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Cotier P, Mayer C, Etting I, Lorin de la Grandmaison G, Alvarez JC. Evaluation of the cardiovascular risk induced by cannabis use from a series of 43 autopsy cases. Int J Legal Med 2023; 137:1725-1733. [PMID: 37650902 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this monocentric observational autopsy study was to confirm the existence of a link between cannabis use and cardiovascular risk. It was based on the analysis of autopsy findings, cardiovascular pathological findings, and toxicological data in 43 autopsy cases of people who died with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in their blood over a 2-year period. Hair analysis was performed when available (n = 40) to distinguish between occasional and chronic cannabis use and to take into account other possible exposures, including smoking, drug consumption, and the use of other drugs of abuse (mainly cocaine, heroin, and amphetamine). A statistically significant association (Fisher's exact test, p < 0.001) was found between cannabis use, an undetermined manner of death, and the presence of an arrhythmogenic cardiac condition. An association was also found between cannabis use and the presence of advanced coronary heart disease (p = 0.01), heart disease (including ischemic heart disease, p = 0.003), or cardiomyopathy (p = 0.01). Through its systemic vascular action, cannabis could be a factor in triggering sudden death in subjects with arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. In view of this finding, the mode of death of subjects who died in the presence of THC in the blood would in most cases be an "accident." These results highlight the potential adverse cardiac effects associated with cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cotier
- Service de Médecine légale, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP.Paris-Saclay, hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 104 bvd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Charlotte Mayer
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP.Paris-Saclay, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Isabelle Etting
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP.Paris-Saclay, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison
- Service de Médecine légale, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP.Paris-Saclay, hôpital Raymond Poincaré, 104 bvd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Jean-Claude Alvarez
- Service de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaires AP-HP.Paris-Saclay, 92380, Garches, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay/Versailles, Inserm U-1018, CESP, Équipe MOODS, Plateforme de spectrométrie de masse, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie - Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Raymond Poincaré, AP-HP, 104, Boulevard R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France.
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Unlocking the potential of forensic traces: Analytical approaches to generate investigative leads. Sci Justice 2022; 62:310-326. [PMID: 35598924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Forensic investigation involves gathering the information necessary to understand the criminal events as well as linking objects or individuals to an item, location or other individual(s) for investigative purposes. For years techniques such as presumptive chemical tests, DNA profiling or fingermark analysis have been of great value to this process. However, these techniques have their limitations, whether it is a lack of confidence in the results obtained due to cross-reactivity, subjectivity and low sensitivity; or because they are dependent on holding reference samples in a pre-existing database. There is currently a need to devise new ways to gather as much information as possible from a single trace, particularly from biological traces commonly encountered in forensic casework. This review outlines the most recent advancements in the forensic analysis of biological fluids, fingermarks and hair. Special emphasis is placed on analytical methods that can expand the information obtained from the trace beyond what is achieved in the usual practices. Special attention is paid to those methods that accurately determine the nature of the sample, as well as how long it has been at the crime scene, along with individualising information regarding the donor source of the trace.
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At the Origins of Tobacco-Smoking and Tea Consumption in a Virgin Population (Yakutia, 1650–1900 A.D.): Comparison of Pharmacological, Histological, Economic and Cultural Data. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121271. [PMID: 34943186 PMCID: PMC8698326 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The way tobacco and tea spread among virgin populations is of major interest our understanding of how ancient economic and cultural practices could have influenced current habits. (2) Methods: hair concentrations of theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, nicotine, and cotinine were measured in hair samples from 47 frozen bodies of people from eastern Siberia, dated from the contact with Europeans to the assimilation of people into Russian society. (3) Results: hair concentration of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine vary with the type of beverage consumed: green, black, or local herbal teas. Shortly after the first contacts, a few heavy consumers of tobacco were found among light or passive consumers. Tobacco-related co-morbidities began to be recorded one century after and heavy tea users were only found from the 19th century (4) Conclusions: Economic factors and social and family contacts seem to have played a decisive role in tobacco consumption very early on. Behavioral evolution governed the process of substance integration into Siberian culture and was a determinant for the continuity of its use across long periods of time. Analyzing the respective contributions of social and economic processes in the use of these substances opens avenues of investigation for today’s public health.
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Gheddar L, Ricaut FX, Ameline A, Brucato N, Tsang R, Leavesley M, Raul JS, Kintz P. Testing for Betel Nut Alkaloids in Hair of Papuans Abusers using UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-Q-Tof-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:41-48. [PMID: 31263904 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut is the fruit of Areca palm, growing in Papua New Guinea. Mixed with limestone and stick mustard, arecoline and guvacoline, which are present in betel nut, are hydrolyzed into arecaidine and guvacine, respectively. As part of the study on dietary habits of Papuans residents, our laboratory was asked to analyze the four alkaloids in hair to document long-term exposure. Hair samples were collected from 19 adult subjects (males = 11; females = 8), by some of the authors, and were sent to the laboratory for analysis. The four alkaloids have very similar chemical structures. In order to accurately identify the drugs, two methods were developed. First, the compounds were identified using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Then, they were quantified by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography system coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. After decontamination with dichloromethane, hair samples were cut into very small segments and 20 mg were incubated in methanol for 2 h 30 min in an ultrasound bath. After cooling, the methanol was evaporated to dryness in presence of 20-μL octanol to prevent volatilization. Nicotine-d4 was used as an internal standard. Linearity was observed for concentrations ranging from the limit of quantification to 20 ng/mg for arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacoline. Measured concentrations were in the range 60 pg/mg to 18 ng/mg for arecoline (n = 19), 14 pg/mg to 2.5 ng/mg for guvacoline (n = 11), 63 pg/mg to 3.8 ng/mg for arecaidine (n = 11) and 100 pg/mg to 3.2 ng/mg for guvacine (n = 6). There was no correlation between concentrations of arecoline and arecaidine (ratio from 0.01 to 0.18) and guvacoline and guvacine (ratio from 0.06 to 3.50). However, the identification of these substances in hair is a good marker of consumption of betel nut and allows us to document a local practice that remains difficult to evaluate just by questioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Gheddar
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François-Xavier Ricaut
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Ameline
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Brucato
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Roxanne Tsang
- Archaeology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, College of Arts, Society & Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811 Cairns, Qld 4870, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew Leavesley
- Archaeology, School of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, College of Arts, Society & Education, James Cook University, PO Box 6811 Cairns, Qld 4870, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine Légale, 11 rue Humann, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,X-Pertise Consulting, 42 rue principale, F-67206 Mittelhausbergen, France
