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Bunse M, Daniels R, Gründemann C, Heilmann J, Kammerer DR, Keusgen M, Lindequist U, Melzig MF, Morlock GE, Schulz H, Schweiggert R, Simon M, Stintzing FC, Wink M. Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956541. [PMID: 36091825 PMCID: PMC9449585 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g., in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Bunse
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Gründemann
- Translational Complementary Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar R. Kammerer
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Keusgen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Lindequist
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud E. Morlock
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Chair of Food Science and TransMIT Center for Effect-Directed Analysis, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Consulting & Project Management for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Stahnsdorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweiggert
- Institute of Beverage Research, Chair of Analysis and Technology of Plant-Based Foods, Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Meinhard Simon
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Florian C. Stintzing
- Department of Analytical Development and Research, WALA Heilmittel GmbH, Bad Boll, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Zuhra K, Szabo C. The two faces of cyanide: an environmental toxin and a potential novel mammalian gasotransmitter. FEBS J 2021; 289:2481-2515. [PMID: 34297873 PMCID: PMC9291117 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanide is traditionally viewed as a cytotoxic agent, with its primary mode of action being the inhibition of mitochondrial Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase). However, recent studies demonstrate that the effect of cyanide on Complex IV in various mammalian cells is biphasic: in lower concentrations (nanomolar to low micromolar) cyanide stimulates Complex IV activity, increases ATP production and accelerates cell proliferation, while at higher concentrations (high micromolar to low millimolar) it produces the previously known (‘classic’) toxic effects. The first part of the article describes the cytotoxic actions of cyanide in the context of environmental toxicology, and highlights pathophysiological conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis with Pseudomonas colonization) where bacterially produced cyanide exerts deleterious effects to the host. The second part of the article summarizes the mammalian sources of cyanide production and overviews the emerging concept that mammalian cells may produce cyanide, in low concentrations, to serve biological regulatory roles. Cyanide fulfills many of the general criteria as a ‘classical’ mammalian gasotransmitter and shares some common features with the current members of this class: nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hotka M, Cagalinec M, Hilber K, Hool L, Boehm S, Kubista H. L-type Ca 2+ channel-mediated Ca 2+ influx adjusts neuronal mitochondrial function to physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaaw6923. [PMID: 32047116 PMCID: PMC7116774 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) are implicated in neurodegenerative processes and cell death. Accordingly, LTCC antagonists have been proposed to be neuroprotective, although this view is disputed, because intentional LTCC activation can also have beneficial effects. LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx influences mitochondrial function, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell viability. Hence, we investigated the effect of modulating LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx on mitochondrial function in cultured hippocampal neurons. To activate LTCCs, neuronal activity was stimulated by increasing extracellular K+ or by application of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. The activity of LTCCs was altered by application of an agonistic (Bay K8644) or an antagonistic (isradipine) dihydropyridine. Our results demonstrated that activation of LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx affected mitochondrial function in a bimodal manner. At moderate stimulation strength, ATP synthase activity was enhanced, an effect that involved Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. In contrast, high LTCC-mediated Ca2+ loads led to a switch in ATP synthase activity to reverse-mode operation. This effect, which required nitric oxide, helped to prevent mitochondrial depolarization and sustained increases in mitochondrial Ca2+ Our findings indicate a complex role of LTCC-mediated Ca2+ influx in the tuning and maintenance of mitochondrial function. Therefore, the use of LTCC inhibitors to protect neurons from neurodegeneration should be reconsidered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Hotka
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michal Cagalinec
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Cellular Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, 50 411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karlheinz Hilber
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Livia Hool
- School of Human Sciences (Physiology), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stefan Boehm
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kubista
- Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 13a, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Stringaro A, Colone M, Angiolella L. Antioxidant, Antifungal, Antibiofilm, and Cytotoxic Activities of Mentha spp. Essential Oils. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5040112. [PMID: 30347861 PMCID: PMC6313564 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, plants have been used to preserve food, or for their health properties. Essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds that are obtained from botanical material, specifically from aromatic plants. Lamiaceae is one of the most important families in the production of essential oils, as it has both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The essential oils of Mentha (the Lamiaceae family) have been extensively studied for their biological actions. In this review, we report the antioxidant, antifungal, antibiofilm, and cytotoxic properties of Mentha spp. essential oils. The first objective is to provide comprehensive information about the use of essential oils in the treatment of fungal infections, or as antioxidants and integrative anticancer therapy. The second is to explore the evidence supporting its effectiveness in treating diseases without causing any serious adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Stringaro
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marisa Colone
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Letizia Angiolella
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Rodeiro I, Hernández I, Herrera JA, Riera M, Donato MT, Tolosa L, González K, Ansoar Y, Gómez-Lechón MJ, Vanden Berghe W, Lopes M. Assessment of the cytotoxic potential of an aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum angiosperm marine grown in the Caribbean Sea. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1553-1560. [PMID: 30159909 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties for one aqueous-ethanolic extract from Thalassia testudinum which grows in the Caribbean Sea compelled us to explore about extract cytotoxic effects. METHODS Cell viability was assayed on tumour (HepG2, PC12, Caco-2 and 4T1) and non-tumour (VERO, 3T3, CHO, MCDK and BHK2) cell lines. The extract effects upon primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes and human lymphocytes were assayed. KEY FINDINGS The extract exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells compared to normal cells, and the IC50 values were 102 μg/ml for HepG2, 135 μg/ml for PC12, 165 μg/ml for Caco-2 and 129 μg/ml for 4T1 cells after 48 h, whereas IC50 could not be calculated for normal cells. Additional data from a high-content screening multiparametric assay indicated that after 24-h exposure, the extract (up to 100 μg/ml) induced death in HepG2 cells through oxidative stress-associated mechanism, DNA damage and hypercalcaemia. Comet assay corroborated extract-induced DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS Thalassia testudinum extract is more cytotoxic and produced more DNA damage on human hepatoma cells than to other non-tumour cells. A possible mechanism is suggested for extract-induced cytotoxicity based on oxidative stress, nuclear damage and hypercalcaemia in HepG2 cells. T. testudinum may be a source for antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Rodeiro
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ivones Hernández
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - José A Herrera
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (IMRE), Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Riera
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria T Donato
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Kethia González
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Yadira Ansoar
- Department of Pharmacology,, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICIMAR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria J Gómez-Lechón
- Hepatology Experimental Unit, La Fe Health Research Institute (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil Compounds (Geraniol and Citral) and Inhibitory Mechanisms on Grain Pathogens ( Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092108. [PMID: 30131466 PMCID: PMC6225121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The grain contamination by Aspergillus spp. has been a serious issue. This study exhibited the excellent antifungal effects of the essential oil compounds (EOCs) geraniol and citral against common grain pathogens (A. flavus and A. ochraceus) in vitro and in situ. The inhibitory mechanisms were also evaluated from the perspective of cell membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and Aspergillus spp. growth-related gene expression. Meanwhile, the combined effects of EOCs in the vapor phase and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) were examined to find an alternative preservation method for controlling Aspergillus spp. The results indicated that citral exhibited the antifungal activity mainly by downregulating the sporulation- and growth-related genes for both pathogens. Geraniol displayed inhibitory effectiveness against A. flavus predominantly by inducing the intracellular ROS accumulation and showed toxicity against A. ochraceus principally by changing cell membrane permeability. Furthermore, the synthetic effects of EOCs and MAP (75% CO2 and 25% N2) induced better grain quality than the current commercial fumigant AlP. These findings reveal that EOCs have potential to be a novel grain preservative for further application.
