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Cayla G, Sie P, Silvain J, Brugier D, Cambou JP, Thomas D, Pena A, O’Connor S, Bura A, Ruidavets JB, Collet JP, Montalescot G. Short-term effects of the smoke-free legislation on haemostasis and systemic inflammation due to second hand smoke exposure. Thromb Haemost 2017; 105:1024-31. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-02-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryIt was the objective of this study to assess the effect of the implementation of the smoke-free legislation on haemostasis and systemic inflammation in second-hand smoking (SHS)-exposed healthy volunteers. Fibrin-rich clot properties, platelet reactivity and inflammatory biomarkers were measured before and four months following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation in gender and age-matched healthy volunteers exposed (n=23, exposed) and unexposed (n=23, controls) to occupational SHS. The primary objective was to compare fibrin-rich clot stiffness before and after implementation of the smoke-free legislation. There was 40% reduction in fibrin-rich clot stiffness following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation in SHS-exposed volunteers (17 ± 7 vs. 10.6 ± 7 dynes/cm², before and after, respectively, p=0.001). These dramatic changes were associated with a 20% reduction in fibrin fiber density (p<0.01) and a 20% reduction inclot lysis time (p=0.05). No change in fibrin properties was observed in the control group of SHS-unexposed volunteers related to the implementation of the smoke-free legislation. Of interest, neither platelet reactivity nor systemic inflammatory biomarkers were changed in either group. The smoke-free legislation is associated with significant changes in fibrin-rich clot properties toward a less thrombogenic conformation with a better fibrinolysis response while neither platelet reactivity nor systemic inflammatory biomarkers are modified. These improvements may explain the observed reduction in acute coronary syndrome following the implementation of the smoke-free legislation.
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Lei Y, Liu W, Fang L, Akash MSH, Rehman K, Narenmandura H, Shi W, Lu W, Xu Y, Chen S. Assessment of urinary concentration of cotinine in Chinese pregnant women exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Lei Y, Zhang Q, Fang L, Akash MSH, Rehman K, Liu Z, Shi W, Chen S. Development and comparison of two competitive ELISAs for estimation of cotinine in human exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Lei
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Lizheng Fang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310016 China
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- College of Pharmacy; Government College University Faisalabad; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Hangzhou EPIE Bio-detection Technology Limited; Hangzhou 310051 China
| | - Weixing Shi
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Shuqing Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Science; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
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Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous and sensitive measurement of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3537-42. [PMID: 19748838 PMCID: PMC2763023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine in human plasma was developed and fully validated. Potential endogenous and exogenous interferences were extensively evaluated and limits of quantification were determined by decreasing analyte concentration. Analytical ranges were 1-500 ng/mL for nicotine and cotinine, 5-500 ng/mL for trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and norcotinine. Mean intra- and inter-assay analytical recoveries were between 101.9 and 116.8%, and intra- and inter-assay imprecision were less than 11% RSD for all analytes: parameters were evaluated at three different concentrations across the linear range of the assay. Extraction efficiency was > or = 70% for all analytes. This validated method is useful for the determination of nicotine and metabolites in human plasma to support research on the role of nicotine biomarkers on neuronal systems mediating cognitive and affective processes and to differentiate active, passive and environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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López CM, Sassone AH, Rodriguez Girault ME, Lenzken CS, Villaamil Lepori EC, Roses OE. Quantification of Cotinine in Plasma and Urine by HPLC‐UV Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200028146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. López
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - A. H. Sassone
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - M. E. Rodriguez Girault
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - C. S. Lenzken
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - E. C. Villaamil Lepori
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - O. E. Roses
- a Chair of Toxicology and Legal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry , University of Buenos Aires , Junín 956, 7° piso, 1113, Buenos Aires , Argentina
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6