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Delplancke TDJ, Wu Y, Han TL, Joncer LR, Qi H, Tong C, Baker PN. Metabolomics of Pregnancy Complications: Emerging Application of Maternal Hair. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2815439. [PMID: 30662903 PMCID: PMC6312607 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2815439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of metabolomics has begun to receive increasing international attention, especially as it pertains to medical research. This is due in part to the potential for discovery of new biomarkers in the metabolome and to a new understanding of the "exposome", which refers to the endogenous and exogenous compounds that reflect external exposures. Consequently, metabolomics research into pregnancy-related issues has increased. Biomarkers discovered through metabolomics may shed some light on the etiology of certain pregnancy-related complications and their adverse effects on future maternal health and infant development and improve current clinical management. The discoveries and methods used in these studies will be compiled and summarized within the following paper. A further focus of this paper is the use of hair as a biological sample, which is gaining increasing attention across diverse fields due to its noninvasive sampling method and the metabolome stability. Its significance in exposome studies will be considered in this review, as well as the potential to associate exposures with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Currently, hair has been used in only two metabolomics studies relating to fetal growth restriction (FGR) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut D. J. Delplancke
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ting-Li Han
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lingga R. Joncer
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine of Chongqing Municipality, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Philip N. Baker
- International Collaborative Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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Smith VA, McBrearty AR, Watson DG, Mellor DJ, Spence S, Knottenbelt C. Hair nicotine concentration measurement in cats and its relationship to owner-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:3-9. [PMID: 28094859 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between hair nicotine concentration in cats and owner-reported exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Owner questionnaires documented exposure. Nicotine was extracted from hair by sonification in methanol followed by hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. Relationships between hair nicotine concentration and owner-reported exposure were examined using hypothesis-testing statistics and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS The hair nicotine concentration of reportedly exposed cats was significantly higher than unexposed cats and groups of cats with different levels of exposure had significantly different median hair nicotine concentrations corresponding to exposure. A hair nicotine concentration of 0·1 ng/mg had a specificity of 98% (95% confidence interval: 83 to 100) and a sensitivity of 69% (95% confidence interval: 54 to 84) for detecting environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Outdoors access, coat colour, urban or rural environment and length of time living with the owner were not obviously associated with hair nicotine concentration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Feline hair nicotine concentration appears strongly associated with owner-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Feline hair nicotine concentration could therefore be used as a biomarker for tobacco smoke exposure, allowing future studies to assess whether exposed cats have an increased risk of specific diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Smith
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - A R McBrearty
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - D G Watson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE
| | - D J Mellor
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - S Spence
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
| | - C Knottenbelt
- Small Animal Hospital, Veterinary School, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH
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Vardavas C, Agaku I, Filippidis F, Kousoulis AA, Girvalaki C, Symvoulakis E, Tzatzarakis M, Tsatsakis AM, Behrakis P, Lionis C. The Secondhand Smoke Exposure Scale (SHSES): A hair nicotine validated tool for assessing exposure to secondhand smoke among elderly adults in primary care. Tob Prev Cessat 2017; 3:9. [PMID: 32432184 PMCID: PMC7232800 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/69850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accurate estimation of exposure to Secondhand Smoke (SHS) is important in both research and clinical practice. We aimed to develop, an easy to implement, biomarker validated scale to provide an estimation of adult exposure to SHS for use within primary health care or epidemiological research. METHODS A pool of 26 baseline questions evaluating exposure to SHS was administered to 178 non-smoking adults (mean age 68.1 years), recruited from both urban and rural primary health care practices in Crete, Greece in November 2011, while concurrent hair samples were collected and nicotine concentrations were measured. To generate scores for each question item, we fitted a backward linear regression using the main predictors of SHS exposure selected from the initial pool of questions, weighted against each individuals biomarker evaluated exposure. RESULTS Among the pool of participants and weighted according to hair nicotine levels, in descending order, the most important sources of SHS exposure were the home (5 points, β=0.37), the family car (3 points, β=0.20), public places (2 points, β=0.15) and the workplace (1 point, β=0.013), the relative weighting of which led to the development of an 11-point scale to assess exposure to SHS. For every unit increase in the score, there was an associated increase in mean hair nicotine concentrations by 1.35 ng/mg (95%CI: 1.25-1.45, p<0.0001) CONCLUSIONS The SHS exposure score (SHSES) may be a useful tool in an estimating the level of the exposure to SHS among elderly adults and investigating the relationship between SHS exposure and potential health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Vardavas
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Israel Agaku
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Filippos Filippidis
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Antonis A Kousoulis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Charis Girvalaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Symvoulakis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Toxicology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Behrakis
- Smoking and Lung Cancer Research Center, Hellenic Cancer Society, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Yang L, Tong EK, Mao Z, Hu TW, Lee AH. A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Nonsmoking Pregnant Women in Sichuan Province, China. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:1163-70. [PMID: 26296651 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonsmoking pregnant women in China have significant exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Few interventions have focused on pregnant women reducing their SHS exposure. METHODS This clustered randomized controlled trial, conducted at eight hospitals in Sichuan, China, compared a prenatal health education intervention with usual clinical care as a control. The primary outcome was self-reported "no SHS exposure" before and 3 months after birth. The intervention consisted of three large group educational sessions, standardized clinician advice, brief monthly follow-up calls, and educational materials and resources. A random sample of participants was biochemically validated before birth with hair nicotine, a long-term biomarker of smoke exposure. RESULTS Overall, 1181 participants were randomized to intervention (n = 526) and control (n = 655) groups. More participants in the intervention group than the control group reported no SHS exposure 3 months after birth (Total: 77.9% vs. 52.6%, P < .001; Home: 81.2% vs. 53.3%, P < .001). The intervention group also had greater changes in improved smoke-free homes and SHS knowledge and attitudes. Controlling for covariates, the intervention group was less likely to report SHS exposure than the control group (Total: OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.71; Home: OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.53), and this effect was sustained 3 months after birth. The adjusted log concentration of hair nicotine for the intervention group decreased by 0.28 log µg/g more than the control group. CONCLUSIONS Our smoke-free health education intervention for nonsmoking pregnant women significantly reduced SHS exposure before and after birth. This intervention model can become part of a standard protocol for the care of pregnant women in hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- Department of Health Economics, School of Administration, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Elisa K Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA;
| | - Zhengzhong Mao
- Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Teh-Wei Hu
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA; Center for International Tobacco Control, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA
| | - Anita H Lee
- Center for International Tobacco Control, Public Health Institute, Berkeley, CA
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Rainey CL, Bors DE, Goodpaster JV. Design and Optimization of a Total Vaporization Technique Coupled to Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11319-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5030528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina L. Rainey
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Dana E. Bors
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - John V. Goodpaster
- Department of
Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), 402 North Blackford Street LD326, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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Abstract
Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses. Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time. For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse. In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed. The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed. Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed. Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.