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Characterization of Nanospheres Containing Zanthoxylum riedelianum Fruit Essential Oil and Their Insecticidal and Deterrent Activities against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082052. [PMID: 30115840 PMCID: PMC6222527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to produce and characterize poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanospheres containing essential oils from Zanthoxylum riedelianum fruit and to evaluate their stability gains as well as their insecticidal and deterrent activities against whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The PCL nanospheres exhibited a homogeneous spherical morphology, with particle diameters between 106.7 nm and 129.2 nm, pH of approximately 6, zeta potential (ZP) lower than −19.0 mV and encapsulation efficiency higher than 98%. Only 43% of the nanoencapsulated essential oil (NSEO) was degraded in response to ultraviolet light, whereas the essential oil (EO) degraded by 76% over the same period. In a free-choice test, the NSEO and EO reduced the number of whitefly eggs by approximately 70%. NSEO and EO at 1.5% killed 82.87% and 91.23% of 2nd-instar nymphs of whitefly, respectively. Although NSEO displayed lower insecticidal activity, it offers a greater advantage over the free EO, due to protection conferred by polymer against photodegradation. Therefore, its usage may optimize the maintenance of essential oils in the field through photoprotection and controlled release. Our results suggest that the EO of Z. riedelianum fruit can be used for B. tabaci management strategy; nevertheless, the benefits of NSEO require further evaluation at the field level.
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Ekpenyong CE, Akpan EE. Use of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil in food preservation: Recent advances and future perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:2541-2559. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1016140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest E. Akpan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
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9
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Xavier-Junior FH, Vauthier C, Morais ARV, Alencar EN, Egito EST. Microemulsion systems containing bioactive natural oils: an overview on the state of the art. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 43:700-714. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1235186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Richter C. Control of the pro-oxidant-dependent calcium release from intact liver mitochondria. Redox Rep 2016; 2:217-21. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Klein SD, Schweizer M, Richter C. Inhibition of the pyridine nucleotide-linked mitochondrial Ca2+release by 4-hydroxynonenal: the role of thiolate-disulfide conversion. Redox Rep 2016; 2:353-8. [DOI: 10.1080/13510002.1996.11747074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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Ekpenyong CE, Akpan E, Nyoh A. Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf extracts. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:321-37. [PMID: 25986281 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus is a widely distributed perennial herb belonging to the Poaceae family and has been extensively consumed for its medicinal, cosmetic, and nutritional effects for centuries. A large number of reports have been published describing the pharmacological, biological, and therapeutic actions of this herb. In this review, we summarized the literatures on related studies (up to January, 2014) that highlighted the pharmacologic and biological effects of the major phytochemicals isolated from C. citratus extracts and its essential oil. The components of the essential oils found in C. citratus have a similar pharmacokinetic properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. They are quickly absorbed following oral, pulmonary, and dermal administration. Based on the published reports, it can also be inferred that, after absorption from the small intestine, some phytochemicals in C. citratus can undergo oxidation, glucuronidation, sulfation, and/or O-methylation. Excretion is through urine, feces and/or expired volatiles. The biotransformation reactions of C. citratus bioactive constituents are essential for its relatively safe consumption and therapeutic applications. The data available so far warrant further studies evaluating C. citratus pharmacokinetics. Reliable pharmacokinetic data in humans would be critical for a better understanding of the the systemic handling of C. citratus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ekpenyong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo Nigeria.
| | - Ernest Akpan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo Nigeria
| | - Azah Nyoh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
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Cellular Pathways in Response to Ionizing Radiation and Their Targetability for Tumor Radiosensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010102. [PMID: 26784176 PMCID: PMC4730344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, improvements in the planning and application of radiotherapy in combination with surgery and chemotherapy resulted in increased survival rates of tumor patients. However, the success of radiotherapy is impaired by two reasons: firstly, the radioresistance of tumor cells and, secondly, the radiation-induced damage of normal tissue cells located in the field of ionizing radiation. These limitations demand the development of drugs for either radiosensitization of tumor cells or radioprotection of normal tissue cells. In order to identify potential targets, a detailed understanding of the cellular pathways involved in radiation response is an absolute requirement. This review describes the most important pathways of radioresponse and several key target proteins for radiosensitization.
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The Influenza Virus H5N1 Infection Can Induce ROS Production for Viral Replication and Host Cell Death in A549 Cells Modulated by Human Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) Overexpression. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010013. [PMID: 26761025 PMCID: PMC4728573 DOI: 10.3390/v8010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 infections are often accompanied by excessive pro-inflammatory response, high viral titer, and apoptosis; as such, the efficient control of these infections poses a great challenge. The pathogenesis of influenza virus infection is also related to oxidative stress. However, the role of endogenic genes with antioxidant effect in the control of influenza viruses, especially H5N1 viruses, should be further investigated. In this study, the H5N1 infection in lung epithelial cells decreased Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) expression at mRNA and protein levels. Forced SOD1 expression significantly inhibited the H5N1-induced increase in reactive oxygen species, decreased pro-inflammatory response, prevented p65 and p38 phosphorylation, and impeded viral ribonucleoprotein nuclear export and viral replication. The SOD1 overexpression also rescued H5N1-induced cellular apoptosis and alleviated H5N1-caused mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, this study described the role of SOD1 in the replication of H5N1 influenza virus and emphasized the relevance of this enzyme in the control of H5N1 replication in epithelial cells. Pharmacological modulation or targeting SOD1 may open a new way to fight H5N1 influenza virus.
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Burgos L, Lehmann M, Simon D, de Andrade HHR, de Abreu BRR, Nabinger DD, Grivicich I, Juliano VB, Dihl RR. Agents of earthy-musty taste and odor in water: evaluation of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and toxicogenomics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:679-685. [PMID: 24887195 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited number of studies on the biological effects on human health of cyanobacterial compounds that cause taste and odor, the present study assessed the cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and geosmin (GEO) using the MTT assay and the in vitro comet and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN-Cyt) assays in human HepG2 cells. The toxicogenomics of genes responsive to DNA damage and metabolization by the exposure of cells to 2-MIB and GEO were also investigated. The results showed that concentrations of 2-MIB and GEO above 100 and 75 μg/mL, respectively, were cytotoxic to HepG2 cells. Doses of 2-MIB (12.5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) and GEO (12.5, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL) were unable to induce neither DNA damage nor events associated with chromosomal instability. Similarly, no concentration of each compound induced increments in the expression of CDKN1A, GADD45α, MDM2 and TP53 DNA damage responsive genes as well as in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 metabolizing genes. Although cytotoxicity was observed, concentrations that caused it are much higher than those expected to occur in aquatic environments. Thus, environmentally relevant concentrations of both compounds are not expected to exhibit cytotoxicity or genotoxicity to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Burgos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Lehmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Helena Rodrigues de Andrade
- Laboratório de Estomatologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bianca Regina Ribas de Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Dreher Nabinger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ivana Grivicich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane Berwanger Juliano
- Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Dihl
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde (PPGBioSaúde), ULBRA, Canoas, RS, Brazil.
