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Brusach K, Lorbach S, Quimby J, Nijveldt E, Paschall R, Kinsella H, Parker V, Toribio R. Measurement of Ghrelin as a Marker of Appetite Dysregulation in Cats with and without Chronic Kidney Disease. Vet Sci 2023; 10:464. [PMID: 37505868 PMCID: PMC10385538 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Appetite abnormalities and weight loss are important comorbidities in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. Ghrelin, a key hormone involved in the regulation of appetite and metabolism, is a potential marker of appetite dysregulation in cats with CKD. The aim of this study was to compare the plasma concentrations of acylated, desacyl, and total ghrelin in normal cats and cats with CKD. Storage methodology was investigated prior to evaluating ghrelin concentrations in normal and CKD cats to facilitate clinical sample collection. Twelve normal cats and twelve cats with CKD were enrolled. Plasma acylated and total ghrelin concentrations were measured using radioimmunoassay. Desacyl ghrelin was calculated (total ghrelin minus acylated ghrelin). Cats with CKD had significantly increased total ghrelin and calculated desacyl ghrelin concentrations in comparison to normal cats (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in active ghrelin concentrations between groups. Both total ghrelin and calculated desacyl ghrelin were significantly correlated with serum creatinine concentrations (p < 0.0001, r = 0.70 and p < 0.0001, r = 0.73). Elevated plasma desacyl ghrelin concentrations in cats with CKD provides evidence for dysregulation of appetite in feline CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Brusach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sarah Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jessica Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eline Nijveldt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rene Paschall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Hannah Kinsella
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Valerie Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ramiro Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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2
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Tian J, Guo L, Wang T, Jia K, Swerdlow RH, Zigman JM, Du H. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation contributes to age-associated cognitive decline. JCI Insight 2023; 8:166175. [PMID: 37212281 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.166175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly individuals frequently report cognitive decline, while various studies indicate hippocampal functional declines with advancing age. Hippocampal function is influenced by ghrelin through hippocampus-expressed growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous GHSR antagonist that attenuates ghrelin signaling. Here, we measured plasma ghrelin and LEAP2 levels in a cohort of cognitively normal individuals older than 60 and found that LEAP2 increased with age while ghrelin (also referred to in literature as "acyl-ghrelin") marginally declined. In this cohort, plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratios were inversely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination scores. Studies in mice showed an age-dependent inverse relationship between plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio and hippocampal lesions. In aged mice, restoration of the LEAP2/ghrelin balance to youth-associated levels with lentiviral shRNA Leap2 downregulation improved cognitive performance and mitigated various age-related hippocampal deficiencies such as CA1 region synaptic loss, declines in neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. Our data collectively suggest that LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio elevation may adversely affect hippocampal function and, consequently, cognitive performance; thus, it may serve as a biomarker of age-related cognitive decline. Moreover, targeting LEAP2 and ghrelin in a manner that lowers the plasma LEAP2/ghrelin molar ratio could benefit cognitive performance in elderly individuals for rejuvenation of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Lan Guo
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Tienju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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3
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Maylor BD, Zakrzewski-Fruer JK, Orton CJ, Bailey DP. Short, frequent high-intensity physical activity breaks reduce appetite compared to a continuous moderate-intensity exercise bout. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:EC-22-0259. [PMID: 36445234 PMCID: PMC9874970 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A single exercise session can affect appetite-regulating hormones and suppress appetite. The effects of short, regular physical activity breaks across the day on appetite are unclear. This study investigated the effects of breaking up sitting with high-intensity physical activity vs a single bout of moderate-intensity exercise and prolonged sitting on appetite control. In this randomised crossover trial, 14 sedentary, inactive adults (7 women) completed 3, 8-h experimental conditions: (i) prolonged sitting (SIT); (ii) 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise followed by prolonged sitting (EX-SIT), and (iii) sitting with 2 min 32 s of high-intensity physical activity every hour (SIT-ACT). Physical activity energy expenditure was matched between EX-SIT and SIT-ACT. Subjective appetite was measured every 30 min with acylated ghrelin and total peptide-YY (PYY) measured hourly in response to two standardised test meals. An ad libitum buffet meal was provided at the end of each condition. Based on linear mixed model analysis, total area under the curve for satisfaction was 16% higher (P = 0.021) and overall appetite was 11% lower during SIT-ACT vs EX-SIT (P = 0.018), with no differences between SIT-ACT and SIT. Time series analysis indicated that SIT-ACT reduced subjective appetite during the majority of the post-lunch period compared with SIT and EX-SIT, with some of these effects reversed earlier in the afternoon (P < 0.05). Total PYY and acylated ghrelin did not differ between conditions. Relative energy intake was 760 kJ lower during SIT-ACT vs SIT (P = 0.024). High-intensity physical activity breaks may be effective in acutely suppressing appetite; yet, appetite-regulating hormones may not explain such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Maylor
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Charlie J Orton
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
- Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to D P Bailey:
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Kasprzak A, Adamek A. Role of the Ghrelin System in Colitis and Hepatitis as Risk Factors for Inflammatory-Related Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911188. [PMID: 36232490 PMCID: PMC9569806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is not known exactly what leads to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but there are specific risk factors that increase the probability of their occurrence. The unclear pathogenesis, too-late diagnosis, poor prognosis as a result of high recurrence and metastasis rates, and repeatedly ineffective therapy of both cancers continue to challenge both basic science and practical medicine. The ghrelin system, which is comprised of ghrelin and alternative peptides (e.g., obestatin), growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), and ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT), plays an important role in the physiology and pathology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It promotes various physiological effects, including energy metabolism and amelioration of inflammation. The ghrelin system plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), which are well known risk factors for the development of CRC, as well as inflammatory liver diseases which can trigger the development of HCC. Colitis-associated cancer serves as a prototype of inflammation-associated cancers. Little is known about the role of the ghrelin system in the mechanisms of transformation of chronic inflammation to low- and high-grade dysplasia, and, finally, to CRC. HCC is also associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis arising from different etiologies, including alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and/or hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. However, the exact role of ghrelin in the progression of the chronic inflammatory lesions into HCC is still unknown. The aim of this review is to summarize findings on the role of the ghrelin system in inflammatory bowel and liver diseases in order to better understand the impact of this system on the development of inflammatory-related cancers, namely CRC and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-8546441; Fax: +48-61-8546440
| | - Agnieszka Adamek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Acquired Immunodeficiencies, University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska Street 3, 61-285 Poznań, Poland
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Ginieis R, Abeywickrema S, Oey I, Peng M. Testing Links of Food-Related Olfactory Perception to Peripheral Ghrelin and Leptin Concentrations. Front Nutr 2022; 9:888608. [PMID: 35634372 PMCID: PMC9130723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.888608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormones ghrelin and leptin play major roles in the regulation of appetite and food intake. However, the precise effects of these hormones on sensory processing remain a subject of debate, particularly with food related stimuli and its small body of evidence. Here, we test for relationships between ghrelin and leptin levels against olfactory performance with multiple food-related odours. Specifically, a total of 94 Caucasian males were tested for their supra-threshold sensitivity (i.e., d′), intensity, and valence perception to three odour compounds (i.e., vanilla, potato, and dairy odours). These sensory data were then analysed against peripheral ghrelin and leptin levels, both assessed in plasma samples. Participants’ body adiposity measures were also obtained. Results lent strong support to one of our original hypotheses, with ghrelin levels being positively correlated to the supra-threshold sensitivity of the dairy odour, (r = 0.241, p = 0.020), and intensity ratings to most of the food odours tested [dairy (r = 0.216, p = 0.037) and vanilla (r = 0.241, p = 0.020)]. By contrast, peripheral leptin levels were not significantly linked to any of the olfactory measures (p > 0.05). These relationships remained similar after controlling for variabilities of adiposity measures. The present study brings novel insights by identifying positive links between supra-threshold olfactory perception and ghrelin. This new knowledge is highly relevant for future research linking olfactory shifts to hormonal dysregulation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ginieis
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sashie Abeywickrema
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Indrawati Oey
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mei Peng
- Sensory Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Mei Peng,
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Yamada C, Hattori T, Ohnishi S, Takeda H. Ghrelin Enhancer, the Latest Evidence of Rikkunshito. Front Nutr 2021; 8:761631. [PMID: 34957179 PMCID: PMC8702727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.761631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rikkunshito is a Japanese herbal medicine (Kampo) that has been attracting attention and researched by many researchers not only in Japan but also worldwide. There are 214 rikkunshito articles that can be searched on PubMed by August 2021. The reason why rikkunshito has attracted so much attention is due to an epoch-making report (Gastroenterology, 2008) discovered that rikkunshito promotes the secretion of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin. Since then, many researchers have discovered that rikkunshito has a direct effect on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, and an effect of enhancing the ghrelin signal to the brain. Additionally, a lot of evidence that rikkunshito is expected to be effective for various gastrointestinal diseases have also been demonstrated. Numerous basic and clinical studies have suggested that rikkunshito affects (i) various discomforts caused by anticancer drugs, gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, (ii) various stress-induced anorexia, (iii) hypophagia in the elderly, and (iv) healthy lifespan. In this review, as one who discovered the ghrelin enhancer effect of rikkunshito, we will review the research of rikkunshito so far and report on the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohnishi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Gastroenterology, Tokeidai Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Lewiński A, Karbownik-Lewińska M, Wieczorek-Szukała K, Stasiak M, Stawerska R. Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9066. [PMID: 34445772 PMCID: PMC8396656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we described the interactions between ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). A possible involvement of these interactions in the pathogenesis of unexplained cases of GHD was suggested. Current research provides more and more details to the knowledge on the circadian rhythm of ghrelin. We gathered reports on the decreasing effect of Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis on the number of ghrelin immunopositive cells and the consequent decrease in ghrelin serum concentration. The gastrointestinal tract microflora modification of the ghrelin action, by the mechanism of molecular mimicry, was also stressed. Moreover, the mutual relationships between ghrelin and the TSH-FT4/FT3 axis in growth and metabolic processes are described. It is to be recalled that FT4 and FT3 exert a permissive impact on IGF-1 action and, in turn, GH, in reaction mediated by IGF-1, enhances the monodeiodination of FT4 to FT3. Finally, we discussed the latest attempts to use the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) analogues for possible diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Stasiak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Stawerska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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Suwaydi MA, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Wlodek ME, Lai CT, Geddes DT. Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168708. [PMID: 34445437 PMCID: PMC8395916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Suwaydi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 54142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
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Drott CJ, Norman D, Espes D. CART decreases islet blood flow, but has no effect on total pancreatic blood flow and glucose tolerance in anesthetized rats. Peptides 2021; 135:170431. [PMID: 33098940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a neurotransmitter and hormone, involved in the regulation of e.g. food intake, body weight, reward and addiction, and stress response. CART has also been found to affect insulin secretion and beta cell morphology, both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, CART affects regulation of the cardiovascular system and helps to modulate vascular tone. The present study evaluated the local effect of CART on the pancreatic and islet circulation and function. CART (25 μg/h) or saline, combinations of CART and endothelin-A receptor antagonist (BQ123; 100 μg/kg), and glucose (2 g/kg) were intravenously infused in Sprague Dawley rats followed by blood flow measurements using a microsphere technique. Separately, CART-infused animals underwent an intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT). The direct effect of CART on insulin release was investigated using isolated islets from Sprague Dawley rats. CART reduced islet blood flow, without reduction in total pancreatic blood flow. The normal glucose-induced islet blood flow increase was diminished by CART, albeit still present. Simultaneously, CART had no effect on systemic-, intestinal- or renal blood flow. The endothelin-A receptor antagonist BQ123 together with CART had no pancreatic vascular effects. We found that CART has pronounced vascular constrictive actions restricted to the pancreatic islet circulation but had no effect on insulin release neither in vivo nor in vitro. The mechanisms behind the vascular effects are still unknown, but may reflect a direct action on pancreatic blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Johan Drott
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Norman
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Fooladi S, Akbari H, Abolhassani M, Sadeghi E, Fallah H. Can Estradiol and Ghrelin Play a Protective Role in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women? Arch Med Res 2020; 52:324-331. [PMID: 33250215 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the association between estradiol, n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/des-octanoylated ghrelin ratio levels along with pathological parameters and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) odds in postmenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was carried out on 45 patients with EOC and 33 age-matched postmenopausal women as the control group. Plasma levels of estradiol, n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, and total ghrelin were measured by ELISA method. RESULTS Estradiol's plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with EOC than in control women (p <0.001). Although the ratio levels of n-octanoylated, des-octanoylated, total ghrelin, and ghrelin/des-octanoylated ghrelin were not associated with EOC in logistic regression models, estradiol levels were significantly related to the increase in EOC odds (OR: 1.083, 95% CI: 1.037-1.13, p <0.001). However, estradiol levels in the two first quartiles (Q1, Q2) were associated with decreased odds of EOC (OR: 0.011, 95% CI: 0.001-0.118, p <0.001, and OR: 0.030, 95% CI: 0.003-0.284, p = 0.002, respectively). For those patients in the third quartile of plasma des-octanoylated and total ghrelin compared to those in the highest (Q4), the multivariate odds ratios of EOC were respectively 0.192 and 0.25. CONCLUSION In conclusion, higher concentrations of des-octanoylated and total ghrelin might be associated with the decreased EOC odds. Furthermore, the findings suggest that high levels of estradiol might be a potential odds factor in EOC, however, lower estradiol levels may have a protective effect on EOC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Erfan Sadeghi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Bernardoni F, Bernhardt N, Pooseh S, King JA, Geisler D, Ritschel F, Boehm I, Seidel M, Roessner V, Smolka MN, Ehrlich S. Metabolic state and value-based decision-making in acute and recovered female patients with anorexia nervosa. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45:253-261. [PMID: 32129584 PMCID: PMC7828930 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with anorexia nervosa forgo eating despite emaciation and severe health consequences. Such dysfunctional decision-making might be explained by an excessive level of self-control, alterations in homeostatic and hedonic regulation, or an interplay between these processes. We aimed to understand value-based decision-making in anorexia nervosa and its association with the gut hormone ghrelin. Besides its homeostatic function, ghrelin has been implicated in the hedonic regulation of appetite and reward via the modulation of phasic dopamine signalling. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, we studied acutely underweight (n = 94) and recovered (n = 37) patients with anorexia nervosa of the restrictive subtype, as well as healthy control participants (n = 119). We assessed plasma concentrations of desacyl ghrelin and parameters of delay discounting, probability discounting for gains and losses, and loss aversion. RESULTS Recovered patients displayed higher risk aversion for gains, but we observed no group differences for the remaining decision-making parameters. Desacyl ghrelin was higher in acutely underweight and recovered participants with anorexia nervosa relative to healthy controls. Moreover, we found a significant group × desacyl ghrelin interaction in delay discounting, indicating that in contrast to healthy controls, acutely underweight patients with anorexia nervosa who had high desacyl ghrelin concentrations preferably chose the delayed reward option. LIMITATIONS We probed decision-making using monetary rewards, but patients with anorexia nervosa may react differently to disorder-relevant stimuli. Furthermore, in contrast to acyl ghrelin, the functions of desacyl ghrelin are unclear. Therefore, the interpretation of the results is preliminary. CONCLUSION The propensity for risk aversion as found in recovered patients with anorexia nervosa could help them successfully complete therapy, or it could reflect sequelae of the disorder. Conversely, ghrelin findings might be related to a mechanism contributing to disease maintenance; that is, in acutely underweight anorexia nervosa, a hungry state may facilitate the ability to forgo an immediate reward to achieve a (dysfunctional) long-term goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bernardoni
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Nadine Bernhardt
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Shakoor Pooseh
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Joseph A. King
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Daniel Geisler
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Franziska Ritschel
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Ilka Boehm
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Maria Seidel
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Veit Roessner
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- From the Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernardoni, King, Geisler, Ritschel, Boehm, Seidel, Ehrlich); the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Bernhardt, Pooseh, Smolka); the Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany (Pooseh); and the Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Roessner, Ehrlich)
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Tauber M, Coupaye M, Diene G, Molinas C, Valette M, Beauloye V. Prader-Willi syndrome: A model for understanding the ghrelin system. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12728. [PMID: 31046160 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subsequent to the discovery of ghrelin as the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, this unique gut peptide has been found to exert numerous physiological effects, such as appetite stimulation and lipid accumulation via the central regulating mechanisms in the hypothalamus, stimulation of gastric motility, regulation of glucose metabolism and brown fat thermogenesis, and modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation, reward-seeking behaviour and the sleep/wake cycle. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) has been described as a unique pathological state characterised by severe obesity and high circulating levels of ghrelin. It was hypothesised that hyperghrelinaemia would explain at least a part of the feeding behaviour and body composition of PWS patients, who are characterised by hyperphagia, an obsession with food and food-seeking, and increased adiposity. Initially, the link between hyperghrelinaemia and growth hormone deficiency, which is observed in 90% of the children with PWS, was not fully understood. Over the years, however, the increasing knowledge on ghrelin, PWS features and the natural history of the disease has led to a more comprehensive description of the abnormal ghrelin system and its role in the pathophysiology of this rare and complex neurodevelopmental genetic disease. In the present study, we (a) present the current view of PWS; (b) explain its natural history, including recent data on the ghrelin system in PWS patients; and (c) discuss the therapeutic approach of modulating the ghrelin system in these patients and the first promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maithé Tauber
- Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Coupaye
- Service de Nutrition, Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaelle Diene
- Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- INSERM, UMR 1027- Université Toulouse III Hôpital Paule de Viguier, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Molinas
- Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
- INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Valette
- Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Abstract
The peptide ghrelin is mainly produced in some of the epithelial cells in the stomach, but also, during starvation, by the ε-cells in the endocrine pancreas. Ghrelin, as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1α), exerts a variety of metabolic functions including stimulation of appetite and weight gain. Its complete role is not yet fully understood, including whether it has any vascular functions. The present study evaluated if ghrelin affects pancreatic and islet blood flow. Ghrelin and the GHS-R1α receptor antagonist GHRP-6 were injected intravenously in rats followed by blood flow measurements using a microsphere technique. Ghrelin decreased, while GHRP-6 in fasted, but not fed, rats selectively increased islet blood flow fourfold. GHS-R1α was identified not only on glucagon-producing cells but also seemed to be present in the islet arterioles. GHRP-6 in fasted rats, only, also improved the peak insulin response to glucose in vivo, thereby substantially blunting the hyperglycemia. GHRP-6 doubled glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro of both islets obtained from fed and fasted rats. Our results indicate a novel role for endogenous ghrelin acting directly or indirectly as a local vasoconstrictor in the islets during fasting, thereby restricting the insulin response to hyperglycemia. This is to the best of our knowledge the first report that shows this physiological mechanism to restrict insulin delivery from the islets by acting on the vasculature; a mode of action that can be envisaged to complement the previously well-described mechanisms of ghrelin acting directly on the islet endocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Johan Drott
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Petra Franzén
