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Targa Dias Anastacio H, Matosin N, Ooi L. Familial Alzheimer's Disease Neurons Bearing Mutations in PSEN1 Display Increased Calcium Responses to AMPA as an Early Calcium Dysregulation Phenotype. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:625. [PMID: 38792645 PMCID: PMC11123496 DOI: 10.3390/life14050625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) can be caused by mutations in PSEN1 that encode presenilin-1, a component of the gamma-secretase complex that cleaves amyloid precursor protein. Alterations in calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis and glutamate signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of FAD; however, it has been difficult to assess in humans whether or not these phenotypes are the result of amyloid or tau pathology. This study aimed to assess the early calcium and glutamate phenotypes of FAD by measuring the Ca2+ response of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons bearing PSEN1 mutations to glutamate and the ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists NMDA, AMPA, and kainate compared to isogenic control and healthy lines. The data show that in early neurons, even in the absence of amyloid and tau phenotypes, FAD neurons exhibit increased Ca2+ responses to glutamate and AMPA, but not NMDA or kainate. Together, this suggests that PSEN1 mutations alter Ca2+ and glutamate signaling as an early phenotype of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Targa Dias Anastacio
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Natalie Matosin
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia;
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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2
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Huang TH, Lai MC, Chen YS, Huang CW. The Roles of Glutamate Receptors and Their Antagonists in Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030686. [PMID: 36979664 PMCID: PMC10045490 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency with a high mortality rate. When compared to chronic epilepsy, it is distinguished by the durability of seizures and frequent resistance to benzodiazepine (BZD). The Receptor Trafficking Hypothesis, which suggests that the downregulation of γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors, and upregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors play major roles in the establishment of SE is the most widely accepted hypothesis underlying BZD resistance. NMDA and AMPA are ionotropic glutamate receptor families that have important excitatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS). They are both essential in maintaining the normal function of the brain and are involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric diseases, including epilepsy. Based on animal and human studies, antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors have a significant impact in ending SE; albeit most of them are not yet approved to be in clinically therapeutic guidelines, due to their psychomimetic adverse effects. Although there is still a dearth of randomized, prospective research, NMDA antagonists such as ketamine, magnesium sulfate, and the AMPA antagonist, perampanel, are regarded to be reasonable optional adjuvant therapies in controlling SE, refractory SE (RSE) or super-refractory SE (SRSE), though there are still a lack of randomized, prospective studies. This review seeks to summarize and update knowledge on the SE development hypothesis, as well as clinical trials using NMDA and AMPA antagonists in animal and human studies of SE investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsin Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
- Zhengxin Neurology & Rehabilitation Center, Tainan 70459, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chi Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shiue Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70142, Taiwan
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3
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Ishida K, Takeda K, Takehara Y, Takabayashi T, Miyara M, Sanoh S, Kawai H, Ohta S, Kotake Y. Methylmercury Decreases AMPA Receptor Subunit GluA2 Levels in Cultured Rat Cortical Neurons. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:292-300. [PMID: 36724957 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental pollutant that has harmful effects on the central nervous systems of humans and animals. The molecular mechanisms of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity at low concentrations are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of low-concentration MeHg on the cell viability, Ca2+ homeostasis, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA2 levels, which determine Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors, in rat primary cortical neurons. Exposure of cortical neurons to 100 and 300 nM MeHg for 7 d resulted in a decrease in GluA2 levels, an increase in basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration, increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and p38, and decreased cell viability. Moreover, glutamate stimulation exacerbated the decrease in cell viability and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in MeHg-treated neurons compared to control neurons. MeHg-induced neuronal cell death was ameliorated by 1-naphthyl acetyl spermine, a specific antagonist of Ca2+-permeable, GluA2-lacking AMPA receptors. Our findings raise the possibility that decreased neuronal GluA2 levels and the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration may contribute to MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Ishida
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazuki Takeda
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Yuki Takehara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | | | - Masatsugu Miyara
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Wakayama Medical University
| | - Hidehiko Kawai
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,Wakayama Medical University
| | - Yaichiro Kotake
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Li M, Zhao J, Wang X, Zhu H. ADAR1 improved Treg cell function through the miR-21b/Foxp3 axis and inhibits the progression of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109620. [PMID: 36577155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Th17/Treg equilibrium towards the pro-inflammatory Th17 side contributes greatly to the rejection during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is important in the pathogenic conversion between Th17 and Treg cells. However, how Foxp3 expression was regulated is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 in Foxp3-mediated Th17/Treg imbalance and progression of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD), a most serious complication in patients received allo-HSCT. Th1, Th17 and Treg cells were respectively isolated from peripheral blood CD4 + T cells of allo-HSCT patients, and we found that proportions of Th1 and Th17 were markedly increased, while Treg proportion was significantly decreased in aGVHD patients post transplantation compared with non-aGVHD patients, accompanied by decreased ADAR1 and increased miR-21b levels. RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP) combined with gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that ADAR1 improved Treg cell functions and negatively regulated the production of miR-21b, a Foxp3-targeting miRNA. Inhibition of miR-21b improved Treg functions, and Foxp3 knockdown could eliminate the effect of miR-21b inhibition or ADAR1 overexpression on Treg function. Finally, an aGVHD mouse model was established and Ad-O/E-ADAR1 was injected into aGVHD mice to verify the effect of ADAR1 on aGVHD progression in vivo. The results showed that ADAR1 overexpression decreased Th17 proportion and increased Treg proportion in aGVHD mice and obviously improved tissue necrosis and reticular structure of aGVHD liver and lung in vivo. Collectively, ADAR1 suppresses miR-21b production and improves Foxp3-mediated Treg cell function to inhibit the progression of aGVHD after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Miaojing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Huachao Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
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Park CJ, Shin R. Calcium channels and transporters: Roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964059. [PMID: 36161014 PMCID: PMC9493244 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) serves as a ubiquitous second messenger by mediating various signaling pathways and responding to numerous environmental conditions in eukaryotes. Therefore, plant cells have developed complex mechanisms of Ca2+ communication across the membrane, receiving the message from their surroundings and transducing the information into cells and organelles. A wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses cause the increase in [Ca2+]cyt as a result of the Ca2+ influx permitted by membrane-localized Ca2+ permeable cation channels such as CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATE CHANNELs (CNGCs), and voltage-dependent HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CALCIUM2+ PERMEABLE CHANNELs (HACCs), as well as GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE RECEPTORs (GLRs) and TWO-PORE CHANNELs (TPCs). Recently, resistosomes formed by some NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT RECEPTORs (NLRs) are also proposed as a new type of Ca2+ permeable cation channels. On the contrary, some Ca2+ transporting membrane proteins, mainly Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+/H+ exchangers, are involved in Ca2+ efflux for removal of the excessive [Ca2+]cyt in order to maintain the Ca2+ homeostasis in cells. The Ca2+ efflux mechanisms mediate the wide ranges of cellular activities responding to external and internal stimuli. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the recent discoveries of various membrane proteins involved in Ca2+ influx and efflux which play an essential role in fine-tuning the processing of information for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ryoung Shin
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
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El Idrissi A, Alonso ADC. Pathological Human Tau Induces Alterations in the Brain Insulin Signaling Cascade. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:805046. [PMID: 35264925 PMCID: PMC8899662 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.805046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease has been associated with a disruption of insulin signaling cascade in neurons, and to insulin resistance. T2DM correlates with Alzheimer's disease, but mechanisms of interaction are unknown. We have developed a mouse model of tau induced neurodegeneration expressing pseudo-phosphorylated tau [Pathological Human Tau (PH-Tau)] in neurons. This model (PH-Tau-Tg) recapitulated cognitive decline and neurodegeneration observed in AD. In this study we examined if expression of PH-Tau could affect neuronal excitability and insulin receptor signaling. Neuronal excitability was investigated using intracerebral recordings of extracellular field potentials from prefrontal cortex after insulin and kainic acid (KA) injection. Analysis of baseline recordings indicated an increased excitability of PH-Tau-Tg as evidenced by higher spectrum densities (PSDs) of high frequencies brain waves. Injection of insulin (1IU, s.c) led to a decrease of fast ripples PSDs, more pronounced in PH-Tau-Tg mice than controls. Subsequent injection of kainic acid (KA, 5 mg/kg, s.c) led to significant increase in firing rate, amplitude of extracellular field potentials and PSDs of high frequency brain waves in control mice only. To further investigate the role of insulin in PH-Tau-Tg mice, we subjected mice to a glucose tolerance test. We found that PH-Tau-Tg mice were significantly hyperglycemic prior to glucose injection. Interestingly, the PH-Tau-Tg mice showed a moderate increase at 30 min due to the higher baseline, indicating a low sensitivity of insulin receptor in these mice. This is consistent with increased levels of activated insulin receptors in the brain and the inhibitory effect of insulin on ictal activity post KA injection in PH-Tau-Tg mice. We suggest that these mice have reduced insulin sensitivity (hyperglycemia) and as a compensatory mechanism there is overactivation/expression of insulin receptor in the brain rendering neuronal circuits resistant to seizure induction after injection of insulin. These data indicate that insulin signal transduction pathway is altered in PH-Tau-Tg mice, and that injection of exogenous insulin reduces hypersynchronous bursting activity of field potentials recorded from cortical neuronal circuits. We propose that the appearance of abnormal tau might potentiate the toxic environment by interfering with the insulin signaling cascade in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslem El Idrissi