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Efficacy of Essential Oils of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare on Echinococcus granulosus. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2014; 2014:693289. [PMID: 25180033 PMCID: PMC4142668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/693289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to determine the in vitro effect of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare essential oils against E. granulosus protoscoleces and cysts. Essential oils were added to the medium resulting in thymol final concentrations of 10 μg/mL. The essential oils had a time-dependent effect provoking the complete loss of protoscolex viability after 72 days of postincubation. The results were confirmed at the ultrastructure level. Loss of infectivity in protoscoleces incubated with O. vulgare after 60 days was observed. On the other hand, the weight of cysts recorded in mice inoculated with T. vulgaris treated protoscoleces was significantly lower than that obtained in control group. Gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity was readily detected in the culture supernatant of protoscoleces treated either with the essential oils or thymol. T. vulgaris and O. vulgare essential oils and thymol can induce cell apoptosis of protoscoleces after short incubation times. The efficacy of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare essential oils was also demonstrated in vitro on E. granulosus murine cysts. Our data suggest that essential oils of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare have anthelmintic effect against protoscoleces and cysts of E. granulosus.
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Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by eugenol-rich oil of Syzygium aromaticum. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:74-85. [PMID: 24161990 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.064709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis consists of a complex spectrum of infectious diseases with worldwide distribution of which visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar caused by Leishmania donovani is the most devastating. In the absence of vaccines, chemotherapy remains the mainstay for the control of leishmaniasis. The drugs of choice are expensive and associated with multiple adverse side effects. Because of these limitations, the development of new antileishmanial compounds is imperative and plants offer prospects in this regard. The present work was conducted to study the antileishmanial potential of oil from Syzygium aromaticum flower buds (clove). The S. aromaticum oil was characterized by gas chromatography and GC-MS and eugenol as well as eugenyl acetate were found to be the most abundant compounds, composing 59.75 % and 29.24 %, respectively of the oil. Our findings have shown that eugenol-rich essential oil from S. aromaticum (EROSA) possesses significant activity against L. donovani, with 50 % inhibitory concentration of 21 ± 0.16 µg ml(-1) and 15.24 ± 0.14 µg ml(-1), respectively, against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Alterations in cellular morphology and growth reversibility assay substantiated the leishmanicidal activity of EROSA. The leishmanicidal effect was mediated via apoptosis as confirmed by externalization of phosphatidylserine, DNA nicking by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) assay, dyskinetoplastidy, cell cycle arrest at sub-G0-G1 phase, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species generation. EROSA presented no adverse cytotoxic effects against murine macrophages even at 200 µg ml(-1). Our studies authenticate the promising antileishmanial activity of EROSA, which is mediated by programmed cell death, and, accordingly, EROSA may be a source of novel agents for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110 062, India
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A comparative study of cytotoxic, membrane and DNA damaging effects of Origanum majorana’s essential oil and its oxygenated monoterpene component linalool on parental and epirubicin-resistant H1299 cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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In Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of Essential Oils of Eucalyptus benthamii and Its Related Terpenes on Tumor Cell Lines. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:342652. [PMID: 22645627 PMCID: PMC3356891 DOI: 10.1155/2012/342652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eucalyptus L. is traditionally used for many medicinal purposes. In particular, some Eucalyptus species have currently shown cytotoxic properties. Local Brazilian communities have used leaves of E. benthamii as a herbal remedy for various diseases, including cancer. Considering the lack of available data for supporting this cytotoxic effect, the goal of this paper was to study the in vitro cytotoxic potential of the essential oils from young and adult leaves of E. benthamii and some related terpenes (α-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and γ-terpinene) on Jurkat, J774A.1 and HeLa cells lines. Regarding the cytotoxic activity based on MTT assay, the essential oils showed improved results than α-pinene and γ-terpinene, particularly for Jurkat and HeLa cell lines. Terpinen-4-ol revealed a cytotoxic effect against Jurkat cells similar to that observed for volatile oils. The results of LDH activity indicated that cytotoxic activity of samples against Jurkat cells probably involved cell death by apoptosis. The decrease of cell DNA content was demonstrated due to inhibition of Jurkat cells proliferation by samples as a result of cytotoxicity. In general, the essential oils from young and adult leaves of E. benthamii presented cytotoxicity against the investigated tumor cell lines which confirms their antitumor potential.
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Kocaman AY, Istifli ES, Büyükleyla M, Rencüzogullari E, Topaktaş M. In vitro evaluation of the protective effects of 4-thujanol against mitomycin-C and cyclophosphamide-induced genotoxic damage in human peripheral lymphocytes. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:23-37. [PMID: 22323477 DOI: 10.1177/0748233712436640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
4-Thujanol (sabinene hydrate), a bicyclic monoterpene alcohol, is found in the essential oils of many aromatic and medicinal plants and is widely used as a fragrance and flavouring agent in many different products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of 4-thujanol against the genotoxic effects induced by mitomycin C (MMC) and cyclophosphamide (CP) in human lymphocytes, using the chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, and micronucleus tests, in the absence and in the presence of S9 mix, respectively. The cells were treated with 0.25 µg/mL MMC and 28 µg/mL CP as alone and cotreated with 13 + 0.25, 26 + 0.25, and 52 + 0.25 µg/mL 4-thujanol + MMC and with 13 + 28, 26 + 28, and 52 + 28 µg/mL 4-thujanol + CP as a mixture. The present study showed that 4-thujanol was unable to reduce the genetic damage induced by MMC, in the absence of S9 mix. On the other hand, probably the metabolites of 4-thujanol act as an antagonist and markedly antagonize CP-induced genotoxicity, in the presence of S9 mix. In general, 4-thujanol + MMC and 4-thujanol + CP decreased the mitotic index, proliferation index and nuclear division index to the same extent or more than those of individual exposure of MMC or CP. In conclusion, 4-thujanol significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the genotoxic damage induced by CP but not MMC when compared with the respective positive control alone. We can suggest that 4-thujanol may improve the chemopreventive effects and may also reduce the harmful side effects of CP, which is widely used in chemotherapy against cancer, without reducing its antiproliferative activities.
