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Yin S, Wei C, Qu X, Fu H, Li B, Piao S, Tao S, Hatcher PG, Zhu D. Benzenepoly(carboxylic acid)s as Exclusive Intrinsic Markers to Assess Riverine Export of Dissolved Black Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1142-1151. [PMID: 38159290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Landscape fires annually generate large quantities of black carbon. The water-soluble fraction of black carbon (i.e., dissolved black carbon/DBC) is an important constituent of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool, playing a crucial role in the global budget of refractory carbon and climate change. A key challenge in constraining the flux and fate of riverine DBC is to develop targeted and accurate quantification methods. Herein, we report that benzenepentacarboxylic acid (B5CA) intrinsically present in DBC can be used as an exclusive and holistic marker (representing both condensed aromatics and less-/nonaromatic fractions) for DBC quantification. B5CA was universally detected in water extractions of biochar and fire-affected soils with relatively large abundance but not produced by nonthermogenic processes. It has good mobility in the environment as it is not readily precipitated by cations or adsorbed by common geosorbents. B5CA also represents the recalcitrant components of DBC with excellent stability against photodegradation and biodegradation. Applying B5CA as the DBC marker in surface waters of the Changjiang River (i.e., the third largest river in the world), we calculate the DBC concentration in the downstream Changjiang River to be 4.8 ± 5.5% of the DOC flux. Our work provides a simple and reliable approach for the accurate quantification and source tracking of DBC in the soil and aquatic carbon pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenhui Wei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Bengang Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Patrick G Hatcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, West Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Singh AK, Walia R, Chauhan MS, Singh RS, Singh VK. Performance analysis of n-TiO 2/p-Cu 2O, n-TiO 2/p-WS 2/p-Cu 2O, and n-TiO 2/p-WS 2 heterojunction solar cells through numerical modelling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:98718-98731. [PMID: 36434460 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A new hetero-structure of n-TiO2/p-WS2/p-Cu2O is proposed as a potential candidate for solar energy generation using tungsten disulfide (WS2) as an absorber layer. The proposed device performance is simulated by employing a one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D). The numerical simulation studies compared the performances of n-TiO2/p-Cu2O, n-TiO2/p-WS2/p-Cu2O, and n-TiO2/p-WS2 hetero-structures based on various physical parameters like interface defects density, bulk defects density, absorber layer thickness, series resistance, shunt resistance, and operating temperature. In our simulation investigations, we found that interface defects pose a formidable impact on heterojunction devices. Interface defects closer to the front surface severely deteriorate the performances than the back surface. The bandgap of the absorber layer influences the performances of the solar cells. A closer comparison between n-TiO2/p-Cu2O and n-TiO2/p-WS2 heterojunction solar cells (HJSCs) revealed that the latter (n-TiO2/p-WS2) has nearly 182% better performance than the former (n-TiO2/p-Cu2O) devices. Additionally, the performance of the n-TiO2/p-WS2 solar cell is further boosted by ~ 139% in the presence of a hole transport layer of p-Cu2O. The best-simulated efficiency of the proposed new hetero-structure (n-TiO2/p-WS2/p-Cu2O) solar cell is 28.86%. Moreover, these optimized physical parameters may shed light on "easy to apply" new path for fabrication of a non-toxic, environment-friendly, and highly efficient novel thin-film heterojunction (n-TiO2/p-WS2/p-Cu2O) solar cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India, 273009
| | - Rajan Walia
- Department of Physics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India, 273009
| | | | - Ravi S Singh
- Department of Physics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India, 273009
| | - Vineet Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India, 273009.