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Abdeslem El Idrissi,
| | - Alejandra del Carmen Alonso
- Department of Biology and Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States,Biology Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States,Alejandra del Carmen Alonso,
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7
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Nelissen E, Argyrousi EK, Van Goethem NP, Zhao F, Hines CDG, Swaminath G, Gerisch M, Hueser J, Sandner P, Prickaerts J. Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator Vericiguat Enhances Long-Term Memory in Rats without Altering Cerebral Blood Volume. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1047. [PMID: 34440254 PMCID: PMC8393324 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is characterized by impairments in cerebral blood flow (CBF), endothelial function and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. These processes are all physiologically regulated by the nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cGMP signaling pathway. Additionally, cGMP signaling plays an important role in long-term potentiation (LTP) underlying memory formation. Therefore, targeting the NO-sGC-cGMP pathway may be a therapeutic strategy for treating VCI. Hence, in this study we investigated whether sGC stimulator vericiguat has potential as a cognitive enhancer. The effects of vericiguat on long-term memory were measured in rats using an object location task. Due to the low brain-penetrance of vericiguat found in this study, it was investigated whether in the absence of BBB limitations, vericiguat enhanced hippocampal plasticity using an ex vivo memory acquisition-like chemical LTP model. Finally, peripheral effects were measured by means of blood pressure and cerebral blood volume. Vericiguat successfully enhanced long-term memory and increased hippocampal plasticity via enhanced translocation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors to the cell membrane, while blood pressure and cerebral blood volume were unaltered. Although the memory enhancing effects in this study are likely due to peripheral effects on the cerebral microvasculature, sGC stimulation may provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating VCI, especially when BBB integrity is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis Nelissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (E.K.A.); (N.P.V.G.)
| | - Elentina K. Argyrousi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (E.K.A.); (N.P.V.G.)
| | - Nick P. Van Goethem
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (E.K.A.); (N.P.V.G.)
| | - Fuqiang Zhao
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA; (F.Z.); (C.D.G.H.)
| | | | | | - Michael Gerisch
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Pharma Research Center, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany; (M.G.); (J.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Joerg Hueser
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Pharma Research Center, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany; (M.G.); (J.H.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Sandner
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals R&D, Pharma Research Center, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany; (M.G.); (J.H.); (P.S.)
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Pharmacology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (E.N.); (E.K.A.); (N.P.V.G.)
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Booker SA, Kind PC. Mechanisms regulating input-output function and plasticity of neurons in the absence of FMRP. Brain Res Bull 2021; 175:69-80. [PMID: 34245842 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The function of brain circuits relies on high-fidelity information transfer within neurons. Synaptic inputs arrive primarily at dendrites, where they undergo integration and summation throughout the somatodendritic domain, ultimately leading to the generation of precise patterns of action potentials. Emerging evidence suggests that the ability of neurons to transfer synaptic information and modulate their output is impaired in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders including Fragile X Syndrome. In this review we summarise recent findings that have revealed the pathophysiological and plasticity mechanisms that alter the ability of neurons in sensory and limbic circuits to reliably code information in the absence of FMRP. We examine which aspects of this transform may result directly from the loss of FMRP and those that a result from compensatory or homeostatic alterations to neuronal function. Dissection of the mechanisms leading to altered input-output function of neurons in the absence of FMRP and their effects on regulating neuronal plasticity throughout development could have important implications for potential therapies for Fragile X Syndrome, including directing the timing and duration of different treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam A Booker
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Patrick Wild Centre for Autism Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Peter C Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Patrick Wild Centre for Autism Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India.
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Wronikowska O, Zykubek M, Michalak A, Pankowska A, Kozioł P, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Kurach Ł, Łazorczyk A, Kochalska K, Talarek S, Słowik T, Pietura R, Kurzepa J, Budzyńska B. Insight into Glutamatergic Involvement in Rewarding Effects of Mephedrone in Rats: In Vivo and Ex Vivo Study. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4413-4424. [PMID: 34021482 PMCID: PMC8487417 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone is a widely used drug of abuse, exerting its effects by interacting with monoamine transporters. Although this mechanism has been widely studied heretofore, little is known about the involvement of glutamatergic transmission in mephedrone effects. In this study, we comprehensively evaluated glutamatergic involvement in rewarding effects of mephedrone using an interdisciplinary approach including (1) behavioural study on effects of memantine (non-selective NMDA antagonist) on expression of mephedrone-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats; (2) evaluation of glutamate concentrations in the hippocampus of rats following 6 days of mephedrone administration, using in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); and (3) determination of glutamate levels in the hippocampus of rats treated with mephedrone and subjected to MRS, using ion-exchange chromatography. In the presented research, we confirmed priorly reported mephedrone-induced rewarding effects in the CPP paradigm and showed that memantine (5 mg/kg) was able to reverse the expression of this effect. MRS study showed that subchronic mephedrone administration increased glutamate level in the hippocampus when measured in vivo 24 h (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) and 2 weeks (5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) after last injection. Ex vivo chromatographic analysis did not show significant changes in hippocampal glutamate concentrations; however, it showed similar results as obtained in the MRS study proving its validity. Taken together, the presented study provides new insight into glutamatergic involvement in rewarding properties of mephedrone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wronikowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.,Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Zykubek
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Michalak
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Pankowska
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Kozioł
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kurach
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Łazorczyk
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kochalska
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Talarek
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Słowik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Radosław Pietura
- Department of Radiography, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 16 Street, 20-081, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kurzepa
- I Department of Medical Radiology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8 Street, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Budzyńska
- Independent Laboratory of Behavioral Studies, Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a Street, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
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10
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Rodríguez-Campuzano AG, Ortega A. Glutamate transporters: Critical components of glutamatergic transmission. Neuropharmacology 2021; 192:108602. [PMID: 33991564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Once released, it binds to specific membrane receptors and transporters activating a wide variety of signal transduction cascades, as well as its removal from the synaptic cleft in order to avoid its extracellular accumulation and the overstimulation of extra-synaptic receptors that might result in neuronal death through a process known as excitotoxicity. Although neurodegenerative diseases are heterogenous in clinical phenotypes and genetic etiologies, a fundamental mechanism involved in neuronal degeneration is excitotoxicity. Glutamate homeostasis is critical for brain physiology and Glutamate transporters are key players in maintaining low extracellular Glutamate levels. Therefore, the characterization of Glutamate transporters has been an active area of glutamatergic research for the last 40 years. Transporter activity its regulated at different levels: transcriptional and translational control, transporter protein trafficking and membrane mobility, and through extensive post-translational modifications. The elucidation of these mechanisms has emerged as an important piece to shape our current understanding of glutamate actions in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada G Rodríguez-Campuzano
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Apartado Postal 14-740, Ciudad de México, 07000, Mexico.