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Water-soluble germanium nanoparticles cause necrotic cell death and the damage can be attenuated by blocking the transduction of necrotic signaling pathway. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:258-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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22
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Horváthová E, Slameňová D, Navarová J. Administration of rosemary essential oil enhances resistance of rat hepatocytes against DNA-damaging oxidative agents. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Horváthová E, Slamenová D, Marsálková L, Sramková M, Wsólová L. Effects of borneol on the level of DNA damage induced in primary rat hepatocytes and testicular cells by hydrogen peroxide. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1318-23. [PMID: 19285536 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate genotoxic effects of borneol and its ability to change DNA-damaging effects of H2O2 in rat hepatocytes and testicular cells. Both in vitro and ex vivo approaches were used in the case of hepatocytes. Testicular cells were tested only ex vivo, i.e. shortly after isolation from rats supplemented by borneol. Cytotoxicity of borneol increased in in vitro conditions in a concentration-dependent manner and it was associated with DNA-damaging effects at toxic concentrations. While non-toxic concentrations of borneol applied in vitro protected cells against H2O2-induced DNA damage and interfered only partly with rejoining of H2O2-induced DNA strand breaks, cytotoxic concentrations of borneol manifested synergy with H2O2, i.e. enhanced DNA-damaging effects of H2O2. On the other side, borneol given to rats in drinking water decreased the level of DNA damage induced by H2O2 in both hepatocytes and testicular cells. Our results show that though at higher concentrations (2-h treatment with >2 mM borneol >0.3084 mg/ml) borneol acts cytotoxically and genotoxically on primary hepatocytes cultured in vitro, if given to rats during 7 days in a daily concentration of 17.14 or 34.28 mg/kg it reduces genotoxicity of H2O2 in both hepatocytes and testicular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Horváthová
- Laboratory of Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 7, 833 91 Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Wallace KB. Adriamycin-induced interference with cardiac mitochondrial calcium homeostasis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:101-7. [PMID: 17652813 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adriamycin (doxorubicin) is a potent and broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent, the clinical utility of which is limited by the development of a cumulative and irreversible cardiomyopathy. Although the drug affects numerous structures in different cell types, the mitochondrion appears to a principal subcellular target for the development of cardiomyopathy. This review describes evidence demonstrating that adriamycin redox cycles on complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain to liberate highly reactive free radical species of molecular oxygen. The primary effect of adriamycin on mitochondrial performance is the interference with oxidative phosphorylation and inhibition of ATP synthesis. Free radicals liberated from adriamycin redox cycling are thought to be responsible for many of the secondary effects of adriamycin, including lipid peroxidation, the oxidation of both proteins and DNA, and the depletion of glutathione and pyridine nucleotide reducing equivalents in the cell. It is this altered redox status that is believed to cause assorted changes in intracellular regulation, including the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition and complete loss of mitochondrial integrity and function. Associated with this is the interference with mitochondrial-mediated cell calcium signaling, which is implicated as essential to the capacity of mitochondria to participate in bioenergetic regulation in response to external signals reflecting changes in metabolic demand. If taken to an extreme, this loss of mitochondrial plasticity may manifest in the liberation of signals mediating either oncotic or necrotic cell death, further perpetuating the cardiac failure associated with adriamycin-induced mitochondrial cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall B Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils--a review. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 46:446-75. [PMID: 17996351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3309] [Impact Index Per Article: 194.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the middle ages, essential oils have been widely used for bactericidal, virucidal, fungicidal, antiparasitical, insecticidal, medicinal and cosmetic applications, especially nowadays in pharmaceutical, sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural and food industries. Because of the mode of extraction, mostly by distillation from aromatic plants, they contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components. In vitro physicochemical assays characterise most of them as antioxidants. However, recent work shows that in eukaryotic cells, essential oils can act as prooxidants affecting inner cell membranes and organelles such as mitochondria. Depending on type and concentration, they exhibit cytotoxic effects on living cells but are usually non-genotoxic. In some cases, changes in intracellular redox potential and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by essential oils can be associated with their capacity to exert antigenotoxic effects. These findings suggest that, at least in part, the encountered beneficial effects of essential oils are due to prooxidant effects on the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bakkali
- Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, UMR2027 CNRS/IC, LCR V28 CEA, Bât. 110, Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay cedex, France; Université Abdelmalek Essâadi, Faculté des Sciences, Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, BP 2121, Tétouan, Morocco
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Bartsch M, Gobbato E, Bednarek P, Debey S, Schultze JL, Bautor J, Parker JE. Salicylic acid-independent ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 signaling in Arabidopsis immunity and cell death is regulated by the monooxygenase FMO1 and the Nudix hydrolase NUDT7. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:1038-51. [PMID: 16531493 PMCID: PMC1425861 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.105.039982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1) controls defense activation and programmed cell death conditioned by intracellular Toll-related immune receptors that recognize specific pathogen effectors. EDS1 is also needed for basal resistance to invasive pathogens by restricting the progression of disease. In both responses, EDS1, assisted by its interacting partner, PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT4 (PAD4), regulates accumulation of the phenolic defense molecule salicylic acid (SA) and other as yet unidentified signal intermediates. An Arabidopsis whole genome microarray experiment was designed to identify genes whose expression depends on EDS1 and PAD4, irrespective of local SA accumulation, and potential candidates of an SA-independent branch of EDS1 defense were found. We define two new immune regulators through analysis of corresponding Arabidopsis loss-of-function insertion mutants. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1) positively regulates the EDS1 pathway, and one member (NUDT7) of a family of cytosolic Nudix hydrolases exerts negative control of EDS1 signaling. Analysis of fmo1 and nudt7 mutants alone or in combination with sid2-1, a mutation that severely depletes pathogen-induced SA production, points to SA-independent functions of FMO1 and NUDT7 in EDS1-conditioned disease resistance and cell death. We find instead that SA antagonizes initiation of cell death and stunting of growth in nudt7 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bartsch
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany
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27
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Veach J. Functional dichotomy: glutathione and vitamin E in homeostasis relevant to primary open-angle glaucoma. Br J Nutr 2004; 91:809-29. [PMID: 15182385 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a complex chronic neurological disease that can result in blindness. The goal of understanding the aetiology of POAG is to be able to target effective treatment to individuals who will eventually go blind without it. Epidemiological studies of POAG have not specifically addressed the possibility that nutrition may play a role in the development of POAG. A handful of papers have considered that nutrition may have an impact on POAG patients. POAG is not believed to be a 'vitamin-deficiency disease'. The concept of 'vitamin-deficiency diseases' and the recommended daily allowances have not kept pace with the growing understanding of the cellular and molecular functions of vitamins and other micronutrients. The aetiology of POAG remains a mystery. Discoveries in cell physiology can be assimilated from the literature and applied to known homeostatic mechanisms of the eye. In this way the possible roles of nutritional components involved in the aetiology of POAG can be described. The mechanisms may be subject to many influences in ways that have yet to be defined. Two distinct changes in the trabecular meshwork can be identified: trabecular meshwork changes that cause intra-ocular pressure to increase and trabecular meshwork changes that are directly correlated to optic nerve atrophy. Compelling evidence suggests that collagen trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling is correlated to increased intraocular pressure in POAG. Elastin trabecular meshwork ECM remodelling is correlated to POAG optic nerve atrophy. There appear to be two different pathways of ECM remodelling and apoptosis induction in POAG. The pathway for collagen remodelling and apoptosis induction seems to be exogenously influenced by water-soluble antioxidants, for example, glutathione. The pathway for elastin remodelling and apoptosis induction seems to be influenced by endogenous lipid-soluble antioxidants, for example, vitamin E. Roles can be defined for antioxidants in the two different pathways of ECM remodelling and apoptosis induction. This suggests that antioxidants are important in maintaining cellular homeostasis relevant to the aetiology of POAG.