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
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14
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Neseliler S, Hu W, Larcher K, Zacchia M, Dadar M, Scala SG, Lamarche M, Zeighami Y, Stotland SC, Larocque M, Marliss EB, Dagher A. Neurocognitive and Hormonal Correlates of Voluntary Weight Loss in Humans. Cell Metab 2019; 29:39-49.e4. [PMID: 30344017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient responses to hypocaloric diets have been attributed to hormonal adaptations that override self-control of food intake. We tested this hypothesis by measuring circulating energy-balance hormones and brain functional magnetic resonance imaging reactivity to food cues in 24 overweight/obese participants before, and 1 and 3 months after starting a calorie restriction diet. Increased activity and functional connectivity in prefrontal regions at month 1 correlated with weight loss at months 1 and 3. Weight loss was also correlated with increased plasma ghrelin and decreased leptin, and these changes were associated with food cue reactivity in reward-related brain regions. However, the reduction in leptin did not counteract weight loss; indeed, it was correlated with further weight loss at month 3. Activation in prefrontal regions associated with self-control could contribute to successful weight loss and maintenance. This work supports the role of higher-level cognitive brain function in body-weight regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Neseliler
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Wen Hu
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maria Zacchia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mahsa Dadar
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephanie G Scala
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Yashar Zeighami
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stephen C Stotland
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 McGill College Avenue, Montréal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Maurice Larocque
- Clinique Motivation Minceur, 7106 rue Saint-Denis, Montréal, QC H2S 2S4, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Ghrelin agonist HM01 attenuates chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity in rodent models. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 840:89-103. [PMID: 30268665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neurotoxicity (CIPN) is often dose-limiting and impacts life quality and survival of cancer patients. Ghrelin agonists have neuroprotectant effects and may have a role in treating or preventing CIPN. We evaluated the CNS-penetrant ghrelin agonist HM01 in three experimental models of CIPN at doses of 3-30 mg/kg p.o. daily monitoring orexigenic properties, nerve conduction, mechanical allodynia, and intra-epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD). In a cisplatin-based study, rats were dosed daily for 3 days (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) + HM01. Cisplatin treatment induced mechanical hypersensitivity which was significantly reduced by HM01. In a second study, oxaliplatin was administered to mice (6 mg/kg i.p. 3 times/week for 4 weeks) resulting in significant digital nerve conduction velocity (NCV) deficits and reduction of IENFD. Concurrent HM01 dose dependently prevented the decline in NCV and attenuated the reduction in IENFD. Pharmacokinetic studies showed HM01 accumulation in the dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerves which reached concentrations > 10 fold that of plasma. In a third model, HM01 was tested in preventive and therapeutic paradigms in a bortezomib-based rat model (0.2 mg/kg i.v., 3 times/week for 8 weeks). In the preventive setting, HM01 blocked bortezomib-induced hyperalgesia and IENFD reduction at all doses tested. In the therapeutic setting, significant effect was observed, but only at the highest dose. Altogether, the robust peripheral nervous system penetration of HM01 and its ability to improve multiple oxaliplatin-, cisplatin-, and bortezomib-induced neurotoxicities suggest that HM01 may be a useful neuroprotective adjuvant for CIPN.
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Holubová M, Blechová M, Kákonová A, Kuneš J, Železná B, Maletínská L. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of Novel Stable Peptidic Ghrelin Analogs: Beneficial Effects in the Settings of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Anorexia in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:422-432. [PMID: 29914876 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, the only known orexigenic gut hormone produced primarily in the stomach, has lately gained attention as a potential treatment of anorexia and cachexia. However, its biologic stability is highly limited; therefore, a number of both peptide and nonpeptide ghrelin analogs have been synthesized. In this study, we provide in vitro and in vivo characterization of a series of novel peptide growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a) agonists, both under nonpathologic conditions and in the context of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia. These analogs were based on our previous series modified by replacing the Ser3 with diaminopropionic acid (Dpr), the N-terminal Gly with sarcosine, and Phe4 with various noncoded amino acids. New analogs were further modified by replacing the n-octanoyl bound to Dpr3 with longer or unsaturated fatty acid residues, by incorporation of the second fatty acid residue into the molecule, or by shortening the peptide chain. These modifications preserved the ability of ghrelin analogs to bind to the membranes of cells transfected with GHS-R1a, as well as the GHS-R1a signaling activation. The selected analogs exhibited long-lasting and potent orexigenic effects after a single s.c. administration in mice. The stability of new ghrelin analogs in mice after s.c. administration was significantly higher when compared with ghrelin and [Dpr3]ghrelin, with half-lives of approximately 2 hours. A single s.c. injection of the selected ghrelin analogs in mice with LPS-induced anorexia significantly increased food intake via the activation of orexigenic pathways and normalized blood levels of proinflammatory cytokines, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory potential of the analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Holubová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Miroslava Blechová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Anna Kákonová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (M.H., M.B., A.K., J.K., B.Ž., L.M.) and Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic (J.K.)
