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Coppo GC, Pereira AP, Netto SA, Bernardino AF. Meiofauna at a tropical sandy beach in the SW Atlantic: the influence of seasonality on diversity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17727. [PMID: 39011380 PMCID: PMC11249015 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sandy beaches are dynamic environments housing a large diversity of organisms and providing important environmental services. Meiofaunal metazoan are small organisms that play a key role in the sediment. Their diversity, distribution and composition are driven by sedimentary and oceanographic parameters. Understanding the diversity patterns of marine meiofauna is critical in a changing world. Methods In this study, we investigate if there is seasonal difference in meiofaunal assemblage composition and diversity along 1 year and if the marine seascapes dynamics (water masses with particular biogeochemical features, characterized by temperature, salinity, absolute dynamic topography, chromophoric dissolved organic material, chlorophyll-a, and normalized fluorescent line height), rainfall, and sediment parameters (total organic matter, carbonate, carbohydrate, protein, lipids, protein-to-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-to-lipids, and biopolymeric carbon) affect significatively meiofaunal diversity at a tropical sandy beach. We tested two hypotheses here: (i) meiofaunal diversity is higher during warmer months and its composition changes significatively among seasons along a year at a tropical sandy beach, and (ii) meiofaunal diversity metrics are significantly explained by marine seascapes characteristics and sediment parameters. We used metabarcoding (V9 hypervariable region from 18S gene) from sediment samples to assess the meiofaunal assemblage composition and diversity (phylogenetic diversity and Shannon's diversity) over a period of 1 year. Results Meiofauna was dominated by Crustacea (46% of sequence reads), Annelida (28% of sequence reads) and Nematoda (12% of sequence reads) in periods of the year with high temperatures (>25 °C), high salinity (>31.5 ppt), and calm waters. Our data support our initial hypotheses revealing a higher meiofaunal diversity (phylogenetic and Shannon's Diversity) and different composition during warmer periods of the year. Meiofaunal diversity was driven by a set of multiple variables, including biological variables (biopolymeric carbon) and organic matter quality (protein content, lipid content, and carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Coppo
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Araiene P Pereira
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Sergio A Netto
- Marítima Estudos Bênticos, Laguna, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Angelo F Bernardino
- Grupo de Ecologia Bentônica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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2
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Zhang SY, Yan Q, Zhao J, Liu Y, Yao M. Distinct multitrophic biodiversity composition and community organization in a freshwater lake and a hypersaline lake on the Tibetan Plateau. iScience 2024; 27:110124. [PMID: 38957787 PMCID: PMC11217615 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpine lakes play pivotal roles in plateau hydrological processes but are highly sensitive to climate change, yet we lack comprehensive knowledge of their multitrophic biodiversity patterns. Here, we compared the biodiversity characteristics of diverse taxonomic groups across water depths and in surface sediments from a freshwater lake and a hypersaline lake on the northwestern Tibetan Plateau. Using multi-marker environmental DNA metabarcoding, we detected 134 cyanobacteria, 443 diatom, 1,519 invertebrate, and 28 vertebrate taxa. Each group had a substantially different community composition in the two lakes, and differences were also found between water and sediments within each lake. Cooccurrence network analysis revealed higher network complexity, lower modularity, and fewer negative cohesions in the hypersaline lake, suggesting that high salinity may destabilize ecological networks. Our results provide the first holistic view of Tibetan lake biodiversity under contrasting salinity levels and reveal structural differences in the ecological networks that may impact ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Center for Pan-Third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongqin Liu
- Center for Pan-Third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Meng Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Demars BOL, Schneider SC, Thiemer K, Dörsch P, Pulg U, Stranzl S, Velle G, Pathak D. Light and temperature controls of aquatic plant photosynthesis downstream of a hydropower plant and the effect of plant removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169201. [PMID: 38072250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers worldwide are regulated, and the altered hydrology can lead to mass development of aquatic plants. Plant invasions are often seen as a nuisance for human activities leading to costly remedial actions with uncertain implications for aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Mechanical harvesting is often used to remove aquatic plants and knowledge of plant growth rate could improve management decisions. Here, we used a simple light-temperature theoretical model to make a priori prediction of aquatic plant photosynthesis. These predictions were assessed through an open-channel diel change in O2 mass balance approach. A Michaelis-Menten type model was fitted to observed gross primary production (GPP) standardised at 10 °C using a temperature dependence from thermodynamic theory of enzyme kinetics. The model explained 87 % of the variability in GPP of a submerged aquatic plant (Juncus bulbosus L.) throughout an annual cycle in the River Otra, Norway. The annual net plant production was about 2.4 (1.0-3.8) times the standing biomass of J. bulbosus. This suggests a high continuous mass loss due to hydraulic stress and natural mechanical breakage of stems, as the biomass of J. bulbosus remained relatively constant throughout the year. J. bulbosus was predicted to be resilient to mechanical harvesting with photosynthetic capacity recovered within two years following 50-85 % plant removal. The predicted recovery was confirmed through a field experiment where 72 % of J. bulbosus biomass was mechanically removed. We emphasise the value of using a theoretical approach, like metabolic theory, over statistical models where a posteriori results are not always easy to interpret. Finally, the ability to predict ecosystem resilience of aquatic photosynthesis in response to varying management scenarios offers a valuable tool for estimating aquatic ecosystem services, such as carbon regulation. This tool can benefit the EU Biodiversity Strategy and UN Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît O L Demars
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Susanne C Schneider
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirstine Thiemer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Dörsch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ulrich Pulg
- Norwegian Research Centre, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Gaute Velle
- Norwegian Research Centre, Nygårdsgaten 112, 5008 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A & B, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Devanshi Pathak
- Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis (ASAM), Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
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4
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Smith BA, Costa APB, Kristjánsson BK, Parsons KJ. Experimental evidence for adaptive divergence in response to a warmed habitat reveals roles for morphology, allometry and parasite resistance. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10907. [PMID: 38333102 PMCID: PMC10850817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectotherms are expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change-driven increases in temperature. Understanding how populations adapt to novel thermal environments will be key for informing mitigation plans. We took advantage of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations inhabiting adjacent geothermal (warm) and ambient (cold) habitats to test for adaptive evolutionary divergence using a field reciprocal transplant experiment. We found evidence for adaptive morphological divergence, as growth (length change) in non-native habitats related to head, posterior and total body shape. Higher growth in fish transplanted to a non-native habitat was associated with morphological shape closer to native fish. The consequences of transplantation were asymmetric with cold sourced fish transplanted to the warm habitat suffering from lower survival rates and greater parasite prevalence than warm sourced fish transplanted to the cold habitat. We also found divergent shape allometries that related to growth. Our findings suggest that wild populations can adapt quickly to thermal conditions, but immediate transitions to warmer conditions may be particularly difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Smith
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Ana P. B. Costa
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth ScienceUniversity of MiamiCoral GablesFloridaUSA
| | | | - Kevin J. Parsons
- School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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O'Gorman EJ, Zhao L, Kordas RL, Dudgeon S, Woodward G. Warming indirectly simplifies food webs through effects on apex predators. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1983-1992. [PMID: 37798434 PMCID: PMC10697836 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Warming alters ecosystems through direct physiological effects on organisms and indirect effects via biotic interactions, but their relative impacts in the wild are unknown due to the difficulty in warming natural environments. Here we bridge this gap by embedding manipulative field experiments within a natural stream temperature gradient to test whether warming and apex fish predators have interactive effects on freshwater ecosystems. Fish exerted cascading effects on algal production and microbial decomposition via both green and brown pathways in the food web, but only under warming. Neither temperature nor the presence of fish altered food web structure alone, but connectance and mean trophic level declined as consumer species were lost when both drivers acted together. A mechanistic model indicates that this temperature-induced trophic cascade is determined primarily by altered interactions, which cautions against extrapolating the impacts of warming from reductionist approaches that do not consider the wider food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
| | - Lei Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Rebecca L Kordas
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK
| | - Steve Dudgeon
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Guy Woodward
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, UK.