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Theoretical–Experimental Methodology for Designing Hybrid Photocatalytic Reactors. Top Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-022-01677-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yang SY, Sencadas V, You SS, Jia NZX, Srinivasan SS, Huang HW, Ahmed AE, Liang JY, Traverso G. Powering Implantable and Ingestible Electronics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009289. [PMID: 34720792 PMCID: PMC8553224 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Implantable and ingestible biomedical electronic devices can be useful tools for detecting physiological and pathophysiological signals, and providing treatments that cannot be done externally. However, one major challenge in the development of these devices is the limited lifetime of their power sources. The state-of-the-art of powering technologies for implantable and ingestible electronics is reviewed here. The structure and power requirements of implantable and ingestible biomedical electronics are described to guide the development of powering technologies. These powering technologies include novel batteries that can be used as both power sources and for energy storage, devices that can harvest energy from the human body, and devices that can receive and operate with energy transferred from exogenous sources. Furthermore, potential sources of mechanical, chemical, and electromagnetic energy present around common target locations of implantable and ingestible electronics are thoroughly analyzed; energy harvesting and transfer methods befitting each energy source are also discussed. Developing power sources that are safe, compact, and have high volumetric energy densities is essential for realizing long-term in-body biomedical electronics and for enabling a new era of personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yoon Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; School of Mechanical, Materials & Mechatronics Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Siheng Sean You
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neil Zi-Xun Jia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Shriya Sruthi Srinivasan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hen-Wei Huang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abdelsalam Elrefaey Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jia Ying Liang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Zeng GS, Hu YT, Chen SH. Bidirectional planar-displacement waveguide tracker for high-concentration photovoltaics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16249-16260. [PMID: 34154192 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A bidirectional planar-displacement waveguide tracker was devised to replace the traditional two-axis tracking system for high-concentration photovoltaics, with improved module thickness, optical field uniformity, and current matching. The concentrating magnification reaches 725 times, and the sun tracking angle is more than 170°, which is equivalent to 11.3 tracking hours per day. The module thickness is only 6.16 cm. This design enabled us to place the module flat on the ground, in which swing was not required. This will greatly improve the mechanical strength and the lifetime of the module and solve the development dilemma faced by III-V multijunction solar cells.
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Design and simulation of a high-performance Cd-free Cu2SnSe3 solar cells with SnS electron-blocking hole transport layer and TiO2 electron transport layer by SCAPS-1D. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis article presents numerical investigations of the novel (Ni/SnS/Cu2SnSe3/TiO2/ITO/Al) heterostructure of Cu2SnSe3 based solar cell using SCAPS-1D simulator. Purpose of this research is to explore the influence of SnS hole transport layer (HTL) and TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) on the performance of the proposed cell. Based on the proposed device architecture, effects of thickness and carrier concentration of absorber layer, SnS HTL, TiO2 ETL, absorber layer defect density, operating temperature and back-contact metal work function (BMWF) are studied to improve the cell performance. Our initial simulation results show that if SnS HTL is not introduced, the efficiency of standard Cu2SnSe3 cell is 1.66%, which is well agreed with the reported experimental results in literature. However, by using SnS and TiO2 as HTL and ETL, respectively and optimizing the cell parameters, a simulated efficiency of up to 27% can be achieved. For Cu2SnSe3 absorber layer, 5 × 1017 cm−3 and 1500 nm are the optimal values of carrier concentration and thickness, respectively. On the other hand, the BMWF is estimated to be greater than 5.2 eV for optimum cell performance. Results of this contribution can provide constructive research avenues for thin-films photovoltaic industry to fabricate cost-effective, high-efficiency and cadmium-free Cu2SnSe3-based solar cells.
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Hong J, Liu J, Wang L, Kong S, Tong C, Qin J, Chen L, Sui Y, Li B. Characterization of reactive photoinduced species in rainwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:36368-36380. [PMID: 30368707 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall is a highly effective and important carrier that can remove a majority of aerosol mass into land and marine ecosystems. The photochemically formed reactive species in the rainwater are likely dominant oxidants for organic and inorganic substances. Here, we collected rainwater samples from Oct. 2016 to Dec. 2016 in CUG campus (Wuhan, Hubei, China) and measured their formation rates, lifetimes, steady-state concentrations, and apparent quantum yields of reactive photoinduced species, including hydroxyl radical (HO•), H2O2, singlet oxygen (1O2), and chromophoric dissolved organic matter triplet state (3CDOM*) in the laboratory. Results showed that rainwater samples contained photochemical sources, like DOM, nitrate, heavy metals, etc. Quantification of HO• showed that rHO• (the photogeneration rate of HO•) were in the range of 1.05 × 10-10-4.56 × 10-10 M s-1, and [•OH]ss (the steady-state concentrations of OH•) were of 4.06 × 10-18-2.97 × 10-17 M for the three samples. Further investigations revealed that 10-24% of r•OH was attributed to nitrate photolysis, suggesting DOM was possibly the prevailing source of HO•. Apparent quantum yields of H2O2 (ΦH2O2) correlated negatively with E2/E3 (the ratio of absorption at 250 and 365 nm), while Φ1O2 and Φ3CDOM* increased with elevated E2/E3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hong
