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Lin HL, Mohamed Shukri FN, Yih ES, Sha GH, Jing GS, Jin GW, Hoong CW, Ying CQ, Panda BP, Candasamy M, Bhattamisra SK. Newer therapeutic approaches towards the management of diabetes mellitus: an update. Panminerva Med 2023; 65:362-375. [PMID: 31663302 DOI: 10.23736/s0031-0808.19.03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition characterized by an elevation of blood glucose levels, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The prevalence of the disease has been rapidly rising all over the globe at an alarming rate. Despite advances in the management of diabetes mellitus, it remains a growing epidemic that has become a significant public health burden due to its high healthcare costs and its complications. There is no cure has yet been found for the disease, however, treatment modalities include insulin and antidiabetic agents along with lifestyle modifications are still the mainstay of therapy for diabetes mellitus. The treatment spectrum for the management of diabetes mellitus has rapidly developed in recent years, with new class of therapeutics and expanded indications. This article focused on the emerging therapeutic approaches other than the conventional pharmacological therapies, which include stem cell therapy, gene therapy, siRNA, nanotechnology and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng L Lin
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Eric S Yih
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace H Sha
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Grace S Jing
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gan W Jin
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chow W Hoong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choong Q Ying
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bibhu P Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University, Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat K Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia -
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Mutlu-Agardan NB, Han S. In vitro and in vivo evaluations on nanoparticle and phospholipid hybrid nanoparticles with absorption enhancers for oral insulin delivery. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 26:157-166. [PMID: 33183103 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1849282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of peptide and proteins is challenging due to their poor physical and chemical stability which usually results in inadequate therapeutic efficacy. Nanoparticles encapsulating insulin was developed by the ionic gelation technique using sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin as an anionic linker. Phospholipid hybrid nanoparticles were formulated by utilizing ionic gelation and thin-film hydration methods using D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, sodium deoxycholate separately and in combination to take the advantage of liposomes and nanoparticles also various absorption enhancement mechanisms. All formulations were characterized and tested for in vitro gastrointestinal stability, in vitro drug release, and cytotoxicity. On the other hand, in vivo effects of developed formulations on reducing blood glucose levels were monitored for 8 hours. Phospholipid hybrid nanoparticles including D-α-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and sodium deoxycholate in combination with 548.7 nm particle size, 0.332 polydispersity index, 22.0 mV zeta potential, and 61.9% encapsulation efficiency, exhibited desired gastrointestinal stability and insulin release in vitro. In addition, the formulation proved its safety with cytotoxicity studies on L929 cells. The subjected phospholipid hybrid nanoparticle formulation was found to be the most effective formulation by reducing and maintaining blood glucose levels with avoiding fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Basaran Mutlu-Agardan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Han
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Lamson NG, Berger A, Fein KC, Whitehead KA. Anionic nanoparticles enable the oral delivery of proteins by enhancing intestinal permeability. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 4:84-96. [PMID: 31686002 PMCID: PMC7461704 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The oral delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins is prevented by the intestinal epithelial barrier, in which intercellular tight junction complexes block the uptake of macromolecules. Here we show that anionic nanoparticles induce tight junction relaxation, increasing intestinal permeability and enabling the oral delivery of proteins. This permeation-enhancing effect is a function of nanoparticle size and charge, with smaller (≤ 200 nm) and more negative particles (such as silica) conferring enhanced permeability. In healthy mice, silica nanoparticles enabled the oral delivery of insulin and exenatide, with 10 U kg-1 orally delivered insulin sustaining hypoglycaemia for a few hours longer than a 1 U kg-1 dose of subcutaneously injected insulin. In healthy, hyperglycaemic and diabetic mice, the oral delivery of 10 U kg-1 insulin led to a dose-adjusted bioactivity of, respectively, 35%, 29% and 23% that of the subcutaneous injection of 1 U kg-1 insulin. The permeation-enhancing effect of the nanoparticles was reversible, non-toxic, and attributable to the binding to integrins on the surface of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Lamson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adrian Berger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Ukai H, Kawagoe A, Sato E, Morishita M, Katsumi H, Yamamoto A. Propylene Glycol Caprylate as a Novel Potential Absorption Enhancer for Improving the Intestinal Absorption of Insulin: Efficacy, Safety, and Absorption-Enhancing Mechanisms. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:1483-1492. [PMID: 31884013 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sodium caprate (C10) acts as an absorption enhancer. However, the absorption-enhancing effects of compounds with structures similar to C10 have not been characterized. In the present study, insulin was used as a model drug. We examined the effects of C10 and its related compounds on intestinal absorption of insulin using an in situ closed loop in rats. Insulin absorption was significantly enhanced by propylene glycol caprylate (Sefsol-218), a C10-related compound, after large intestinal administration. In addition, activity of lactate dehydrogenase did not increase in the intestinal epithelium in the presence of Sefsol-218 at concentrations equivalent to or lower than 1% (v/v). However, a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity was observed in response to C10. These findings suggested that Sefsol-218 was safer than C10. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that increased membrane fluidity and loosening of tight junctions (TJs) might be underlying mechanisms by which this compound improved intestinal absorption of insulin. Furthermore, Sefsol-218 opened TJs by reducing the expression of claudin-4, which is a major TJ protein. These findings suggested that Sefsol-218 effectively enhanced intestinal insulin absorption without causing serious damage to the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ukai
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Arisa Kawagoe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Erika Sato
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Masaki Morishita