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Jones MR, Wipfli H, Shahrir S, Avila-Tang E, Samet JM, Breysse PN, Navas-Acien A. Secondhand tobacco smoke: an occupational hazard for smoking and non-smoking bar and nightclub employees. Tob Control 2013; 22:308-14. [PMID: 22273689 PMCID: PMC3701027 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of comprehensive smoking bans in public places, bars and nightclubs have the highest concentrations of secondhand tobacco smoke, posing a serious health risk for workers in these venues. OBJECTIVE To assess exposure of bar and nightclub employees to secondhand smoke, including non-smoking and smoking employees. METHODS Between 2007 and 2009, the authors recruited approximately 10 venues per city and up to five employees per venue in 24 cities in the Americas, Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa. Air nicotine concentrations were measured for 7 days in 238 venues. To evaluate personal exposure to secondhand smoke, hair nicotine concentrations were also measured for 625 non-smoking and 311 smoking employees (N=936). RESULTS Median (IQR) air nicotine concentrations were 3.5 (1.5-8.5) μg/m(3) and 0.2 (0.1-0.7) μg/m(3) in smoking and smoke-free venues, respectively. Median (IQR) hair nicotine concentrations were 6.0 (1.6-16.0) ng/mg and 1.7 (0.5-5.5) ng/mg in smoking and non-smoking employees, respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, education, living with a smoker, hair treatment and region, a twofold increase in air nicotine concentrations was associated with a 30% (95% CI 23% to 38%) increase in hair nicotine concentrations in non-smoking employees and with a 10% (2% to 19%) increase in smoking employees. CONCLUSIONS Occupational exposure to secondhand smoke, assessed by air nicotine, resulted in elevated concentrations of hair nicotine among non-smoking and smoking bar and nightclub employees. The high levels of airborne nicotine found in bars and nightclubs and the contribution of this exposure to employee hair nicotine concentrations support the need for legislation measures that ensure complete protection from secondhand smoke in these venues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Heather Wipfli
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Shahida Shahrir
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Erika Avila-Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, USA
| | - Patrick N Breysse
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
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12
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Apelberg BJ, Hepp LM, Avila-Tang E, Kim S, Madsen C, Ma J, Samet JM, Breysse PN. Racial Differences in Hair Nicotine Concentrations Among Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:933-41. [PMID: 22333050 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Apelberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Tzatzarakis MN, Vardavas CI, Terzi I, Kavalakis M, Kokkinakis M, Liesivuori J, Tsatsakis AM. Hair nicotine/cotinine concentrations as a method of monitoring exposure to tobacco smoke among infants and adults. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 31:258-65. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327111422401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MN Tzatzarakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - CI Vardavas
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - I Terzi
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Kavalakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Kokkinakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - J Liesivuori
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - AM Tsatsakis
- Centre of Toxicology Sciences and Research, Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Erazo M, Iglesias V, Droppelmann A, Acuña M, Peruga A, Breysse PN, Navas-Acien A. Secondhand tobacco smoke in bars and restaurants in Santiago, Chile: evaluation of partial smoking ban legislation in public places. Tob Control 2010; 19:469-74. [PMID: 20798021 PMCID: PMC2991072 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.035402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare air nicotine concentrations according to the smoking policy selected by bars/restaurants in Santiago, Chile before and after the enactment of partial smoking ban legislation in 2007 (establishments could be smoke free, have segregated (mixed) smoking and non-smoking areas, or allow smoking in all areas). Methods The study measured air nicotine concentrations over 7 days to characterise secondhand smoke exposure in 30 bars/restaurants in 2008. Owner/manager interviews and physical inspections were conducted. Results Median IQR air nicotine concentrations measured in all venues were 4.38 (0.61–13.62) μg/m3. Air nicotine concentrations were higher in bars (median 7.22, IQR 2.48–15.64 μg/m3) compared to restaurants (1.12, 0.15–9.22 μg/m3). By smoking status, nicotine concentrations were higher in smoking venues (13.46, 5.31–16.87 μg/m3), followed by smoking areas in mixed venues (9.22, 5.09–14.90 μg/m3) and non-smoking areas in mixed venues (0.99, 0.19–1.27 μg/m3). Air nicotine concentrations were markedly lower in smoke-free venues (0.12, 0.11–0.46 μg/m3). After adjustment for differences in volume and ventilation, air nicotine concentrations were 3.2, 35.5 and 56.2 times higher in non-smoking areas in mixed venues, smoking areas in mixed venues and smoking venues, respectively, compared to smoke-free venues. Conclusions Exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in bars and restaurants in Santiago, Chile. These findings demonstrate that the partial smoking ban legislation enacted in Chile in 2007 provides no protection to employees working in those venues. Enacting a comprehensive smoke-free legislation which protects all people from exposure to secondhand smoke in all public places and workplaces is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Erazo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Yang L, Tong EK, Mao Z, Hu TW. Exposure to secondhand smoke and associated factors among non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands in Sichuan province, China. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89:549-557. [PMID: 20367430 DOI: 10.3109/00016341003713851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure harms pregnant women and the fetus. China has the world's largest number of smokers and a high male smoking prevalence rate. OBJECTIVE To compare exposure to SHS among rural and urban Chinese non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands, and analyze factors associated with the level of SHS exposure and hair nicotine concentration. SETTING Sichuan province, China. POPULATION In all 1,181 non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands recruited from eight district/county Women and Children's hospitals. METHODS The women completed a questionnaire in April and May 2008. Based on systematic sampling, 186 pregnant women were selected for sampling the nicotine concentration in their hair. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine correlates with self-reported SHS exposure (total and at home); linear regression was conducted for the sub-sample of hair nicotine concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Secondhand smoking exposure rates, hair nicotine levels. RESULTS About 75.1% of the non-smoking pregnant women with smoking husbands reported regular SHS exposure. The major source of exposure was through their husband. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of greater SHS exposure (total and at home) and hair nicotine concentration was increased for women who were rural, had a husband with greater cigarette consumption, less knowledge about SHS, less negative attitudes about SHS, and no smoke-free home rules. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence rate of SHS exposure suggests that it is important for non-smoking pregnant women, especially rural women, to establish smoke-free home rules and increase knowledge and negative attitudes towards SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China.,Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health and Administration, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Elisa K Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Zhengzhong Mao
- Department of Health Economics, Huaxi School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, China
| | - Teh-Wei Hu
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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16