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17
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Müller IA, Wedell-Neergaard AS, Solomon TPJ, Karstoft K. The impact of acute bouts of interval and continuous walking on energy-intake and appetite regulation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2017; 5. [PMID: 29208688 PMCID: PMC5727278 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy subjects, it has been suggested that exercise may acutely suppress energy‐intake and appetite, with peak intensity being an important determinant for this effect. In subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D), the effect of exercise on appetite‐related variables is, however, virtually unknown. We aimed to assess the effects of two exercise interventions, differing with regards to peak intensity, on energy‐intake, satiety and appetite‐related hormones in subjects with T2D. Thirteen subjects with T2D completed three 60‐min interventions with continuous measurement of oxygen consumption in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (1) Control, (2) Continuous walking (CW; intended 73% of VO2peak), (3) Interval‐walking (IW; repeated cycles of 3 min slow [54% of VO2peak] and 3 min fast walking [89% of VO2peak]). Forty‐five minutes after completion of the intervention, a 3‐h liquid mixed meal tolerance test (MMTT, 450 kcal) with regular satiety assessments and blood samples for appetite‐related hormones commenced. An ad libitum meal was served after the MMTT, with subsequent calculation of energy‐intake. Moreover, free‐living diet records were completed for the following ~32 h. Exercise interventions were well‐matched for mean oxygen consumption (CW = 77 ± 2% of VO2peak; IW = 76 ± 1% of VO2peak, P > 0.05). No differences in appetite‐related hormones or energy‐intake were found (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). IW increased fullness compared to Control shortly after the intervention (P < 0.05) and tended to reduce hunger 2 h into the MMTT compared to CW and Control (P < 0.10). In conclusion, a single exercise session does not affect energy‐intake during the following ~4–36 h in subjects with T2D. However, satiety may be affected up to ~3 h after the exercise session, dependent on peak intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida A Müller
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sophie Wedell-Neergaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P J Solomon
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Azegami T, Yuki Y, Sawada S, Mejima M, Ishige K, Akiyoshi K, Itoh H, Kiyono H. Nanogel-based nasal ghrelin vaccine prevents obesity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1351-1360. [PMID: 28120848 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases and has a huge economic impact on the health-care system. However, the treatment of obesity remains insufficient in terms of efficacy, tolerability, and safety. Here we created a nasal vaccine against obesity for the first time. To avoid the injectable administration-caused pain and skin-related adverse event, we focused on the intranasal route of antigen delivery. We developed a vaccine antigen (ghrelin-PspA (pneumococcal surface protein A)), which is a recombinant fusion protein incorporating ghrelin, a hormone that stimulates food intake and decreases energy expenditure, and PspA, a candidate of pneumococcal vaccine as a carrier protein. Ghrelin-PspA antigen was mixed with cyclic di-GMP adjuvant to enhance the immunogenicity and incorporated within a nanometer-sized hydrogel for the effective antigen delivery. Intranasal immunization with ghrelin-PspA vaccine elicited serum immunoglobulin G antibodies against ghrelin and attenuated body weight gain in diet-induced obesity mice. This obesity-attenuating effect was caused by a decrease in fat accumulation and an increase in energy expenditure that was partially due to an increase in the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue. The development of this nasal vaccine provides a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Azegami
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Yuki
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Katura Int' Tech Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Mejima
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Ishige
- Biochemicals Division, Yamasa Corporation, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), The Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO), Katura Int' Tech Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Pereira JADS, da Silva FC, de Moraes-Vieira PMM. The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4527980. [PMID: 29082258 PMCID: PMC5610818 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4527980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions. Obesogenic conditions are associated with increased risk for the development of other comorbidities and obesity-related diseases. In metabolic disorders, there is chronic low-grade inflammation induced by the activation of immune cells, especially in metabolic relevant organs such as white adipose tissue (WAT). These immune cells are regulated by environmental and systemic cues. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted mainly by X/A-like gastric cells and acts through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). This receptor is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in several cell types, including immune cells. Studies show that ghrelin induces an orexigenic state, and there is increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin. Ghrelin mainly acts on the innate and adaptive immune systems to suppress inflammation and induce an anti-inflammatory profile. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory roles of ghrelin, the mechanisms by which ghrelin acts and potential pharmacological applications for ghrelin in the treatment of obesity-associated inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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20
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Cheng Y, Wei Y, Yang W, Cai Y, Chen B, Yang G, Shang H, Zhao W. Ghrelin Attenuates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122032. [PMID: 27929421 PMCID: PMC5187832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal barrier dysfunction remains a critical problem in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and is associated with poor prognosis. Ghrelin, a brain-gut peptide, has been shown to exert protection in animal models of gastrointestinal injury. However, the effect of ghrelin on intestinal barrier dysfunction post-ICH and its possible underlying mechanisms are still unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether ghrelin administration attenuates intestinal barrier dysfunction in experimental ICH using an intrastriatal autologous blood infusion mouse model. Our data showed that treatment with ghrelin markedly attenuated intestinal mucosal injury at both histomorphometric and ultrastructural levels post-ICH. Ghrelin reduced ICH-induced intestinal permeability according to fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated-dextran (FITC-D) and Evans blue extravasation assays. Concomitantly, the intestinal tight junction-related protein markers, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5 were upregulated by ghrelin post-ICH. Additionally, ghrelin reduced intestinal intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression at the mRNA and protein levels following ICH. Furthermore, ghrelin suppressed the translocation of intestinal endotoxin post-ICH. These changes were accompanied by improved survival rates and an attenuation of body weight loss post-ICH. In conclusion, our results suggest that ghrelin reduced intestinal barrier dysfunction, thereby reducing mortality and weight loss, indicating that ghrelin is a potential therapeutic agent in ICH-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yongxu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Wenlei Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Yu Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Guoyuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Hanbing Shang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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21
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Effect of preduodenal lipase inhibition in suckling rats on dietary octanoic acid (C8:0) gastric absorption and plasma octanoylated ghrelin concentration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1111-1120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Makaronidis JM, Batterham RL. Potential Mechanisms Mediating Sustained Weight Loss Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45:539-52. [PMID: 27519129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for severe obesity. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), the most commonly performed procedures, lead to sustained weight loss, improvements in obesity-related comorbidities and reduced mortality. In humans, the main driver for weight loss following RYGB and SG is reduced energy intake. Reduced appetite, changes in subjective taste and food preference, and altered neural response to food cues are thought to drive altered eating behavior. The biological mediators underlying these changes remain incompletely understood but changes in gut-derived signals, as a consequence of altered nutrient and/or biliary flow, are key candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine M Makaronidis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK; University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, UCLH, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK; National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, Kings Cross, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Obesity Research, Rayne Institute, University College London, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK; University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Bariatric Centre for Weight Loss, Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery, UCLH, Ground Floor West Wing, 250 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK; National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, Kings Cross, London W1T 7DN, UK.