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Patil S, Narvekar A, Puranik A, Jain R, Dandekar P. Formulation of Therapeutic Proteins: Strategies for Developing Oral Protein Formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527812172.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Quan NV, Xuan TD, Tran HD, Ahmad A, Khanh TD, Dat TD. Contribution of momilactones A and B to diabetes inhibitory potential of rice bran: Evidence from in vitro assays. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:643-649. [PMID: 31297018 PMCID: PMC6598221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was the first to detect the presence of the two compounds momilactone A (MA) and momilactone B (MB) in rice bran using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS). By in vitro assays, both MA and MB exhibited potent inhibitory activities on pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase which were significantly higher than γ-oryzanol, a well-known diabetes inhibitor. Remarkably, MA and MB indicated an effective inhibition on trypsin with the IC50 values of 921.55 and 884.03 µg/mL, respectively. By high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), quantities of MA (6.65 µg/g dry weight) and MB (6.24 µg/g dry weight) in rice bran were determined. Findings of this study revealed the α-amylase, α-glucosidase and trypsin inhibitors MA and MB contributed an active role to the diabetes inhibitory potential of rice bran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Quan
- Division of Development Technology, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC), Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Tran Dang Xuan
- Division of Development Technology, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC), Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan
| | - Hoang-Dung Tran
- Department of Biotechnology, NTT Institute of Hi-Technology, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 298A-300A Nguyen Tat Thanh Street,Ward 13, District 4, Ho Chi Minh 72820, Viet Nam
| | - Ateeque Ahmad
- Process Chemistry and Technology Department, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226016, India
| | - Tran Dang Khanh
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, Pham Van Dong Street, Hanoi 122000, Viet Nam
- Center for Expert, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Viet Nam
| | - Tran Dang Dat
- Khai Xuan International Co. Ltd., Ha Dong District, Duong Noi Ward, LK20A-20B, Khai Xuan Building, Hanoi 152611, Viet Nam
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Challenges in oral peptide delivery: lessons learnt from the clinic and future prospects. Ther Deliv 2018; 8:663-684. [PMID: 28730934 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2017-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides have become very successful drugs due to their specificity, potency and low toxicity, but they show challenges for their delivery, due to their short half-life and rapid plasma clearance. For these reasons, peptides are usually administered using injectable sustained-release formulations. Oral peptide route is highly compelling from a patient and commercial point of view. However, poor peptide stability and low permeability across the intestinal epithelium still make it very challenging to effectively deliver peptides by the oral route. In this paper, biopharmaceutical and formulation features of oral peptides, as well as key clinical outcomes, are reviewed and discussed in the perspective of designing next generation of oral peptide formulations for a true paradigm shift.
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Malhaire H, Gimel JC, Roger E, Benoît JP, Lagarce F. How to design the surface of peptide-loaded nanoparticles for efficient oral bioavailability? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:320-336. [PMID: 27058155 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of proteins is a current challenge to be faced in the field of therapeutics. There is currently much interest in nanocarriers since they can enhance oral bioavailability. For lack of a clear definition, the key characteristics of nanoparticles have been highlighted. Specific surface area is one of these characteristics and represents a huge source of energy that can be used to control the biological fate of the carrier. The review discusses nanocarrier stability, mucus interaction and absorption through the intestinal epithelium. The protein corona, which has raised interest over the last decade, is also discussed. The universal ideal surface is a myth and over-coated carriers are not a solution either. Besides, common excipients can be useful on several targets. The suitable design should rather take into account the composition, structure and behavior of unmodified nanomaterials.
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Jain A, Jain SK. L-Valine appended PLGA nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:663-76. [PMID: 25655131 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oral insulin delivery has been the major research issue, since many decades, due to several obvious advantages over other routes. However, this route poses several constraints for the delivery of peptides and proteins which are to be worked upon. The small intestine has been shown to be able to transport the L-forms of amino acids against a concentration gradient and that they compete for the mechanism concerned. So, L-valine was used as a ligand for carrier-mediated transport of insulin-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). METHODS L-Valine-conjugated PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The NPs and conjugated NPs were characterized for their size, drug entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, polydispersity index and in vitro insulin release. RESULTS Ex vivo studies on intestine revealed that conjugated nanoparticles showed greater insulin uptake as compared to non-conjugated nanoparticles. In vivo studies were performed on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rabbits. Oral suspension of insulin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles reduced blood glucose level from 265.4 ± 8.5 to 246.6 ± 2.4 mg/dL within 4 h which further decreased to 198.7 ± 7.1 mg/dL value after 8 h. The ligand-conjugated formulation on oral administration produced hypoglycaemic effect (216.9 ± 1.9 mg/dL) within 4 h of administration, and the hypoglycaemic effect prolonged till 12 h of oral administration. Simultaneously, the insulin concentration in withdrawn samples was also assessed and found that profile of insulin level is in compliance with the blood glucose reduction profile. CONCLUSIONS Hence, it is concluded that the L-valine-conjugated NPs bearing insulin are the promising carrier for the transportation of insulin across the intestine on oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Jain
- Pharmaceutics Research Projects Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, 470 003, M.P., India
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Cárdenas-Bailón F, Osorio-Revilla G, Gallardo-Velázquez T. Microencapsulation of insulin using a W/O/W double emulsion followed by complex coacervation to provide protection in the gastrointestinal tract. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:308-16. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1017619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sahu KK, Minz S, Kaurav M, Pandey RS. Proteins and peptides: The need to improve them as promising therapeutics for ulcerative colitis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:642-53. [PMID: 25379956 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.975239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly describes the nature, type and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, and explores the potential use of peptides and proteins in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis. Intestinal absorption and the barrier mechanism of peptide and protein drugs are also discussed, with special emphasis on various strategies which make these drugs better therapeutics having high specificity, potency and molecular targeting ability. However, the limitation of such therapeutics are oral administration, poor pharmacokinetic profile and decreased bioavailability. The recent findings illustrated in this review will be helpful in designing the peptide/protein drugs as a promising treatment of choice for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Sunita Minz