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Kim S, Wipfli H, Navas-Acien A, Dominici F, Avila-Tang E, Onicescu G, Breysse P, Samet JM. Determinants of Hair Nicotine Concentrations in Nonsmoking Women and Children: A Multicountry Study of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Homes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:3407-14. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Biological matrices for the evaluation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during prenatal life and childhood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:379-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Kim SR, Wipfli H, Avila-Tang E, Samet JM, Breysse PN. Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokers. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:273-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G. Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31:14-30. [PMID: 19125149 PMCID: PMC3644554 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181957a3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Active and passive smoking have been associated with an array of adverse effects on health. The development of valid and accurate scales of measurement for exposures associated with health risks constitutes an active area of research. Tobacco smoke exposure still lacks an ideal method of measurement. A valid estimation of the risks associated with tobacco exposure depends on accurate measurement. However, some groups of people are more reluctant than others to disclose their smoking status and exposure to tobacco. This is particularly true for pregnant women and parents of young children, whose smoking is often regarded as socially unacceptable. For others, recall of tobacco exposure may also prove difficult. Because relying on self-report and the various biases it introduces may lead to inaccurate measures of nicotine exposure, more objective solutions have been suggested. Biomarkers constitute the most commonly used objective method of ascertaining nicotine exposure. Of those available, cotinine has gained supremacy as the biomarker of choice. Traditionally, cotinine has been measured in blood, saliva, and urine. Cotinine collection and analysis from these sources has posed some difficulties, which have motivated the search for a more consistent and reliable source of this biomarker. Hair analysis is a novel, noninvasive technique used to detect the presence of drugs and metabolites in the hair shaft. Because cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, it is a unique measure of long-term, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Although hair analysis of cotinine holds great promise, a detailed evaluation of its potential as a biomarker of nicotine exposure, is needed. No studies have been published that address this issue. Because the levels of cotinine in the body are dependent on nicotine metabolism, which in turn is affected by factors such as age and pregnancy, the characterization of hair cotinine should be population specific. This review aims at defining the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utilization of different methods used to estimate exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Florescu
- Department of Research, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
- Department of Epidemiology, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
| | - Roberta Ferrence
- Department of Research, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
- Department of Epidemiology, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
| | - Tom Einarson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
- The Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children
| | - Peter Selby
- Department of Research, The CAMH Center, University of Toronto
| | - Offie Soldin
- Departments of Oncology, Medicine & Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C
| | - Gideon Koren
- The Motherisk Program, Hospital for Sick Children
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Man CN, Ismail S, Harn GL, Lajis R, Awang R. Determination of hair nicotine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 877:339-42. [PMID: 19109080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hair nicotine is a known biomarker for monitoring long-term environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and smoking status. In general, hair nicotine assay involves alkaline digestion, extraction and instrumental analysis. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) assay currently developed has shown to be of high throughput with average approximately 100 hair samples being extracted and analyzed per day. This was achieved through simplified extraction procedure and shortened GC analysis time. The extraction was improved by using small volume (0.4 mL) of organic solvent that does not require further evaporation and salting steps prior to GC-MS analysis. Furthermore, the amount of hair utilized in the extraction was very little (5 mg) while the sensitivity and selectivity of the assay is equal, if not better than other established methods. The linearity of the assay (r(2)>0.995), limit of quantitation (0.04 ng/mg hair), within- and between-assays accuracies and precisions (<11.4%) and mean recovery (92.6%) were within the acceptable range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Nin Man
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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21
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Kim S, Aung T, Berkeley E, Diette GB, Breysse PN. Measurement of nicotine in household dust. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2008; 108:289-293. [PMID: 18755452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method of measuring nicotine in house dust was optimized and associations among three secondhand smoking exposure markers were evaluated, i.e., nicotine concentrations of both house dust and indoor air, and the self-reported number of cigarettes smoked daily in a household. We obtained seven house dust samples from self-reported nonsmoking homes and 30 samples from smoking homes along with the information on indoor air nicotine concentrations and the number of cigarettes smoked daily from an asthma cohort study conducted by the Johns Hopkins Center for Childhood Asthma in the Urban Environment. House dust nicotine was analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Using our optimized method, the median concentration of nicotine in the dust of self-reported nonsmoking homes was 11.7 ng/mg while that of smoking homes was 43.4 ng/mg. We found a substantially positive association (r=0.67, P<0.0001) between house dust nicotine concentrations and the numbers of cigarettes smoked daily. Optimized analytical methods showed a feasibility to detect nicotine in house dust. Our results indicated that the measurement of nicotine in house dust can be used potentially as a marker of longer term SHS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungroul Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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22
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Wipfli H, Avila-Tang E, Navas-Acien A, Kim S, Onicescu G, Yuan J, Breysse P, Samet JM. Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries. Am J Public Health 2008; 98:672-9. [PMID: 18309121 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.126631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to describe the range of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among women and children living with smokers around the world and generate locally relevant data to motivate the development of tobacco control policies and interventions in developing countries. METHODS In 2006, we conducted a cross-sectional exposure survey to measure air nicotine concentrations in households and hair nicotine concentrations among nonsmoking women and children in convenience samples of 40 households in 31 countries. RESULTS Median air nicotine concentration was 17 times higher in households with smokers (0.18 mug/m(3)) compared with households without smokers (0.01 mug/m(3)). Air nicotine and hair nicotine concentrations in women and children increased with the number of smokers in the household. The dose-response relationship was steeper among children. Air nicotine concentrations increased an estimated 12.9 times (95% confidence interval=9.4, 17.6) in households allowing smoking inside compared with those prohibiting smoking inside. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that women and children living with smokers are at increased risk of premature death and disease from exposure to SHS. Interventions to protect women and children from household SHS need to be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wipfli
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, W6027, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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23
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Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Elder JP, Hovell MF. Pilot study using hair nicotine feedback to reduce Latino children's environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Am J Health Promot 2008; 22:93-7. [PMID: 18019885 DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-22.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This was a pilot study to assess the usability and impact of a feedback-based environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) reduction approach for Latino families. DESIGN A one-group, pre-post design was used. METHODS Information from hair samples from children analyzed for nicotine was used to create three feedback versions presented in a counterbalanced fashion. The intervention was conducted by a promotora in the participants' homes, with mailed materials and over the phone. Fifty Latino parent-child pairs were recruited. Parents were Spanish-speaking smoking adults (typically the mother) who reported exposing their children to ETS. Intervention efforts included home visits to provide nicotine feedback and counseling, two mailers presenting alternative versions of the feedback, and a supportive telephone call delivered over a 6-week period. Pre-post assessments conducted by a bicultural measurement technician measured parent reports of children's ETS exposure and children's hair nicotine. Parents' liking/usability of the three feedback formats was measured at the post-assessment. Paired t-tests assessed pre-post changes in exposure outcomes. RESULTS Parents' reports of exposure and children's hair nicotine levels showed statistically significant reductions. Parents liked all three feedback formats, particularly a comparative graphic format. CONCLUSIONS Consistency of the positive findings suggests that this feedback approach to ETS reduction warrants further study with a more rigorous design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan I Woodruff