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11
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Alkadhi KA. NMDA receptor-independent LTP in mammalian nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 200:101986. [PMID: 33400965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission is a form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that exists at most synapses in the nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), LTP has been recorded at numerous synapses and is a prime candidate mechanism associating activity-dependent plasticity with learning and memory. LTP involves long-lasting increase in synaptic strength with various underlying mechanisms. In the CNS, the predominant type of LTP is believed to be dependent on activation of the ionotropic glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), which is highly calcium-permeable. However, various forms of NMDAR-independent LTP have been identified in diverse areas of the nervous system. The NMDAR-independent LTP may require activation of glutamate metabotropic receptors (mGluR) or ionotropic receptors other than NMDAR such as nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), serotonin 5-HT3 receptor or calcium-permeable AMPA receptor (CP-AMPAR). In this review, NMDAR-independent LTP of various areas of the central and peripheral nervous systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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12
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Bukke VN, Archana M, Villani R, Romano AD, Wawrzyniak A, Balawender K, Orkisz S, Beggiato S, Serviddio G, Cassano T. The Dual Role of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer's Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207452. [PMID: 33050345 PMCID: PMC7589203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related dementia and neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by Aβ and tau protein deposition impairing learning, memory and suppressing synaptic plasticity of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a link between the glucose and glutamate alterations with age that down-regulates glucose utilization reducing glutamate levels in AD patients. Deviations in brain energy metabolism reinforce the development of AD by hampering glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and the major excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from glucose. Alterations in cerebral glucose and glutamate levels precede the deposition of Aβ plaques. In the brain, over 40% of neuronal synapses are glutamatergic and disturbances in glutamatergic function have been implicated in pathophysiology of AD. Nevertheless, targeting the glutamatergic system seems to be a promising strategy to develop novel, improved therapeutics for AD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in AD pathophysiology as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in this neurodegenerative disorder. We also discuss exciting new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for this devastating disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Moola Archana
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Antonino Davide Romano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Krzysztof Balawender
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland; (A.W.); (K.B.); (S.O.)
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.A.); (R.V.); (A.D.R.); (G.S.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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13
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Heir R, Stellwagen D. TNF-Mediated Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity: From in vitro to in vivo Models. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:565841. [PMID: 33192311 PMCID: PMC7556297 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.565841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first described almost 30 years ago, homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) has been hypothesized to play a key role in maintaining neuronal circuit function in both developing and adult animals. While well characterized in vitro, determining the in vivo roles of this form of plasticity remains challenging. Since the discovery that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mediates some forms of HSP, it has been possible to probe some of the in vivo contribution of TNF-mediated HSP. Work from our lab and others has found roles for TNF-HSP in a variety of functions, including the developmental plasticity of sensory systems, models of drug addiction, and the response to psychiatric drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Heir
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Stellwagen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Findley CA, Bartke A, Hascup KN, Hascup ER. Amyloid Beta-Related Alterations to Glutamate Signaling Dynamics During Alzheimer's Disease Progression. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419855541. [PMID: 31213067 PMCID: PMC6582288 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419855541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ranks sixth on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Top 10 Leading Causes of Death list for 2016, and the Alzheimer’s Association attributes 60% to 80% of dementia cases as AD related. AD pathology hallmarks include accumulation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; however, evidence supports that soluble amyloid beta (Aβ), rather than insoluble plaques, may instigate synaptic failure. Soluble Aβ accumulation results in depression of long-term potentiation leading to cognitive deficits commonly characterized in AD. The mechanisms through which Aβ incites cognitive decline have been extensively explored, with a growing body of evidence pointing to modulation of the glutamatergic system. The period of glutamatergic hypoactivation observed alongside long-term potentiation depression and cognitive deficits in later disease stages may be the consequence of a preceding period of increased glutamatergic activity. This review will explore the Aβ-related changes to the tripartite glutamate synapse resulting in altered cell signaling throughout disease progression, ultimately culminating in oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleigh A Findley
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Kevin N Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,4 Department of Molecular Biology, Microbiology & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Erin R Hascup
- 1 Department of Neurology, Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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15
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Investigation of GluA1 and GluA2 AMPA receptor subtype distribution in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex of Long Evans rats during development. IBRO Rep 2020; 8:91-100. [PMID: 32300670 PMCID: PMC7152689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preadolescent development is characterized by a reorganization of connectivity within and between brain regions that coincides with the emergence of complex behaviors. During the preadolescent period, the rodent hippocampus and regions of the frontal cortex are remodelled as the brain strengthens active connections and eliminates others. In the developing and mature brain, changes in the properties of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAr)-mediated synaptic responses contribute to experience-dependent changes in neural organization and function. AMPAr are made up of 4 subunits, of which GluA1 and GluA2 have been shown to play the most prominent role in functional plasticity. In this study, we sought to determine whether levels of these two subunits changed during the course of pre-adolescent development in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). To investigate the developmental changes in GluA1 and GluA2 AMPAr subunits, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed on the ACC and hippocampus from P18 - P30 and compared to adult (P50) levels and distribution. Within the hippocampus, protein levels of GluA1 and GluA2 peaked around P26-30 whereby localized staining in the dentate gyrus reflected this pattern. GluA1 and GluA2 levels within the ACC showed little variation during this developmental period. These results indicate that changes in AMPAr subunits within the hippocampus coincide with developmental modifications that underlie the shift from juvenile- to adult-like capabilities. However, changes in AMPAr distribution in the ACC might not mediate changes that reflect preadolescent developmental shifts.
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16
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Ivanova VO, Balaban PM, Bal NV. Modulation of AMPA Receptors by Nitric Oxide in Nerve Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030981. [PMID: 32024149 PMCID: PMC7038066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous molecule with a large number of functions in living tissue. In the brain, NO participates in numerous intracellular mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity and cell homeostasis. NO elicits synaptic changes both through various multi-chain cascades and through direct nitrosylation of targeted proteins. Along with the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, one of the key components in synaptic functioning are α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors—the main target for long-term modifications of synaptic effectivity. AMPA receptors have been shown to participate in most of the functions important for neuronal activity, including memory formation. Interactions of NO and AMPA receptors were observed in important phenomena, such as glutamatergic excitotoxicity in retinal cells, synaptic plasticity, and neuropathologies. This review focuses on existing findings that concern pathways by which NO interacts with AMPA receptors, influences properties of different subunits of AMPA receptors, and regulates the receptors’ surface expression.