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Monika Kaurav
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
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A review of advanced oral drug delivery technologies facilitating the protection and absorption of protein and peptide molecules. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 32:1269-1282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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13
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Pereira de Sousa I, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Pre-systemic metabolism of orally administered drugs and strategies to overcome it. J Control Release 2014; 192:301-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cárdenas-Bailón F, Osorio-Revilla G, Gallardo-Velázquez T. Microencapsulation techniques to develop formulations of insulin for oral delivery: a review. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:409-24. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.742159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Mukhopadhyay P, Mishra R, Rana D, Kundu PP. Strategies for effective oral insulin delivery with modified chitosan nanoparticles: A review. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kowapradit J, Apirakaramwong A, Ngawhirunpat T, Rojanarata T, Sajomsang W, Opanasopit P. Methylated N-(4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl) chitosan coated liposomes for oral protein drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fukushima K, Ito Y, Ishihata M, Sugioka N, Takada K. Insulin micropiles comprising biodegradable polymers for production of a long-term hypoglycemic effect. J Drug Target 2011; 19:212-8. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2010.492521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mundargi RC, Rangaswamy V, Aminabhavi TM. pH-Sensitive oral insulin delivery systems using Eudragit microspheres. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 37:977-85. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.552908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Karstad R, Isaksen G, Brandsdal BO, Svendsen JS, Svenson J. Unnatural Amino Acid Side Chains as S1, S1′, and S2′ Probes Yield Cationic Antimicrobial Peptides with Stability toward Chymotryptic Degradation. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5558-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1006337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Karstad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Isaksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Olav Brandsdal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre and the Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Fukushima K, Yamazaki T, Hasegawa R, Ito Y, Sugioka N, Takada K. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of insulin dissolving microneedles in dogs. Diabetes Technol Ther 2010; 12:465-74. [PMID: 20470231 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2009.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study tested the hypothesis that dissolving microneedles are a useful transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) for insulin. METHODS Insulin was loaded on a patch (1.0 cm2) that had 100 dissolving microneedles with chondroitin sulfate by microfabrication technology. Pharmacodynamic evaluation was performed by applying two or four patches to the shaved abdominal skin of dogs, and blood samples were collected for 360 min to measure plasma glucose and insulin levels. In diffusion experiment, microneedles containing fluorescein isothiocyanate-insulin and/or Evans blue were administered to the rat skin, and the diffusion rates of tracers were recorded. RESULTS The mean length, diameter of basement, and drug-loaded space from the top of the microneedles were 492.6 +/- 2.4, 290.0 +/- 3.6, and 316.0 +/- 7.3 microm, respectively. The insulin content was 1.67 +/- 0.17 IU per patch. The time when the minimum plasma glucose level was obtained was 50.0 +/- 8.7 min for two-patch and 82.5 +/- 14.4 min for four-patch studies. A dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect was observed. By comparing the cumulative percentage change in the plasma glucose level between insulin microneedles and solution, the relative physiological availabilities were calculated to be 71.1 +/- 17.8% (for two patches) and 59.3 +/- 4.4% (for four patches). Bioavailabilities of insulin from microneedles were 72.1 +/- 11.6% (for two patches) and 72.4 +/- 8.3% (for four patches). High diffusion rates of fluorescein isothiocyanate-insulin and Evans blue were observed at the administered skin site and correlated well with the high absorption rate of insulin into the systemic circulation. Insulin was stable in dissolving microneedles for 1 month at 4 degrees C; the recovered percentage was 99.2 +/- 13.9%. CONCLUSIONS Dissolving microneedles were demonstrated to be a useful TDDS as an immediate-acting insulin preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Two-Layered Dissolving Microneedles for Percutaneous Delivery of Peptide/Protein Drugs in Rats. Pharm Res 2010; 28:7-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Tomar LK, Tyagi C, Lahiri SS, Singh H. Poly(PEGDMA-MAA) copolymeric micro and nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Fukushima K, Nakane H, Ohhashi Y, Ito Y, Sugioka N, Takada K. Evaluation of insulin self-dissolving micropiles by PK/PD analysis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50060-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Reis CP, Veiga FJ, Ribeiro AJ, Neufeld RJ, Damgé C. Nanoparticulate biopolymers deliver insulin orally eliciting pharmacological response. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:5290-305. [PMID: 18384153 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate a novel oral insulin nanoparticulate system based on alginate-dextran sulfate core, complexed with a chitosan-polyethylene glycol-albumin shell. Insulin-loaded nanospheres (25, 50, 100 IU/kg) administered orally to diabetic rats reduced glycemia in a dose dependent manner. This effect lasted over 24 h with a maximal effect after 14 h. Nanospheres increased insulin plasma level and improved glycemic response to an oral glucose overload. After 4 days oral administration (50 IU/kg/day), the metabolic status of diabetic rats improved with a reduction in water intake, urine excretion and proteinuria. FITC-insulin-loaded nanospheres administered to an isolated intestinal loop were taken up by the intestinal mucosa. They strongly adhered to villus apical enterocytes and markedly labeled Peyer's patches. It is concluded that nanospheres preserve insulin and exert an antidiabetic effect after oral administration. This is explained by a protective effect against proteolytic enzymes by the albumin coating, by the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-polyethylene glycol, and by the possibility of chitosan reversibly altering tight junctions leading to an improved absorption of insulin. This formulation demonstrates beneficial effects on