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He Q, Wang S, Feng K, Michaletz ST, Hou W, Zhang W, Li F, Zhang Y, Wang D, Peng X, Yang X, Deng Y. High speciation rate of niche specialists in hot springs. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023:10.1038/s41396-023-01447-4. [PMID: 37286739 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ecological and evolutionary processes simultaneously regulate microbial diversity, but the evolutionary processes and their driving forces remain largely unexplored. Here we investigated the ecological and evolutionary characteristics of microbiota in hot springs spanning a broad temperature range (54.8-80 °C) by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes. Our results demonstrated that niche specialists and niche generalists are embedded in a complex interaction of ecological and evolutionary dynamics. On the thermal tolerance niche axis, thermal (T) sensitive (at a specific temperature) versus T-resistant (at least in five temperatures) species were characterized by different niche breadth, community abundance and dispersal potential, consequently differing in potential evolutionary trajectory. The niche-specialized T-sensitive species experienced strong temperature barriers, leading to completely species shift and high fitness but low abundant communities at each temperature ("home niche"), and such trade-offs thus reinforced peak performance, as evidenced by high speciation across temperatures and increasing diversification potential with temperature. In contrast, T-resistant species are advantageous of niche expansion but with poor local performance, as shown by wide niche breadth with high extinction, indicating these niche generalists are "jack-of-all-trades, master-of-none". Despite of such differences, the T-sensitive and T-resistant species are evolutionarily interacted. Specifically, the continuous transition from T-sensitive to T-resistant species insured the exclusion probability of T-resistant species at a relatively constant level across temperatures. The co-evolution and co-adaptation of T-sensitive and T-resistant species were in line with the red queen theory. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that high speciation of niche specialists could alleviate the environmental-filtering-induced negative effect on diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Kai Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Sean T Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Weiguo Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Fangru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Danrui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xi Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xingsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ye Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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7
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Kreiling AK, Govoni DP, Pálsson S, Ólafsson JS, Kristjánsson BK. Invertebrate communities in springs across a gradient in thermal regimes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264501. [PMID: 35511881 PMCID: PMC9070909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many respects, freshwater springs can be considered as unique ecosystems on the fringe of aquatic habitats. This integrates their uniqueness in terms of stability of environmental metrics. The main objective of our study was to evaluate how environmental variables may shape invertebrate diversity and community composition in different freshwater spring types and habitats within. In order to do so, we sampled invertebrates from 49 springs in Iceland, where we included both limnocrene and rheocrene springs. At each site, samples were taken from the benthic substrate of the spring (“surface”) and the upwelling groundwater at the spring source (“source”). To collect invertebrates from the spring sources we used a modified method of “electrobugging” and Surber sampler for collecting invertebrates from the surface. In total, 54 invertebrate taxa were identified, mostly Chironomidae (Diptera). Chironomid larvae also dominated in terms of abundance (67%), followed by Ostracoda (12%) and Copepoda (9%). The species composition in the surface samples differed considerably between rheocrene and limnocrene springs and was characterised by several indicator species. Alpha diversity was greater at the surface of springs than at the source, but the beta diversity was higher at the source. Diversity, as summarized by taxa richness and Shannon diversity, was negatively correlated with temperature at the surface. At the source, on the other hand, Shannon diversity increased with temperature. The community assembly in springs appears to be greatly affected by water temperature, with the source community of hot springs being more niche-assembled (i.e., affected by mechanisms of tolerance and adaptation) than the source community of cold springs, which is more dispersal-assembled (i.e., by mechanisms of drift and colonization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes-Katharina Kreiling
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Faroe Islands National Museum, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel P. Govoni
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Snæbjörn Pálsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón S. Ólafsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
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Santos AA, Nel A, Rodríguez-Barreiro I, Sender LM, Wappler T, Diez JB. Insect and Plant Diversity in Hot-Spring Ecosystems during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Boundary from Spain (Aguilar Fm., Palencia). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020273. [PMID: 35205139 PMCID: PMC8868627 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal palaeoenvironments are very uncommon in Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits worldwide. We present new plant and insect remains from travertines formed during the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in northern Spain (Aguilar Fm., Palencia province). A total of 136 plant specimens and three insect wings were collected and studied. This entomofauna consists of dragonfly (Odonata) wings including Cymatophlebiidae and an undetermined new genus and species of Aktassiidae, representing the first report of these families for the Iberian Peninsula. The fossil flora shows different morphotypes of plants, which have been tentatively assigned to three different genera. The taphocoenosis of the flora was dominated by Bennettitales (98.5%) including cf. Pterophyllum sp., Ptilophyllum cf. acutifolium, Ptilophyllum cf. pecten, Ptilophyllum cf. pectiniformis and cf. Ptilophyllum sp., and the occasional presence of ferns (1.5%) represented by the taxon Cladophlebis cf. denticulata. The presence of the Anisoptera Cymatophlebia cf. longialata suggests a higher affinity for a Tithonian age of the studied site, and the anatomy and palaeogeographical distribution of this species suggest capacity to migrate for rather long distances. The floristic composition of the site differs remarkably from other Tithonian-Berriasian floras of the Iberian Peninsula. The presence of Odonata and the distinctive flora in (semi)arid conditions could be due to the hot-spring providing an environmental niche with constant conditions of warmth and humidity forming an 'ecological oasis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artai A. Santos
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.A.S.); (I.R.-B.)
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - André Nel
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Barreiro
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.A.S.); (I.R.-B.)
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Sender
- Área de Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias. Edificio C, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Torsten Wappler
- Department of Natural History, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Friedensplatz 1, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany;
- Paleontology Section, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - José B. Diez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), 36310 Vigo, Spain; (A.A.S.); (I.R.-B.)