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geo Materials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmosphere sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Tong
- Laboratory of Basin Hydrology and Wetland Eco-restoration, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Atmosphere sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Atmosphere sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sui
- Department of Atmosphere sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoqing Li
- Faculty of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Du Z, He Y, Fan J, Fu H, Zheng S, Xu Z, Qu X, Kong A, Zhu D. Predicting apparent singlet oxygen quantum yields of dissolved black carbon and humic substances using spectroscopic indices. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:405-413. [PMID: 29223811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is ubiquitous in aquatic systems, being an important subgroup of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Nevertheless, its aquatic photoactivity remains largely unknown. In this study, a range of spectroscopic indices of DBC and humic substance (HS) samples were determined using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. DBC can be readily differentiated from HS using spectroscopic indices. It has lower average molecular weight, but higher aromaticity and lignin content. The apparent singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φsinglet oxygen) of DBC under simulated sunlight varies from 3.46% to 6.13%, significantly higher than HS, 1.26%-3.57%, suggesting that DBC is the more photoactive component in the DOM pool. Despite drastically different formation processes and structural properties, the Φsinglet oxygen of DBC and HS can be well predicted by the same simple linear regression models using optical indices including spectral slope coefficient (S275-295) and absorbance ratio (E2/E3) which are proxies for the abundance of singlet oxygen sensitizers and for the significance of intramolecular charge transfer interactions. The regression models can be potentially used to assess the photoactivity of DOM at large scales with in situ water spectrophotometry or satellite remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yingsheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jianing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shourong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Zhaoyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Ao Kong
- School of Finance, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Corrochano P, Nachtigallová D, Klán P. Photooxidation of Aniline Derivatives Can Be Activated by Freezing Their Aqueous Solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13763-13770. [PMID: 29148724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental and computational approach was used to investigate the spectroscopic properties of three different aniline derivatives (aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, and N,N-diethylaniline) in aqueous solutions and at the air-ice interface in the temperature range of 243-298 K. The absorption and diffuse reflectance spectra of ice samples prepared by different techniques, such as slow or shock freezing of the aqueous solutions or vapor deposition on ice grains, exhibited unequivocal bathochromic shifts of 10-15 nm of the absorption maxima of anilines in frozen samples compared to those in liquid aqueous solutions. DFT and SCS-ADC(2) calculations showed that contaminant-contaminant and contaminant-ice interactions are responsible for these shifts. Finally, we demonstrate that irradiation of anilines in the presence of a hydrogen peroxide/O2 system by wavelengths that overlap only with the red-shifted absorption tails of anilines in frozen samples (while having a marginal overlap with their spectra in liquid solutions) can almost exclusively trigger a photochemical oxidation process. Mechanistic and environmental considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corrochano
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Nachtigallová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klán
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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10
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Valadés-Pelayo PJ, Arancibia-Bulnes CA, Salgado-Tránsito I, Villafán-Vidales HI, Peña-Cruz MI, Jiménez-González AE. Effect of photocatalyst film geometry on radiation absorption in a solar reactor, a multiscale approach. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fu H, Liu H, Mao J, Chu W, Li Q, Alvarez PJJ, Qu X, Zhu D. Photochemistry of Dissolved Black Carbon Released from Biochar: Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Phototransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1218-26. [PMID: 26717492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved black carbon (BC) released from biochar can be one of the more photoactive components in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool. Dissolved BC was mainly composed of aliphatics and aromatics substituted by aromatic C-O and carboxyl/ester/quinone moieties as determined by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. It underwent 56% loss of absorbance at 254 nm, almost complete loss of fluorescence, and 30% mineralization during a 169 h simulated sunlight exposure. Photoreactions preferentially targeted aromatic and methyl moieties, generating CH2/CH/C and carboxyl/ester/quinone functional groups. During irradiation, dissolved BC generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen and superoxide. The apparent quantum yield of singlet oxygen was 4.07 ± 0.19%, 2-3 fold higher than many well-studied