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, Health Promotion Division, 9245 Sky Park Ct, Ste, 120 San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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Yang J, Hu Y, Cai JB, Zhu XL, Su QD, Hu YQ, Liang FX. Selective hair analysis of nicotine by molecular imprinted solid-phase extraction: An application for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:896-903. [PMID: 17222493 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as the selective sorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been developed. Its application to the assay of hairy nicotine level among smokers and non-smokers with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of exposures to the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) were validated. The MIP was synthesized using nicotine as the template molecule and methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer. This MIP-SPE method provided inherent selectivity and a sensitive response to nicotine with a detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml hair at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3:1 and the limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml. The linearity was assessed in the range of 0.5-80 ng/ml hair, with a coefficient (r(2)) greater than 0.987. The amounts of nicotine determined in smokers and non-smokers hair were in the range of 5.1-69.5 ng/mg hair and 0.50-9.3 ng/mg hair, respectively. The reported measures of ETS exposure were significantly associated with hairy nicotine levels. This assay of nicotine in hair using MISPE provided a very selective and reliable method for the evaluation of the exposure to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
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25
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Stepanov I, Feuer R, Jensen J, Hatsukami D, Hecht SS. Mass spectrometric quantitation of nicotine, cotinine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol in human toenails. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:2378-83. [PMID: 17164359 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have quantified total cotinine (the sum of cotinine and cotinine-N-glucuronide) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL; the sum of NNAL and its O- and N-glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs)] in the urine and blood of smokers, smokeless tobacco users, and nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Analysis of hair and nails has several advantages over blood and urine testing, such as accumulation of xenobiotics during long-term exposure, ease of collection, and indefinite stability of samples. We developed sensitive methods for quantitation of nicotine, cotinine, and NNAL in human toenails. Nicotine and cotinine were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring. NNAL was assayed using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry-selected reaction monitoring. The detection limits of the methods were 0.01 ng/mg toenail for nicotine, 0.012 ng/mg toenail for cotinine, and 0.02 pg/mg toenail for NNAL. In 35 smokers, the mean nicotine level was 5.9 +/- 5.6 ng/mg toenail, mean cotinine was 1.6 +/- 1.3 ng/mg toenail, and mean NNAL was 0.41 +/- 0.67 pg/mg toenail. Samples collected from six nonsmokers were negative for NNAL. In smokers, NNAL correlated with cotinine (r = 0.77; P < 0.0001). The results of this study for the first time show the presence of cotinine and NNAL in human toenails. These sensitive and quantitative methods should be useful in epidemiologic studies of the role of chronic tobacco smoke exposure, including environmental tobacco smoke exposure, in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Stepanov
- The Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street Southeast, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Sørensen M, Bisgaard H, Stage M, Loft S. Biomarkers of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in infants. Biomarkers 2007; 12:38-46. [PMID: 17438652 DOI: 10.1080/13547500600943148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive biomonitoring of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by means of hair is attractive in children, although systematic evaluation is required in infants. The objective was to compare nicotine and cotinine concentrations in hair and plasma and parentally reported exposure to ETS in a birth cohort of 411 infants. Plasma was collected from 356 six-month-old infants and hair samples were collected from 368 one-year-old infants. Concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were measured by an optimized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based method requiring 4 mg hair or 200 microl plasma. Information was obtained on the number of days with ETS exposure during the first year of life, the smoking habits of the parents, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day in the home. All three parentally reported indices of ETS exposure were significantly associated with the biomarkers, with clear dose response relationships. There was a significant association between days with ETS exposure and nicotine in hair at relatively low exposure levels (10-99 days per year), whereas the other biomarkers only showed significant increases at higher exposure levels. In conclusion, nicotine in hair appears to be the biomarker most strongly associated with parental reports on exposure to ETS in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sørensen
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Srogi K. Hair Analysis as Method for Determination of Level of Drugs and Pharmaceutical in Human Body: Review of Chromatographic Procedures. ANAL LETT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500476821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fidan F, Guven H, Eminoglu O, Kalkan S, Ergor G, Cimrin A. Turkish coffeehouse kahvehane is an important tobacco smoke exposure area in Turkey. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:1371-7. [PMID: 16009651 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590956489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the extent of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in coffeehouses, as these are commonly frequented public places in Turkey. From 86 coffeehouses in the 3 districts, 59 coffeehouse workers and 35 hospital staff members (as a control group) were evaluated. Participants answered a questionnaire about demographics, working characteristics, smoking behavior, and ETS exposure during their daily life lives. The amount of nicotine in hair was determined by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mean hair nicotine level of the nonsmoker and smoker coffeehouse workers were 23.2 +/- 12.3 microg/g and 62.5 +/- 49.8 microg/g, respectively. Among the hospital staff, mean hair nicotine levels were 4.5 +/- 6 microg/g in nonsmokers and 30.6 +/- 14 microg/g in smokers. Working in coffeehouses has a marked effect on hair nicotine levels and potential adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Fidan
- Department of Chest, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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30
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Yang M, Pyo MY. Molecular epidemiology of lung cancer in female passive smokers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2005; 23:75-97. [PMID: 16291523 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-200052205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To clarify etiology of lung cancer in nonsmoker females, various studies have been done. Particularly, host factors and environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) of females have been emphasized. However, traditional epidemiological data showed controversial results of sex or gender differences in lung cancer susceptibility and suggest presence of some confounders. One of them is that most of epidemiology studies are based on self-reports for ETS. To prevent misestimate effects of ETS via the self-report, exposure monitoring of ETS is required. On the other hand, focusing on genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes and DNA repair, molecular epidemiological studies have been done in nonsmoker females. Therefore, this review considered: 1. gender differences in lung cancer; 2. effects of passive smoking on lung cancer; 3. exposure monitoring of ETS including genetic risks of lung cancer to clarify etiology of lung cancer in the nonsmoker females with molecular epidemiological discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihi Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Chetiyanukornkul T, Toriba A, Kizu R, Kimura K, Hayakawa K. Hair analysis of nicotine and cotinine for evaluating tobacco smoke exposure by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2004; 18:655-61. [PMID: 15386502 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human hair was established. In the procedure, a hair sample (10 mg) was washed with dichloromethane and digested in 2.5 M sodium hydroxide. The digest was extracted with dichloromethane and then 25 mM hydrochloric acid in methanol was added to the extract, to prevent loss of analytes. The solution was evaporated and redissolved in the mobile phase, methanol/10 mM ammonium acetate (30/70, v/v). A 20 microL aliquot of redissolved solution was subjected to analysis. Nicotine and cotinine in human hair were quantified by using deuterated analytes as internal standards. The quantification limits were 8 microg/L for nicotine and 0.9 microg/L for cotinine. The proposed method was applied to measure the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in hair of smokers and non-smokers to evaluate their self-reported smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. In both cases, the method provided good selectivity, accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaneeya Chetiyanukornkul