- Departamento de Xeociencias Mariñas e Ordenación do Territorio, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Pomeranz JPF, Junker JR, Wesner JS. Individual size distributions across North American streams vary with local temperature. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:848-858. [PMID: 34432930 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parameters describing the negative relationship between abundance and body size within ecological communities provide a summary of many important biological processes. While it is considered to be one of the few consistent patterns in ecology, spatiotemporal variation of this relationship across continental scale temperature gradients is unknown. Using a database of stream communities collected across North America (18-68°N latitude, -4 to 25°C mean annual air temperature) over 3 years, we constructed 160 individual size distribution (ISD) relationships (i.e. abundance size spectra). The exponent parameter describing ISD's decreased (became steeper) with increasing mean annual temperature, with median slopes varying by ~0.2 units across the 29°C temperature gradient. In addition, total community biomass increased with increasing temperatures, contrary with theoretical predictions. Our study suggests conservation of ISD relationships in streams across broad natural environmental gradients. This supports the emerging use of size-spectra deviations as indicators of fundamental changes to the structure and function of ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P F Pomeranz
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - James R Junker
- Great Lakes Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeff S Wesner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
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10
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Moffett ER, Fryxell DC, Lee F, Palkovacs EP, Simon KS. Consumer trait responses track change in resource supply along replicated thermal gradients. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20212144. [PMID: 34847762 PMCID: PMC8634111 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising temperatures may alter consumer diets through increased metabolic demand and altered resource availability. However, current theories assessing dietary shifts with warming do not account for a change in resource availability. It is unknown whether consumers will increase consumption rates or consume different resources to meet increased energy requirements and whether the dietary change will lead to associated variation in morphology and nutrient utilization. Here, we used populations of Gambusia affinis across parallel thermal gradients in New Zealand (NZ) and California (CA) to understand the influence of temperature on diets, morphology and stoichiometric phenotypes. Our results show that with increasing temperature in NZ, mosquitofish consumed more plant material, whereas in CA mosquitofish shifted towards increased consumption of invertebrate prey. In both regions, populations with plant-based diets had fuller guts, longer relative gut lengths, better-orientated mouths and reduced body elemental %C and N/P. Together, our results show multiple pathways by which consumers may alter their feeding patterns with rising temperatures, and they suggest that warming-induced changes to resource availability may be the principal determinant of which pathway is taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Moffett
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D. C. Fryxell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - F. Lee
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - E. P. Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - K. S. Simon
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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O’Gorman EJ, Chemshirova I, McLaughlin ÓB, Stewart RIA. Impacts of Warming on Reciprocal Subsidies Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.795603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-ecosystem subsidies are important as their recipients often rely on them to supplement in situ resource availability. Global warming has the potential to alter the quality and quantity of these subsidies, but our knowledge of these effects is currently limited. Here, we quantified the biomass and diversity of the invertebrates exchanged between freshwater streams and terrestrial grasslands in a natural warming experiment in Iceland. We sampled invertebrates emerging from the streams, those landing on the water surface, ground-dwelling invertebrates falling into the streams, and those drifting through the streams. Emerging invertebrate biomass or diversity did not change with increasing temperature, suggesting no effect of warming on aquatic subsidies to the terrestrial environment over the 1-month duration of the study. The biomass and diversity of aerial invertebrates of terrestrial origin landing on the streams increased with temperature, underpinned by increasing abundance and species richness, indicating that the greater productivity of the warmer streams may attract more foraging insects. The biomass of ground-dwelling invertebrates falling into the streams also increased with temperature, underpinned by increasing body mass and species evenness, suggesting that soil warming leads to terrestrial communities dominated by larger, more mobile organisms, and thus more in-fall to the streams. The biomass and diversity of terrestrial invertebrates in the drift decreased with temperature, however, underpinned by decreasing abundance and species richness, reflecting upstream consumption due to the higher energetic demands of aquatic consumers in warmer environments. These results highlight the potential for asynchronous responses to warming for reciprocal subsidies between aquatic and terrestrial environments and the importance of further research on warming impacts at the interface of these interdependent ecosystems.
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12
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Arias Font R, Khamis K, Milner AM, Sambrook Smith GH, Ledger ME. Low flow and heatwaves alter ecosystem functioning in a stream mesocosm experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146067. [PMID: 33677285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to intensify the effect of environmental stressors on riverine ecosystems. Extreme events, such as low flow and heatwaves, could have profound consequences for stream ecosystem functioning, but research on the impact of these stressors and their interaction across multiple processes, remains scarce. Here, we report the results of a two-month stream mesocosm experiment testing the effect of low flow (66% water level reduction, without gravel exposure) and heatwaves (three 8-d episodes of +5 °C above ambient with 10-15 days recovery between each episode) on a suite of ecosystem processes (i.e. detrital decomposition, biofilm accrual, ecosystem metabolism and DOC quantity and quality). Low flow reduced whole system metabolism, suppressing the rates of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), but elevated DOC concentration. Overall, habitat contraction was the main driver of reduced ecosystem functioning in the low flow treatment. By contrast, heatwaves increased decomposition, algal accrual, and humic-like DOC, but reduced leaf decomposition efficiency. Net ecosystem production (NEP) generally decreased across the experiment but was most pronounced for low flow and heatwaves when occurring independently. Assessment of NEP responses to the three successive heatwave events revealed that responses later in the sequence were more reduced (i.e. more similar to controls), suggesting biofilm communities may acclimate to autumn heatwaves. However, when heatwaves co-occurred with low flow, a strong reduction in both ER and GPP was observed, suggesting increased microbial mortality and reduced acclimation. Our study reveals autumn heatwaves potentially elongate the growth season for primary producers and stimulate decomposers. With climate change, river ecosystems may become more heterotrophic, with faster processing of recalcitrant carbon. Further research is required to identify the impacts on higher trophic levels, meta-community dynamics and the potential for legacy effects generated by successive low flows and heatwaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Arias Font
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kieran Khamis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander M Milner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gregory H Sambrook Smith
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark E Ledger
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Bonnaffé W, Danet A, Legendre S, Edeline E. Comparison of size‐structured and species‐level trophic networks reveals antagonistic effects of temperature on vertical trophic diversity at the population and species level. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem Bonnaffé
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES‐Paris) Paris France
- Ecological and Evolutionary Dynamics Lab, Dept of Zoology, Univ. of Oxford Oxford UK
- Inst. de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research Univ. Paris France
| | - Alain Danet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, UMR 7204 MNHN‐CNRS‐Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris Paris France
| | - Stéphane Legendre
- Inst. de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), CNRS, INSERM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research Univ. Paris France
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, UPEC, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Inst. d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES‐Paris) Paris France
- ESE Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest Rennes France
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14
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Nelson D, Busch MH, Kopp DA, Allen DC. Energy pathways modulate the resilience of stream invertebrate communities to drought. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2053-2064. [PMID: 33782972 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While climate change is altering ecosystems on a global scale, not all ecosystems are responding in the same way. The resilience of ecological communities may depend on whether food webs are producer- or detritus-based (i.e. 'green' or 'brown' food webs, respectively), or both (i.e. 'multi-channel' food web). Food web theory suggests that the presence of multiple energy pathways can enhance community stability and resilience and may modulate the responses of ecological communities to disturbances such as climate change. Despite important advances in food web theory, few studies have empirically investigated the resilience of ecological communities to climate change stressors in ecosystems with different primary energy channels. We conducted a factorial experiment using outdoor stream mesocosms to investigate the independent and interactive effects of warming and drought on invertebrate communities in food webs with different energy channel configurations. Warming had little effect on invertebrates, but stream drying negatively impacted total invertebrate abundance, biomass, richness and diversity. Although resistance to drying did not differ among energy channel treatments, recovery and overall resilience were higher in green mesocosms than in mixed and brown mesocosms. Resilience to drying also varied widely among taxa, with larger predatory taxa exhibiting lower resilience. Our results suggest that the effects of drought on stream communities may vary regionally and depend on whether food webs are fuelled by autochthonous or allochthonous basal resources. Communities inhabiting streams with large amounts of organic matter and more complex substrates that provide refugia may be more resilient to the loss of surface water than communities inhabiting streams with simpler, more homogeneous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Michelle H Busch
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Darin A Kopp
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Daniel C Allen
- Geographical Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
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15
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Multi-Year Monitoring of Ecosystem Metabolism in Two Branches of a Cold-Water Stream. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is likely to have large impacts on freshwater biodiversity and ecosystem function, especially in cold-water streams. Ecosystem metabolism is affected by water temperature and discharge, both of which are expected to be affected by climate change and, thus, require long-term monitoring to assess alterations in stream function. This study examined ecosystem metabolism in two branches of a trout stream in Minnesota, USA over 3 years. One branch was warmer, allowing the examination of elevated temperature on metabolism. Dissolved oxygen levels were assessed every 10 min from spring through fall in 2017–2019. Gross primary production (GPP) was higher in the colder branch in all years. GPP in both branches was highest before leaf-out in the spring. Ecosystem respiration (ER) was greater in the warmer stream in two of three years. Both streams were heterotrophic in all years (net ecosystem production—NEP < 0). There were significant effects of temperature and light on GPP, ER, and NEP. Stream discharge had a significant impact on all GPP, ER, and NEP in the colder stream, but only on ER and NEP in the warmer stream. This study indicated that the impacts of temperature, light, and discharge differ among years, and, at least at the local scale, may not follow expected patterns.
