural explanation of the enhanced penetration capacity as well as the catalytic activity of ROL32 was proposed by molecular modeling. We concluded that the N-terminal peptide of ROL32 can play an important role in the specific activity, the regioselectivity, the stereoselectivity and the binding of the enzyme to its substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Sayari
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Gibbs MD, Reeves RA, Sunna A, Bergquist PL. A yeast intron as a translational terminator in a plasmid shuttle vector. FEMS Yeast Res 2004; 4:573-7. [PMID: 15040944 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsyr.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmid shuttle vectors that contain both prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic origins of replication are routinely used in molecular biology since E. coli is generally the organism of choice for manipulation of recombinant DNA. Initial transformation of the shuttle vector into E. coli allows production of microgram quantities of DNA suitable for transformation of low-transformation-efficiency hosts. A shuttle/expression vector for the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, pCWK1, allows recombinant protein fused to the killer toxin signal sequence to be secreted to the medium. The heterologous genes are transcribed under the control of the K. lactis LAC4 promoter, which is tightly regulated in K. lactis. However, in E. coli the LAC4 promoter functions constitutively, and as a result, uncontrolled transcription and translation of genes that are toxic in E. coli can result in cell death, and subsequent failure to recover intact E. coli transformants. We have constructed and tested a modified shuttle vector that contains a K. lactis ribosomal intron that acts as a translational terminator in E. coli, preventing or reducing the expression of recombinant proteins and avoiding toxicity. When transcribed in K. lactis, the intron is spliced from the mRNA allowing the translation of intact full-length, active recombinant gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreland D Gibbs
- Biotechnology Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Bell PJL, Sunna A, Gibbs MD, Curach NC, Nevalainen H, Bergquist PL. Prospecting for novel lipase genes using PCR. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2283-2291. [PMID: 12177322 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A PCR method suitable for the isolation of lipase genes directly from environmental DNA is described. The problems associated with the low levels of similarity between lipase genes were overcome by extensive analysis of conserved regions and careful primer design. Using this method, a lipase gene (oli-lipase) was isolated directly from environmental DNA. This lipase showed less than 20% similarity with other known lipases at the amino acid level. The study also revealed that distantly related members of the alpha/beta hydrolase superfamily share similar conserved motifs with the lipases, thus making these genes targets for gene prospecting by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J L Bell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Physikalische Biochemie, Universitat Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 D-14476 Golm, Germany2
| | - Moreland D Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Natalie C Curach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Division of Molecular Medicine, University of Auckland School of Medicine, Private Bag 92109, Auckland, New Zealand3
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia1
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Hakki EE, Akkaya MS. RT-PCR amplification of a Rhizopus oryzae lactate dehydrogenase gene fragment. Enzyme Microb Technol 2001; 28:259-264. [PMID: 11166821 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
No amino acid or DNA sequence information in sequence databases was found for a fungal lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme. Highly conserved regions in the lactate dehydrogenase enzymes of all taxonomies are found to be betaalphabeta nucleotide binding and substrate binding sites, also catalysis/active site. The conserved regions were selected as PCR primer target regions. The degenerate primers were designed according to the codon usage, determined by analyzing a number of different genes of Rhizopus species. A fragment of the gene (ldh), coding for approximately 72% of the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme from Rhizopus oryzae, was amplified using degenerate primers by Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The size of the amplified fragment containing betaalphabeta nucleotide binding site, substrate binding site and catalysis/active site is found to be about 700 bp. The reported degenerate PCR primers and the amplification conditions may lead to the cloning of the lactate dehydrogenase gene of R. oryzae, which is an important organism due to its utilization in lactic acid and enzyme productions in industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E. Hakki
- Middle East Technical University, Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology Program, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- A Svendsen