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17
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Mareš P, Folbergrová J, Haugvicová R, Kubová H. Do stereoisomers of homocysteic acid exhibit different convulsant action in immature rats? Physiol Res 2019; 68:S361-S366. [PMID: 31928054 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism of ictogenesis of D- and L-stereroisomers of homocysteic acid was studied in 12-day-old rats by means of antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. There was no qualitative difference between the two stereoisomers in generation of emprosthotonic (flexion) as well as generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Moderate differences were observed in the first, nonconvulsive effects of the two isomers. As generation of the two types of seizures is concerned, NMDA and AMPA participate in generalized tonic-clonic seizures whereas NMDA receptors play a dominant role in generation of flexion seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mareš
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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18
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Lin CH, Lane HY. The Role of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Neurotransmission and Precision Medicine in Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31191302 PMCID: PMC6539199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the world’s population is aging, the prevalence of dementia and the associated behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) rises rapidly. BPSD are associated with worsening of cognitive function and poorer prognosis. No pharmacological treatment has been approved to be beneficial for BPSD to date. Dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-related neurotransmission leads to cognitive impairment and behavioral changes, both of which are core symptoms of BPSD. Memantine, an NMDAR partial antagonist, is used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease (AD). On the other hand, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor improved early-phase AD. Whether to enhance or to attenuate the NMDAR may depend on the phases of dementia. It will be valuable to develop biomarkers indicating the activity of NMDAR, particularly in BPSD. In addition, recent reports suggest that gender difference exists in the treatment of dementia. Selecting subpopulations of patients with BPSD who are prone to improvement with treatment would be important. We reviewed literatures regarding the treatment of BPSD, focusing on the NMDAR-related modulation and precision medicine. Future studies examining the NMDAR modulators with the aid of potential biomarkers to tailor the treatment for individualized patients with BPSD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Sohn H, Park M. Palmitoylation-mediated synaptic regulation of AMPA receptor trafficking and function. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:426-435. [PMID: 30838509 PMCID: PMC6505502 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is a major glutamate-gated ion channel in the brain and is important for synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning. Palmitoylation, a post-translational modification, is a critical process regulating AMPAR trafficking, synaptic function and plasticity, and learning and memory in health and diseases. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on the palmitoylation-dependent regulation of AMPAR trafficking and functions. We focus on the palmitoylation of AMPARs and other synaptic proteins that directly or indirectly interact with AMPARs, including postsynaptic density 95, glutamate receptor-interacting protein/AMPAR-binding protein, A-kinase anchoring protein 79/150, and protein interacting with C kinase 1. Finally, we discuss what future studies should address in the field of palmitoylation-dependent AMPAR trafficking and function with regard to physiology and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Sohn
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea. .,Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
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20
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Park M. AMPA Receptor Trafficking for Postsynaptic Potentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:361. [PMID: 30364291 PMCID: PMC6193507 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic strength, which has long been considered a synaptic correlate for learning and memory, requires a fast recruitment of additional α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs) to the postsynaptic sites. As cell biological concepts have been applied to the field and genetic manipulation and microscopic imaging technologies have been advanced, visualization of the trafficking of AMPARs to synapses for LTP has been investigated intensively over the last decade. Recycling endosomes have been reported as intracellular storage organelles to supply AMPARs for LTP through the endocytic recycling pathway. In addition, exocytic domains in the spine plasma membrane, where AMPARs are inserted from the intracellular compartment, and nanodomains, where diffusing AMPARs are trapped and immobilized inside synapses for LTP, have been described. Furthermore, cell surface lateral diffusion of AMPARs from extrasynaptic to synaptic sites has been reported as a key step for AMPAR location to the synaptic sites for LTP. This review article will discuss recent findings and views on the reservoir(s) of AMPARs and their trafficking for LTP expression by focusing on the exocytosis and lateral diffusion of AMPARs, and provide some future directions that need to be addressed in the field of LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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21
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Wall MJ, Corrêa SAL. The mechanistic link between Arc/Arg3.1 expression and AMPA receptor endocytosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 77:17-24. [PMID: 28890421 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1) plays a key role in determining synaptic strength through facilitation of AMPA receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. Although there is considerable data on the mechanism by which Arc induction controls synaptic plasticity and learning behaviours, several key mechanistic questions remain. Here we review data on the link between Arc expression and the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway which internalises AMPARs and discuss the significance of Arc binding to the clathrin adaptor protein 2 (AP-2) and to endophilin/dynamin. We consider which AMPAR subunits are selected for Arc-mediated internalisation, implications for synaptic function and consider Arc as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wall
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, United Kingdom.
| | - Sonia A L Corrêa
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom.
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22
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Medina-Ceja L, García-Barba C. The glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and MPEP decrease fast ripple events in rats treated with kainic acid. Neurosci Lett 2017; 655:137-142. [PMID: 28673833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast ripples (FR) are high frequency oscillations (250-600Hz) that have been associated with epilepsy. FR are assumed to be generated in small areas of the hippocampus (1mm3) that contain pathologically interconnected glutamate pyramidal cell clusters. Additionally, a relation between glutamate neurotransmission and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainite (AMPA/KA) and metabotropic mGluR5 receptors is well established. Therefore, we hypothesized that antagonism of these glutamate receptors would decrease FR activity. For this propose, we induced status epilepticus with a kainic acid injection in the posterior right hippocampus and performed intracranial EEG recordings to detect and evaluate the presence of FR 15days after the injection. The glutamate AMPA/KA receptor antagonist CNQX (10mg/kg) and the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP (20mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, and the effects of the drugs were evaluated for a period of three hours after their administration. The results show a decrease in the number of FR in the first hour after drug administration in both cases (CNQX, p=0.0125; MPEP, p=0.0132) and a return to basal values in the third hour of the experiment, but not significant differences in the number of oscillations per event of FR, and the frequency and duration of each event of FR. We therefore conclude that blockade of AMPA/KA and mGluR5 receptors transiently decreases the generation of FR; however, the mechanisms by which this effect is achieved are to be further analyzed in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Carla García-Barba
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, University of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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23
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Minbay Z, Serter Kocoglu S, Gok Yurtseven D, Eyigor O. Immunohistochemical localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the rat red nucleus. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:29-37. [PMID: 28027456 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the presence as well as the diverse distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptor subunits in the rat red nucleus. Using adult Sprague-Dawley rats as the experimental animals, immunohistochemistry was performed on 30 µm thick coronal brain sections with antibodies against α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (GluA1-4), kainate (GluK1, GluK2/3, and GluK5), and NMDA (GluN1 and GluN2A) receptor subunits. The results showed that all ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits are expressed in the red nucleus. Specific staining was localized in the neuron bodies and processes. However, the pattern of immunoreactivity and the number of labeled neurons changed depending on the type of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits and the localization of neurons in the red nucleus. The neurons localized in the magnocellular part of the red nucleus were particularly immunopositive for GluA2, GluA4, GluK2/3, GluK5, GluN1, and GluN2A receptor proteins. In the parvocellular part of the red nucleus, ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit immunoreactivity of variable intensity (lightly to moderately stained) was detected in the neurons. These results suggest that red nucleus neurons in rat heterogeneously express ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits to form functional receptor channels. In addition, the likelihood of the coexpression of different subunits in the same subgroup of neurons suggests the formation of receptor channels with diverse structure by way of different subunit combination, and the possibility of various neuronal functions through these channels in the red nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Minbay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
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RNA Editing, ADAR1, and the Innate Immune Response. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010041. [PMID: 28106799 PMCID: PMC5295035 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA editing, particularly A-to-I RNA editing, has been shown to play an essential role in mammalian embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including skin pigmentation disorder, autoimmune and inflammatory tissue injury, neuron degeneration, and various malignancies. A-to-I RNA editing is carried out by a small group of enzymes, the adenosine deaminase acting on RNAs (ADARs). Only three members of this protein family, ADAR1-3, exist in mammalian cells. ADAR3 is a catalytically null enzyme and the most significant function of ADAR2 was found to be in editing on the neuron receptor GluR-B mRNA. ADAR1, however, has been shown to play more significant roles in biological and pathological conditions. Although there remains much that is not known about how ADAR1 regulates cellular function, recent findings point to regulation of the innate immune response as an important function of ADAR1. Without appropriate RNA editing by ADAR1, endogenous RNA transcripts stimulate cytosolic RNA sensing receptors and therefore activate the IFN-inducing signaling pathways. Overactivation of innate immune pathways can lead to tissue injury and dysfunction. However, obvious gaps in our knowledge persist as to how ADAR1 regulates innate immune responses through RNA editing. Here, we review critical findings from ADAR1 mechanistic studies focusing on its regulatory function in innate immune responses and identify some of the important unanswered questions in the field.