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Biological matrices for the evaluation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during prenatal life and childhood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:379-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Vindatiche I, Roche D, Callais F, Lequang NT, Labrousse F. ANALYTICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN BARLOW REACTION COUPLED TO HPLC DETECTION OF NICOTINE AND ITS METABOLITES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Vindatiche
- a Hôpital Laennec , Laboratoire Central de Biochimie, 42, rue de Sèvres, Paris , F 75007 , France
| | - D. Roche
- b Hôpital Laennec , Laboratoire Central de Biochimie, 42, rue de Sèvres, Paris , F 75007 , France
| | - F. Callais
- a Hôpital Laennec , Laboratoire Central de Biochimie, 42, rue de Sèvres, Paris , F 75007 , France
| | - N. T. Lequang
- a Hôpital Laennec , Laboratoire Central de Biochimie, 42, rue de Sèvres, Paris , F 75007 , France
| | - F. Labrousse
- a Hôpital Laennec , Laboratoire Central de Biochimie, 42, rue de Sèvres, Paris , F 75007 , France
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8
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Papadoyannis IN, Samanidou VF, Stefanidou PG. CLINICAL ASSAY OF NICOTINE AND ITS METABOLITE, COTININE, IN BODY FLUIDS BY HPLC FOLLOWING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120014006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. N. Papadoyannis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - V. F. Samanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - P. G. Stefanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
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9
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Chahine R, Abchee A, Zalloua P. Nicotine metabolism in healthy smokers and patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 280:241-4. [PMID: 16311929 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-8840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the excretion rate of nicotine and its two major metabolites, cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (THOC), in the urine of 25 healthy smokers and 15 smokers who underwent a coronary artery bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty. After 1 day of smoking cessation, urine samples were collected in the morning, before smoking two cigarettes, and then three times after smoking, approximately 4 h apart. The results show that (i) in healthy smokers, nicotine and its two major metabolites were present at high concentration in the first urine sample after smoking, (ii) in smokers with cardiovascular disease nicotine and cotinine were less excreted whereas THOC was more excreted, mainly in the second urine sample. We conclude that this shift in nicotine metabolism may contribute to smoking-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramez Chahine
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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10
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Abstract
The alkaloid myosmine is present not only in tobacco products but also in various foods. Myosmine is easily nitrosated, yielding 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) and the esophageal tobacco carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine. Due to its widespread occurrence, investigations on the metabolism and activation of myosmine are needed for risk assessment. Therefore, the metabolism of myosmine has been studied in Wistar rats treated with single oral doses of [pyridine-5-3H]myosmine at 0.001, 0.005, 0.5, and 50 micromol/kg body weight. Oral administration was achieved by feeding a labeled apple bite. Radioactivity was completely recovered in urine and feces within 48 h. At the two lower doses, 0.001 and 0.005 micromol/kg, a higher percentage of the radioactivity was excreted in urine (86.2 +/- 4.9% and 88.9 +/- 1.7%) as compared with the higher doses, 0.5 and 50 micromol/kg, where only 77.8 +/- 7.3% and 75.4 +/- 6.6% of the dose was found in urine. Within 24 h, urinary excretion of radioactivity was nearly complete with less than 4% of the total urinary output appearing between 24 and 48 h. The two major metabolites accounting for >70% of total radioactivity in urine were identified as 3-pyridylacetic acid (20-26%) and 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid (keto acid, 50-63%) using UV-diode array detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements. 3-Pyridylmethanol (3-5%), 3'-hydroxymyosmine (2%) and HPB (1-3%) were detected as minor metabolites. 3'-Hydroxymyosmine is exclusively formed from myosmine and therefore might be used as a urinary biomarker for myosmine exposure in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Zwickenpflug
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Goethestrasse 33, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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11
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Dhar P. Measuring tobacco smoke exposure: quantifying nicotine/cotinine concentration in biological samples by colorimetry, chromatography and immunoassay methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:155-68. [PMID: 15030890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Procedures to assess tobacco smoke exposure are reviewed and biomarkers used for determining the smoking status of an individual are compared. Methods used to extract these biomarkers from saliva, urine, and blood and the advantages and disadvantages of the assays are discussed. Finally, the procedures used to measure the levels of cortisol, a stress hormone speculated to be linked to nicotine metabolism, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA.