- Enzyme Design, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Alle, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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Pignède G, Wang H, Fudalej F, Gaillardin C, Seman M, Nicaud JM. Characterization of an extracellular lipase encoded by LIP2 in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:2802-10. [PMID: 10781549 PMCID: PMC101989 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.10.2802-2810.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated the LIP2 gene from the lipolytic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. It was found to encode a 334-amino-acid precursor protein. The secreted lipase is a 301-amino-acid glycosylated polypeptide which is a member of the triacylglycerol hydrolase family (EC 3.1.1.3). The Lip2p precursor protein is processed by the KEX2-like endoprotease encoded by XPR6. Deletion of the XPR6 gene resulted in the secretion of an active but less stable proenzyme. Thus, the pro region does not inhibit lipase secretion and activity. However, it does play an essential role in the production of a stable enzyme. Processing was found to be correct in LIP2(A) (multiple LIP2 copy integrant)-overexpressing strains, which secreted 100 times more activity than the wild type, demonstrating that XPR6 maturation was not limiting. No extracellular lipase activity was detected with the lip2 knockout (KO) strain, strongly suggesting that extracellular lipase activity results from expression of the LIP2 gene. Nevertheless, the lip2 KO strain is still able to grow on triglycerides, suggesting an alternative pathway for triglyceride utilization in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pignède
- Laboratoire Mayoly Spindler, Service Recherche, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
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Purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from a thermophilic Rhizopus oryzae strain isolated from palm fruit. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:421-430. [PMID: 10713217 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00173-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a lipolytic strain from palm fruit that was identified as a Rhizopus oryzae. Culture conditions were optimized and highest lipase production amounting to 120 U/ml was achieved after 4 days of cultivation. The extracellular lipase was purified 1200-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation, sulphopropyl-Sepharose chromatography, Sephadex G 75 gel filtration and a second sulphopropyl-Sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 8800 U/mg. The lipolytic enzyme has a molecular mass of 32 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. The enzyme exhibited a single band in active polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its isoelectric point was 7.6. Analysis of Rhizopus oryzae lipase by RP-HPLC confirmed the homogeneity of the enzyme preparation. Determination of the N-terminal sequence over 19 amino acid residues showed a high homology with lipases of the same genus. The optimum pH for enzyme activity was 7.5. Lipase was stable in the pH range from 4.5 to 7.5. The optimum temperature for lipase activity was 35 degrees C and about 65% of its activity was retained after incubation at 45 degrees C for 30 min. The lipolytic enzyme was inhibited by Triton X100, SDS, and metal ions such as Fe(3+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+) and Fe(2+). Lipase activity against triolein was enhanced by sodium cholate or taurocholate. The purified lipase had a preference for the hydrolysis of saturated fatty acid chains (C(8)-C(18)) and a 1, 3-position specificity. It showed a good stability in organic solvents and especially in long chain-fatty alcohol. The enzyme poorly hydrolyzed triacylglycerols containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and appeared as a suitable biocatalyst for selective esterification of sardine free fatty acids with hexanol as substrate. About 76% of sardine free fatty acids were esterified after 30 h reaction whereas 90% of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was recovered in the unesterified fatty acids.
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UEDA MITSUYOSHI, TANAKA ATSUO. Cell Surface Engineering of Yeast. Construction of Arming Yeast with Biocatalyst. J Biosci Bioeng 2000. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.90.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Lipases, mainly of microbial origin, represent the most widely used class of enzymes in biotechnological applications and organic chemistry. Modern methods of genetic engineering combined with an increasing knowledge of structure and function will allow further adaptation to industrial needs and exploration of novel applications. Production of such tailored lipases requires their functional overexpression in a suitable host. Hence, this article describes the functional heterologous production of commercially important microbial lipases. Based on the knowledge of different lipases' substrate binding sites, the most suitable lipase for a particular application may be selected.