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Salvi M, Toninello A. Effects of polyamines on mitochondrial Ca2+ transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2004; 1661:113-24. [PMID: 15003874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Revised: 11/27/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian mitochondria are able to enhance Ca(2+) accumulation in the presence of polyamines by activating the saturable systems of Ca(2+) inward transport and buffering extramitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations to levels similar to those in the cytosol of resting cells. This effect renders them responsive to regulate free Ca(2+) concentrations in the physioloical range. The mechanism involved is due to a rise in the affinity of the Ca(2+) transport system, induced by polyamines, most probably exhibiting allosteric behaviour. The regulatory site of this mechanism is the so-called S(1) binding site of polyamines, which operates in physiological conditions and is located in the energy well between the two peaks present in the energy profile of mitochondrial spermine transport. Spermine is bidirectionally transported across teh inner membrane by cycling, in which influx and efflux are driven by electrical and pH gradients, respectively. Most probably, polyamine affects the Ca(2+) transport system when it acts from the outside-that is, in the direction of its uniporter channel, in order to reach the S(1) site. Important physiological functions are related to activation of Ca(2+) transport systems by polyamines and their interactions with the S(1) site. These functions include a rise in the metabolic rate for energy supply and modulation of mitochondrial permeability transition induction, with consequent effects on the triggering of the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Universita' di Padova, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unita' per lo Studio delle Biomembrane, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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Lee YI, Hwang JM, Im JH, Lee YI, Kim NS, Kim DG, Yu DY, Moon HB, Park SK. Human hepatitis B virus-X protein alters mitochondrial function and physiology in human liver cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15460-71. [PMID: 14724286 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309280200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus-X protein (HBx) regulates fundamental aspects of mitochondrial physiology. We show that HBx down-regulates mitochondrial enzymes involved in electron transport in oxidative phosphorylation (complexes I, III, IV, and V) and sensitizes the mitochondrial membrane potential in a hepatoma cell line. HBx also increases the level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxide production. HBx does not activate apoptotic signaling, although it sensitizes hepatoma cells to apoptotic signaling, which is dependent on reactive oxygen species. Increased intrahepatic lipid peroxidation in HBx transgenic mice demonstrated that oxidative injury occurs as a direct result of HBx expression. Therefore, we conclude that mitochondrial dysfunction is a crucial pathophysiological factor in HBx-expressing hepatoma cells and provides an experimental rationale in the investigation of mitochondrial function in rapidly renewed tissues, as in hepatocellular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ik Lee
- Liver Cell Signal Transduction Laboratory, Laboratory, Bioscience Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusong, Taejon, 305-600, Korea
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Perez Velazquez JL, Kokarovtseva L, Weisspapir M, Frantseva MV. Anti-porin antibodies prevent excitotoxic and ischemic damage to brain tissue. J Neurotrauma 2003; 20:633-47. [PMID: 12908925 DOI: 10.1089/089771503322144554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a converging event for different molecular routes leading to cellular death after excitotoxic/oxidative stress, and is considered to represent the opening of a pore in the mitochondrial membrane. There is evidence that the outer mitochondrial membrane protein porin is involved in the MPT and apoptosis. We present here a proof-of-principle study to address the hypothesis that anti-porin antibodies can prevent excitotoxic/ischemia-induced cell death. We generated anti-porin antibodies and show that the F(ab)(2) fragments penetrate living cells, reduce Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling as other MPT blockers do, and decrease neuronal death in dissociated and organotypic brain slice cultures exposed to excitotoxic and ischemic episodes. These observations present direct evidence that anti-porin antibody fragments prevent cell damage in brain tissue, that porin is a crucial protein involved in mitochondrial and cell dysfunction, and that it is conceivable that antibodies can be used as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Perez Velazquez
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Brain and Behaviour Programme, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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31
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Perraud AL, Schmitz C, Scharenberg AM. TRPM2 Ca2+ permeable cation channels: from gene to biological function. Cell Calcium 2003; 33:519-31. [PMID: 12765697 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(03)00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TRPM2 is a recently identified TRPM family cation channel which is unique among known ion channels in that it contains a C-terminal domain which is homologous to the NUDT9 ADP-ribose hydrolase and possesses intrinsic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity. Here, available information on the TRPM2 gene, transcripts, predicted protein products, and assembled multimeric channels is comprehensively reviewed and synthesized to highlight important areas for future work and provide insight into potential biological function(s) of TRPM2 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Perraud
- Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Salvi M, Brunati AM, Clari G, Toninello A. Interaction of genistein with the mitochondrial electron transport chain results in opening of the membrane transition pore. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1556:187-96. [PMID: 12460676 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, a natural isoflavone present in soybeans, is a potent agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer. Addition of genistein to isolated rat liver mitochondria (RLM) induces swelling, loss of membrane potential and release of accumulated Ca2+. These changes are Ca2+-dependent and are prevented by cyclosporin A (CsA) and bongkrekic acid (BKA), two classical inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Induction of the MPT by genistein is accompanied by oxidation of thiol groups and pyridine nucleotides. The reducing agent dithioerythritol and the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) completely prevent the opening of the transition pore, thereby emphasizing that the effect of the isoflavone correlates with the mitochondrial redox state. Further analyses showed that genistein induces the MPT by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to its interaction with the respiratory chain at the level of mitochondrial complex III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Istituto di Neuroscienze del C.N.R., Unità per lo Studio delle Biomembrane, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy
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Balakirev MY, Zimmer G. Mitochondrial injury by disulfiram: two different mechanisms of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 138:299-311. [PMID: 11714485 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram (Ds), a clinically employed alcohol deterrent of the thiuram disulfide (TD) class of compounds, is known to cause hepatitis and neuropathies. Although this drug has been shown to inhibit different thiol-containing enzymes, the actual mechanism of Ds toxicity is not clear. We have previously demonstrated that Ds impairs the permeability of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) [Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 356 (1998) 46]. In this report, the effect of Ds and its structural analogue thiram (Th) on mitochondrial functions was studied in detail. We found that mitochondria metabolize TDs in a NAD(P)H- and GSH-dependent manner. At the concentration above characteristic threshold, TDs induced irreversible oxidation of NAD(P)H and glutathione (GSH) pools, collapse of transmembrane potential, and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. The presence of Ca(2+) and exhaustion of mitochondrial glutathione (GSH+GSSG) decreased the threshold concentration of TDs. Swelling of the mitochondria and leakage of non-transported fluorescent dye BCECF from the matrix indicated that TDs induced the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Mitochondrial permeabilization by TDs involves two, apparently distinct mechanisms. In the presence of Ca(2+), TDs produced cylosporin A-sensitive swelling of mitochondria, which was inhibited by ADP and accelerated by carboxyatractyloside (CATR) and phosphate. In contrast, the swelling produced by TDs in the absence of Ca(2+) was not sensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA), ADP and CATR but was inhibited by phosphate. Titration with N-ethylmaleimide revealed that these two mechanisms involve different SH-groups and probably different transport proteins on the IMM. Our findings indicate that at pharmacologically relevant concentrations TDs may cause an irreversible mitochondrial injury as a result of induction of the MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Balakirev
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, 41 rue Jules Horowitz, 38027 Grenoble, France.