diabetic symptoms and will be of interest in the treatment of diabetes with oral insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Kamei N, Morishita M, Chiba H, Kavimandan NJ, Peppas NA, Takayama K. Complexation hydrogels for intestinal delivery of interferon beta and calcitonin. J Control Release 2008; 134:98-102. [PMID: 19095021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that complexation hydrogels poly(methacrylic acid-g-ethylene glycol) (henceforth designated as P(MAA-g-EG)) exhibit high insulin incorporation efficiency, rapid insulin release in the intestine based on their pH-dependent complexation properties, enzyme-inhibiting effects and mucoadhesive characteristics. Therefore, they are promising carriers for insulin delivery via an oral route. As we designed these hydrogels as carriers suitable for oral administration of various peptide/protein drugs, in this study we aimed at investigating the applicability of P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogels to improving the intestinal absorption of various peptide/protein drugs. High loading efficiency into hydrogels was observed for insulin, calcitonin, and interferon beta. In addition, polymer microparticles loaded with calcitonin and interferon beta exhibited complexation/decomplexation and pH-sensitive release behavior. The molecular weight and chemical structure appeared to affect the efficiency of loading and release depending on the peptides and proteins. Furthermore, a drastic reduction of plasma calcium concentration accompanied by calcium absorption and a dose-dependent enhancement of plasma interferon beta concentration were observed after the administration of particles loaded with calcitonin or interferon beta into closed rat ileal segments. These findings indicate that P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogels are promising carriers for administration of various peptides and proteins via an oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Kamei
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
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Bernkop-Schnürch A, Gockel NC. Development and Analysis of a Polymer Protecting from Luminal Enzymatic Degradation Caused by α-Chymotrypsin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049709150544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Ito Y, Yoshimitsu JI, Shiroyama K, Sugioka N, Takada K. Self-dissolving microneedles for the percutaneous absorption of EPO in mice. J Drug Target 2008; 14:255-61. [PMID: 16882545 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600785080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) loaded microneedles were prepared using thread-forming polymer as a base for the percutaneous administration of EPO. The used polymers were dextrin, chondroitin sulfate and albumin. Under room temperature, EPO solution was added to high concentration of polymer solution and microneedles were prepared by forming thread with polypropylene tips. The mean weight of microneedle was 0.59 +/- 0.01 mg and length and basal diameter were 3.24 +/- 0.16 and 0.55 +/- 0.03 mm, respectively. Four microneedles were percutaneously (pc) administered to mice at the EPO dose levels of 100 IU/kg. After administration, blood samples were collected for 24 h and serum EPO levels were measured. Dextrin EPO microneedles were administered both pc and subcutaneously (sc) to mice. Serum EPO levels vs. time profiles showed Cmax of 138.6 +/- 16.1 and 146.5 +/- 8.0 mIU/ml, respectively. Tmax were 7.5 h. The values of bioavailability (BA) of EPO were 82.1 and 99.4%, respectively. By decreasing the dose from 100 to 50 and 25 IU/kg, dose-dependent serum EPO levels vs. time profiles were not clearly obtained. When chondroitin sulfate and albumin were used as the microneedle base, the serum EPO levels vs. time profiles showed almost the same pattern. Cmax of chondroitin sulfate and albumin microneedles were 96.3 +/- 8.8 and 132.2 +/- 18.9 mIU/ml, respectively. AUCs were 835.1 and 1098.7 mIU h/ml. Tmax were 8 and 6.8 h. These results suggest the usefulness of microneedles for the percutaneous administration of EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan.
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29
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Werle M, Samhaber A, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Degradation of teriparatide by gastro-intestinal proteolytic enzymes. J Drug Target 2008; 14:109-15. [PMID: 16753824 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600647934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone (1-34) is the first approved agent for the treatment of osteoporosis that stimulates new bone formation. Currently, the drug is administered daily by s.c. injection. Because of the obvious advantages of oral teriparatide administration, the development of such a delivery system would be of great benefit. Besides other barriers, the enzymatic barrier caused by gastro-intestinal (GI) proteolytic enzymes is believed to be responsible for negligible teriparatide oral bioavailability. It was therefore the aim of the study to evaluate the stability of teriparatide towards a variety of GI proteases under physiological conditions. Results indicate that teriparatide is entirely degraded by trypsin, chymotrypsin and pepsin within 5 min. In contrast, even after 3 h of incubation with elastase about 85% of undegraded teriparatide could still be detected. Within an incubation period of 3 h in the presence of rat small intestinal mucosa, approximately half of the teriparatide was degraded. Experiments with isolated aminopeptidase N demonstrated that this membrane bound peptidase is primarily involved in the degradation process. Results gained from and recorded in this study provide a precise characterisation of the enzymatic barrier for oral teriparatide administration and represents a prerequisite for the development of oral teriparatide delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Werle
- ThioMatrix GmbH, Research Center Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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30
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Bayat A, Dorkoosh FA, Dehpour AR, Moezi L, Larijani B, Junginger HE, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Nanoparticles of quaternized chitosan derivatives as a carrier for colon delivery of insulin: Ex vivo and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and its quaternized derivatives. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:115-20. [PMID: 18339584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin (INS), like other peptides, has low therapeutic activity when administered orally due to degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Polymeric nanoparticles have been introduced as a useful carrier for peptide oral delivery, because they can protect these compounds from degradation. The objective of the present study is to develop an INS nanoparticulate system by using chitosan (CS), triethylchitosan (TEC), and dimethyl-ethylchitosan (DMEC, a new quaternized derivative of CS). INS-polymer nanoparticles were prepared by the polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles including particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were determined by using dynamic light scattering technique. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to observe the morphology of the nanoparticles. The amount of INS loaded into the nanoparticles was determined by measuring the association efficiency and also the content of INS in the nanoparticles. In vitro release studies showed a relatively small burst effect at the beginning and then a sustained release characteristic for 5 hours.