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Tsuzuki W, Kitamura Y, Suzuki T, Mase T. Effects of glucose on lipase activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:1467-70. [PMID: 10501005 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To establish the utility of lipase as a biocatalyst, the effects of glucose on the hydrolysis activities of lipase were investigated. Among 13 kinds of lipase from microorganisms, 6 lipases were inhibited in hydrolysis up to 50% of the original activities by 10 mM glucose. The activities of other microbial lipases and 2 kind of porcine pancreatic lipases were not affected by the addition of glucose. Six lipases that were sensitive to glucose were modified by a synthetic detergent. After they were converted to modified lipases, they were not inhibited by glucose. Even at 20 mM glucose, each modified lipase retained more than 95% activity compared with that in the absence of glucose. In the modified lipase, the detergent attached to the lipase molecule would disturb the access of glucose to the enzyme. To detect the interaction between lipase and glucose, the fluorescence of tryptophan was traced. The fluorescence intensities of lipases that were inhibited by glucose depended on the concentration of glucose, suggesting that glucose induced some structural change in the lipase molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tsuzuki
- National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Ibaraki, Japan.
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29
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Beer HD, McCarthy JE, Bornscheuer UT, Schmid RD. Cloning, expression, characterization and role of the leader sequence of a lipase from Rhizopus oryzae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1399:173-80. [PMID: 9765593 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A lipase from Rhizopus oryzae DSM 853 (ROL) was cloned from a chromosomal gene bank, sequenced and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. ROL and its precursors ProROL and PreProROL were purified and their pH and temperature profile was determined. In contrast to ROL, ProROL and PreProROL had considerably higher thermostability and a slightly higher pH optimum. Moreover, it could be demonstrated by in vitro experiments that the natural leader sequence of ROL is able to inhibit the folding supporting properties of the prosequence, resulting in a retardation of folding. In addition, there is strong evidence that all different lipase forms derived from Rhizopus sp. described in the literature are a result of different proteolytic processing and originate from the same gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Beer
- AG Werner, MPI-Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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30
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Ibrik A, Chahinian H, Rugani N, Sarda L, Comeau LC. Biochemical and structural characterization of triacylglycerol lipase from Penicillium cyclopium. Lipids 1998; 33:377-84. [PMID: 9590625 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An extracellular lipase, active on water-insoluble triacylglycerols, has been isolated from Penicillium cyclopium. The purified enzyme has a molecular mass of 29 kDa by gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It hydrolyzes emulsions of tributyrin, trioctanoin, and olive oil at the same rate as pancreatic lipase and shows very low activity against partial acylglycerols (monooctanoin and dioctanoin) and methyl esters. It is stable at 35 degrees C for 60 min and has maximal activity in a pH range of 8-10. Hydrolysis of triacylglycerols by P. cyclopium lipase is inhibited by detergents such as Triton X-100. Comparison of the sequence of the 20 first amino acid residues of P. cyclopium triacylglycerol lipase with other Penicillium lipases indicates a high homology with previously characterized lipases produced by P. expansum and P. solitum which are enzymes of comparable size and substrate specificity. Conversely, homology between P. cyclopium lipase and P. simplicissimum lipase, a nonspecific lipolytic enzyme, is low. Penicillium cyclopium triacylglycerol lipase shows no homology with P. camembertii lipase which is specific to monoacylglycerol and diacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ibrik
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de St-Jérôme, Marseille, France
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31