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12
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Taylor PJ, Forrest KK, Landsberg PG, Mitchell C, Pillans PI. The Measurement of Nicotine in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26:563-8. [PMID: 15385840 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200410000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of nicotine in human plasma. Samples (500 microL) with added deuterium-labeled d3-nicotine as an internal standard (IS) were treated with a 2-step process of ether extraction (6 mL) followed by back-extraction into 0.1% formic acid (50 microL). Chromatography was performed on a phenyl Novapak column with a mobile phase consisting of 50% 10 mM ammonium formate (pH 3.3) and acetonitrile (50:50, vol/vol). A flow rate of 0.2 mL/min resulted in a total analysis time of 5 minutes per sample. Mass spectrometric detection was by selected reactant monitoring (nicotine m/z 163.2 --> 130.2; IS m/z 166.2 --> 87.2). The assay was linear from 0.5 to 100 microg/L (r > 0.993, n = 9). The accuracy and imprecision of the method for quality control samples were 87.5% to 113% and <10.2%, respectively. Interday accuracy and imprecision at the limit of quantification (0.5 microg/L) was 113% and 7.2% (n = 4). The process efficiency for nicotine in plasma was >75%. The method described has good process efficiency, stabilized nicotine, avoided concentration steps, and most importantly minimized potential contamination. Further, we have established that water-based standards and controls are interchangeable with plasma-based samples. This method was used successfully to measure the pharmacokinetic profiles of subjects involved in the development of an aerosol inhalation drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Taylor
- Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane QLD 4102, Australia.
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13
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Doctor PB, Gokani VN, Kulkarni PK, Parikh JR, Saiyed HN. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in tobacco harvesters’ urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 802:323-8. [PMID: 15018794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2003] [Revised: 12/02/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A solid-phase extraction method using Drug Test-1 column containing chemically modified silica as a solid support for sample clean up and reversed phase ion-paired high-pressure liquid chromatography method have been developed for the simultaneous determination of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine from the urine samples. Mobile phase was consisted of acetate buffer (containing 0.03 M sodium acetate and 0.1 M acetic acid) pH 3.1 and acetonitrile (78:22% (v/v)) containing 0.02 M sodium octanosulfonate as an ion pair agent. pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 3.6 with triethylamine for better resolution and to prevent peak tailing. The linearity was obtained in the range of 0.5-10 microg/ml concentrations of nicotine and cotinine standards. The correlation coefficients were 0.998 for cotinine and 0.999 for nicotine. The recoveries were obtained in the range of 79-97% with average value of 85% for nicotine and in the range of 82-98% with average value of 88% for cotinine. The limit of detection was 2 ng/ml for cotinine and 5 ng/ml for nicotine with 2 ml urine for extraction, calculated by taking signal to noise ratio 10:3. The intra-day co-efficient of variation (CV) were <4 and 7% and inter-day CV were <9 and 7% for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The method was applied to the urine samples of tobacco harvesters, who suffer from green tobacco sickness (GTS) to check the absorption of nicotine through dermal route during the various processes of tobacco cultivation due to its good reproducibility and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Doctor
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380016, India.
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14
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Kim H, Lim Y, Lee S, Park S, Kim C, Hong C, Shin D. Relationship between environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine levels in passive smokers at their residence. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2004; 14 Suppl 1:S65-70. [PMID: 15118747 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using measured air concentrations are subject to bias. Cotinine, a nicotine metabolite detected in urine, has been recommended as a quantitative measure of nicotine intake and thus as a marker for ETS exposure in humans. The aim of this study was to correlate home indoor ETS levels with passive smokers' urinary cotinine levels. The urinary cotinine concentrations of 57 non-smoking women who spend >19 h a day at home and the nicotine levels in their living room air were measured over a period of 24 h. Nicotine and urinary cotinine levels were analyzed using GC/MS and HPLC/UV, respectively. In addition, information was collected regarding the smoking habits of the subjects' families. A significant correlation was found between the nicotine levels in indoor air and the urinary cotinine to creatinine ratio of the passive smokers. The smoking habits of the subjects' family members were also correlated to the urinary cotinine levels of the passive smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- The Graduate School of Health Science and Management, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Lim DK, Kim HS. Chronic exposure of nicotine modulates the expressions of the cerebellar glial glutamate transporters in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:321-9. [PMID: 12735692 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rats were given nicotine (25 ppm) in their drinking water at the start of their mating period in order to study the expressions of glutamate transporter subtypes in cerebellar astrocytes following the chronic exposure of nicotine after mating. After the offspring were delivered, each group was divided into two subgroups. One group, the control group, was given distilled water only and the other group, the experimental group, was given distilled water containing nicotine. The cerebellar astrocytes were prepared from 7 day-old pups at each group. Ten days after the cells were cultured, the expression of the glutamate transporter subtypes (GLAST and GLT-1) was determined using immunochemistry and immunoblotting. During the continuous treatments, the developmental expression patterns of the GLAST and GLT-1 in the cerebellum were also determined from 2, 4 and 8 week-old rats. The expression levels of GLAST in cultured astrocytes of both the pre- or post-natally exposed groups were higher than those of the control group. However, these expression levels of the continuously exposed group were lower than those of the control group. Compared to those of the control group, the GLT-1 expression levels of all the nicotine-treated groups were higher, particularly in the continuously treated group. According to the results from the immochemistry procedure, the cerebellar GLAST and GLT-1 expression levels of all nicotine-treated groups were lower than those of the control group at each age. However, the immunoblotting procedure showed that the cerebellar GLT-1 expression levels of all the nicotine-treated groups were higher than those of the control group, except for the rats that were continuously exposed for 8 weeks using immunoblotting. These results suggest that the expression of the glial GLAST and GLT-1 are altered differently depending on the initial exposure time and the particular period of nicotine exposure. In addition, nicotine exposure during gestation has persistent effects on glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Koo Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Korea.