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25
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Shaban H, O’Connor R, Ovsepian SV, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Electrophysiological approaches to unravel the neurobiological basis of appetite and satiety: use of the multielectrode array as a screening strategy. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Vasilescu AN, Schweinfurth N, Borgwardt S, Gass P, Lang UE, Inta D, Eckart S. Modulation of the activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors as a novel treatment option for depression: current clinical evidence and therapeutic potential of rapastinel (GLYX-13). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2017; 13:973-980. [PMID: 28408831 PMCID: PMC5384686 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s119004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical monoaminergic antidepressants show several disadvantages, such as protracted onset of therapeutic action. Conversely, the fast and sustained antidepressant effect of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine raises vast interest in understanding the role of the glutamate system in mood disorders. Indeed, numerous data support the existence of glutamatergic dysfunction in major depressive disorder (MDD). Drawback to this short-latency therapy is its side effect profile, especially the psychotomimetic action, which seriously hampers the common and widespread clinical use of ketamine. Therefore, there is a substantial need for alternative glutamatergic antidepressants with milder side effects. In this article, we review evidence that implicates NMDARs in the prospective treatment of MDD with focus on rapastinel (formerly known as GLYX-13), a novel synthetic NMDAR modulator with fast antidepressant effect, which acts by enhancing NMDAR function as opposed to blocking it. We summarize and discuss current clinical and animal studies regarding the therapeutic potential of rapastinel not only in MDD but also in other psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Additionally, we discuss current data concerning the molecular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of rapastinel, highlighting common aspects as well as differences to ketamine. In 2016, rapastinel received the Breakthrough Therapy designation for the treatment of MDD from the US Food and Drug Administration, representing one of the most promising alternative antidepressants under current investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei-Nicolae Vasilescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Schweinfurth
- Department of Psychiatry (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Eckart
- Department of Psychiatry (Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Tu YC, Yang YC, Kuo CC. Modulation of NMDA channel gating by Ca 2+ and Cd 2+ binding to the external pore mouth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37029. [PMID: 27848984 PMCID: PMC5111045 DOI: 10.1038/srep37029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor channels are characterized by high Ca2+ permeability. It remains unclear whether extracellular Ca2+ could directly modulate channel gating and control Ca2+ influxes. We demonstrate a pore-blocking site external to the activation gate for extracellular Ca2+ and Cd2+, which has the same charge and radius as Ca2+ but is impermeable to the channel. The apparent affinity of Cd2+ or Ca2+ is higher toward the activated (a steady-state mixture of the open and desensitized, probably chiefly the latter) than the closed states. The blocking effect of Cd2+ is well correlated with the number of charges in the DRPEER motif at the external pore mouth, with coupling coefficients close to 1 in double mutant cycle analyses. The effect of Ca2+ and especially Cd2+ could be allosterically affected by T647A mutation located just inside the activation gate. A prominent "hook" also develops after wash-off of Cd2+ or Ca2+, suggesting faster unbinding rates of Cd2+ and Ca2+ with the mutation. We conclude that extracellular Ca2+ or Cd2+ directly binds to the DRPEER motif to modify NMDA channel activation (opening as well as desensitization), which seems to involve essential regional conformational changes centered at the bundle crossing point A652 (GluN1)/A651(GluN2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chi Tu
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chin Kuo
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Felix RA, Magnusson AK. Development of excitatory synaptic transmission to the superior paraolivary and lateral superior olivary nuclei optimizes differential decoding strategies. Neuroscience 2016; 334:1-12. [PMID: 27476438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON) is a prominent structure in the mammalian auditory brainstem with a proposed role in encoding transient broadband sounds such as vocalized utterances. Currently, the source of excitatory pathways that project to the SPON and how these inputs contribute to SPON function are poorly understood. To shed light on the nature of these inputs, we measured evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the SPON originating from the intermediate acoustic stria and compared them with the properties of EPSCs in the lateral superior olive (LSO) originating from the ventral acoustic stria during auditory development from postnatal day 5 to 22 in mice. Before hearing onset, EPSCs in the SPON and LSO are very similar in size and kinetics. After the onset of hearing, SPON excitation is refined to extremely few (2:1) fibers, with each strengthened by an increase in release probability, yielding fast and strong EPSCs. LSO excitation is recruited from more fibers (5:1), resulting in strong EPSCs with a comparatively broader stimulus-response range after hearing onset. Evoked SPON excitation is comparatively weaker than evoked LSO excitation, likely due to a larger fraction of postsynaptic GluR2-containing Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors after hearing onset. Taken together, SPON excitation develops synaptic properties that are suited for transmitting single events with high temporal reliability and the strong, dynamic LSO excitation is compatible with high rate-level sensitivity. Thus, the excitatory input pathways to the SPON and LSO mature to support different decoding strategies of respective coarse temporal and sound intensity information at the brainstem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Felix
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K Magnusson
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The amino acid L-Glutamate acts as the most ubiquitous mediator of excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Glutamatergic transmission is central for diverse brain functions, being particularly important for learning, memory, and cognition. In brain pathology, excessive release of glutamate triggers excitotoxic neural cell death through necrotic or apoptotic pathways. Glutamate effects are mediated by several classes of glutamate receptors, expressed in virtually all cells of neural origin. Specifically important for both physiological information processing and cell damage are glutamate receptors of NMDA ( N-methyl-D-aspartate) type, which, for a long time, were considered to be expressed exclusively in neurons. Recent studies have found functional NMDA receptors in brain macroglia, in astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Glial and neuronal NMDA receptors are functionally and structurally different; the glial receptors are weakly (if at all) sensitive to the extracellular magnesium block, which may indicate a predominant expression of the NR3 receptor subunit. In the cortex, astroglial NMDA receptors are activated upon physiological synaptic transmission. The physiological relevance of NMDA receptors in the white matter remains unknown; their activation upon ischemia triggers Ca2+-dependent damage of oligodendrocytes and myelin. The discovery of glial NMDA receptors further indicates the complex nature of intercellular signaling mechanisms in the brain, which involve all types of neural cells, connected through diverse types of chemical and electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT UK.