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Cloning and expression of a streptavidin-lipase fusion gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of the immobilized fusion protein. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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de Vries RP, Michelsen B, Poulsen CH, Kroon PA, van den Heuvel RH, Faulds CB, Williamson G, van den Hombergh JP, Visser J. The faeA genes from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis encode ferulic acid esterases involved in degradation of complex cell wall polysaccharides. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4638-44. [PMID: 9406381 PMCID: PMC168785 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.12.4638-4644.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a gene encoding a ferulic acid esterase, faeA, from Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubingensis. The A. niger and A. tubingensis genes have a high degree of sequence identity and contain one conserved intron. The gene product, FAEA, was overexpressed in wild-type A. tubingensis and a protease-deficient A. niger mutant. Overexpression of both genes in wild-type A. tubingensis and an A. niger protease-deficient mutant showed that the A. tubingensis gene product is more sensitive to degradation than the equivalent gene product from A. niger. FAEA from A. niger was identical to A. niger FAE-III (C. B. Faulds and G. Williamson, Microbiology 140:779-787, 1994), as assessed by molecular mass, pH and temperature optima, pI, N-terminal sequence, and activity on methyl ferulate. The faeA gene was induced by growth on wheat arabinoxylan and sugar beet pectin, and its gene product (FAEA) released ferulic acid from wheat arabinoxylan. The rate of release was enhanced by the presence of a xylanase. FAEA also hydrolyzed smaller amounts of ferulic acid from sugar beet pectin, but the rate was hardly affected by addition of an endo-pectin lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P de Vries
- Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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33
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Additive effects of acyl-binding site mutations on the fatty acid selectivity ofRhizopus delemarlipase. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-997-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Klein RR, King G, Moreau RA, Haas MJ. Altered acyl chain length specificity of Rhizopus delemar lipase through mutagenesis and molecular modeling. Lipids 1997; 32:123-30. [PMID: 9075201 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-997-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The acyl binding site of Rhizopus delemar prolipase and mature lipase was altered through site-directed mutagenesis to improve lipase specificity for short- or medium-chain length fatty acids. Computer-generated structural models of R. delemar lipase were used in mutant protein design and in the interpretation of the catalytic properties of the resulting recombinant enzymes. Molecular dynamics simulations of the double mutant, val209trp + phe112trp, predicted that the introduction of trp112 and trp209 in the acyl binding groove would sterically hinder the docking of fatty acids longer than butyric acid. Assayed against a mixture of triacylglycerol substrates, the val209trp + phe112trp mature lipase mutant showed an 80-fold increase in the hydrolysis of tributyrin relative to the hydrolysis of tricaprylin while no triolein hydrolysis was detected. By comparison, the val94Trp mutant, predicted to pose steric or geometric constraints for docking fatty acids longer than caprylic acid in the acyl binding groove, resulted in a modest 1.4-fold increase in tricaprylin hydrolysis relative to the hydrolysis of tributyrin. Molecular models of the double mutant phe95asp + phe214arg indicated the creation of a salt bridge between asp95 and arg214 across the distal end of the acyl binding groove. When challenged with a mixture of triacylglycerols, the phe95asp + phe214arg substitutions resulted in an enzyme with 3-fold enhanced relative activity for tricaprylin compared to triolein, suggesting that structural determinants for medium-chain length specificity may reside in the distal end of the acyl binding groove. Attempts to introduce a salt bridge within 8 A of the active site by the double mutation leu146lys + ser115asp destroyed catalytic activity entirely. Similarly, the substitution of polar Gln at the rim of the acyl binding groove for phe112 largely eliminated catalytic activity of the lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Klein
- ERRC, ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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35
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Haalck L, Paltauf F, Pleiss J, Schmid RD, Spener F, Stadler P. [21] Stereoselectivity of lipase from Rhizopus oryzae toward triacylglycerols and analogs: Computer-aided modeling and experimental validation. Methods Enzymol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)84023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Beer HD, Wohlfahrt G, Schmid RD, McCarthy JE. The folding and activity of the extracellular lipase of Rhizopus oryzae are modulated by a prosequence. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 2):351-9. [PMID: 8912667 PMCID: PMC1217776 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Rhizopus oryzae synthesizes an extracellular lipase precursor bearing N-terminal pre- and pro-sequences. Our studies in Escherichia coli and using recombinant lipase in vitro indicate that the prosequence of 97 amino acids has at least two functions. First, it modulates the enzyme activity of the lipase so that this enzyme can initially be synthesized in a non-destructive form. Direct synthesis of the mature form of the lipase in the cell has toxic consequences, at least partly because of phospholipase activity that is suppressed in the proprotein. Secondly, it supports folding of the lipase via a pathway influenced by a single cysteine residue at position - 68. Mutational analysis of the prosequence demonstrates not only the key role of this cysteine residue but also the importance of the neighbouring amino acids. In particular, Arg-69 probably enhances the leaving group character of Cys-68. We propose a model in which Cys-68 acts as an intramolecular thiodisulphide reagent, playing a catalytic role in the folding of the enzyme. The prosequence is capable of performing the described functions both in cis and in trans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Beer