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16
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Eitzinger B, Roslin T, Vesterinen EJ, Robinson SI, O'Gorman EJ. Temperature affects both the Grinnellian and Eltonian dimensions of ecological niches – A tale of two Arctic wolf spiders. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Junker JR, Cross WF, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Hood JM, Nelson D, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Flow is more Important than Temperature in Driving Patterns of Organic Matter Storage and Stoichiometry in Stream Ecosystems. Ecosystems 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Junker JR, Cross WF, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Hood JM, Nelson D, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Resource supply governs the apparent temperature dependence of animal production in stream ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1809-1819. [PMID: 33001542 PMCID: PMC7702057 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rising global temperatures are changing how energy and materials move through ecosystems, with potential consequences for the role of animals in these processes. We tested a central prediction of the metabolic scaling framework-the temperature independence of animal community production-using a series of geothermally heated streams and a comprehensive empirical analysis. We show that the apparent temperature sensitivity of animal production was consistent with theory for individuals (Epind = 0.64 vs. 0.65 eV), but strongly amplified relative to theoretical expectations for communities, both among (Epamong = 0.67 vs. 0 eV) and within (Epwithin = 1.52 vs. 0 eV) streams. After accounting for spatial and temporal variation in resources, we show that the apparent positive effect of temperature was driven by resource supply, providing strong empirical support for the temperature independence of invertebrate production and the necessary inclusion of resources in metabolic scaling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- University of Iceland, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Institute of Marine and Freshwater Fisheries, Reykjavík, Iceland
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19
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Mapping Micro-Pollutants and Their Impacts on the Size Structure of Streambed Communities. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently there has been increasing concern over the vast array of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in streams and rivers worldwide. Understanding of the ecological implications of these compounds is limited to local scale case studies, partly as a result of technical limitations and a lack of integrative analyses. Here, we apply state-of-the-art instrumentation to analyze a complex suite of EOCs in the streambed of 30 UK streams and their effect on streambed communities. We apply the abundance–body mass (N–M) relationship approach as an integrative metric of the deviation of natural communities from reference status as a result of EOC pollution. Our analysis includes information regarding the N and M for individual prokaryotes, unicellular flagellates and ciliates, meiofauna, and macroinvertebrates. We detect a strong significant dependence of the N–M relationship coefficients with the presence of EOCs in the system, to the point of shielding the effect of other important environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and productivity. However, contrary to other stressors, EOC pollution showed a positive effect on the N–M coefficient in our work. This phenomenon can be largely explained by the increase in large-size tolerant taxa under polluted conditions. We discuss the potential implications of these results in relation to bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes. Our findings shed light on the impact of EOCs on the organization and ecology of the whole streambed community for the first time.
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20
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21
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Huss M, Lindmark M, Jacobson P, van Dorst RM, Gårdmark A. Experimental evidence of gradual size-dependent shifts in body size and growth of fish in response to warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2285-2295. [PMID: 30932292 PMCID: PMC6850025 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A challenge facing ecologists trying to predict responses to climate change is the few recent analogous conditions to use for comparison. For example, negative relationships between ectotherm body size and temperature are common both across natural thermal gradients and in small-scale experiments. However, it is unknown if short-term body size responses are representative of long-term responses. Moreover, to understand population responses to warming, we must recognize that individual responses to temperature may vary over ontogeny. To enable predictions of how climate warming may affect natural populations, we therefore ask how body size and growth may shift in response to increased temperature over life history, and whether short- and long-term growth responses differ. We addressed these questions using a unique setup with multidecadal artificial heating of an enclosed coastal bay in the Baltic Sea and an adjacent reference area (both with unexploited populations), using before-after control-impact paired time-series analyses. We assembled individual growth trajectories of ~13,000 unique individuals of Eurasian perch and found that body growth increased substantially after warming, but the extent depended on body size: Only among small-bodied perch did growth increase with temperature. Moreover, the strength of this response gradually increased over the 24 year warming period. Our study offers a unique example of how warming can affect fish populations over multiple generations, resulting in gradual changes in body growth, varying as organisms develop. Although increased juvenile growth rates are in line with predictions of the temperature-size rule, the fact that a larger body size at age was maintained over life history contrasts to that same rule. Because the artificially heated area is a contemporary system mimicking a warmer sea, our findings can aid predictions of fish responses to further warming, taking into account that growth responses may vary both over an individual's life history and over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Huss
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesÖregrundSweden
| | - Max Lindmark
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesÖregrundSweden
| | - Philip Jacobson
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesÖregrundSweden
| | - Renee M. van Dorst
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesÖregrundSweden
| | - Anna Gårdmark
- Department of Aquatic ResourcesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesÖregrundSweden
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22
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Zawierucha K, Zmudczyńska-Skarbek K, Guil N, Bogdziewicz M. Seabirds modify trophic groups, while altitude promotes xeric-tolerant species of Tardigrada in the high Arctic tundra (Svalbard archipelago). ACTA OECOLOGICA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Infection with behaviour-manipulating parasites enhances bioturbation by key aquatic detritivores. Parasitology 2019; 146:1528-1531. [PMID: 31109386 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ecological ubiquity of parasites and their potential impacts on host behaviour have led to the suggestion that parasites can act as ecosystem engineers, structuring their environment and physical habitats. Potential modification of the relationship between parasites and their hosts by climate change has important implications for how hosts interact with both their biotic and abiotic environment. Here, we show that warming and parasitic infection independently increase rates of bioturbation by a key detritivore in aquatic ecosystems (Gammarus). These findings have important implications for ecosystem structure and functioning in a warming world, as alterations to rates of bioturbation could significantly modify oxygenation penetration and nutrient cycling in benthic sediments of rivers and lakes. Our results demonstrate a need for future ecosystem management strategies to account for parasitic infection when predicting the impacts of a warming climate.