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Salvi M, Toninello A. Aroclor 1254 inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition and release of cytochrome c: a possible mechanism for its in vivo toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 176:92-100. [PMID: 11601885 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) occurs in several forms of necrotic cell death induced by various insults, including oxidative stress, ischemia/reperfusion injury Ca(2+)-ionophore toxicity, and apoptosis. In fact, the release of an apoptogenic factor such as cytochrome c is often associated with the opening of the transition pore. The present study shows that Aroclor 1254, a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that was banned in the U.S. in 1977 but is still present in the environment, inhibits the MPT in a dose-dependent manner in a concentration range of 1 to 25 nmol/mg protein. The compound prevents key phenomena associated with the MPT, including colloid-osmotic swelling, the collapse of membrane potential, nonspecific bidirectional traffic of solutes through the transition pore, and the oxidation of pyridine nucleotides. In contrast, Aroclor 1254 does not inhibit uptake of Ca(2+) or P(i). The effects of Aroclor 1254 are evident both in sucrose-based media and in saline and are observed when the compound is added before the opening of the pore. Aroclor 1254 prevents MPT induction provoked by a variety of agents, including phosphate, menadione, tert-butylhydroperoxide, and atractyloside. Aroclor 1254 also inhibits the specific release of cytochrome c, a correlate of MPT induction. These effects reveal a possible toxicological mechanism of action of this compound. The possibility that its effect on mitochondrial function is linked to its action as a tumor promoter is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Salvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Biologica, Centro delle Biomembrane del CNR, Università di Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, Padua, 35121, Italy
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Abstract
Redox reactions and electron flow through the respiratory chain are the hallmarks of mitochondria. By supporting oxidative phosphorylation and metabolite transport, mitochondrial redox reactions are of central importance for cellular energy conversion. In the present review, we will discuss two other aspects of the mitochondrial redox state: (i) its control of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, and (ii) the intramitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species that strongly influence electron flow of the respiratory chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Szibor
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
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Brunner M, Moeslinger T, Spieckermann PG. Regulation of cyclosporin A sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition by the redox state of pyridine nucleotides. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 128:31-41. [PMID: 11163302 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(00)00315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the induction of cyclosporine A sensitive mitochondrial swelling by oxidative stress were investigated in isolated guinea pig liver mitochondria. The aim of our study was to investigate, if swelling is inevitably associated with the oxidation of pyridine nucleotides, and if the oxidized pyridine nucleotides have to be hydrolysed for the induction of mitochondrial swelling. Quantitative measurement of oxidized pyridine nucleotides was performed with HPLC. Mitochondrial swelling was recorded by monitoring the decrease in light scattering of the mitochondrial suspension. Reduction and oxidation of pyridine nucleotides were followed by monitoring the changes of the autofluorescence signal of reduced pyridine nucleotides. Qualitative measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential was performed with the fluorescence indicator rhodamine 123. Neither t-butyl hydroperoxide nor the dissipation of the mitochondrial inner membrane potential with FCCP (carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone) induced the opening of the membrane permeability transition pore, unless an extensive oxidation of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides took place. Mitochondrial swelling induced by our experimental conditions was always sensitive to cyclosporine A and accompanied by a cyclosporine A sensitive release of inner mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides without pyridine nucleotide hydrolysis. Not the cycling of calcium across the mitochondrial inner membrane but the accumulation of calcium inside the mitochondria was a prerequisite for mitochondrial swelling. The mitochondrial membrane permeability transition is neither caused nor accompanied by the hydrolysis of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brunner
- Institute for Medical Physiology, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Tirosh O, Sen CK, Roy S, Packer L. Cellular and mitochondrial changes in glutamate-induced HT4 neuronal cell death. Neuroscience 2000; 97:531-41. [PMID: 10828535 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of extracellular glutamate are neurotoxic. The cytotoxic property of extracellular glutamate is known to mediate two primary mechanisms, excitotoxicity and excitotoxicity-independent processes. The excitotoxicity-independent pathway was investigated in the current study in a mouse hippocampal-derived HT4 cell line. Exposure of HT4 cells to glutamate for 12h induced loss of cell viability preceded by rapid loss of intracellular reduced glutathione followed by accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, elevation of intracellular Ca(2+), progressive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential swelling and loss of mitochondrial outer membrane integrity. Glutamate-induced loss of DNA integrity has been detected. The antioxidants alpha-tocopherol and trolox, mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor Ruthenium Red and protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide all showed protection against glutamate-induced toxicity. None of the protective agents except for alpha-tocopherol controlled the glutamate-induced reactive oxygen species build-up. However, these cell death regulators prevented the glutamate-induced mitochondrial damage and regulated glutamate-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+). Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone, a mitochondrial uncoupler, partially protected against glutamate-induced cell death and mitochondrial damage, while the mitochondrial ribosomal inhibitor chloramphenicol and extracellular Ca(2+) chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid did not protect the cells against glutamate treatment. The results of this study demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction was a key event in the excitotoxicity-independent component of neuronal cell death. Reactive oxygen species accumulation and glutathione depletion were prominent in glutamate-treated cells; however, these events were not direct mediators of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tirosh
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a monoaminergic toxin that destroys dopamine terminals and causes astrogliosis in vivo. Oxidative stress has been shown to play an important role in the toxic effects of METH. In the present study, we sought to determine whether astrocytes are involved in METH-induced oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, and change in mitochondria membrane potential (delta psi(m)) were examined in cultured striatal, mesencephalic, and cortical astrocytes after 4 to 48 h of 4 mM METH treatment. Results showed that only striatal and mesencephalic astrocytes showed a significant increase in ROS formation from 8 and 12 h, respectively. At 48 h treatment, there was a 55 and 53% increase in ROS content in striatal and mesencephalic astrocytes, respectively, whereas cortical astrocytes showed only a 25% (not significant) increase. JC-1, a delta psi(m)-sensitive dye, showed a decrease in delta psi(m) at 8 h treatment for striatal and mesencephalic astrocytes and at 12 h for cortical astrocytes. Astrocytes from all three regions showed a similar pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease in ATP content, with striatal astrocytes resulting in a maximum depletion (39% of control value) at 48 h treatment. These findings showed that METH treatment resulted in the formation of ROS in the order of striatal > mesencephalic > cortical astrocytes. Although the formation of ROS did not severely interfere with ATP production, a depolarization of mitochondria was observed. The present study suggested that astrocytes may be an important element governing the selective vulnerability to the striatum to METH-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lau
- Department of Anatomy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT
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Perez Velazquez JL, Frantseva MV, Huzar DV, Carlen PL. Mitochondrial porin required for ischemia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal damage. Neuroscience 2000; 97:363-9. [PMID: 10799768 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The precise molecular events of mitochondrial dysfunction, one of the last steps that irreversibly determines cellular degeneration and death, remain unknown. We introduce a novel strategy to isolate and assess the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction. Using an in vitro ischemia model, we obtained evidence for prolonged mitochondrial depolarization in rat organotypic hippocampal brain slices during reperfusion. Then, mitochondria were isolated from brain slices and mitochondrial proteins were purified on a cyclosporin-A affinity column. Cyclosporin-A is the most potent inhibitor of mitochondrial dysfunction, in particular the mitochondrial permeability transition, and therefore we hypothesized that it may interact with proteins involved in the permeability transition after mitochondria were subjected to manipulations that promote this event. Mitochondrial porin was reproducibly eluted from the affinity column using proteins from ischemic brain mitochondria, or from mitochondria exposed to oxidative stress that were used as a positive control. Anti-porin antibodies prevented mitochondrial depolarization and electrophysiological deterioration of hippocampal neurons during hypoxia-reperfusion, as measured by simultaneous fluorescence imaging and whole-cell recordings. These observations provide biochemical and functional evidence that porin is directly involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal impairment during ischemia-reperfusion, and indicate that porin could be a novel therapeutic target to prevent cellular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Perez Velazquez
- Playfair Neuroscience Unit, Department of Medicine (Neurology), Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Canada.