- Department of Enzymology, National Biotechnology Research Centre (GBF), Braunschweig, Federal Republic of Germany
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37
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Haas MJ, Joerger RD, King G, Klein RR. The use of rational mutagenesis to modify the chain length specificity of a Rhizopus delemar lipase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 799:115-28. [PMID: 8958082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Haas
- Eastern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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38
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Schmidt-Dannert C, Rúa ML, Atomi H, Schmid RD. Thermoalkalophilic lipase of Bacillus thermocatenulatus. I. molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, purification and some properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1301:105-14. [PMID: 8652645 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(96)00027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An expression library was generated by partial Sau3A digestion of genomic DNA from the thermophile Bacillus thermocatenulatus and cloning of DNA fragments in pUC18 in Escherichia coli DH5alpha. Screening for lipase activity identified a 4.5 kb insert in pUC18 which directed the production of lipase in E. coli DH5alpha. A subclone with a 2.2 kb insert was sequenced. The lipase gene codes for a mature lipase of 388 amino acid residues, corresponding to a molecular weight of 43 kDa. As in other Bacillus lipases, an Ala replaces the first Gly in the conserved pentapeptide Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly found in most lipases. The region upstream of the lipase gene contains a Bacillus promoter which directs the expression of lipase in E. coli DH5alpha. The expressed lipase was isolated and purified 312-fold to homogeneity. N-terminal sequencing of the purified lipase revealed a correct cleavage of the preprotein in E. coli DH5alpha. Maximum activity was found at pH 8.0-9.0 with tributyrin and olive oil as substrates and at 60-70 degrees C with p-NPP and olive oil as substrates. The lipase showed high stability at pH 9.0-11.0 and towards various detergents and organic solvents.
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39
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Expression of lipase cDNA from Fusarium heterosporum by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: High-level production and purification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)81467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Horiuchi H, Takaya N, Yanai K, Nakamura M, Ohta A, Takagi M. Cloning of the Rhizopus niveus pyr4 gene and its use for the transformation of Rhizopus delemar. Curr Genet 1995; 27:472-8. [PMID: 7586035 DOI: 10.1007/bf00311218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a pyr4 gene encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase of the filamentous fungus Rhizopus niveus. The pyr4 gene of R. nivens has an open reading frame composed of 265 amino-acid residues and has two putative introns. We have also isolated a pyr4 mutant of Rhizopus delemar from 5-fluoroorotic acid-resistant mutants and transformed it with the pyr4 gene of R. niveus as a selectable marker. Introduced DNA was integrated into the chromosome in a multiple tandem array. The mitotic stability of the introduced DNA was increased by a repeated sporulation process. The expression of the Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase gene in R. delemar was successfully obtained under the control of the pgk2 gene promoter of R. niveus by co-transformation with the pyr4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Joerger RD, Haas MJ. Alteration of chain length selectivity of a Rhizopus delemar lipase through site-directed mutagenesis. Lipids 1994; 29:377-84. [PMID: 8090057 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The coding sequences of the Rhizopus delemar lipase and prolipase were altered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce amino acid substitutions. The resulting mutant enzymes, synthesized by the bacterial host Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the triglycerides triolein (TO), tricaprylin (TC) and tributyrin (TB). Mutagenesis and lipase gene expression were carried out using plasmid vectors derived from previously described recombinant plasmids [Joerger and Haas (1993) Lipids 28, 81-88] by introduction of the origin of replication