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Nakajima M, Kwon JT, Tanaka E, Yokoi T. High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for N-glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine in human liver microsomes. Anal Biochem 2002; 302:131-5. [PMID: 11846386 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of N-glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine in human liver microsomes by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Nicotine or cotinine was incubated with human liver microsomes and UDP-glucuronic acid in a 200-microl incubation mixture. The nicotine N-glucuronide (Nic-glu) and cotinine N-glucuronide (Cot-glu) formed were analyzed by ion-pair chromatography with a C-18 column. The sensitivity of quantification at 260 nm absorption was improved by using a noise-base clean Uni-3, and the limit of quantification was 10 pmol/200 microl mixture for both Nic-glu and Cot-glu. Linear standard curves were obtained within the concentration ranges 25-1000 pmol/200 microl mixture for Nic-glu and 100-5000 pmol/200 microl mixture for Cot-glu. The intraassay precision and accuracy were < or =11.1% coefficient of variation (CV) and 97.5-106.6% for Nic-glu and < or =4.6% CV and 96.7-100.4% for Cot-glu. The interassay precision and accuracy were < or =7.2% CV and 98.2-106.1% for Nic-glu and < or =4.6% CV and 96.8-99.3% for Cot-glu. This is the first report of the in vitro determination of Nic-glu and Cot-glu in human liver microsomes. Furthermore, this highly sensitive HPLC method can be used for the determination of Nic-glu and Cot-glu in biological specimens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nakajima
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi 13-1, Kanazawa, 920-0934, Japan.
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Hermans C, Libotte V, Robin M, Clippe A, Wattiez R, Falmagne P, Langhendries JP, Bernard A. Maternal tobacco smoking and lung epithelium-specific proteins in amniotic fluid. Pediatr Res 2001; 50:487-94. [PMID: 11568292 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200110000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The bronchiolar 16 kD Clara cell secretory protein (CC16) and the alveolar surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) are secreted in the amniotic fluid (AF), where they reflect the growth and the maturity of the fetal lung. To evaluate the possible effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure upon infant bronchoalveolar epithelium function and maturity, CC16 and SP-A levels were determined in AF obtained at term (36-41 wk) from 28 nonsmoking, 18 smoke-exposed, and 28 smoking mothers with uncomplicated pregnancies. Tobacco smoke exposure was assessed by questionnaire and the assay in AF and maternal urine of cotinine, a stable nicotine metabolite. The specificity of the changes of CC16 and SP-A concentrations in AF was assessed by comparison with nonpulmonary proteins of high- (albumin and transferrin) or low-molecular weight (beta2-microglobulin, retinol binding protein, cystatin-C). Pulmonary and nonpulmonary AF proteins were also compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis between smoking and nonsmoking mothers. The levels of CC16 and SP-A as well as low- and high-molecular-weight proteins were not significantly different between the three smoking categories. The protein pattern of AF, established by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, did not reveal any quantitative or qualitative difference between nonsmoking (n = 10), smoke-exposed (n = 5), and smoking mothers (n = 5). By multiple regression analysis of possible determinants, tobacco smoke did not emerge as a significant predictor of CC16 and SP-A concentrations in AF. SP-A level was dependent only on gestational age at birth (r2 = 0.1, p = 0.001), whereas CC16 correlated only with the levels of low-molecular weight proteins (r2 = 0.2, p = 0.0001). The latter correlation suggests that CC16 enters AF not only as a result of its secretion at the surface of the respiratory tract but also partly following its elimination by the fetal kidney. This study suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy is not associated with alterations of the secretory functions of the epithelium of the distal airways and the alveoli at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hermans
- Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Lim DK, Kim HS. Changes in the glutamate release and uptake of cerebellar cells in perinatally nicotine-exposed rat pups. Neurochem Res 2001; 26:1119-25. [PMID: 11700954 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012318805916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar granule and glial cells were cultured from 7 day-old rat pups after pre- and post-natal nicotine treatment. Ten days later, the basal release of glutamate in the granule cells prepared from the pre- and post-natally nicotine-exposed pups was higher and lower than the controls, respectively. The N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced release of glutamate was higher in the granule cells of post-natal nicotine exposed rats. However, the nicotine-induced glutamate release was either unchanged or was lower in the granule cells of all nicotine-treated pups. The basal glutamate uptake was higher in the glial cells from those exposed pre-natally and lower in the continuously nicotine-exposed pups. The sensitivities of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid on glutamate uptake were higher in all nicotine treated groups. There was a higher number of specific [3H]dizocilpine binding sites in the pre- or continuously nicotine-exposed group. These results suggest that the cerebellar cell properties are altered after perinatal nicotine exposure and that the development of an excitatory amino acid system might be affected differently depending on the nicotine exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute for Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Bukgu, Kwangju, Korea.