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Woitiski CB, Carvalho RA, Ribeiro AJ, Neufeld RJ, Veiga F. Strategies Toward the Improved Oral Delivery of Insulin Nanoparticles via Gastrointestinal Uptake and Translocation. BioDrugs 2008; 22:223-37. [DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822040-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ubaidulla U, Khar RK, Ahmad FJ, Sultana Y, Panda AK. Development and characterization of chitosan succinate microspheres for the improved oral bioavailability of insulin. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:3010-23. [PMID: 17588259 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the fabrication of insulin loaded chitosan succinate microspheres to improve the efficacy of orally administered insulin. Chitosan succinate polymer was synthesized and its microspheres were prepared by emulsion phase separation technique. The microspheres were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, particle size, X-ray diffraction, and swelling index. Insulin was loaded into the microspheres by passive absorption technique. The ability of microspheres to protect insulin from gastric enzymatic degradation was investigated. Stability of insulin in the microspheres was determined by gel electrophoresis and circular dichroism (CD). In vitro release studies were performed under simulated gastric and intestinal pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 7.4). The pharmacokinetic parameters were monitored after oral administration of insulin loaded chitosan succinate microspheres, chitosan succinate-insulin solution, as well as after subcutaneous injection of insulin to diabetic rats. The degree of succinate substitution in the synthesized polymer was 16%. The prepared microspheres were spherical with an average diameter of 49 +/- 2 microm. The insulin-loading capacity was 62%. Chitosan succinate microspheres were found to protect the degradation of insulin from gastric enzymes. The encapsulated insulin was quickly released in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4), whereas a small fraction of insulin was released in simulated gastric fluid (pH 2.0). The relative pharmacological efficacy for chitosan succinate microspheres (16 +/- 4%) was almost fourfold higher than the efficacy of the chitosan succinate-insulin solution administration (4 +/- 1.5%). The results suggest that chitosan succinate microspheres could be used as a potential carrier for oral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhumansha Ubaidulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India.
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Cui FD, Tao AJ, Cun DM, Zhang LQ, Shi K. Preparation of insulin loaded PLGA-Hp55 nanoparticles for oral delivery. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:421-7. [PMID: 17051590 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to investigate the preparation of PLGA nanoparticles (PNP) and PLGA-Hp55 nanoparticles (PHNP) as potential drug carriers for oral insulin delivery. The nanoparticles were prepared by a modified emulsion solvent diffusion method in water, and their physicochemical characteristics, drug release in vitro and hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats were evaluated. The particle sizes of the PNP and PHNP were 150+/-17 and 169+/-16 nm, respectively, and the drug recoveries of the nanoparticles were 50.30+/-3.1 and 65.41+/-2.3%, respectively. The initial release of insulin from the nanoparticles in simulated gastric fluid over 1 h was 50.46+/-6.31 and 19.77+/-3.15%, respectively. The relative bioavailability of PNP and PHNP compared with subcutaneous (s.c.) injection (1 IU/kg) in diabetic rats was 3.68+/-0.29 and 6.27+/-0.42%, respectively. The results show that the use of insulin-loaded PHNP is an effective method of reducing serum glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-de Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Kumar A, Lahiri SS, Singh H. Development of PEGDMA: MAA based hydrogel microparticles for oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 2006; 323:117-24. [PMID: 16828246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An oral insulin delivery system based on copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate and methacrylic acid was developed and its functional activity was tested in non-obese diabetic rats. Poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMA) were synthesized by esterification reaction of different molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) with methacrylic acid (MAA) in presence of acid catalyst. PEG dimethacrylates of molecular weight ranging from 400 to 4000 and methacrylic acid were further copolymerized by suspension polymerization to obtain pH sensitive hydrogel microparticles. The diameter of poly(PEGDMA:MAA) microparticles increased with increasing the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate used for respective microparticle synthesis. Insulin was loaded into the hydrogel microparticles by partitioning from concentrated insulin solution. In vitro release studies of insulin loaded microparticles were performed by simulating the condition of gastrointestinal tract, which showed the minimal insulin leakage (18-25%) at acidic pH (2.5) and significantly higher release at basic pH (7.4). Animal studies were carried out to investigate the abilities of the insulin loaded hydrogel microparticles to influence the blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats. In studies with diabetic rats, the blood glucose level reduced for animals that received the insulin loaded hydrogel microparticles and the effect lasted for 8-10h. It was also observed, two capsules per day of poly(PEGDMA4000:MAA) hydrogel microparticles containing 80 I.U./kg of insulin dose were sufficient to control the blood glucose level of fed diabetic rats between 100 and 300 mg/dl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
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Ito Y, Hagiwara E, Saeki A, Sugioka N, Takada K. Feasibility of microneedles for percutaneous absorption of insulin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 29:82-8. [PMID: 16828268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin loaded microneedles were prepared using dextrin as the base for the percutaneous administration of insulin. Under room temperature, insulin solution was added to high concentration of dextrin solution, glue, and microneedles were prepared by forming thread with polypropylene tips. The mean weight of the microneedles was 0.59+/-0.01 (S.E.) mg. The mean length and basal diameter were 3.24+/-0.16 and 0.55+/-0.03 mm, respectively. Five microneedles were percutaneously administered to mice at the insulin dose levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5IU/kg. After administration, blood samples were collected for 5 h and plasma glucose levels were measured. Lowest plasma glucose level appeared at 1 h after the administration of microneedles and dose-dependent hypoglycemic effect of insulin was clearly observed in those dose range. By comparing the mean area above the plasma glucose level versus time curve (AAC) between microneedle preparation and i.v. solution, the pharmacological availabilities were calculated to be 97.7% (0.5IU/kg), 93.3% (1.0IU/kg) and 91.3% (2.5IU/kg), respectively. When highly loaded insulin loaded microneedle was administered to mice with one microneedle, there was not a significant difference on the plasma glucose level versus time curves between 5 and 1 microneedle experiments. In vitro release study showed that almost all of the formulated insulin was released within 1 h. The T50% was estimated to be 15.4+/-1.1 min. Stability of insulin in the microneedle preparations showed that the remaining insulin after 1 month of the storage were 98.2% (-80 degrees C), 98.9% (20 degrees C) and 99.0% (40 degrees C). Evans blue (EB) loaded microneedles were also prepared and histological study was performed with HWY-Slc hairless rats. The diffusion of EB from the microneedle to the environmental skin reached to the maximum at 3 h after administration. The scab was formed at 24 h after administration. The wound formed by the administration of microneedle was cured at 72 h after administration. Those results suggest the usefulness of a self-dissolving microneedle for the percutaneous delivery of peptide/protein drugs like insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