of bacteriophage f1. Substitution of threonine 83 (thr83), a residue thought to be involved in oxyanion binding, by alanine essentially eliminated lipolytic activity toward all substrates examined (TB, TO and TC). Replacement of thr83 with serine caused from two- to sevenfold reductions in the activity toward these substrates. Introduction of tryptophan (trp) at position 89, where such a residue is found in closely related fungal lipases, reduced the specific activity toward the three triglyceride substrates. For the mutagenesis of residues in the predicted acyl chain binding groove, mutagenic primers were designed to cause the replacement of a specific codon within the prolipase gene with codons for all other amino acids. Phenylalanine 95 (phe95), phe112, valine 206 (val206) and val209, were targeted. A phenotypic screen was successfully employed to identify cells producing prolipase with altered preference for olive oil, TC or TB. In assays involving equimolar mixtures of the three triglycerides, a prolipase with a phe95-->aspartate mutation showed an almost twofold increase in the relative activity toward TC. Substitution of trp for phe112 caused an almost threefold decrease in the relative preference for TC, but elevated relative TB hydrolysis. Replacement of val209 with trp resulted in an enzyme with a two- and fourfold enhanced preference for TC and TB, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Joerger
- ERRC, ARS, USDA, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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42
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Enzymatic phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in organic solvents: An examination of selected commercially available lipases. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Akatsuka H, Kawai E, Omori K, Komatsubara S, Shibatani T, Tosa T. The lipA gene of Serratia marcescens which encodes an extracellular lipase having no N-terminal signal peptide. J Bacteriol 1994; 176:1949-56. [PMID: 8144462 PMCID: PMC205299 DOI: 10.1128/jb.176.7.1949-1956.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipA gene encoding an extracellular lipase was cloned from the wild-type strain of Serratia marcescens Sr41. Nucleotide sequencing showed a major open reading frame encoding a 64.9-kDa protein of 613 amino acid residues; the deduced amino acid sequence contains a lipase consensus sequence, GXSXG. The lipase had 66 and 56% homologies with the lipases of Pseudomonas fluorescens B52 and P. fluorescens SIK W1, respectively, but did not show any overall homology with lipases from other origins. The Escherichia coli cells carrying the S. marcescens lipA gene did not secrete the lipase into the medium. The S. marcescens lipase had no conventional N-terminal signal sequence but was also not subjected to any processing at both the N-terminal and C-terminal regions. A specific short region similar to the regions of secretory proteins having no N-terminal signal peptide was observed in the amino acid sequence. Expression of the lipA gene in S. marcescens was affected by the carbon source and the addition of Tween 80.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Akatsuka
- Research Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
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44
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Swenson L, Green R, Joerger R, Haas M, Scott K, Wei Y, Derewenda U, Lawson DM, Derewenda ZS. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of the precursor and mature forms of a neutral lipase from the fungus Rhizopus delemar. Proteins 1994; 18:301-6. [PMID: 8202471 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340180311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A neutral lipase from the filamentous fungus Rhizopus delemar has been crystallized in both its proenzyme and mature forms. Although the latter crystallizes readily and produces a variety of crystal forms, only one was found to be suitable for X-ray studies. It is monoclinic (C2, a = 92.8 A, b = 128.9 A, c = 78.3 A, beta = 135.8) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit related by a noncrystallographic diad. The prolipase crystals are orthorhombic (P2(1)2(1)2(1), with a = 79.8 A, b = 115.2 A, c = 73.0 A) and also contain a pair of molecules in the asymmetric unit. Initial results of molecular replacement calculations using the refined coordinates of the related lipase from Rhizomucor miehei identified the correct orientations and positions of the protein molecules in the unit cells of crystals of both proenzyme and the mature form.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Swenson
- Medical Research Council, Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, University of Alberta, Edmonton
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Z S Derewenda
- MRC of Canada Group in Protein Structure and Function, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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46