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24
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Cloyed CS, Dell AI, Hayes T, Kordas RL, O'Gorman EJ. Long-term exposure to higher temperature increases the thermal sensitivity of grazer metabolism and movement. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:833-844. [PMID: 30873610 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological studies of global warming impacts have many constraints. Organisms are often exposed to higher temperatures for short periods of time, probably underestimating their ability to acclimate or adapt relative to slower but real rates of warming. Many studies also focus on a limited number of traits and miss the multifaceted effects that warming may have on organisms, from physiology to behaviour. Organisms exhibit different movement traits, some of which are primarily driven by metabolic processes and others by decision-making, which should influence the extent to which temperature affects them. We collected snails from streams that have been differentially heated by geothermal activity for decades to determine how long-term exposure to different temperatures affected their metabolism and movement. Additionally, we collected snails from a cold stream (5°C) and measured their metabolism and movement at higher temperatures (short-term exposure). We used respirometry to measure metabolic rates and automated in situ image-based tracking to quantify several movement traits from 5 to 21°C. Long-term exposure to higher temperatures resulted in a greater thermal sensitivity of metabolic rate compared to snails exposed for short durations, highlighting the need for caution when conducting acute temperature exposures in global warming research. Average speed, which is largely driven by metabolism, also increased more with temperature for long-term exposure compared to short-term exposure. Movement traits we interpret as more decision-based, such as time spent moving and trajectory shape, were less affected by temperature. Step length increased and step angle decreased at higher temperatures for both long- and short-term exposure, resulting in overall straighter trajectories. The power-law exponent of the step length distributions and fractal dimension of trajectories were independent of temperature, however, suggesting that snails retained the same movement strategy. The observed changes in snail movement at higher temperatures should lead to higher encounter rates and more efficient searching, providing a behavioural mechanism for stronger plant-herbivore interactions in warmer environments. Our research is among the first to show that temperature has contrasting effects on different movement traits, which may be determined by the metabolic contribution to those behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl S Cloyed
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.,Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama
| | - Anthony I Dell
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois.,Department of Biology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Tracie Hayes
- National Great Rivers Research and Education Center, East Alton, Illinois
| | - Rebecca L Kordas
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Berkshire, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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25
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Reiss J, Perkins DM, Fussmann KE, Krause S, Canhoto C, Romeijn P, Robertson AL. Groundwater flooding: Ecosystem structure following an extreme recharge event. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1252-1260. [PMID: 30586811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reiss
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel M Perkins
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - Katarina E Fussmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paul Romeijn
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L Robertson
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, Roehampton University, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
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26
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Majdi N, Traunspurger W, Fueser H, Gansfort B, Laffaille P, Maire A. Effects of a broad range of experimental temperatures on the population growth and body-size of five species of free-living nematodes. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:21-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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27
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Sundstrom SM, Angeler DG, Barichievy C, Eason T, Garmestani A, Gunderson L, Knutson M, Nash KL, Spanbauer T, Stow C, Allen CR. The distribution and role of functional abundance in cross-scale resilience. Ecology 2018; 99:2421-2432. [PMID: 30175443 PMCID: PMC6792002 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cross-scale resilience model suggests that system-level ecological resilience emerges from the distribution of species' functions within and across the spatial and temporal scales of a system. It has provided a quantitative method for calculating the resilience of a given system and so has been a valuable contribution to a largely qualitative field. As it is currently laid out, the model accounts for the spatial and temporal scales at which environmental resources and species are present and the functional roles species play but does not inform us about how much resource is present or how much function is provided. In short, it does not account for abundance in the distribution of species and their functional roles within and across the scales of a system. We detail the ways in which we would expect species' abundance to be relevant to the cross-scale resilience model based on the extensive abundance literature in ecology. We also put forward a series of testable hypotheses that would improve our ability to anticipate and quantify how resilience is generated, and how ecosystems will (or will not) buffer recent rapid global changes. This stream of research may provide an improved foundation for the quantitative evaluation of ecological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M. Sundstrom
- School of Natural Resources, 103 Hardin Hall, 3310 Holdrege St., University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Corresponding author:
| | - David G. Angeler
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Box 7050, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris Barichievy
- Zoological Society of London. Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tarsha Eason
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ahjond Garmestani
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Lance Gunderson
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | | | - Kirsty L. Nash
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000
| | - Trisha Spanbauer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas-Austin, TX 78712
| | - Craig Stow
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Craig R. Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey - Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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28
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Perkins DM, Durance I, Edwards FK, Grey J, Hildrew AG, Jackson M, Jones JI, Lauridsen RB, Layer-Dobra K, Thompson MSA, Woodward G. Bending the rules: exploitation of allochthonous resources by a top-predator modifies size-abundance scaling in stream food webs. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1771-1780. [PMID: 30257275 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body mass-abundance (M-N) allometries provide a key measure of community structure, and deviations from scaling predictions could reveal how cross-ecosystem subsidies alter food webs. For 31 streams across the UK, we tested the hypothesis that linear log-log M-N scaling is shallower than that predicted by allometric scaling theory when top predators have access to allochthonous prey. These streams all contained a common and widespread top predator (brown trout) that regularly feeds on terrestrial prey and, as hypothesised, deviations from predicted scaling increased with its dominance of the fish assemblage. Our study identifies a key beneficiary of cross-ecosystem subsidies at the top of stream food webs and elucidates how these inputs can reshape the size-structure of these 'open' systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Perkins
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Isabelle Durance
- Cardiff Water Research Institute, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, PO Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Francois K Edwards
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Jonathan Grey
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Alan G Hildrew
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry Landing, Far Sawrey, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 OLP, UK
| | - Michelle Jackson
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - J Iwan Jones
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Rasmus B Lauridsen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust, Burgate Manor, Fordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1EF, UK
| | - Katrin Layer-Dobra
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Murray S A Thompson
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk, NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Grand Challenges in Ecosystems and the Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
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29
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Littlefair JE, Zander A, Sena Costa C, Clare EL. DNA
metabarcoding reveals changes in the contents of carnivorous plants along an elevation gradient. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:281-292. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Littlefair
- Department of Biology McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Axel Zander
- Department of Biology Unit of Ecology and Evolution University of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Clara Sena Costa
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Elizabeth L. Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
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30
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Fugère V, Mehner T, Chapman LJ. Impacts of deforestation‐induced warming on the metabolism, growth and trophic interactions of an afrotropical stream fish. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fugère
- Department of BiologyMcGill University Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Mehner
- Department of Biology and Ecology of FishesLeibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
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31