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19
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Tyrpień K, Bodzek P, Mańka G. Application of planar chromatography to the determination of cotinine in urine of active and passive smoking pregnant women. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:50-5. [PMID: 11180301 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A quick and economical method for the determination of nicotine and its main metabolite-cotinine in urine from smoking and passively smoking pregnant women is proposed using TLC-densitometry. Chromatographic separations were performed on the plates coated with silica gel bound with C-18 alkyl chains. Chromatograms were developed using a mixture of acetonitrile and water (88 + 12, v/v) in a horizontal chamber. Visualization was carried out under UV illumination at lambda = 254 nm and then cotinine was quantified by the use of densitometer in reflectance mode at lambda = 260 nm. Nicotine was identified after derivatization with Dragendorff reagent under visible light. The results of nicotine and cotinine analysis were verified by questionnaires obtained from pregnant women according to their age and smoking status correlated with spontaneous abortion frequency and child death rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tyrpień
- Silesian Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Chemistry, 41-808 Zabrze, Jordana 19, Poland
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20
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Palmer ME, Smith RF, Chambers K, Tetler LW. Separation of nicotine metabolites by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:224-231. [PMID: 11180554 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20010215)15:3<224::aid-rcm213>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CZE/MS) has been demonstrated, in principle, for the separation of nicotine and nicotine metabolites. The buffer system developed for separation and detection by CZE/UV was modified for use in CZE/MS analysis. Several of the metabolites are isobaric and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) techniques have been used to differentiate such analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Palmer
- Division of Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard St., Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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21
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Bazylak G, Brózik H, Sabanty W. HPTLC screening assay for urinary cotinine as biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among male adolescents. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2000; 24:113-23. [PMID: 11108545 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(00)00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For selective screening determination of urinary cotinine, i.e. (S)-1-methyl-5-(3-pyridyl)-2-pyrrolidinone, the major metabolite of nicotine, the high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method have been proposed. Prior the final HPTLC analysis the procedure required a solid-phase extraction (SPE) of cotinine from collected urine samples with 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone as an internal standard. Densitometrical quantitation of cotinine on the chromatograms have been performed with a 16-grayscale scanner using the specialized software implemented on a desktop microcomputer. The lower detection limit of cotinine was 6 microg/l allowing the method to be applied for the measurement a concentration of this compound in urine samples collected from 35 elementary schoolboys exposed on both moderate and/or significant ETS. The mean recovery of cotinine from urine samples was 93%. The mean intra-day accuracy for the analysis of cotinine in range 6-750 microg/l. including four paralell measurements, was 2.9 %. The results of cotinine measurements by proposed SPE-HPTLC procedure were used in the pilot studies for assessment of hazard from home ETS on the health status of elementary schoolboys, especially an increased risk for infectious respiratory track diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bazylak
- Department of General Chemistry Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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22
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Tyrpień K, Wielkoszyński T, Janoszka B, Dobosz C, Bodzek D, Steplewski Z. Application of liquid separation techniques to the determination of the main urinary nicotine metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2000; 870:29-38. [PMID: 10722059 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A rapid procedure for the analysis of the main nicotine metabolites (cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) in urine has been worked out. The procedure includes isolation of nicotine and its metabolites from urine by means solid-liquid extraction technique using resin Amberlite XAD-2 and then quantitation by the use of thin-layer chromatography with densitometry (in reflection mode). GC-MS was applied to confirm the results obtained by TLC. The procedure was applied to the analysis of cotinine concentrations in urine samples taken from children living in Upper Silesia region (Poland). Among 444 investigated children we did not find cotinine almost in 60% but in 15% of this population, there were children who could have been exposed to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tyrpień
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Silesian Medical School, Zabrze, Poland
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23
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DE ORSI D, GAGLIARDI L, BOLASCO A, TONELLI D. HPLC Determination of 6-Methylcoumarin and 3-Pyridine Methanol in Toiletries for Oral Hygiene. ANAL SCI 2000. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.16.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela DE ORSI