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Klein J, Blanchette P, Koren G. Assessing nicotine metabolism in pregnancy—a novel approach using hair analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 145:191-4. [PMID: 15451092 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine are important biochemical markers to determine active or passive exposure to cigarette smoke. The amount of nicotine and cotinine in hair provides a cumulative index of tobacco exposure. This study uses segmental hair analysis to assess changes in nicotine metabolism in a cohort of pregnant women who smoked steadily during the whole gestational period according to their self-report. Maternal hair was collected at the time of delivery and sectioned into segments representing the three trimesters of pregnancy. The concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in each section of hair were measured by radioimmunoassay. Hair concentration of nicotine decreased during pregnancy without any reported reduction in smoking, while the cotinine concentration remained constant. The nicotine-cotinine ratio in these consistent smokers was: 1st trimester 20.6, 2nd trimester 19.9, and 3rd trimester 13.3. These findings are consistent with results from other studies showing increased nicotine metabolism during pregnancy. Our data suggest that the results of segmental hair analysis should be carefully examined in pregnancy. Both nicotine and cotinine levels should be evaluated in order to confirm any significant change in maternal tobacco exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klein
- The Motherisk Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Christensen AE, Tobiassen M, Jensen TK, Wielandt H, Bakketeig L, Høst A. Repeated validation of parental self-reported smoking during pregnancy and infancy: a prospective cohort study of infants at high risk for allergy development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2004; 18:73-9. [PMID: 14738549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2003.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during fetal life and infancy is closely related to the smoking habits of the parents. Estimates of exposure to ETS require valid and detailed information on changes in cigarette smoking over time. The objective was to test the validity of self-reported smoking among parents during pregnancy and early childhood in a cohort of children at high risk for allergy development by measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO). The cohort comprised 117 families enrolled from the general population of pregnant women at admission to antenatal care. Data on parental tobacco smoking were obtained by interview and exhaled CO was measured (Micro-Smokerlyzer(R)) in parents twice during pregnancy and when the child was 6 and 18 months old. The median (range) exhaled CO levels were 3 (0-10) parts per million (ppm) for non-smokers and 15 (1-39) ppm for smokers (P < 0.0005). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed at each examination. The areas under the ROC curve were high for both mothers (between 0.88 and 0.99) and fathers (between 0.87 and 0.89), indicating exhaled CO as a good diagnostic tool for determining smoking status. Comparing the ROC areas obtained for mothers from late pregnancy and during infancy with the area from early pregnancy showed no statistical differences (P = 0.21, 0.43 and 0.44 respectively) and the same was true for fathers during infancy (P = 0.81). The level of 8 ppm was used as the cut-off between smokers and non-smokers, based on data from a pilot study. Using CO as a diagnostic tool for smoker status showed very high specificity (between 97 and 100%), indicating that very few persons claiming to be non-smokers had CO levels higher than 8 ppm. In conclusion, the validity of interview-obtained self-reported smoking among parents during pregnancy and early childhood was high. Repeated interviews and CO measurements in a prospective study design did not change the validity, indicating a low risk of information bias. A structured interview combined with measurement of exhaled CO is a valid and reliable method for estimating ETS exposure to the fetus and young infant.
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Toraño JS, van Kan HJM. Simultaneous determination of the tobacco smoke uptake parameters nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate in urine, saliva and hair, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for characterisation of smoking status of recently exposed subjects. Analyst 2003; 128:838-43. [PMID: 12894819 DOI: 10.1039/b304051h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method using gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) for the simultaneous determination of the smoke uptake parameters thiocyanate, nicotine and cotinine in human tissues is reported. Nicotine, cotinine and thiocyanate, in combination with a phase-transfer catalyst, were extracted from urine, saliva and hair into dichloromethane (DCM). Thiocyanate was alkylated in the DCM-layer to form a pentafluorobenzyl derivative. The biochemical markers in DCM were directly injected into the GC system and separated on a DB-1MS column using a 9.4 min temperature program. The method was validated in urine and saliva between the limits of quantitation (1.0-15 microg ml(-1) thiocyanate, 0.010-3.0 microg ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine in urine, 0.010-1.0 microg ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine in saliva). The calibration curves were found to be linear (r > 0.996), the within- and between-day accuracy's were 83-120%, the repeatability coefficients of variation were 3-20% and the limits of detection were 0.060 ng ml(-1) thiocyanate and 0.60 ng ml(-1) nicotine and cotinine. The results of the analysis of the biomarkers in the urine of 44 volunteers were used to develop a predictive model for smoking status, using discriminant analysis. The classification model correctly classified 93.2% of cross-validated grouped cases. Saliva samples were used to confirm the results of the classification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Room number EO-127, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 226600, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Subjects enrolled in studies are not always screened for routine habits such as smoking. Personal history is not always reliable and therefore an objective biomarker is necessary to screen for smokers. The objectives of this article were to review the metabolism of nicotine and other metabolic considerations associated with smoking; to review some of the routine methods used to assess exposure to nicotine-containing products; to revisit cotinine breakpoints utilized to distinguish smokers from non-smokers during screening for clinical trials; to assess the utility of screening questions regarding smoking practices; and to recommend standards for clinical pharmacology studies. The results indicated that cotinine levels serve as a useful biomarker of tobacco exposure; racial issues may be clinically relevant in determining smoking status; cessation of smoking should occur at least 14 days prior to the start of the study; adverse effects from nicotine withdrawal such as craving, hunger and weight gain may persist for more than 6 months; potential metabolic interactions via cytochrome P2A6 and P1A2 need to be considered when designing a study; and the use of a single calibrator as a breakpoint is acceptable if a categorical outcome such as 'smoker' versus 'non-smoker' is desired. Nicotine from food products is not expected to impact assay sensitivity or to be clinically relevant; a serum cotinine concentration of 10 ng ml(-1) be employed as a breakpoint for non-smokers versus smokers; other non-invasive alternatives are collection of urine, saliva, or hair (with suggested breakpoints of 200 ng ml(-1), 5 ng ml(-1) and 0.3 ng mg(-1), respectively; screening questions be accompanied by testing for cotinine; and the inclusion of smokers in studies should be considered once the impact of smoking on the targeted population is understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Bramer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetcis/Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Otsuka Maryland Research Institute, Rockville 20850, USA.