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Robinson SI, McLaughlin ÓB, Marteinsdóttir B, O'Gorman EJ. Soil temperature effects on the structure and diversity of plant and invertebrate communities in a natural warming experiment. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:634-646. [PMID: 29368345 PMCID: PMC6849623 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is predicted to significantly alter species physiology, biotic interactions and thus ecosystem functioning, as a consequence of coexisting species exhibiting a wide range of thermal sensitivities. There is, however, a dearth of research examining warming impacts on natural communities. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland to investigate the changes in above-ground terrestrial plant and invertebrate communities along a soil temperature gradient (10°C-30°C). The α-diversity of plants and invertebrates decreased with increasing soil temperature, driven by decreasing plant species richness and increasing dominance of certain invertebrate species in warmer habitats. There was also greater species turnover in both plant and invertebrate communities with increasing pairwise temperature difference between sites. There was no effect of temperature on percentage cover of vegetation at the community level, driven by contrasting effects at the population level. There was a reduction in the mean body mass and an increase in the total abundance of the invertebrate community, resulting in no overall change in community biomass. There were contrasting effects of temperature on the population abundance of various invertebrate species, which could be explained by differential thermal tolerances and metabolic requirements, or may have been mediated by changes in plant community composition. Our study provides an important baseline from which the effect of changing environmental conditions on terrestrial communities can be tracked. It also contributes to our understanding of why community-level studies of warming impacts are imperative if we are to disentangle the contrasting thermal responses of individual populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I. Robinson
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiLahtiFinland
| | - Órla B. McLaughlin
- AgroécologieAgroSup DijonINRAUniversité Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéDijonFrance
| | - Bryndís Marteinsdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavíkIceland
- The Soil Conservation Service of IcelandHellaIceland
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32
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Gérard M, Vanderplanck M, Franzen M, Kuhlmann M, Potts SG, Rasmont P, Schweiger O, Michez D. Patterns of size variation in bees at a continental scale: does Bergmann's rule apply? OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Gérard
- Laboratory of Zoology, Res. Inst. for Biosciences; Univ. of Mons; Place du Parc 20 BE-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Maryse Vanderplanck
- Laboratory of Zoology, Res. Inst. for Biosciences; Univ. of Mons; Place du Parc 20 BE-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Markus Franzen
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Dept of Community Ecology; Halle Germany
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMIS, Dept of Biology and Environmental Science; Linnaeus Univ.; Kalmar Sweden
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum; Univ. of Kiel; Kiel Germany
- Dept of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
| | - Simon G. Potts
- S. G. Potts, Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; The Univ. of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Laboratory of Zoology, Res. Inst. for Biosciences; Univ. of Mons; Place du Parc 20 BE-7000 Mons Belgium
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research; Dept of Community Ecology; Halle Germany
| | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology, Res. Inst. for Biosciences; Univ. of Mons; Place du Parc 20 BE-7000 Mons Belgium
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33
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Gordon TAC, Neto-Cerejeira J, Furey PC, O'Gorman EJ. Changes in feeding selectivity of freshwater invertebrates across a natural thermal gradient. Curr Zool 2018; 64:231-242. [PMID: 30402064 PMCID: PMC5905579 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental warming places physiological constraints on organisms, which may be mitigated by their feeding behavior. Theory predicts that consumers should increase their feeding selectivity for more energetically valuable resources in warmer environments to offset the disproportionate increase in metabolic demand relative to ingestion rate. This may also result in a change in feeding strategy or a shift towards a more specialist diet. This study used a natural warming experiment to investigate temperature effects on the feeding selectivity of three freshwater invertebrate grazers: the snail Radix balthica, the blackfly larva Simulium aureum, and the midgefly larva Eukiefferiella minor. Chesson’s Selectivity Index was used to compare the proportional abundance of diatom species in the guts of each invertebrate species with corresponding rock biofilms sampled from streams of different temperature. The snails became more selective in warmer streams, choosing high profile epilithic diatoms over other guilds and feeding on a lower diversity of diatom species. The blackfly larvae appeared to switch from active collector gathering of sessile high profile diatoms to more passive filter feeding of motile diatoms in warmer streams. No changes in selectivity were observed for the midgefly larvae, whose diet was representative of resource availability in the environment. These results suggest that key primary consumers in freshwater streams, which constitute a major portion of invertebrate biomass, can change their feeding behavior in warmer waters in a range of different ways. These patterns could potentially lead to fundamental changes in the flow of energy through freshwater food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A C Gordon
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.,Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Joana Neto-Cerejeira
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Paula C Furey
- Department of Biology, Saint Catherine University, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
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34
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Che X, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Quan Q, Møller A, Zou F. Phylogenetic and Functional Structure of Wintering Waterbird Communities Associated with Ecological Differences. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1232. [PMID: 29352197 PMCID: PMC5775246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological differences may be related to community component divisions between Oriental (west) and Sino-Japanese (east) realms, and such differences may result in weak geographical breaks in migratory species that are highly mobile. Here, we conducted comparative phylogenetic and functional structure analyses of wintering waterbird communities in southern China across two realms and subsequently examined possible climate drivers of the observed patterns. An analysis based on such highly migratory species is particularly telling because migration is bound to reduce or completely eliminate any divergence between communities. Phylogenetic and functional structure of eastern communities showed over-dispersion while western communities were clustered. Basal phylogenetic and functional turnover of western communities was significant lower than that of eastern communities. The break between eastern and western communities was masked by these two realms. Geographic patterns were related to mean temperature changes and temperature fluctuations, suggesting that temperature may filter waterbird lineages and traits, thus underlying geographical community divisions. These results suggest phylogenetic and functional divisions in southern China, coinciding with biogeography. This study shows that temperature fluctuations constitute an essential mechanism shaping geographical divisions that have largely gone undetected previously, even under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Che
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Quan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anders Møller
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Fasheng Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization,Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Institute of Applied Biological Resources, Guangzhou, China.
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35
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Thompson MSA, Brooks SJ, Sayer CD, Woodward G, Axmacher JC, Perkins DM, Gray C. Large woody debris “rewilding” rapidly restores biodiversity in riverine food webs. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murray S. A. Thompson
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; London UK
- Environmental Change Research Centre (ECRC); Department of Geography; University College London; London UK
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science; Lowestoft Laboratory; Suffolk UK
| | | | - Carl D. Sayer
- Environmental Change Research Centre (ECRC); Department of Geography; University College London; London UK
| | - Guy Woodward
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Ascot Berkshire UK
| | - Jan C. Axmacher
- Environmental Change Research Centre (ECRC); Department of Geography; University College London; London UK
| | - Daniel M. Perkins
- Department of Life Sciences; Whitelands College; University of Roehampton; London UK
| | - Clare Gray
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Ascot Berkshire UK
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36
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Tylianakis JM, Morris RJ. Ecological Networks Across Environmental Gradients. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110316-022821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Tylianakis
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Morris
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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37
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Scrine J, Jochum M, Ólafsson JS, O'Gorman EJ. Interactive effects of temperature and habitat complexity on freshwater communities. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9333-9346. [PMID: 29187972 PMCID: PMC5696415 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming can lead to increased growth of plants or algae at the base of the food web, which may increase the overall complexity of habitat available for other organisms. Temperature and habitat complexity have both been shown to alter the structure and functioning of communities, but they may also have interactive effects, for example, if the shade provided by additional habitat negates the positive effect of temperature on understory plant or algal growth. This study explored the interactive effects of these two major environmental factors in a manipulative field experiment, by assessing changes in ecosystem functioning (primary production and decomposition) and community structure in the presence and absence of artificial plants along a natural stream temperature gradient of 5-18°C. There was no effect of temperature or habitat complexity on benthic primary production, but epiphytic production increased with temperature in the more complex habitat. Cellulose decomposition rate increased with temperature, but was unaffected by habitat complexity. Macroinvertebrate communities were less similar to each other as temperature increased, while habitat complexity only altered community composition in the coldest streams. There was also an overall increase in macroinvertebrate abundance, body mass, and biomass in the warmest streams, driven by increasing dominance of snails and blackfly larvae. Presence of habitat complexity, however, dampened the strength of this temperature effect on the abundance of macroinvertebrates in the benthos. The interactive effects that were observed suggest that habitat complexity can modify the effects of temperature on important ecosystem functions and community structure, which may alter energy flow through the food web. Given that warming is likely to increase habitat complexity, particularly at higher latitudes, more studies should investigate these two major environmental factors in combination to improve our ability to predict the impacts of future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Scrine
- Imperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusBuckhurst Road, AscotBerkshireSL5 7PYUK
| | - Malte Jochum
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and AnthropologyUniversity of GoettingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | - Eoin J. O'Gorman
- Imperial College LondonSilwood Park CampusBuckhurst Road, AscotBerkshireSL5 7PYUK
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38
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Walczyńska A, Sobczyk Ł. The underestimated role of temperature-oxygen relationship in large-scale studies on size-to-temperature response. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:7434-7441. [PMID: 28944028 PMCID: PMC5606864 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that ectotherm size decreases with increasing temperature (temperature‐size rule; TSR) has been widely supported. This phenomenon intrigues researchers because neither its adaptive role nor the conditions under which it is realized are well defined. In light of recent theoretical and empirical studies, oxygen availability is an important candidate for understanding the adaptive role behind TSR. However, this hypothesis is still undervalued in TSR studies at the geographical level. We reanalyzed previously published data about the TSR pattern in diatoms sampled from Icelandic geothermal streams, which concluded that diatoms were an exception to the TSR. Our goal was to incorporate oxygen as a factor in the analysis and to examine whether this approach would change the results. Specifically, we expected that the strength of size response to cold temperatures would be different than the strength of response to hot temperatures, where the oxygen limitation is strongest. By conducting a regression analysis for size response at the community level, we found that diatoms from cold, well‐oxygenated streams showed no size‐to‐temperature response, those from intermediate temperature and oxygen conditions showed reverse TSR, and diatoms from warm, poorly oxygenated streams showed significant TSR. We also distinguished the roles of oxygen and nutrition in TSR. Oxygen is a driving factor, while nutrition is an important factor that should be controlled for. Our results show that if the geographical or global patterns of TSR are to be understood, oxygen should be included in the studies. This argument is important especially for predicting the size response of ectotherms facing climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Łukasz Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland
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39
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Welti N, Striebel M, Ulseth AJ, Cross WF, DeVilbiss S, Glibert PM, Guo L, Hirst AG, Hood J, Kominoski JS, MacNeill KL, Mehring AS, Welter JR, Hillebrand H. Bridging Food Webs, Ecosystem Metabolism, and Biogeochemistry Using Ecological Stoichiometry Theory. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1298. [PMID: 28747904 PMCID: PMC5507128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aquatic ecologists and biogeochemists are well aware of the crucial importance of ecosystem functions, i.e., how biota drive biogeochemical processes and vice-versa, linking these fields in conceptual models is still uncommon. Attempts to explain the variability in elemental cycling consequently miss an important biological component and thereby impede a comprehensive understanding of the underlying processes governing energy and matter flow and transformation. The fate of multiple chemical elements in ecosystems is strongly linked by biotic demand and uptake; thus, considering elemental stoichiometry is important for both biogeochemical and ecological research. Nonetheless, assessments of ecological stoichiometry (ES) often focus on the elemental content of biota rather than taking a more holistic view by examining both elemental pools and fluxes (e.g., organismal stoichiometry and ecosystem process rates). ES theory holds the promise to be a unifying concept to link across hierarchical scales of patterns and processes in ecology, but this has not been fully achieved. Therefore, we propose connecting the expertise of aquatic ecologists and biogeochemists with ES theory as a common currency to connect food webs, ecosystem metabolism, and biogeochemistry, as they are inherently concatenated by the transfer of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous through biotic and abiotic nutrient transformation and fluxes. Several new studies exist that demonstrate the connections between food web ecology, biogeochemistry, and ecosystem metabolism. In addition to a general introduction into the topic, this paper presents examples of how these fields can be combined with a focus on ES. In this review, a series of concepts have guided the discussion: (1) changing biogeochemistry affects trophic interactions and ecosystem processes by altering the elemental ratios of key species and assemblages; (2) changing trophic dynamics influences the transformation and fluxes of matter across environmental boundaries; (3) changing ecosystem metabolism will alter the chemical diversity of the non-living environment. Finally, we propose that using ES to link nutrient cycling, trophic dynamics, and ecosystem metabolism would allow for a more holistic understanding of ecosystem functions in a changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Welti
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandKuopio, Finland
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, AdelaideSA, Australia
| | - Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
| | - Amber J. Ulseth
- Stream Biofilm and Ecosystem Research, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wyatt F. Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, BozemanMT, United States
| | - Stephen DeVilbiss
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Patricia M. Glibert
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, CambridgeMD, United States
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, MilwaukeeWI, United States
| | - Andrew G. Hirst
- The Hirst Lab, Organismal Biology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of DenmarkCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jim Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, ColumbusOH, United States
| | - John S. Kominoski
- The Kominoski Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, MiamiFL, United States
| | - Keeley L. MacNeill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, IthacaNY, United States
| | - Andrew S. Mehring
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La JollaCA, United States
| | - Jill R. Welter
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, MinneapolisMN, United States
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of OldenburgOldenburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for Functional Marine BiodiversityOldenburg, Germany
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40
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Nelson D, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Cross WF, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Junker JR, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Experimental whole-stream warming alters community size structure. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2618-2628. [PMID: 27868314 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How ecological communities respond to predicted increases in temperature will determine the extent to which Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be maintained into a warmer future. Warming is predicted to alter the structure of natural communities, but robust tests of such predictions require appropriate large-scale manipulations of intact, natural habitat that is open to dispersal processes via exchange with regional species pools. Here, we report results of a two-year whole-stream warming experiment that shifted invertebrate assemblage structure via unanticipated mechanisms, while still conforming to community-level metabolic theory. While warming by 3.8 °C decreased invertebrate abundance in the experimental stream by 60% relative to a reference stream, total invertebrate biomass was unchanged. Associated shifts in invertebrate assemblage structure were driven by the arrival of new taxa and a higher proportion of large, warm-adapted species (i.e., snails and predatory dipterans) relative to small-bodied, cold-adapted taxa (e.g., chironomids and oligochaetes). Experimental warming consequently shifted assemblage size spectra in ways that were unexpected, but consistent with thermal optima of taxa in the regional species pool. Higher temperatures increased community-level energy demand, which was presumably satisfied by higher primary production after warming. Our experiment demonstrates how warming reassembles communities within the constraints of energy supply via regional exchange of species that differ in thermal physiological traits. Similar responses will likely mediate impacts of anthropogenic warming on biodiversity and ecosystem function across all ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
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41
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Nelson D, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Cross WF, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Junker JR, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Shifts in community size structure drive temperature invariance of secondary production in a stream‐warming experiment. Ecology 2017; 98:1797-1806. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Jonathan P. Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Alexander D. Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - Wyatt F. Cross
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - James M. Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43212 USA
| | - Philip W. Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487 USA
| | - James R. Junker
- Department of Ecology Montana State University Bozeman Montana 59717 USA
| | - Gísli M. Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences Askja Sturlugata 7 101 Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Jón S. Ólafsson
- Institute of Freshwater Fisheries Keldnaholt 112 Reykjavík Iceland
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42
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Lukas JAY, Jourdan J, Kalinkat G, Emde S, Miesen FW, Jüngling H, Cocchiararo B, Bierbach D. On the occurrence of three non-native cichlid species including the first record of a feral population of Pelmatolapia ( Tilapia) mariae (Boulenger, 1899) in Europe. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170160. [PMID: 28680671 PMCID: PMC5493913 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermally influenced freshwater systems provide suitable conditions for non-native species of tropical and subtropical origin to survive and form proliferating populations beyond their native ranges. In Germany, non-native convict cichlids (Amatitlania nigrofasciata) and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) have established populations in the Gillbach, a small stream that receives warm water discharge from a local power plant. Here, we report on the discovery of spotted tilapia (Pelmatolapia mariae) in the Gillbach, the first record of a reproducing population of this species in Europe. It has been hypothesized that Oreochromis sp. in the Gillbach are descendants of aquaculture escapees and our mtDNA analysis found both O. mossambicus and O. niloticus maternal lineages, which are commonly used for hybrids in aquaculture. Convict cichlids and spotted tilapia were most probably introduced into the Gillbach by aquarium hobbyists. Despite their high invasiveness worldwide, we argue that all three cichlid species are unlikely to spread and persist permanently beyond the thermally influenced range of the Gillbach river system. However, convict cichlids from the Gillbach are known to host both native and non-native fish parasites and thus, non-native cichlids may constitute threats to the native fish fauna. We therefore strongly recommend continuous monitoring of the Gillbach and similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane A. Y. Lukas