- Laboratorio di Chimica del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Luigi GAGLIARDI
- Laboratorio di Chimica del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Adriana BOLASCO
- Laboratorio di Chimica del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
| | - Domenica TONELLI
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna
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24
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Galanti LM, Dell'Omo J, Vanbeckbergen D, Dubois P, Masson PL, Cambiaso CL. Particle counting immunoassay for urinary cotinine. Comparison with chromatography, enzyme-linked immunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37:729-34. [PMID: 10510730 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1999.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Urinary cotinine was measured according to its inhibitory activity on the agglutination of cotinine-coated latex particles by anti-cotinine antibodies, the agglutination being measured by optical counting of the remaining non-agglutinated particles (particle counting, PaC). The detection limit was 0.03 microgram/ml and the practical range extended from 0.03 to 3.9 micrograms/ml. The correlation results of 320 urine samples with those of high pressure liquid chromatography, enzyme-linked (Coti-Tracq EIA, Serex Inc., Maywood, NJ, USA), and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (TDX instrument, Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA) were r = 0.90, r = 0.69, r = 0.87, respectively, whereas the correlation coefficients between the assays other than particle counting ranged from 0.62 to 0.88. PaC does not require any separation step and can thus be easily automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Galanti
- Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital of Mont-Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium.
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25
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Ji AJ, Lawson GM, Anderson R, Dale LC, Croghan IT, Hurt RD. A New Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Determination of Total and Free trans-3′-Hydroxycotinine and Cotinine in the Urine of Subjects Receiving Transdermal Nicotine. Clin Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/45.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstracttrans-3′-Hydroxycotinine (THOC) has been recognized as the most abundant metabolite of nicotine. In an attempt to assess THOC and cotinine (COT) concentrations during nicotine transdermal therapy, we developed a new quantitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for simultaneous determination of total and free THOC and COT in human urine. The method utilizes the following: (a) hydrolysis of conjugated THOC and COT by β-glucuronidase; (b) basic extraction of THOC and COT with mixed dichloromethane and n-butyl acetate; (c) derivatization of THOC with bis(trimethylflurosilyl)acetamide; and (d) separation and identification by GC–MS with selective ion monitoring. Lower limits of quantification for the assay were 50 and 20 μg/L for THOC and COT, respectively. The intra- and interassay CVs were 4.4% and 11% for THOC, and 3.9% and 10% for COT at 1000 μg/L. The results from six consecutive 24-h urine collections in 71 subjects administered daily transdermal nicotine doses of 11, 22, and 44 mg showed that, on average, free THOC was 76% of total THOC and free COT was 48% of total COT in all subjects. THOC is the major metabolite of nicotine and constitutes 20% of total nicotine intake at steady state, whereas urinary nicotine and COT excretion were 8% and 17%, respectively. The method is useful for simultaneous determination of free and total THOCand COT and can be used to assess the urinary excretion of these metabolites during transdermal nicotine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allena J Ji
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and
| | | | | | - Lowell C Dale
- Nicotine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | | | - Richard D Hurt
- Nicotine Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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26
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Oddoze C, Pauli AM, Pastor J. Rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nicotine and cotinine in nonsmoker human and rat urines. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 708:95-101. [PMID: 9653951 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with paired-ion and UV detection has been developed for the rapid quantification of urinary nicotine and cotinine. A one-step solid-liquid extraction on Extrelut was used. Separation from endogenous substances was achieved with a decreasing flow-rate. With 20 ml of urine for extraction, the limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/ml for cotinine and 5 ng/ml for nicotine; linearity was obtained from 50 to 5000 ng/ml. The intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were less than 9% for cotinine and 30% for nicotine. Average recoveries for cotinine were 92-100% and 47-86% for nicotine. The present method was applied to the urine analysis of smokers, nonsmoker children, and experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oddoze
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
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27