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Pereira CF, Oliveira CR. Oxidative glutamate toxicity involves mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Neurosci Res 2000; 37:227-36. [PMID: 10940457 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate toxicity on PC12 cells is mediated by oxidative stress as a consequence of the inhibition of a cystine uptake system with depletion of GSH. In this study we report that glutamate decreases PC12 cell viability, inhibiting the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). This decrease was prevented by the antioxidants vitamin E, idebenone and L-deprenyl, which were also shown to be effective in reducing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells exposed to glutamate, decreasing the fluorescence of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Incubation of PC12 cells with high glutamate concentrations induced mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, evaluated as a decrease in rhodamine 123 (Rh123) retention by mitochondria, and to the decrease of intracellular ATP levels. The mitochondrial dysfunction, induced by glutamate, can be involved in the observed increase of [Ca2+]i. The elevation of [Ca2+]i occurred after GSH depletion, suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the disturbances of intracellular calcium homeostasis. In conclusion, our data indicate that glutamate, at concentrations which block cystine uptake in PC12 cells leading to GSH depletion and inducing oxidative stress, increases ROS accumulation and decreases cell survival by a mechanism involving mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment of Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
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Abstract
Perturbed cellular calcium homeostasis has been implicated in both apoptosis and necrosis, but the role of altered mitochondrial calcium handling in the cell death process is unclear. The temporal ordering of changes in cytoplasmic ([Ca2+]C) and intramitochondrial ([Ca2+]M) calcium levels in relation to mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and membrane depolarization (MD) was examined in cultured neural cells exposed to either an apoptotic (staurosporine; STS) or a necrotic (the toxic aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal; HNE) insult. STS and HNE each induced an early increase of [Ca2+]C followed by delayed increase of [Ca2+]M. Overexpression of Bcl-2 blocked the elevation of [Ca2+]M and the MD in cells exposed to STS but not in cells exposed to HNE. The cytoplasmic calcium chelator BAPTA-AM and the inhibitor of mitochondrial calcium uptake ruthenium red prevented both apoptosis and necrosis. STS and HNE each induced mitochondrial ROS accumulation and MD, which followed the increase of [Ca2+]M. Cyclosporin A prevented both apoptosis and necrosis, indicating critical roles for MD in both forms of cell death. Caspase activation occurred only in cells undergoing apoptosis and preceded increased [Ca2+]M. Collectively, these findings suggest that mitochondrial calcium overload is a critical event in both apoptotic and necrotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Kruman
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536, USA
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Bruce-Keller AJ, Geddes JW, Knapp PE, McFall RW, Keller JN, Holtsberg FW, Parthasarathy S, Steiner SM, Mattson MP. Anti-death properties of TNF against metabolic poisoning: mitochondrial stabilization by MnSOD. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 93:53-71. [PMID: 10378869 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is toxic to some mitotic cells, but protects cultured neurons from a variety of insults by mechanisms that are unclear. Pretreatment of neurons or astrocytes with TNF caused significant increases in MnSOD activity, and also significantly attenuated 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induced superoxide accumulation and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In oligodendrocytes, however, MnSOD activity was not increased, and 3-NP toxicity was unaffected by TNF. Genetically engineered PC6 cells that overexpress MnSOD also were resistant to 3-NP-induced damage. TNF pretreatment and MnSOD overexpression prevented 3-NP induced apoptosis, and shifted the mode of death from necrosis to apoptosis in response to high levels of 3-NP. Mitochondria isolated from either MnSOD overexpressing PC6 cells or TNF-treated neurons maintained resistance to 3-NP-induced loss of transmembrane potential and calcium homeostasis, and showed attenuated release of caspase activators. Overall, these results indicate that MnSOD activity directly stabilizes mitochondrial transmembrane potential and calcium buffering ability, thereby increasing the threshold for lethal injury. Additional studies showed that levels of oxidative stress and striatal lesion size following 3-NP administration in vivo are increased in mice lacking TNF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bruce-Keller
- Sanders-Brown Research Center on Aging, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
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Elimadi A, Bouillot L, Sapena R, Tillement JP, Morin D. Dose-related inversion of cinnarizine and flunarizine effects on mitochondrial permeability transition. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 348:115-21. [PMID: 9650838 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cinnarizine and flunarizine on mitochondrial permeability transition, ATP synthesis, membrane potential and NAD(P)H oxidation. Both drugs were effective in inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition induced either by Ca2+ alone or in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide. This protective effect occurred at low concentrations (< 50 microM) of these drugs and was accompanied by the inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidation and the restoration of the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased by a high concentration of Ca2+ (25 microM). However, at higher concentrations (> 50 microM) of cinnarizine and flunarizine and in the absence of both tert-butylhydroperoxide and Ca2+, their effects on the mitochondria were reversed as follows: mitochondrial permeability transition was generated, mitochondrial NAD(P)H was oxidized and membrane potential collapsed. These deleterious effects were not antagonized by cyclosporine A, the most potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition, but by 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, a known antioxidant agent. This mitochondrial effect was neither accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde production nor by an increase in H2O2 generation, which attested that the effect of both drugs was not due to an increase in reactive oxygen species production. The dual effects of both cinnarizine and flunarizine on mitochondrial functions is discussed with regard to both the protective effect afforded by these drugs against ischemia-reperfusion injury and their side effect observed in some therapeutic situations where an overdosage seems likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elimadi
- Département de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Médecine de Paris XII, IM3, Créteil, France.