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Abstract
AMPA receptors (AMPARs) are assemblies of four core subunits, GluA1-4, that mediate most fast excitatory neurotransmission. The component subunits determine the functional properties of AMPARs, and the prevailing view is that the subunit composition also determines AMPAR trafficking, which is dynamically regulated during development, synaptic plasticity and in response to neuronal stress in disease. Recently, the subunit dependence of AMPAR trafficking has been questioned, leading to a reappraisal of this field. In this Review, we discuss what is known, uncertain, conjectured and unknown about the roles of the individual subunits, and how they affect AMPAR assembly, trafficking and function under both normal and pathological conditions.
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Glutamate and ATP at the Interface Between Signaling and Metabolism in Astroglia: Examples from Pathology. Neurochem Res 2016; 42:19-34. [PMID: 26915104 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the brain, while ATP represents the most important energy currency in any living cell. Yet, these chemicals play an important role in both processes, enabling them with dual-acting functions in metabolic and intercellular signaling pathways. Glutamate can fuel ATP production, while ATP can act as a transmitter in intercellular signaling. We discuss the interface between glutamate and ATP in signaling and metabolism of astrocytes. Not only do glutamate and ATP cross each other's paths in physiology of the brain, but they also do so in its pathology. We present the fabric of this process in (patho)physiology through the discussion of synthesis and metabolism of ATP and glutamate in astrocytes as well as by providing a general description of astroglial receptors for these molecules along with the downstream signaling pathways that may be activated. It is astroglial receptors for these dual-acting molecules that could hold a key for medical intervention in pathological conditions. We focus on two examples disclosing the role of activation of astroglial ATP and glutamate receptors in pathology of two kinds of brain tissue, gray matter and white matter, respectively. Interventions at the interface of metabolism and signaling show promise for translational medicine.
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D'Souza MS. Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:404. [PMID: 26594139 PMCID: PMC4633516 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University Ada, OH, USA
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33
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Abstract
Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) have been used as a powerful ex vivo model for decades. They have been used successfully in studies of neuronal death, microglial activation, mossy fiber regeneration, neurogenesis, and drug screening. As a pre-animal experimental phase for physiologic and pathologic brain research, OHSCs offer outcomes that are relatively closer to those of whole-animal studies than outcomes obtained from cell culture in vitro. At the same time, mechanisms can be studied more precisely in OHSCs than they can be in vivo. Here, we summarize stroke and traumatic brain injury research that has been carried out in OHSCs and review classic experimental applications of OHSCs and its limitations.
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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35
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Pizzo F, Caloni F, Schreiber NB, Schutz LF, Totty ML, Albonico M, Spicer LJ. Direct effects of the algal toxin, domoic acid, on ovarian function: Bovine granulosa and theca cells as an in vitro model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:314-320. [PMID: 25528487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is a potent neurotoxin produced by alga Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and has been associated with reproductive disorders in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate if DA can affect the reproductive system via direct action on ovarian function. Bovine granulosa and theca cells were used as in vitro models for evaluating DA effects on ovarian cell proliferation and steroid production. In small-follicle granulosa cells (SMGC), cell proliferation and estradiol (E2) production was not affected (P>0.05) while progesterone (P4) production was inhibited (P<0.05) by DA at all doses tested. In large-follicle granulosa cells (LGGC), DA had no effect (P>0.05) on cell proliferation or P4 production while E2 production was stimulated by 1 and 5 µg/ml DA (P<0.05). DA (1 µg/ml) attenuated (P<0.05) insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-induced P4 production by large-follicle theca cells (LGTC), but did not affect androstenedione (A4) production or proliferation of LGTC. In glutamate-free medium, DA inhibited (P<0.05) SMGC E2 production and this inhibition was similar to inhibition of E2 by trans-(±)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid monohydrate (ACPD; a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype agonist) while kainic acid (KA; an ionotropic glutamate receptor subtype agonist) had no effect (P>0.10) on E2 production. Collectively, these results show for the first time that DA has direct effects on ovarian GC and TC steroidogenesis. Because DA inhibited E2 and P4 production, DA has the potential to be an endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Pizzo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Caloni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole B Schreiber
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Luis F Schutz
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Morgan L Totty
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Marco Albonico
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Leon J Spicer
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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36
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Peng X, Hughes EG, Moscato EH, Parsons TD, Dalmau J, Balice-Gordon RJ. Cellular plasticity induced by anti-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor encephalitis antibodies. Ann Neurol 2015; 77:381-98. [PMID: 25369168 PMCID: PMC4365686 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Autoimmune-mediated anti–α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) encephalitis is a severe but treatment-responsive disorder with prominent short-term memory loss and seizures. The mechanisms by which patient antibodies affect synapses and neurons leading to symptoms are poorly understood. Methods The effects of patient antibodies on cultures of live rat hippocampal neurons were determined with immunostaining, Western blot, and electrophysiological analyses. Results We show that patient antibodies cause a selective decrease in the total surface amount and synaptic localization of GluA1- and GluA2-containing AMPARs, regardless of receptor subunit binding specificity, through increased internalization and degradation of surface AMPAR clusters. In contrast, patient antibodies do not alter the density of excitatory synapses, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) clusters, or cell viability. Commercially available AMPAR antibodies directed against extracellular epitopes do not result in a loss of surface and synaptic receptor clusters, suggesting specific effects of patient antibodies. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings of spontaneous miniature postsynaptic currents show that patient antibodies decrease AMPAR-mediated currents, but not NMDAR-mediated currents. Interestingly, several functional properties of neurons are also altered: inhibitory synaptic currents and vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter (vGAT) staining intensity decrease, whereas the intrinsic excitability of neurons and short-interval firing increase. Interpretation These results establish that antibodies from patients with anti-AMPAR encephalitis selectively eliminate surface and synaptic AMPARs, resulting in a homeostatic decrease in inhibitory synaptic transmission and increased intrinsic excitability, which may contribute to the memory deficits and epilepsy that are prominent in patients with this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Zhang W, Devi SPS, Tomita S, Howe JR. Auxiliary proteins promote modal gating of AMPA- and kainate-type glutamate receptors. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1138-47. [PMID: 24712993 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gating behavior of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate receptors is modulated by association with the auxiliary proteins: transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) and neuropilin tolloid-like (Netos), respectively. Although the mechanisms underlying receptor modulation differ for both AMPA and kainate receptors, association with these auxiliary subunits results in the appearance of a slow component in the decay of ensemble responses to rapid applications of saturating concentrations of glutamate. We show here that these components arise from distinct gating behaviors, characterized by substantially higher open probability (Popen ), which we only observe when core subunits are associated with their respective auxiliary partners. We refer to these behaviors as gating modes, because individual receptors switch between the low- and high-Popen gating on a time-scale of seconds. At any given time, association of AMPA and kainate receptors with their auxiliary subunits results in a heterogeneous receptor population, some of which are in the high-Popen mode and others that display gating behavior similar to that seen for receptors formed from core subunits alone. While the switching between modes is infrequent, the presence of receptors displaying both types of gating has a large impact on both the kinetics and amplitude of ensemble currents similar to those seen at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520-8066, USA; Institute of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