DOM. Carbonyl-containing structures other than aromatic ketones were involved in the singlet oxygen sensitization. The generation of superoxide apparently depended on electron transfer reactions mediated by silica minerals in dissolved BC, in which phenolic structures served as electron donors. Self-generated ROS played an important role in the phototransformation. Photobleaching of dissolved BC decreased its ability to further generate ROS due to lower light absorption. These findings have significant implications on the environmental fate of dissolved BC and that of priority pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Huiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jingdong Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University , Norfolk Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Wenying Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University , Norfolk Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Qilin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University , Houston Texas 77005, United States
| | - Xiaolei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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12
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Jiang H, Chen C. Analysis and Calculation of Electronic Properties and Light Absorption of Defective Sulfur-Doped Silicon and Theoretical Photoelectric Conversion Efficiency. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3753-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp511852w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices and MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
| | - Changshui Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices and MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, China
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13
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Villafán-Vidales H, Abanades S, Montiel-González M, Romero-Paredes H, Arancibia-Bulnes C, Estrada C. Transient heat transfer simulation of a 1kWth moving front solar thermochemical reactor for thermal dissociation of compressed ZnO. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Shahini A. An organic solar cell theoretical model with two concepts of excitonic and bipolar transport. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shahini
- School of Engineering Emerging Technology; University of Tabriz; 29 Bahman Blvd; Tabriz; 51664; Iran
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15
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Dong MM, Rosario-Ortiz FL. Photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical from effluent organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:3788-94. [PMID: 22352464 DOI: 10.1021/es2043454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical formation of hydroxyl radical (HO•) from effluent organic matter (EfOM) was evaluated using three bulk wastewater samples collected at different treatment facilities under simulated sunlight. For the samples studied, the formation rates of HO•(R(HO•)) were obtained from the formation rate of phenol following the hydroxylation of benzene. The values of R(HO•) ranged from 2.3 to 3.8 × 10(-10) M s(-1) for the samples studied. The formation rate of HO• from nitrate photolysis (R(NO3)(HO•)) was determined to be 3.0 × 10(-7) M(HO)• M(NO3)(-1) s(-1). The HO• production rate from EfOM (R(EfOM)(HO•)) ranged from 0.76 to 1.3 × 10(-10) M s(-1). For the wastewater samples studied, R(EfOM)(HO•) varied from 1.5 to 2.4 × 10(-7) M(HO)• M(C)(-1) (s-1) on molarcarbon basis, which was close to HO• production from nitrate photolysis. The apparent quantum yield for the formation of HO• from nitrate (Φ(NO3-HO•)(a)) was determined as 0.010 ± 0.001 for the wavelength range 290-400 nm in ultrapure water. The apparent quantum yield for HO• formation in EfOM (Φ(EfOM-HO•)(a)) ranged from 6.1 to 9.8 × 10(-5), compared to 2.99 to 4.56 × 10(-5) for organic matter (OM) isolates. The results indicate that wastewater effluents could produce significant concentrations of HO•, as shown by potential higher nitrate levels and relatively higher quantum yields of HO• formation from EfOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mei Dong
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Orozco SL, Villafán-Vidales HI, Arancibia-Bulnes CA. Photon absorption in a hybrid slurry photocatalytic reactor: Assessment of differential approximations. AIChE J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
ABSTRACTWe numerically simulate performance data of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) based solar cells for various illumination conditions. For ease of comparison, we model typical single junctions with the very same software. The study allows us to evaluate the cell feasibility in different hybrid electronic systems like smart cards, wrist watches, transponder systems, and mobile sensors. At an illumination intensity of 1 sun, the optical bandgap of the absorber material and the series resistances determine the spectral sensitivity of the solar cell to particular illumination spectra. For intensities of 10-2 suns and so-called D65 spectrum, which represents daylight under cloudy skies, the efficiency of a-Si:H solar cells nearly equates the CIGS cell performance although the AM 1.5 efficiency of the CIGS diode exceeds the one of our a-Si:H cell by more than a factorof two. Infrared-weighted black body radiation leads to superior performance of the CIGS type, whereas for ultraviolet-weighted illumination the a-Si:H cell shows better performance. For intensities below 10-4 suns theexternal shunt resistance dominates the current-voltage characteristics of both cell types, resulting in poor performance independent of the incident spectrum. We complete our study by simulating the solar-powered charging process of a gold capacitor, which serves us as a model for the energy storage within a hybrid electronic system. The charging behavior under various realistic illumination conditions shows particular cellcharacteristics: high open circuit voltages qualify a-Si:H solar cells for electronic systems that require increased voltages and CIGS cells are suited for applications with higher current need.