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37
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Reis CP, Neufeld RJ, Ribeiro AJ, Veiga F. Nanoencapsulation II. Biomedical applications and current status of peptide and protein nanoparticulate delivery systems. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2006; 2:53-65. [PMID: 17292116 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of polymeric nanoparticles for the design of new drug delivery systems emerged a few years ago, and recent rapid advances in nanotechnology have offered a wealth of new opportunities for diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. Recent progress has made possible the engineering of nanoparticles to allow the site-specific delivery of drugs and to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of numerous compounds with biomedical applications such as peptide and protein drugs. Biologically active peptides and their analogues are becoming an increasingly important class of drugs. Their use for human and animal treatment is problematic, however, because some of these drugs are generally ineffective when taken orally and thus have been administered chiefly by the parenteral route. This review covers some of the historical and recent advances of nanotechnology and concludes that polymeric nanoparticles show great promise as a tool for the development of peptide drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pinto Reis
- Laboratorio Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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38
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Werle M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Strategies to improve plasma half life time of peptide and protein drugs. Amino Acids 2006; 30:351-67. [PMID: 16622600 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the obvious advantages of long-acting peptide and protein drugs, strategies to prolong plasma half life time of such compounds are highly on demand. Short plasma half life times are commonly due to fast renal clearance as well as to enzymatic degradation occurring during systemic circulation. Modifications of the peptide/protein can lead to prolonged plasma half life times. By shortening the overall amino acid amount of somatostatin and replacing L: -analogue amino acids with D: -amino acids, plasma half life time of the derivate octreotide was 1.5 hours in comparison to only few minutes of somatostatin. A PEG(2,40 K) conjugate of INF-alpha-2b exhibited a 330-fold prolonged plasma half life time compared to the native protein. It was the aim of this review to provide an overview of possible strategies to prolong plasma half life time such as modification of N- and C-terminus or PEGylation as well as methods to evaluate the effectiveness of drug modifications. Furthermore, fundamental data about most important proteolytic enzymes of human blood, liver and kidney as well as their cleavage specificity and inhibitors for them are provided in order to predict enzymatic cleavage of peptide and protein drugs during systemic circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Werle
- ThioMatrix GmbH, Research Center Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Morishita M, Goto T, Takayama K, Peppas N. Oral insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(06)50003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goto T, Morishita M, Nishimura K, Nakanishi M, Kato A, Ehara J, Takayama K. Novel Mucosal Insulin Delivery Systems Based on Fusogenic Liposomes. Pharm Res 2006; 23:384-91. [PMID: 16382280 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Accepted: 10/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fusogenic liposomes (FLs) are unique delivery vehicles capable of introducing their contents directly into the cytoplasm with the aid of envelope glycoproteins of Sendai virus (SeV). The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of FL to improve the mucosal absorption of insulin from rat intestinal membranes. METHOD The FLs containing insulin were prepared by fusing insulin-loaded liposomes with inactivated SeV particles and were administered directly into the ileal, the colonic, and the rectal loops (10 IU/kg). RESULTS The FL successfully enhanced the insulin absorption and induced a significant hypoglycemic effect following the colonic and the rectal administration without detectable mucosal damage. This enhancing effect of insulin absorption was further improved by increasing the amount of insulin loaded in the FL and by coencapsulating insulin-degrading enzyme inhibitor. In contrast, the insulin absorption was not increased by the ileal administration of FL because the mucous/glycocalyx layers overlaid on the ileal epithelium impede the fusion of FL to the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that FL is a useful carrier for improving the absorption of poorly absorbable drugs, such as insulin, via the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Goto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Novel oral insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels: single and multiple administration studies in type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. J Control Release 2005; 110:587-94. [PMID: 16325951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-loaded polymer microparticles (ILP) composed of crosslinked poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol) are multi-functional carriers showing high insulin incorporation efficiency, a rapid insulin release in the intestine based on their pH-dependent complexation properties, enzyme-inhibiting effects and mucoadhesive characteristics. Thus, they are potential carriers for insulin delivery via an oral route. Recent studies suggest that the polymer composition and particle size of ILP strongly influenced insulin bioavailability. Therefore, the present study aimed at finding an optimal formulation and designing carriers for oral insulin delivery using in vivo experiments. Various types of ILPs were prepared and administered orally to healthy and type 1 and 2 diabetic rats. The most promising formulation was subsequently used for in vivo multiple oral administration studies using diabetic rats. The microparticles of diameters of <53 microm (SS-ILP) composed of a 1:1 molar ratio of methacrylic acid/ethylene glycol units showed the most pronounced hypoglycaemic effects following oral administration to healthy rats, achieving a 9.5% pharmacological availability compared to subcutaneous insulin injection. Their usefulness was also confirmed with both type 1 and 2 diabetic rat groups. In a multiple administration study, SS-ILP significantly suppressed the postprandial rise in blood glucose and showed continuous hypoglycaemic effects following 3 times/day oral administration to both diabetic rat groups in the presence of foods. These results indicate that the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats can be effectively controlled by oral SS-ILP administration, and thus SS-ILP would be a promising delivery carrier of insulin via the oral route.