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Rapid Monitoring Method of Active and Passive Smoker with Saliva Continine by Gas Chromatrography-Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.10.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of the hair nicotine biomarker for assessment of exposure to tobacco smoke, with emphasis on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Measurement of nicotine in hair can be an informative tool for research looking at ETS and related illnesses. There are still unresolved issues in relation to this biomarker such as influence of hair treatment, hair colour, and growth rate on nicotine levels in hair, which need to be addressed in order to further refine this biomarker for exposure assessment. Nevertheless, hair nicotine promises to be a valid and reliable measure of longer term exposure that can be readily applied in epidemiological studies of exposure to tobacco smoke, and more specifically ETS, and its risk to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Al-Delaimy
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Prokopczyk B, Hoffmann D, Bologna M, Cunningham AJ, Trushin N, Akerkar S, Boyiri T, Amin S, Desai D, Colosimo S, Pittman B, Leder G, Ramadani M, Henne-Bruns D, Beger HG, El-Bayoumy K. Identification of tobacco-derived compounds in human pancreatic juice. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:677-85. [PMID: 12018989 DOI: 10.1021/tx0101088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer of the pancreas is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in the USA with an estimated 28 900 deaths in 2001. Several factors have been implicated in the etiology of this disease. However, at present, only cigarette smoking has been positively associated with pancreatic cancer. It is our working hypothesis that tobacco-derived compounds can be delivered to the pancreas where, upon metabolic activation, they can initiate carcinogenesis. Our current investigation was conducted to determine whether cotinine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) are present in human pancreatic juice. Smoking status was assessed by the determination of levels of urinary cotinine and was further supported by quantifying nicotine in hair. The TSNA were extracted from the pancreatic juice of 18 smokers and 9 nonsmokers by supercritical carbon dioxide that contained 10% methanol. The extracts were analyzed for TSNA, namely, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection using a selected ion monitoring technique (GC-SIM-MS). Twenty-three extracts of human pancreatic juice were also analyzed for the presence of the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) by GC-SIM-MS and by gas chromatography interfaced wit a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA; TEA, a nitrosamine-specific detector). Cotinine was detected in all analyzed samples of pancreatic juice from smokers (129 +/- 150 ng/mL juice; mean +/- standard deviation) and was present in only two of the nine samples of pancreatic juice from nonsmokers. Its levels in these two samples were 7 and 9 ng/mL juice. NNK was detected in 15 of 18 samples (83%) from smokers at levels from 1.37 to 604 ng/mL pancreatic juice. In nine samples of pancreatic juice from nonsmokers, NNK ranged from not detected (in three samples) to 96.8 ng/mL juice. In pancreatic juice from smokers the mean level of NNK (88.7 +/- 161 ng/mL juice) was significantly higher (p < 0.04) than in that from nonsmokers (12.4 +/- 31.7 ng/mL juice). In addition to NNK, NNN was found in two samples of pancreatic juice of smokers at levels of 68.1 and 242 ng/mL juice; NNN was not detected in any other sample. NNAL was present in 8 of 14 pancreatic juice samples (57%) from smokers and in three of nine samples (33%) from nonsmokers. This research presents preliminary data that supports the hypothesis that pancreatic tissue is exposed to TSNA and that they may be important contributors to pancreatic carcinogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Prokopczyk
- American Health Foundation, Division of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA.
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Shin HS, Kim JG, Shin YJ, Jee SH. Sensitive and simple method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 769:177-83. [PMID: 11936690 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is proposed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized sample with ethyl ether and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of acetic acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. Peak shapes and quantitation of nicotine and cotinine are excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1-10,000 ng/ml. The detection limits of nicotine and cotinine are 0.2 ng/ml in urine and 1.0 ng/ml in plasma and saliva. The intra-day precision of nicotine and cotinine in all samples was <5% relative standard deviation (RSD). Urine, plasma and saliva samples of 303 non-smoking and 41 smoking volunteers from a girl's high school in Korea were quantified by the described procedure. As a result, the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in plasma ranged from 6 to 498 ng/ml and 4 to 96 ng/ml. Otherwise, those of nicotine and cotinine in saliva ranged from 0 to 207 ng/ml and 0 to 42 ng/ml, and those of nicotine and cotinine in urine ranged from 0 to 1,590 ng/ml and 0 to 2,986 ng/ml, respectively. We found that the concentration of cotinine in plasma was successfully predicted from the salivary cotinine concentration by the equation y=2.31x+4.76 (x=the concentration of cotinine in saliva, y=the concentration of cotinine in plasma). The results show that through the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva, the risk of ETS-exposed human can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea.
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40
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Wischmann H, Hummel S, Rothschild MA, Herrmann B. Analysis of Nicotine in Archaeological Skeletons from the Early Modern Age and from the Bronze Age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/1358612021000010686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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41
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Mahoney GN, Al-Delaimy W. Measurement of nicotine in hair by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 753:179-87. [PMID: 11334330 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an assay for nicotine in hair based on reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. The method uses a low-metal, high-purity silica reversed-phase column. We have investigated the washing, digestion and extraction procedures and discuss the important points in the HPLC method development. The assay is presented as an application in a population of exposed and non-exposed children. Analytical parameters are satisfactory with linearity, recoveries, limit of quantitation and precision all suitable for epidemiological studies involving environmental tobacco smoke exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Mahoney
- Laboratory Services, Capital Coast Health Limited, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Bazylak G, Brózik H, Sabanty W. HPTLC screening assay for urinary cotinine as biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among male adolescents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 24:113-23. [PMID: 11108545 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For selective screening determination of urinary cotinine, i.e. (S)-1-methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, the major metabolite of nicotine, the high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method have been proposed. Prior the final HPTLC analysis the procedure required a solid-phase extraction (SPE) of cotinine from collected urine samples with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone as an internal standard. Densitometrical quantitation of cotinine on the chromatograms have been performed with a 16-grayscale scanner using the specialized software implemented on a desktop microcomputer. The lower detection limit of cotinine was 6 microg/l allowing the method to be applied for the measurement a concentration of this compound in urine samples collected from 35 elementary schoolboys exposed on both moderate and/or significant ETS. The mean recovery of cotinine from urine samples was 93%. The mean intra-day accuracy for the analysis of cotinine in range 6-750 microg/l. including four paralell measurements, was 2.9 %. The results of cotinine measurements by proposed SPE-HPTLC procedure were used in the pilot studies for assessment of hazard from home ETS on the health status of elementary schoolboys, especially an increased risk for infectious respiratory track diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bazylak
- Department of General Chemistry Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Wahlgren DR, Matt GE, Emmons KM. Reported measures of environmental tobacco smoke exposure: trials and tribulations. Tob Control 2000; 9 Suppl 3:III22-8. [PMID: 10982901 PMCID: PMC1766315 DOI: 10.1136/tc.9.suppl_3.iii22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This report extends previous summaries of reported environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure measures, reviews the empirical evidence of their validity for children's exposure, and discusses future research. DATA SOURCES Studies were identified by computer search and from the authors' research. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for inclusion of nicotine and/or cotinine and quantitative reported measures of ETS exposure. DATA SYNTHESIS Five studies found significant associations between reported quantitative exposure of children to ETS and either environmental nicotine or urine cotinine assays. Correlation coefficients between parent reports and nicotine ranged from 0.22 to 0.75. Coefficients for cotinine ranged from 0.28 to 0.71. Correlations increased over time and were stronger for parents' reports of their own smoking as a source of children's exposure than for reports of exposure from others. CONCLUSIONS Empirical studies show general concordance of reported and either environmental or biological measures of ETS exposure. Relationships were moderate, and suggest sufficient validity to be employed in research and service programs. Future studies need to identify the differences in types of reported or objective measures, population characteristics, etc, contributing to observed variability in order to understand better the conditions under which more valid reported ETS exposure and other measures can be obtained. Reported and either environmental or biological measures should be used in combination, and existing measures should be directed to interventions that may reduce ETS exposure among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Hovell
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.