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Ulbrich C, Peters M, Bläsi B, Kirchartz T, Gerber A, Rau U. Enhanced light trapping in thin-film solar cells by a directionally selective filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 18 Suppl 2:A133-A138. [PMID: 20588581 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.00a133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A directionally selective multilayer filter is applied to a hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cell to improve the light trapping. The filter prevents non-absorbed long-wavelength photons from leaving the cell under oblique angles leading to an enhancement of the total optical path length for weakly absorbed light within the device by a factor of kappa(r) = 3.5. Parasitic absorption in the contact layers limits the effective path length improvement for the photovoltaic quantum efficiency to a factor of kappa(EQE) = 1.5. The total short-circuit current density increases by DeltaJ(sc) = 0.2 mAcm(-2) due to the directional selectivity of the Bragg-like filter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Ulbrich
- IEF5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Orozco S, Arancibia-Bulnes C, Suárez-Parra R. Radiation absorption and degradation of an azo dye in a hybrid photocatalytic reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Development and Modeling of Solar Photocatalytic Reactors. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - PHOTOCATALYTIC TECHNOLOGIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(09)00406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C. Glatzmaier
- a Solar Energy Research Institute , 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden , CO , 80401
| | - R. Gerald Nix
- a Solar Energy Research Institute , 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden , CO , 80401
| | - Mark S. Mehos
- a Solar Energy Research Institute , 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden , CO , 80401
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Farré MJ, Maldonado MI, Gernjak W, Oller I, Malato S, Domènech X, Peral J. Coupled solar photo-Fenton and biological treatment for the degradation of diuron and linuron herbicides at pilot scale. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:622-629. [PMID: 18405941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A coupled solar photo-Fenton (chemical) and biological treatment has been used to remove biorecalcitrant diuron (42 mg l(-1)) and linuron (75 mg l(-1)) herbicides from water at pilot plant scale. The chemical process has been carried out in a 82 l solar pilot plant made up by four compound parabolic collector units, and it was followed by a biological treatment performed in a 40 l sequencing batch reactor. Two Fe(II) doses (2 and 5 mg l(-1)) and sequential additions of H2O2 (20 mg l(-1)) have been used to chemically degrade the initially polluted effluent. Next, biodegradability at different oxidation states has been assessed by means of BOD/COD ratio. A reagent dose of Fe=5 mg l(-1) and H2O2=100 mg l(-1) has been required to obtain a biodegradable effluent after 100 min of irradiation time. Finally, the organic content of the photo-treated solution has been completely assimilated by a biomass consortium in the sequencing batch reactor using a total suspended solids concentration of 0.2 g l(-1) and a hydraulic retention time of 24h. Comparison between the data obtained at pilot plant scale (specially the one corresponding to the chemical step) and previously published data from a similar system performing at laboratory scale, has been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Farré
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Burke A, Schmidt-Mende L, Ito S, Grätzel M. A novel blue dye for near-IR ‘dye-sensitised’ solar cell applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:234-6. [PMID: 17299623 DOI: 10.1039/b609266g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A squaraine dye incorporating two carboxylic acid attaching groups has been synthesised and used successfully in both liquid and solid-state solar cells, with solar energy to electricity conversion efficiencies (eta) under AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)) of 3.7 and 1.5% and short-circuit current densities (J(sc)s) of 8.6 and 4.2 mA cm(-2), with open-circuit voltages (V(oc)) of 591 and 681 mV and fill factors (FF) of 73 and 53%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Burke
- Laboratoire de Photonique et Interfaces, Institute des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Federal Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Khan SUM, Al-Shahry M, Ingler WB. Response to Comments on "Efficient Photochemical Water Splitting by a Chemically Modified n-TiO
2
". Science 2003. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1080271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahed U. M. Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Mofareh Al-Shahry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - William B. Ingler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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Hägglund C, Grätzel M, Kasemo B. Comment on "Efficient Photochemical Water Splitting by a Chemically Modified n-TiO2" (II). Science 2003; 301:1673; discussion 1673. [PMID: 14500965 DOI: 10.1126/science.1085119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Hägglund
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Radiation absorption and rate constants for carbaryl photocatalytic degradation in a solar collector. Catal Today 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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High-temperature UV-visible absorption spectral measurements and estimated primary photodissociation rates of formaldehyde, chlorobenzene and 1-chloronaphthalene. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(97)00066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Berman J, Graham J, Dellinger B. High temperature UV absorption characteristics of three environmentally sensitive compounds. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(92)85244-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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SASALA RA, LIU XX, SITES JR. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RECENT HIGH-EFFICIENCY CdTe SOLAR CELLS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/01425919208909747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Faine P, Kurtz SR, Riordan C, Olson J. The influence of spectral solar irradiance variations on the performance of selected single-junction and multijunction solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(91)90027-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Blaesser G, Rossi E. Extrapolation of outdoor measurements of PV array I–V characteristics to standard test conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(88)90014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Emery K, Osterwald C. Measurement of photovoltaic device current as a function of voltage, temperature, intensity and spectrum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0379-6787(87)90130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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