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23
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Kunath N, Müller NCJ, Tonon M, Konrad BN, Pawlowski M, Kopczak A, Elbau I, Uhr M, Kühn S, Repantis D, Ohla K, Müller TD, Fernández G, Tschöp M, Czisch M, Steiger A, Dresler M. Ghrelin modulates encoding-related brain function without enhancing memory formation in humans. Neuroimage 2016; 142:465-473. [PMID: 27402596 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin regulates energy homeostasis in various species and enhances memory in rodent models. In humans, the role of ghrelin in cognitive processes has yet to be characterized. Here we show in a double-blind randomized crossover design that acute administration of ghrelin alters encoding-related brain activity, however does not enhance memory formation in humans. Twenty-one healthy young male participants had to memorize food- and non-food-related words presented on a background of a virtual navigational route while undergoing fMRI recordings. After acute ghrelin administration, we observed decreased post-encoding resting state fMRI connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the insula, amygdala, and orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, brain activity related to subsequent memory performance was modulated by ghrelin. On the next day, however, no differences were found in free word recall or cued location-word association recall between conditions; and ghrelin's effects on brain activity or functional connectivity were unrelated to memory performance. Further, ghrelin had no effect on a cognitive test battery comprising tests for working memory, fluid reasoning, creativity, mental speed, and attention. In conclusion, in contrast to studies with animal models, we did not find any evidence for the potential of ghrelin acting as a short-term cognitive enhancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kunath
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - N C J Müller
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tonon
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - B N Konrad
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Pawlowski
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Kopczak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - I Elbau
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Repantis
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CBF, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Ohla
- German Institute for Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - T D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - G Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - A Steiger
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Dresler
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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24
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Bianchi E, Boekelheide K, Sigman M, Lamb DJ, Hall SJ, Hwang K. Ghrelin ameliorates adhesions in a postsurgical mouse model. J Surg Res 2015; 201:226-34. [PMID: 26850207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal adhesion formation is a well-recognized consequence of abdominal and pelvic surgery, causing infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and intestinal obstruction. We hypothesized that ghrelin, a 28-amino acid peptide predominantly found in the stomach, plays an important role in preventing postoperative surgical adhesions. The purpose of this study was to develop a new surgical peritoneal adhesion model to define the role that ghrelin plays in wound healing and adhesion formation. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type mice (n = 40) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor-knockout (GHSR KO) mice (n = 20) underwent a midline laparotomy to establish a peritoneal adhesion model characterized by the combination of two different techniques: ischemic peritoneal buttons and cecal multiple abrasion. All mice received intraperitoneal injections with ghrelin (0.16 mg/kg) or saline twice daily for 20 d after surgery. Peritoneal ischemic buttons were harvested to determine protein expression of collagen (Masson trichrome, picrosirius red stain, and Western blot). RESULTS The novel mouse model demonstrated consistent and easily reproducible formation of intra-abdominal adhesions. Ghrelin administration significantly reduced postoperative adhesion formation (P < 0.001) in wild-type mice. The antifibrotic effect of ghrelin in wild-type mice was confirmed by measuring collagen I protein levels via Western blot analysis. The anti-adhesion effect of ghrelin seen in wild-type mice was not detected in GHSR KO mice demonstrating that this effect is mediated by the GHSR-1a receptor. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin administration may improve surgical outcome by reducing peritoneal adhesion formation and fibrotic response in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Bianchi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark Sigman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan J Hall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kathleen Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
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Radiometric assay of ghrelin hydrolase activity and 3H-ghrelin distribution into mouse tissues. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 98:732-9. [PMID: 26514871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput radiometric assay was developed to characterize enzymatic hydrolysis of ghrelin and to track the peptide's fate in vivo. The assay is based on solvent partitioning of [(3)H]-octanoic acid liberated from [(3)H]-octanoyl ghrelin during enzymatic hydrolysis. This simple and cost-effective method facilitates kinetic analysis of ghrelin hydrolase activity of native and mutated butyrylcholinesterases or carboxylesterases from multiple species. In addition, the assay's high sensitivity facilitates ready evaluation of ghrelin's pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in mice after i.v. bolus administration of radiolabeled peptide.
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26
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Ibrahim Abdalla MM. Ghrelin - Physiological Functions and Regulation. EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2015; 11:90-95. [PMID: 29632576 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2015.11.02.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide predominantly secreted from the stomach and stimulates appetite and growth hormone (GH) release. Studies have provided evidence that ghrelin exercises a wide range of functions, including regulation of food intake and energy metabolism, modulation of cardiovascular function, stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and bone formation and stimulation of neurogenesis and myogenesis. In the gastrointestinal system, ghrelin affects multiple functions, including secretion of gastric acid, gastric motility and pancreatic protein output. Most of these functions have been attributed to the actions of acylated ghrelin. The balance among its secretion rate, degradation rate and clearance rate determines the circulating level of ghrelin. This review explains what ghrelin is, its physiological functions and the factors that influence its level.