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Baranowski J, Pochopień G, Baranowska I. Determination of nicotine, cotinine and caffeine in meconium using high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 707:317-21. [PMID: 9613966 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with diode-array detection for the determination of nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and caffeine, in meconium is described. This method is suitable to assess foetus exposure to tobacco smoke. The analytes were extracted by solid-phase extraction before chromatography. From among 30 meconium samples 11 were positive for cotinine (20-86 ng/g) and 27 for caffeine (10-45 ng/g). No nicotine was present in the samples because of its rapid metabolism into cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baranowski
- Neonatal Pathology Clinic, Silesian Medical University, Zabrze, Poland
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28
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Dash AK, Wong ST. Liquid chromatographic method for the determination of nicotine in pharmaceutical formulations. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Xu AS, Peng LL, Havel JA, Petersen ME, Fiene JA, Hulse JD. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization interface. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 682:249-57. [PMID: 8844417 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a sensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS-MS) method capable of quantifying nicotine down to 1 ng/ml and cotinine to 10 ng/ml from 1.0 ml of human plasma. The method was validated over linear ranges of 1.0-50.0 ng/ml for nicotine and 10.0-500.0 ng/ml for cotinine, using deuterated internal standards. Compounds were simply extracted from alkalinized human heparinized plasma with methylene chloride, reconstituted into a solution of acetonitrile, methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (53:32:15, v/v) after the organic phase was dried down, and analyzed on the LC-MS-MS, which is a PE Sciex API III system equipped with a Keystone BDS Hypersil CI8 column and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. The between-run precision and accuracy of the calibration standards were < or = 6.42% relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and < or = 11.8% relative error (R.E.) for both nicotine and cotinine. The between-run and within-run precision and accuracy of quality controls, (2.5, 15.0, 37.5 ng/ml for nicotine and 25.0, 150.0, 375.0 ng/ml for cotinine), were < or = 6.34% R.S.D. and < or = 7.62% R.E. for both analytes. Sample stabilities in chromatography, in processing and in biological matrix were also investigated. This method has been applied to pharmacokinetic analysis of nicotine and cotinine in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Xu
- Harris Laboratories, Lincoln, NE 68502, USA
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30
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Hee J, Callais F, Momas I, Laurent AM, Min S, Molinier P, Chastagnier M, Claude JR, Festy B. Smokers' behaviour and exposure according to cigarette yield and smoking experience. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1995; 52:195-203. [PMID: 7501665 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(95)00089-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of cigarette yield and length of smoking experience on smoking behaviour and biomarker levels was sought in 108 smokers who have never changed cigarette class. Smoking parameters carboxyhaemoglobin percentage (COHb), urinary nicotine, and its metabolites, mutagens, and thioethers were measured. Cigarette yield does not affect daily consumption or smoke volume puffed per cigarette. But the inhalation depth increases with decreasing cigarette yield and with length of smoking habit. The COHb level after the first cigarette in the morning increases significantly with CO cigarette yield and length of smoking experience. In the evening, only the cigarette yield has an effect on COHb level. Biomarker levels excreted in urine are generally lower for females than for males. They tend to increase with smoking history. Only COHb level and total urinary nicotine metabolites (Barlow index) are weakly correlated with cigarette yield. The absence of significant differences due to cigarette class in urinary biomarkers can be explained by changes in inhalation depth, individual differences of metabolism, and limited specificity of some markers (mutagens, thioethers).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hee
- Seita Centre de Recherche, Fleury les Aubrais, France
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31
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Issaq HJ, Chan KC, Muschik GM, Janini GM. Applications of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography in Cancer Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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32
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Reynolds J, Albazi SJ. Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine and Cotinine in Untreated Human Urine by Micellar Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079508009255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Nicotine metabolism is exceedingly sensitive to perturbation by numerous host factors. To reduce the large variations and discrepancies in the literature pertaining to nicotine metabolism, investigators in future studies need to recognize and better control these host factors. Recent advances in the understanding of nicotine metabolism have suggested new approaches to elucidating underlying mechanisms of certain toxic effects associated with cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Seaton
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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34
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Seaton M, Vesell E, Luo H, Hawes E. Identification of radiolabeled metabolites of nicotine in rat bile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80075-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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