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Krauland AH, Guggi D, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Oral insulin delivery: the potential of thiolated chitosan-insulin tablets on non-diabetic rats. J Control Release 2005; 95:547-55. [PMID: 15023465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of this study to develop a delivery system providing an improved efficacy of orally administered insulin utilizing a thiolated polymer. 2-Iminothiolane was covalently linked to chitosan. The resulting chitosan-TBA (chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine) conjugate exhibited 453.5+/-64.1 micromol thiol groups per gram polymer. 3.1% of these thiol groups were oxidised. Additionally, the enzyme inhibitors BBI (Bowman-Birk-Inhibitor) and elastatinal were covalently linked to chitosan representing 3.5+/-0.1% and 0.5+/-0.03% of the total weight of the resulting polymer conjugate, respectively. Chitosan-TBA conjugate (5 mg), insulin (2.75 mg), the permeation mediator reduced glutathione (0.75 mg) and the two inhibitor conjugates (in each case 0.75 mg) were compressed to so-called chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets. Control tablets consisted of unmodified chitosan (7.25 mg) and insulin (2.75 mg). Chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets showed a controlled release of insulin over 8 h. In vitro mucoadhesion studies showed that the mucoadhesive/cohesive properties of chitosan were at least 60-fold improved by the immobilisation of thiol groups on the polymer. After oral administration of chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets to non-diabetic conscious rats, the blood glucose level decreased significantly for 24 h corresponding to a pharmacological efficacy of 1.69+/-0.42% (means+/-S.D.; n=6) versus s.c. injection. In contrast, neither control tablets nor insulin given in solution showed a comparable effect. According to these results the combination of chitosan-TBA, chitosan-enzyme-inhibitor conjugates and reduced glutathione seems to represent a promising strategy for the oral application of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Krauland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria/Europe
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Morishita M, Goto T, Peppas NA, Joseph JI, Torjman MC, Munsick C, Nakamura K, Yamagata T, Takayama K, Lowman AM. Mucosal insulin delivery systems based on complexation polymer hydrogels: effect of particle size on insulin enteral absorption. J Control Release 2004; 97:115-24. [PMID: 15147809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-loaded polymer (ILP) microparticles composed of poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol), which have pH-dependent complexation and mucoadhesive properties have been thought to be potential carriers for insulin via an oral route. Nevertheless, further optimization of the polymer delivery system is required to improve clinical application. Therefore, the effect of particle size of the ILP (L-ILP: 180-230 microm, S-ILP: 43-89 microm, SS-ILP: <43 microm) on insulin absorption was studied in the in situ loop system, hypothesizing smaller particle sizes of ILP could induce bigger hypoglycemic effects due to increase mucoadhesive capacity. To verify the hypothesis, the adhesive capacities of differently sized ILPs to the mucosal tissues were evaluated. Additionally, the intestinal site-specificity of ILP for insulin absorption was investigated. Intra- and inter-cellular integrity and/or damage were also examined by lactate dehydrogenase leakage and membrane electrical resistance change to ensure the safety of ILP as a carrier for oral route. As hypothesized, the smaller sized microparticles (SS-ILP) showed a rapid burst-type insulin release and higher insulin absorption compared with the microparticles having larger sizes, resulting in greater hypoglycemic effects without detectable mucosal damage. In fact, SS-ILP demonstrated higher mucoadhesive capacity to the jejunum and the ileum than those of L-ILP. Moreover, SS-ILP's enhancement effect of insulin mucosal absorption showed a site-specificity, demonstrating maximum effect at the ileal segment. These results imply that the particle size and delivery site are very important factors for ILP with respect to increasing the bioavailability of insulin following oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Morishita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
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Lowman AM, Dziubla TD, Bures P, Peppas NA. STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF NEUTRAL AND INTELLIGENT NETWORKS IN BIOMEDICAL ENVIRONMENTS. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FOUNDATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(03)29004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Katayama K, Kato Y, Onishi H, Nagai T, Machida Y. Double liposomes: hypoglycemic effects of liposomal insulin on normal rats. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2003; 29:725-31. [PMID: 12906329 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-120021771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical characteristics of double liposomes (DLs) containing insulin were examined, and the usefulness of DLs in combination with aprotinin is discussed. Encapsulation of insulin was influenced by lipid composition, and the highest efficiency was observed with positively charged liposomes. Insulin encapsulated in liposomes, especially in DLs, was protected from enzymatic proteolysis. A portion of insulin molecules was adsorbed on the surface of the membrane when liposomes were prepared using a lipid with a positive charge and was degraded by enzymes. Remarkable hypoglycemic effects were observed after intragastric administration of DLs containing insulin at a dose of 20 IU/kg to normal male Wistar rats. The highest mean relative efficacy to administration was obtained with insulin-loading DLs containing aprotinin as a protease inhibitor. These results suggest that DLs are applicable as an oral dosage form for peptide drugs such as insulin etc., especially in combination with protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Katayama
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Agarwal V, Reddy IK, Khan MA. Polymethyacrylate based microparticulates of insulin for oral delivery: preparation and in vitro dissolution stability in the presence of enzyme inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2001; 225:31-9. [PMID: 11489552 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to (a) evaluate the coprecipitation technique for preparing microparticulates of insulin, (b) study the effect of variables such as addition of salts in the precipitating medium and ratio of polymeric solution to volume of precipitating medium on the dissolution and encapsulation efficiency of insulin microparticulates, and (c) evaluate the in-vitro enzymatic dissolution stability of insulin microparticulates in the presence of chicken ovomucoid (CkOVM) and duck ovomucoid (DkOVM) as inhibitors. Insulin dissolved in 0.01 N HCl was mixed with alcohol USP to get a final concentration of 32% v/v. Eudragit L100, a representative polymethyacrylate polymer, was then dissolved in this solution which was transferred to a beaker containing cold water with homogenization to obtain microparticulates. Dissolution studies were carried out in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using a 100-ml conversion kit in a standard dissolution assembly. Dissolution stability of microparticulates was evaluated in the presence of 0.5 microM trypsin and 0.l microM chymotrypsin at various ratios of CkOVM and DkOVM. The results indicated that insulin microparticulates could be prepared using the coprecipitation technique with high encapsulation efficiency by proper selection of experimental conditions and amount of polymer. Presence of salts in the precipitating medium decreased the dissolution of insulin from the microparticulates. As the ratio of precipitating medium with respect to the polymeric solution was increased, the encapsulation efficiency increased. In dissolution stability experiments, insulin was not detected in the presence of enzymes alone. When CkOVM and DkOVM were incorporated, the stability of insulin increased significantly in a concentration dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University HSC, School of Pharmacy, 1300 Coulter, Suite 400, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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47