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44
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Heller B, Bürkle A, Radons J, Fengler E, Müller M, Burkart V, Kolb H. DNA-damage and NAD(+)-depletion are initial events in oxygen radical induced islet cell death. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 426:329-34. [PMID: 9544290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1819-2_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Heller
- Diabetes-Forschungsinstitut, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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45
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Hoyal CR, Girón-Calle J, Forman HJ. The alveolar macrophage as a model of calcium signaling in oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 1998; 1:117-134. [PMID: 9650533 DOI: 10.1080/10937409809524547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the free intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i, plays a major role in physiological signal transduction. Many of the essential enzymes in signaling cascades are Ca(2+)-dependent, as are numerous proteins that participate in the regulated function. Oxidative stress, which for many years was considered synonymous with cell and tissue injury, has more recently been demonstrated to alter signal transduction in both positive and negative directions. The realization that hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides are produced as part of normal metabolism has led to the proposal that these oxidants function as second messengers. Exposure to environmental and other agents that produce hydroperoxides or the addition of exogenous hydroperoxides also causes elevation of [Ca2+]i in some cells. At sublethal exposure to hydroperoxides, the elevation in [Ca2+]i can either alter or mimic physiological stimulation. In addition to endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the extracellular space, the phospholipid- and Ca(2+)-binding proteins known as annexins constitute a Ca2+ pool from which this ion may be released under situations of oxidative stress. In this article, the source and consequences of Ca2+ elevation are reviewed with an emphasis on studies done with alveolar macrophages. These phagocytes, which modulate much of the physiological and immunological function of the lung, are susceptible targets for environmental oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Hoyal
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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46
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Kim JS, Southard JH. Alteration in cellular calcium and mitochondrial functions in the rat liver during cold preservation. Transplantation 1998; 65:369-75. [PMID: 9484753 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199802150-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preservation injury is multifactorial and its mechanism is still incompletely defined. Calcium may play an important role in preservation injury. METHODS The effects of hypothermia on cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]I) and total cellular calcium content in isolated rat hepatocytes were investigated by using fura-2 fluorescence and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Fura-2 loaded cells were placed into a prechilled (7 degrees C) cuvette equipped with a stirrer or preserved in the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution for up to 48 hr. In some experiments, cells were pretreated with inhibitors of Ca2+ release from mitochondria (m-iodobenzylguanidine [MIBG]) and from endoplasmic reticulum (ryanodine [RYA]) for 20 min at 37 degrees C. Mitochondrial functions after preservation were evaluated by measuring ATP and respiratory rates. RESULTS Cooling to 7 degrees C caused a rapid increase in [Ca2+]I that was substantially blocked by MIBG and RYA pretreatment. The elevated calcium gradually leaked out of the cells into the Ca2+-free medium. In long-term storage of the cells in the UW solution, there was a marked decrease in both cytosolic free calcium and total cellular calcium. Pretreatment of the livers with MIBG before cold preservation in the UW solution resulted in a stimulation of ATP regeneration in tissue slices. MIBG pretreatment also improved mitochondrial respiratory functions after cold preservation. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the loss of mitochondrial function after liver preservation in the UW solution may be related to the effects of hypothermia on calcium metabolism. Approaches to help maintain calcium homeostasis during storage may improve organ preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53792, USA
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47
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Ribeiro JM, Agudo A, Costas MJ, Cameselle JC. Rat liver ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase-I as an in vitro target of the acetaminophen metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:403-8. [PMID: 9367167 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) is the metabolite responsible for acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase-I (ADPRibase-I; EC 3.6.1.13) hydrolyzes protein-glycating ADP-ribose. The results show NAPQI-dependent alterations of ADPRibase-I leading to strong inhibition: a fast Km increase produced by low concentrations, and a time-dependent Vmax decrease by higher NAPQI concentrations. Both effects were prevented by thiols, but not reverted by them, nor by gel filtration of NAPQI-treated enzyme. Liver ADPRibase-I can be a target of NAPQI-dependent arylation. The inhibition or inactivation of the enzyme would contribute to increasing the free ADP-ribose concentration and nonenzymatic ADP-ribosylation, which is coherent with results linking free ADP-ribose-producing pathways to acetaminophen toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ribeiro
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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48
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Wey HE, Richards D, Tirmenstein MA, Mathias PI, Toraason M. The role of intracellular calcium in antimony-induced toxicity in cultured cardiac myocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:202-10. [PMID: 9221838 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trivalent antimony, delivered as potassium antimonyl tartrate (PAT), has been previously shown to induce an oxidative stress and toxicity in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The present study investigates the effect of PAT on intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i), which has been implicated in the toxicity of agents inducing oxidative stress, and explores its role in PAT toxicity. Exposure to 50 or 200 microM PAT led to progressive elevation in diastolic or resting [Ca2+]i and eventually a complete loss of [Ca2+]i transients that occurred well before cell death as assessed by LDH release. Prior loading of myocytes with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA (10 to 40 microM), protected against PAT toxicity in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium, and demonstrated a crucial role for [Ca2+]i in PAT toxicity. Exposure to 200 microM PAT in the absence of extracellular calcium slightly elevated [Ca2+]i, but only to levels comparable to resting [Ca2+]i for cells in 1.8 mM extracellular calcium. This demonstrated that although PAT toxicity was dependent on [Ca2+]i, a large increase above resting levels was not needed, and also that some calcium was mobilized from intracellular stores. However, the caffeine-releasable pool of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium was increased, not depleted, by exposure to 200 microM PAT. These results demonstrate that PAT disrupts [Ca2+]i handling and support a role for a calcium-dependent event, but do not support the necessity of events in PAT-induced cell death that are mediated by a large elevation in [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Wey
- Division of Biomedical and Behavioral Science, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA
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49
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Schweizer M, Richter C. Stimulation of Ca2+ release from rat liver mitochondria by the dithiol reagent alpha-lipoic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 52:1815-20. [PMID: 8951339 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver mitochondria contain a Ca(2+)-specific release pathway stimulated by Ca(2+)-dependent hydrolysis of oxidized intramitochondrial pyridine nucleotides to ADP ribose and nicotinamide. We have previously shown that NAD+ hydrolysis and subsequent Ca2+ release are inhibited by cyclosporine A and that they are only possible when some critical thiols are cross-linked or oxidized, e.g. by phenylarsine oxide, gliotoxin, or peroxynitrite. We now report that the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid stimulates Ca2+ release from intact mitochondria, i.e. with preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential and without large-amplitude swelling. The release stimulated by alpha-lipoic acid is inhibited by cyclosporine A and is more effective when the pyridine nucleotides are oxidized. The results strongly suggest that alpha-lipoic acid stimulates the Ca(2+)-specific release pathway from intact mitochondria by oxidizing some vicinal thiols, thereby stimulating hydrolysis of oxidized pyridine nucleotides. These observations further corroborate that intact rat liver mitochondria contain a specific Ca2+ release pathway stimulated by modification of vicinal thiols. Prolonged stimulation of Ca2+ release by lipoic acid followed by its re-uptake (Ca2+ "cycling") may contribute to the detrimental, prooxidant-like effects seen with higher concentrations of lipoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schweizer
- Laboratory of Biochemistry I, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Okazaki E, Chikahisa L, Kanemaru K, Oyama Y. Flow cytometric analysis of the H2O2-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration of rat thymocytes. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1996; 71:273-80. [PMID: 8886924 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.71.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of rat thymocytes was examined by a flow cytometer and two fluorescent dyes, fluo-3-AM and ethidium bromide, a dye impermeant to intact membranes, to characterize the H2O2-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. H2O2 at concentrations greater than 30 microM dose-dependently increased the [Ca2+]i of thymocytes which were not stained with ethidium. Removal of external Ca2+ greatly reduced the degree of H2O2-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. However, H2O2 still increased the [Ca2+]i under the external Ca(2+)-free condition. Diethylmaleate, which is known to produce a chemical depletion of cellular nonprotein thiol, significantly increased the [Ca2+]i. Dithiothreitol, which is used to protect cellular nonprotein thiol, slightly decreased the [Ca2+]i, but greatly reduced the H2O2-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. Therefore, it is considered that H2O2 may increase the [Ca2+]i through a mechanism related to the effects of H2O2 on the cellular nonprotein thiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Okazaki
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling (Pharmacology), Faculty of Integrated Arts and Sciences, University of Tokushima, Japan
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