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Alfonso S, Kessels HW, Banos CC, Chan TR, Lin ET, Kumaravel G, Scannevin RH, Rhodes KJ, Huganir R, Guckian KM, Dunah AW, Malinow R. Synapto-depressive effects of amyloid beta require PICK1. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:1225-33. [PMID: 24713001 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ), a key component in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, is thought to target excitatory synapses early in the disease. However, the mechanism by which Aβ weakens synapses is not well understood. Here we showed that the PDZ domain protein, protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1), was required for Aβ to weaken synapses. In mice lacking PICK1, elevations of Aβ failed to depress synaptic transmission in cultured brain slices. In dissociated cultured neurons, Aβ failed to reduce surface α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunit 2, a subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors that binds with PICK1 through a PDZ ligand-domain interaction. Lastly, a novel small molecule (BIO922) discovered through structure-based drug design that targets the specific interactions between GluA2 and PICK1 blocked the effects of Aβ on synapses and surface receptors. We concluded that GluA2-PICK1 interactions are a key component of the effects of Aβ on synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Alfonso
- Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Departments of Neuroscience and Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Roeske TC, Scharff C, Olson CR, Nshdejan A, Mello CV. Long-distance retinoid signaling in the zebra finch brain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111722. [PMID: 25393898 PMCID: PMC4230966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the main active metabolite of vitamin A, is a powerful signaling molecule that regulates large-scale morphogenetic processes during vertebrate embryonic development, but is also involved post-natally in regulating neural plasticity and cognition. In songbirds, it plays an important role in the maturation of learned song. The distribution of the ATRA-synthesizing enzyme, zRalDH, and of ATRA receptors (RARs) have been described, but information on the distribution of other components of the retinoid signaling pathway is still lacking. To address this gap, we have determined the expression patterns of two obligatory RAR co-receptors, the retinoid X receptors (RXR) α and γ, and of the three ATRA-degrading cytochromes CYP26A1, CYP26B1, and CYP26C1. We have also studied the distribution of zRalDH protein using immunohistochemistry, and generated a refined map of ATRA localization, using a modified reporter cell assay to examine entire brain sections. Our results show that (1) ATRA is more broadly distributed in the brain than previously predicted by the spatially restricted distribution of zRalDH transcripts. This could be due to long-range transport of zRalDH enzyme between different nuclei of the song system: Experimental lesions of putative zRalDH peptide source regions diminish ATRA-induced transcription in target regions. (2) Four telencephalic song nuclei express different and specific subsets of retinoid-related receptors and could be targets of retinoid regulation; in the case of the lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium (lMAN), receptor expression is dynamically regulated in a circadian and age-dependent manner. (3) High-order auditory areas exhibit a complex distribution of transcripts representing ATRA synthesizing and degrading enzymes and could also be a target of retinoid signaling. Together, our survey across multiple connected song nuclei and auditory brain regions underscores the prominent role of retinoid signaling in modulating the circuitry that underlies the acquisition and production of learned vocalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina C. Roeske
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Constance Scharff
- Department of Animal Behavior, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher R. Olson
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Arpik Nshdejan
- Department of Animal Behavior, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudio V. Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Lagranha VL, Matte U, de Carvalho TG, Seminotti B, Pereira CC, Koeller DM, Woontner M, Goodman SI, de Souza DOG, Wajner M. Increased glutamate receptor and transporter expression in the cerebral cortex and striatum of gcdh-/- mice: possible implications for the neuropathology of glutaric acidemia type I. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90477. [PMID: 24594605 PMCID: PMC3942441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined mRNA expression of the ionotropic glutamate receptors NMDA (NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits), AMPA (GluR2 subunit) and kainate (GluR6 subunit), as well as of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 in cerebral cortex and striatum of wild type (WT) and glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficient (Gchh-/-) mice aged 7, 30 and 60 days. The protein expression levels of some of these membrane proteins were also measured. Overexpression of NR2A and NR2B in striatum and of GluR2 and GluR6 in cerebral cortex was observed in 7-day-old Gcdh-/-. There was also an increase of mRNA expression of all NMDA subunits in cerebral cortex and of NR2A and NR2B in striatum of 30-day-old Gcdh-/- mice. At 60 days of life, all ionotropic receptors were overexpressed in cerebral cortex and striatum of Gcdh-/- mice. Higher expression of GLAST and GLT1 transporters was also verified in cerebral cortex and striatum of Gcdh-/- mice aged 30 and 60 days, whereas at 7 days of life GLAST was overexpressed only in striatum from this mutant mice. Furthermore, high lysine intake induced mRNA overexpression of NR2A, NR2B and GLAST transcripts in striatum, as well as of GluR2 and GluR6 in both striatum and cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice. Finally, we found that the protein expression of NR2A, NR2B, GLT1 and GLAST were significantly greater in cerebral cortex of Gcdh-/- mice, whereas NR2B and GLT1 was similarly enhanced in striatum, implying that these transcripts were translated into their products. These results provide evidence that glutamate receptor and transporter expression is higher in Gcdh-/- mice and that these alterations may be involved in the pathophysiology of GA I and possibly explain, at least in part, the vulnerability of striatum and cerebral cortex to injury in patients affected by GA I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Lizzi Lagranha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, Centro de Pesquisas Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Talita Giacomet de Carvalho
- Centro de Terapia Gênica, Centro de Pesquisas Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bianca Seminotti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carolina Coffi Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - David M. Koeller
- Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael Woontner
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen I. Goodman
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Diogo Onofre Gomes de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Verkhratsky A, Burnstock G. Purinergic and glutamatergic receptors on astroglia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 11:55-79. [PMID: 25236724 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells express many neurotransmitter receptors; the receptors to glutamate and ATP being the most abundant. Here, we provide a concise overview on the expression and main properties of astroglial glutamate receptors (ionotropic receptors represented by AMPA and NMDA subtypes) and metabotropic (mainly mGluR5 and mGluR3 subtypes) and purinoceptors (adenosine receptors of A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 types, ionotropic P2X1/5 and P2X7 subtypes, and metabotropic P2Y purinoceptors). We also discuss the role of these receptors in glial physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, 1.124 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,
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Ohkubo J, Ohbuchi T, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Ishikura T, Matsuura T, Suzuki H, Ueta Y. Electrophysiological effects of kainic acid on vasopressin-enhanced green fluorescent protein and oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 neurones isolated from the supraoptic nucleus in transgenic rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:43-51. [PMID: 24341559 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The supraoptic nucleus (SON) contains two types of magnocellular neurosecretory cells: arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing and oxytocin (OXT)-producing cells. We recently generated and characterised two transgenic rat lines: one expressing an AVP-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and the other expressing an OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1). These transgenic rats enable the visualisation of AVP or OXT neurones in the SON. In the present study, we compared the electrophysiological responses of AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurones to glutamic acid in SON primary cultures. Glutamate mediates fast synaptic transmission through three classes of ionotrophic receptors: the NMDA, AMPA and kainate receptors. We investigated the contributions of the three classes of ionotrophic receptors in glutamate-induced currents. Three different antagonists were used, each predominantly selective for one of the classes of ionotrophic receptor. Next, we focused on the kainate receptors (KARs). We examined the electrophysiological effects of kainic acid (KA) on AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurones. In current clamp mode, KA induced depolarisation and increased firing rates. These KA-induced responses were inhibited by the non-NMDA ionotrophic receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H4H)-dione in both AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurones. In voltage clamp mode, the application of KA evoked inward currents in a dose-dependent manner. The KA-induced currents were significantly larger in OXT-mRFP1 neurones than in AVP-eGFP neurones. This significant difference in KA-induced currents was abolished by the GluK1-containing KAR antagonist UBP302. At high concentrations (250-500 μm), the specific GluK1-containing KAR agonist (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butylisoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid (ATPA) induced significantly larger currents in OXT-mRFP1 neurones than in AVP-eGFP neurones. Furthermore, the difference between the AVP-eGFP and OXT-mRFP1 neurones in the ATPA currents was approximately equal to the difference in the KA currents. These findings suggest that the GluK1-containing KARs may be more highly expressed in OXT neurones than in AVP neurones. These results may provide new insight into the physiology and synaptic plasticity of SON neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ohkubo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Glutamate and ATP: The Crossroads of Signaling and Metabolism in the Brain. GLUTAMATE AND ATP AT THE INTERFACE OF METABOLISM AND SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN 2014; 11:1-12. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08894-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Banerjee B, Medda BK, Pochiraju S, Kannampalli P, Lang IM, Sengupta JN, Shaker R. AMPA receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation in cingulate cortex in rats following esophageal acid exposure. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:973-e776. [PMID: 24118589 PMCID: PMC4097166 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported an increase in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression and CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of NR2B in the rostral cingulate cortical (rCC) neurons following esophageal acid exposure in rats. As α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate the fast excitatory transmission and play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, in this study, we investigated the effect of esophageal acid exposure in rats on the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and the involvement of these molecular alterations in acid-induced sensitization of neurons in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and midcingulate (MCC) cortices. METHODS In molecular study, we examined GluA1 and GluA2 expression and phosphorylation in membrane preparations and in the isolated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) from rats receiving acute esophageal exposure of either saline (control group) or 0.1 N HCl (experimental group). In electrophysiological study, the effect of selective AMPA receptor (Ca(2+) permeable) antagonist IEM-1460 and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 was tested on responses of cortical neurons during acid infusion to address the underlying molecular mechanism of acid-induced sensitization. KEY RESULTS The acid exposure significantly increased expression of GluA1, pGluA1Ser(831) , and phosphorylated CaMKIIThr(286) , in the cortical membrane preparations. In isolated PSDs, a significant increase in pGluA1Ser(831) was observed in acid-treated rats compared with controls. Microinjection of IEM-1460 or KN-93 near the recording site significantly attenuated acid-induced sensitization of cortical neurons. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The underlying mechanism of acid-induced cortical sensitization involves upregulation and CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1. These molecular changes of AMPA receptors subunit GluA1 in the cortical neurons might play an important role in acid-induced esophageal hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Banerjee
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - B. K. Medda
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - S. Pochiraju
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - P. Kannampalli
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - I. M. Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - J. N. Sengupta
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
| | - R. Shaker
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee WI USA
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Patel NC, Schwarz J, Hou XJ, Hoover DJ, Xie L, Fliri AJ, Gallaschun RJ, Lazzaro JT, Bryce DK, Hoffmann WE, Hanks AN, McGinnis D, Marr ES, Gazard JL, Hajós M, Scialis RJ, Hurst RS, Shaffer CL, Pandit J, O’Donnell CJ. Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Dihydroisoxazole Class of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) Receptor Potentiators. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9180-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini C. Patel
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jacob Schwarz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xinjun J. Hou
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis J. Hoover
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Longfei Xie
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anton J. Fliri
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Randall J. Gallaschun
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - John T. Lazzaro
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dianne K. Bryce
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - William E. Hoffmann
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ashley N. Hanks
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dina McGinnis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eric S. Marr
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Justin L. Gazard
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mihály Hajós
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Renato J. Scialis
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raymond S. Hurst
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher L. Shaffer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jayvardhan Pandit
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Salunke BP, Umathe SN, Chavan JG. Involvement of NMDA receptor in low-frequency magnetic field-induced anxiety in mice. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 33:312-26. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2013.839453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Menniti FS, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Pandit J, Zagouras P, Volkmann RA. Allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia: targeting glutamatergic networks. Curr Top Med Chem 2013; 13:26-54. [PMID: 23409764 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611313010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly debilitating mental disorder which afflicts approximately 1% of the global population. Cognitive and negative deficits account for the lifelong disability associated with schizophrenia, whose symptoms are not effectively addressed by current treatments. New medicines are needed to treat these aspects of the disease. Neurodevelopmental, neuropathological, genetic, and behavioral pharmacological data indicate that schizophrenia stems from a dysfunction of glutamate synaptic transmission, particularly in frontal cortical networks. A number of novel pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms affecting glutamatergic synaptic transmission have emerged as viable targets for schizophrenia. While developing orthosteric glutamatergic agents for these targets has proven extremely difficult, targeting allosteric sites of these targets has emerged as a promising alternative. From a medicinal chemistry perspective, allosteric sites provide an opportunity of finding agents with better drug-like properties and greater target specificity. Furthermore, allosteric modulators are better suited to maintaining the highly precise temporal and spatial aspects of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Herein, we review neuropathological and genomic/genetic evidence underscoring the importance of glutamate synaptic dysfunction in the etiology of schizophrenia and make a case for allosteric targets for therapeutic intervention. We review progress in identifying allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, all with the aim of restoring physiological glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Challenges remain given the complexity of schizophrenia and the difficulty in studying cognition in animals and humans. Nonetheless, important compounds have emerged from these efforts and promising preclinical and variable clinical validation has been achieved.
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Tsutsui S, Stys PK. Metabolic injury to axons and myelin. Exp Neurol 2013; 246:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by endocrine hormones and the maintenance of energy homoeostasis. Biosci Rep 2013; 32:423-32. [PMID: 22582733 PMCID: PMC3804927 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy homoeostasis, a co-ordinated balance of food intake and energy expenditure, is regulated by the CNS (central nervous system). The past decade has witnessed significant advances in our understanding of metabolic processes and brain circuitry which responds to a broad range of neural, nutrient and hormonal signals. Accumulating evidence demonstrates altered synaptic plasticity in the CNS in response to hormone signals. Moreover, emerging observations suggest that synaptic plasticity underlies all brain functions, including the physiological regulation of energy homoeostasis, and that impaired synaptic constellation and plasticity may lead to pathological development and conditions. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the regulation of postsynaptic receptors such as AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) receptors, and the presynaptic components by hormone signals. A detailed understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms by which hormones regulate energy homoeostasis may lead to novel strategies in treating metabolic disorders.
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PKCλ is critical in AMPA receptor phosphorylation and synaptic incorporation during LTP. EMBO J 2013; 32:1365-80. [PMID: 23511975 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct phosphorylation of GluA1 by PKC controls α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor (AMPAR) incorporation into active synapses during long-term potentiation (LTP). Numerous signalling molecules that involved in AMPAR incorporation have been identified, but the specific PKC isoform(s) participating in GluA1 phosphorylation and the molecule triggering PKC activation remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the atypical isoform of PKC, PKCλ, is a critical molecule that acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and is essential for LTP expression. PKCλ activation is required for both GluA1 phosphorylation and increased surface expression of AMPARs during LTP. Moreover, p62 interacts with both PKCλ and GluA1 during LTP and may serve as a scaffolding protein to place PKCλ in close proximity to facilitate GluA1 phosphorylation by PKCλ. Thus, we conclude that PKCλ is the critical signalling molecule responsible for GluA1-containing AMPAR phosphorylation and synaptic incorporation at activated synapses during LTP expression.
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