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44
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Al-Saleh I, Shinwari N, Basile P, Al-Dgaither S, Al-Mutairi M. Exposure to cadmium among sheesha smokers and how do they compare to cigarette smokers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1520-670x(2000)13:4<381::aid-jtra6>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Matt GE, Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Bernert JT, Meltzer SB, Pirkle JL, Caudill S. Measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposure in infants and young children through urine cotinine and memory-based parental reports: empirical findings and discussion. Tob Control 1999; 8:282-9. [PMID: 10599573 PMCID: PMC1763950 DOI: 10.1136/tc.8.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the reliability and potential biases of two urine collection methods from which cotinine measures were obtained and the validity of memory-based parental reports of their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). DESIGN Structured interviews were conducted with mothers of infants and young children to obtain memory-based estimates of recent ETS exposure. Urine samples were collected through standard and cotton roll collection methods for cotinine analysis. SETTING All interviews took place at an off-campus research facility. Urine samples were collected at the study office or the subjects' homes. PARTICIPANTS Mothers were recruited from San Diego county sites of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Supplemental Food and Nutrition Program. Sample 1 (infants) consisted of eight boys and eight girls aged 1-44 months (mean = 12.6 months). Sample 2 (children) included 10 boys and 10 girls aged 3-8 years (mean = 61.2 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Urine cotinine and memory-based parent reports of ETS exposure from structured interviews. RESULTS There was overall high reliability for urine cotinine measures and no effect of collection method on urine cotinine levels. Memory-based reports obtained from smoking mothers showed moderately strong and consistent linear relationships with urine cotinine measures of their infants and children (r = 0.50 to r = 0.63), but not for reports obtained from non-smoking mothers. CONCLUSIONS Memory-based parental reports of short-term ETS exposure can play an important role in quantifying ETS exposure in infants and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, California 92182-4611, USA.
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46
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Wu C, Hill HH, Rasulev UK, Nazarov EG. Surface Ionization Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1998; 71:273-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9712299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Kintz P, Henrich A, Cirimele V, Ludes B. Nicotine monitoring in sweat with a sweat patch. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 705:357-61. [PMID: 9521575 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in unconventional samples, such as sweat. In a study conducted with cigarettes smokers and nonsmokers, PharmChek sweat patches were applied to 29 subjects for 72 h. Nicotine was extracted in 5 ml methanol in the presence of 200 ng nicotine-d4, used as internal standard. After 20 min agitation, the methanolic solution was evaporated to dryness in the presence of 10 microl octanol to ensure nonvolatility of nicotine. Nicotine was determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry after separation on a 30-m capillary HP5 MS column. The assay was linear in the range 50-2500 ng/patch, with an extraction recovery of 76+/-5%. Limit of detection was 10 ng/patch. Nicotine concentrations in sweat were not detected for the nonexposed nonsmokers (n = 8), 87 to 266 ng/patch for the passive smokers (n = 6) and 150 to 2498 ng/patch for the smokers (n = 15). This study demonstrated a useful application of the sweat patch for monitoring tobacco exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kintz
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Strasbourg, France
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48
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Nafstad P, Fugelseth D, Qvigstad E, Zahlen K, Magnus P, Lindemann R. Nicotine concentration in the hair of nonsmoking mothers and size of offspring. Am J Public Health 1998; 88:120-4. [PMID: 9584018 PMCID: PMC1508380 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.88.1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth by levels of nicotine in the hair of mothers and offspring. METHODS In a sample of 58 case subjects and 105 control subjects, hair nicotine concentrations were measured by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS With women whose hair nicotine concentrations were in the lowest quartile as the reference group, the odds ratio (OR) for small-for-gestational-age birth was increased among women with concentrations in the upper and two middle quartiles (OR=4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.5, 11.5, and OR = 3.2, 95% CI=1.3, 8.0). When smoking mothers were excluded from the analysis, the corresponding odds ratios were 2.1 (95% CI=0.4, 10.1) and 3.4 (95 % CI= 1.3, 8.6). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that passive maternal smoking increases the risk of small-for-gestational-age births.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nafstad
- Section of Epidemiology, National Insitute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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49
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Kim KR, Kim JH, Jeong DH, Paek DJ, Liebich HM. Gas chromatographic profiling analysis of urinary organic acids from nonsmokers and smokers. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 701:1-8. [PMID: 9389332 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A rapid profiling and screening procedure is described for the comparative analysis of urinary organic acids among the groups of nonsmokers and smokers. The procedure involves solid-phase extraction of organic acids using Chromosorb P in normal-phase partition mode, with subsequent single-step conversion to tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives, followed by direct gas chromatographic (GC) analysis on dual-capillary columns. A total of forty-two organic acids were positively identified by retention index (I) matching in urine samples (0.25 ml) from eleven nonsmokers and fifteen smokers studied. When the GC profiles were simplified to their corresponding organic acid I spectra in bar graphical form, characteristic patterns were obtained for each individual as well as for each average of nonsmoking and smoking groups. When stepwise discriminant analysis was performed on GC data after omitting hippuric acid, seven acids were selected as the variables most discriminating between smokers and nonsmokers. The star symbol plots drawn based on these discriminants were characteristic of each individual and group average, enabling to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers. And canonical plot produced by canonical discriminant analysis using the same variables as the data vectors displayed two separate clusters representing each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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50
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Dimich-Ward H, Gee H, Brauer M, Leung V. Analysis of nicotine and cotinine in the hair of hospitality workers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. J Occup Environ Med 1997; 39:946-8. [PMID: 9343759 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199710000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if hair nicotine and cotinine levels reflect relative exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in subjects who worked in the hospitality industry, where public smoking was permitted. Hair samples from 26 subjects were analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry techniques for nicotine and cotinine. An exposure gradient was shown for nicotine but not cotinine. Among nonsmokers, those working in bars where there are no public smoking restrictions had the highest hair nicotine levels, which were close to levels found in smokers. Nicotine measured in hair is useful as a biological marker for exposure to ETS from multiple sources. Bar workers in particular are exposed to high levels of ETS, which may adversely affect the health of nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dimich-Ward
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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