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Dietary Caprylic Acid (C8:0) Does Not Increase Plasma Acylated Ghrelin but Decreases Plasma Unacylated Ghrelin in the Rat. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196391 PMCID: PMC4509905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focusing on the caprylic acid (C8:0), this study aimed at investigating the discrepancy between the formerly described beneficial effects of dietary medium chain fatty acids on body weight loss and the C8:0 newly reported effect on food intake via ghrelin octanoylation. During 6 weeks, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with three dietary C8:0 levels (0, 8 and 21% of fatty acids) in three experimental conditions (moderate fat, caloric restriction and high fat). A specific dose-response enrichment of the stomach tissue C8:0 was observed as a function of dietary C8:0, supporting the hypothesis of an early preduodenal hydrolysis of medium chain triglycerides and a direct absorption at the gastric level. However, the octanoylated ghrelin concentration in the plasma was unchanged in spite of the increased C8:0 availability. A reproducible decrease in the plasma concentration of unacylated ghrelin was observed, which was consistent with a decrease in the stomach preproghrelin mRNA and stomach ghrelin expression. The concomitant decrease of the plasma unacylated ghrelin and the stability of its acylated form resulted in a significant increase in the acylated/total ghrelin ratio which had no effect on body weight gain or total dietary consumption. This enhanced ratio measured in rats consuming C8:0 was however suspected to increase (i) growth hormone (GH) secretion as an increase in the GH-dependent mRNA expression of the insulin like growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) was measured (ii) adipocyte diameters in subcutaneous adipose tissue without an increase in the fat pad mass. Altogether, these results show that daily feeding with diets containing C8:0 increased the C8:0 level in the stomach more than all the other tissues, affecting the acylated/total ghrelin plasma ratio by decreasing the concentration of circulating unacylated ghrelin. However, these modifications were not associated with increased body weight or food consumption.
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28
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Delporte C. Structure and physiological actions of ghrelin. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:518909. [PMID: 24381790 PMCID: PMC3863518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/518909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, discovered as being the endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide presenting a unique n-octanoylation modification on its serine in position 3, catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase. Ghrelin is mainly produced by a subset of stomach cells and also by the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other tissues. Transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational processes generate ghrelin and ghrelin-related peptides. Homo- and heterodimers of growth hormone secretagogue receptor, and as yet unidentified receptors, are assumed to mediate the biological effects of acyl ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin, respectively. Ghrelin exerts wide physiological actions throughout the body, including growth hormone secretion, appetite and food intake, gastric secretion and gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions, anti-inflammatory functions, reproductive functions, and bone formation. This review focuses on presenting the current understanding of ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor biology, as well as the main physiological effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delporte
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological and Nutritional Biochemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 Route de Lennik, Bat G/E-CP611, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Sarker MR, Franks S, Caffrey J. Direction of post-prandial ghrelin response associated with cortisol response, perceived stress and anxiety, and self-reported coping and hunger in obese women. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:197-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Teubner BJW, Bartness TJ. Anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer inhibits exogenous ghrelin-induced increases in food intake, hoarding, and neural activation, but not food deprivation-induced increases. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R323-33. [PMID: 23804279 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00097.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Circulating concentrations of the stomach-derived "hunger-peptide" ghrelin increase in direct proportion to the time since the last meal. Exogenous ghrelin also increases food intake in rodents and humans, suggesting ghrelin may increase post-fast ingestive behaviors. Food intake after food deprivation is increased by laboratory rats and mice, but not by humans (despite dogma to the contrary) or by Siberian hamsters; instead, humans and Siberian hamsters increase food hoarding, suggesting the latter as a model of fasting-induced changes in human ingestive behavior. Exogenous ghrelin markedly increases food hoarding by ad libitum-fed Siberian hamsters similarly to that after food deprivation, indicating sufficiency. Here, we tested the necessity of ghrelin to increase food foraging, food hoarding, and food intake, and neural activation [c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir)] using anti-ghrelin Spiegelmer NOX-B11-2 (SPM), an l-oligonucleotide that specifically binds active ghrelin, inhibiting peptide-receptor interaction. SPM blocked exogenous ghrelin-induced increases in food hoarding the first 2 days after injection, and foraging and food intake at 1-2 h and 2-4 h, respectively, and inhibited hypothalamic c-Fos-ir. SPM given every 24 h across 48-h food deprivation inconsistently inhibited food hoarding after refeeding and c-Fos-ir, similarly to inabilities to do so in laboratory rats and mice. These results suggest that ghrelin may not be necessary for food deprivation-induced foraging and hoarding and neural activation. A possible compensatory response, however, may underlie these findings because SPM treatment led to marked increases in circulating ghrelin concentrations. Collectively, these results show that SPM can block exogenous ghrelin-induced ingestive behaviors, but the necessity of ghrelin for food deprivation-induced ingestive behaviors remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J W Teubner
- Department of Biology and Obesity Reversal Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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