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Sakuma S, Hayashi M, Akashi M. Design of nanoparticles composed of graft copolymers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 47:21-37. [PMID: 11251243 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(00)00119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of a dosage form that improves the absorption of peptide and protein drugs via the gastrointestinal tract is one of the greatest challenges in the pharmaceutical field. Many researchers have taken up the challenge, using approaches including mucoadhesive drug delivery, colon delivery, particulate drug delivery such as nanoparticles, microcapsules, liposomes, emulsions, micelles, and so on. The objective of this article is to provide the reader with outlines of novel nanoparticle technologies for oral peptide delivery based on polymer chemistry. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and their behavior on exposure to physiological media are greatly dominated by their chemical structures and surface characteristics. We will especially focus on the design of nanoparticles composed of novel graft copolymers having a hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic branches as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakuma
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 16-13 Kita-Kasai, 1-Chome, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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48
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Marschütz MK, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Oral peptide drug delivery: polymer-inhibitor conjugates protecting insulin from enzymatic degradation in vitro. Biomaterials 2000; 21:1499-507. [PMID: 10872779 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A drug-carrier matrix has been developed which protects embedded insulin from degradation by the luminally secreted serine-proteases trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) and elastase (EC 3.4.21.36) in vitro. Increasing amounts of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) and elastatinal, respectively, were thereby covalently bound to the mucoadhesive polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC). The inhibitory efficacy of resulting polymers was evaluated. On the one hand, all polymer-BBI conjugates showed a strong inhibitory activity towards trypsin and chymotrypsin whereas it was markedly lower towards elastase. The polymer-elastatinal conjugates, on the other hand, displayed a comparatively higher inhibitory activity towards elastase. In an artificial intestinal fluid containing trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase in physiological concentrations insulin, being incorporated in unmodified Na-CMC, was rapidly degraded at 37 degrees C. Within 1 h 98.7 +/- 0.4% (mean +/- SD, n = 3) of the peptide drug were thereby metabolized. On the contrary, the incorporation of insulin in a mixture of the two polymer-inhibitor conjugates CMC-BBI (40%; w/w) and CMC-elastatinal conjugate (60%; w/w) led to a peptide degradation of 22.3 +/- 2.5% (mean +/- SD, n = 3) within the same time period. Even after 4 h of incubation, 33.6 +/- 3.2% (mean +/- SD, n = 3) of the therapeutic agent remained stable towards enzymatic attack. Hence, the polymer-inhibitor conjugates described in this study seem to be a useful tool in overcoming the luminal enzymatic barrier in peroral insulin delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Marschütz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Austria
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Morishita M, Kajita M, Suzuki A, Takayama K, Chiba Y, Tokiwa S, Nagai T. The dose-related hypoglycemic effects of insulin emulsions incorporating highly purified EPA and DHA. Int J Pharm 2000; 201:175-85. [PMID: 10878324 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The dose-related pharmacological effects of insulin emulsion incorporating highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were investigated. Water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions (insulin dose, 0, 10, 25 and 50 IU/kg) incorporating 2% DHA or EPA were administered directly into the colonic and rectal loops in situ. Serum insulin levels rose and serum glucose levels decreased in an insulin dose-related fashion. The relationship of insulin dose and C(max) or AUC(insulin) was linear at the rectum, but a non-linear relationship was observed at the colon. The trend was more predominant in DHA. In the in vivo rectal absorption experiment using emulsions incorporating 2% DHA, 5 IU/kg of insulin emulsion produced a rapid, transitory increase in serum insulin levels and strong reduction of serum glucose levels. The pharmacological availability determined from the dose-response curve by s.c. administration of insulin reached 43.2+/-26.3% (mean+/-S.D.). Mucosal irritation caused by administration of emulsions incorporating 2% EPA or DHA was evaluated by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release study, and compared with those of the emulsion incorporating 2% oleic or linolenic acid. Only when emulsion incorporating 2% oleic acid was applied in the intestine did significant LDH release into the mesenteric veins occur. Our results indicate that emulsion incorporating highly purified long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, especially DHA, has the potential of becoming the formulation for enteral delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morishita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, 142 8501, Tokyo, Japan.
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50
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Onuki Y, Morishita M, Takayama K, Tokiwa S, Chiba Y, Isowa K, Nagai T. In vivo effects of highly purified docosahexaenoic acid on rectal insulin absorption. Int J Pharm 2000; 198:147-56. [PMID: 10767564 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and the toxicity of polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA), as potential absorption enhancer for rectal delivery of insulin, using a water-in-oil-in water (W/O/W) multiple emulsion. In a single administration study, rectal insulin absorption was enhanced markedly, and marked hypoglycemia was induced by the emulsion incorporating various fatty acids in an insulin dose-related fashion. The pharmacological availability of the emulsion incorporating 2% oleic acid, EPA and DHA was approximately 7.7, 11.0 and 25.4%, respectively. The insulin absorption enhancement effect was not increased in proportion to the amount of DHA in the emulsion, the mean T(max) value of the serum glucose-time curve could be extended to twice that of the emulsion without PF 127. In a multiple administration study, the mean AUC(glucose) values of the emulsion incorporating DHA showed almost the same value on the first and the tenth day. From the morphological appearance of the mucosal surface, the emulsion incorporating DHA induced no or little mucosal damage. Our findings demonstrated that DHA has a strong insulin permeability enhancement effect and little toxicity. Thus, DHA is an attractive candidate as an absorption enhancer for intestinal delivery of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, Ebara 2-4-41, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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