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Derewenda U, Swenson L, Green R, Wei Y, Dodson GG, Yamaguchi S, Haas MJ, Derewenda ZS. An unusual buried polar cluster in a family of fungal lipases. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1994; 1:36-47. [PMID: 7656005 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0194-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The stability of globular proteins arises largely from the burial of non-polar amino acids in their interior. These residues are efficiently packed to eliminate energetically unfavorable cavities. Contrary to these observations, high resolution X-ray crystallographic analyses of four homologous lipases from filamentous fungi reveal an alpha/beta fold which contains a buried conserved constellation of charged and polar side chains with associated cavities containing ordered water molecules. It is possible that this structural arrangement plays an important role in interfacial catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Derewenda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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47
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Matsumae H, Shibatani T. Purification and characterization of the lipase from Serratia marcescens Sr41 8000 responsible for asymmetric hydrolysis of 3-phenylglycidic acid esters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(94)90315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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48
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Stöcklein W, Sztajer H, Menge U, Schmid RD. Purification and properties of a lipase from Penicillium expansum. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1168:181-9. [PMID: 8504153 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90123-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Penicillum expansum DSM 1994 produces a new, inducible extracellular lipase when grown in medium containing 0.1% olive oil. Maximum activity was obtained after 4 days of incubation at 20 degrees C. The enzyme was purified 219-fold by cross-flow filtration, ammonium sulfate precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to a final specific activity of 558 U/mg. The molecular weight of the homogeneous lipase was (25 kDa) determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, however, it forms active dimers and higher aggregates as observed after native PAGE. The enzyme was identified as a glycoprotein with a pI of 5.5. The N-terminal sequence shows a homology to sequences of other lipase just behind their consensus sequence. Enzyme stability was enhanced by the addition of Tween 20 and Lubrol PX. The enzyme showed a maximum activity at pH 9 at 45 degrees C and was stable at a broad pH range of 6-10. Lipase of P. expansum showed a preference for triacylglycerols, but no positional specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stöcklein
- Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung, Braunschweig, Germany
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49
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Abstract
A cloned complementary deoxyribonucleic acid encoding the precursor polypeptide of an extracellular lipase from the fungus Rhizopus delemar was altered by site-directed mutagenesis to generate deoxyribonucleic acid fragments that specifically code for the polypeptides of the proenzyme and the mature form of the lipase. Attempts to produce these polypeptides in enzymatically active form in Escherichia coli revealed toxic effects toward the host. Therefore the polypeptides were expressed as inactive and insoluble forms in the cytoplasm of E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells using plasmid vector pET11-d. With this tightly regulated high-level expression system, lipase and prolipase polypeptides were produced to estimated levels of up to 21% and 15%, respectively, of total cellular protein. The insoluble polypeptides were solubilized in 8 M urea. Refolding into active forms was achieved by treatment with the redox system cystine/cysteine and dilution. Refolded mature lipase was purified to homogeneity by affinity and ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme had a specific activity comparable to that of lipase from the fungal culture. The quantities of pure enzyme obtained from a 1-L culture of E. coli exceeded those obtained from the fungal culture by a factor of at least 100. Refolded recombinant prolipase was purified essentially to homogeneity and had a specific activity similar to that of the mature enzyme. Its pH optimum was 7.5, rather than the pH 8 determined for recombinant mature lipase and for the enzyme purified from the fungal culture. Recombinant prolipase retained activity after 15 min incubation at 65 degrees C, while mature lipase retained activity only up to 45 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Joerger
- Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118
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50
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Haas MJ, Cichowicz DJ, Bailey DG. Purification and characterization of an extracellular lipase from the fungusRhizopus delemar. Lipids 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02536112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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