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Jourdan
- Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Emde
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/M, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Friedrich Wilhelm Miesen
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Sektion Ichthyologie, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannah Jüngling
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Conservation Genetics Group, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - Berardino Cocchiararo
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Conservation Genetics Group, Clamecystrasse 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany
| | - David Bierbach
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Mueggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany
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O'Gorman EJ, Ólafsson ÓP, Demars BOL, Friberg N, Guðbergsson G, Hannesdóttir ER, Jackson MC, Johansson LS, McLaughlin ÓB, Ólafsson JS, Woodward G, Gíslason GM. Temperature effects on fish production across a natural thermal gradient. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3206-20. [PMID: 26936833 PMCID: PMC4991275 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4-25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five-month mark-recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient-replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin J. O'Gorman
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, AscotBerkshireSL5 7PYUK
| | - Ólafur P. Ólafsson
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandAskja, Sturlugata 7Reykjavík101Iceland
| | | | - Nikolai Friberg
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)Gaustadalléen 21OsloN‐0349Norway
| | | | - Elísabet R. Hannesdóttir
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandAskja, Sturlugata 7Reykjavík101Iceland
- Institute of Freshwater FisheriesKeldnaholtReykjavík112Iceland
| | - Michelle C. Jackson
- Centre for Invasion BiologyDepartment of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of PretoriaHatfield 0026GautengSouth Africa
| | | | - Órla B. McLaughlin
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, AscotBerkshireSL5 7PYUK
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)UMR 1347 Agroécologie17 rue Sully ‐ BP 86510Dijon21065France
| | - Jón S. Ólafsson
- Institute of Freshwater FisheriesKeldnaholtReykjavík112Iceland
| | - Guy Woodward
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonSilwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, AscotBerkshireSL5 7PYUK
| | - Gísli M. Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of IcelandAskja, Sturlugata 7Reykjavík101Iceland
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Johansson MP, Ermold F, Kristjánsson BK, Laurila A. Divergence of gastropod life history in contrasting thermal environments in a geothermal lake. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2043-2053. [PMID: 27364364 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using natural populations have provided mixed support for thermal adaptation models, probably because the conditions are often confounded with additional environmental factors like seasonality. The contrasting geothermal environments within Lake Mývatn, northern Iceland, provide a unique opportunity to evaluate thermal adaptation models using closely located natural populations. We conducted laboratory common garden and field reciprocal transplant experiments to investigate how thermal origin influences the life history of Radix balthica snails originating from stable cold (6 °C), stable warm (23 °C) thermal environments or from areas with seasonal temperature variation. Supporting thermal optimality models, warm-origin snails survived poorly at 6 °C in the common garden experiment and better than cold-origin and seasonal-origin snails in the warm habitat in the reciprocal transplant experiment. Contrary to thermal adaptation models, growth rate in both experiments was highest in the warm populations irrespective of temperature, indicating cogradient variation. The optimal temperatures for growth and reproduction were similar irrespective of origin, but cold-origin snails always had the lowest performance, and seasonal-origin snails often performed at an intermediate level compared to snails originating in either stable environment. Our results indicate that central life-history traits can differ in their mode of evolution, with survival following the predictions of thermal optimality models, whereas ecological constraints have shaped the evolution of growth rates in local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Johansson
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biologu Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Ermold
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biologu Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B K Kristjánsson
- Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
| | - A Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biologu Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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45
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Iles AC, Novak M. Complexity Increases Predictability in Allometrically Constrained Food Webs. Am Nat 2016; 188:87-98. [DOI: 10.1086/686730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Johansson MP, Quintela M, Laurila A. Genetic divergence and isolation by thermal environment in geothermal populations of an aquatic invertebrate. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1701-12. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Johansson
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Quintela
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Grupo de investigación BIOCOST; University of A Coruña; A Coruña Spain
| | - A. Laurila
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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Williamson TJ, Cross WF, Benstead JP, Gíslason GM, Hood JM, Huryn AD, Johnson PW, Welter JR. Warming alters coupled carbon and nutrient cycles in experimental streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2152-2164. [PMID: 26719040 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although much effort has been devoted to quantifying how warming alters carbon cycling across diverse ecosystems, less is known about how these changes are linked to the cycling of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus. In freshwater ecosystems, benthic biofilms (i.e. thin films of algae, bacteria, fungi, and detrital matter) act as biogeochemical hotspots by controlling important fluxes of energy and material. Understanding how biofilms respond to warming is thus critical for predicting responses of coupled elemental cycles in freshwater systems. We developed biofilm communities in experimental streamside channels along a gradient of mean water temperatures (7.5-23.6 °C), while closely maintaining natural diel and seasonal temperature variation with a common water and propagule source. Both structural (i.e. biomass, stoichiometry, assemblage structure) and functional (i.e. metabolism, N2 -fixation, nutrient uptake) attributes of biofilms were measured on multiple dates to link changes in carbon flow explicitly to the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus. Temperature had strong positive effects on biofilm biomass (2.8- to 24-fold variation) and net ecosystem productivity (44- to 317-fold variation), despite extremely low concentrations of limiting dissolved nitrogen. Temperature had surprisingly minimal effects on biofilm stoichiometry: carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios were temperature-invariant, while carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratios declined slightly with increasing temperature. Biofilm communities were dominated by cyanobacteria at all temperatures (>91% of total biovolume) and N2 -fixation rates increased up to 120-fold between the coldest and warmest treatments. Although ammonium-N uptake increased with temperature (2.8- to 6.8-fold variation), the much higher N2 -fixation rates supplied the majority of N to the ecosystem at higher temperatures. Our results demonstrate that temperature can alter how carbon is cycled and coupled to nitrogen and phosphorus. The uncoupling of C fixation from dissolved inorganic nitrogen supply produced large unexpected changes in biofilm development, elemental cycling, and likely downstream exports of nutrients and organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata, 7 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Jill R Welter
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
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McMeans BC, McCann KS, Tunney TD, Fisk AT, Muir AM, Lester N, Shuter B, Rooney N. The adaptive capacity of lake food webs: from individuals to ecosystems. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0288.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bailey C. McMeans
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Kevin S. McCann
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Tyler D. Tunney
- Center for Limnology; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Aaron T. Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research; University of Windsor; Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Andrew M. Muir
- Great Lakes Fisheries Commission; Ann Arbor Michigan 48105 USA
| | - Nigel Lester
- Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research; Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Brian Shuter
- Harkness Laboratory of Fisheries Research; Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section; Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Neil Rooney
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
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Fritschie KJ, Olden JD. Disentangling the influences of mean body size and size structure on ecosystem functioning: an example of nutrient recycling by a non-native crayfish. Ecol Evol 2015; 6:159-69. [PMID: 26811781 PMCID: PMC4716502 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is a fundamental functional trait that can be used to forecast individuals' responses to environmental change and their contribution to ecosystem functioning. However, information on the mean and variation of size distributions often confound one another when relating body size to aggregate functioning. Given that size‐based metrics are used as indicators of ecosystem status, it is important to identify the specific aspects of size distributions that mediate ecosystem functioning. Our goal was to simultaneously account for the mean, variance, and shape of size distributions when relating body size to aggregate ecosystem functioning. We take advantage of habitat‐specific differences in size distributions to estimate nutrient recycling by a non‐native crayfish using mean‐field and variance‐incorporating approaches. Crayfishes often substantially influence ecosystem functioning through their omnivorous role in aquatic food webs. As predicted from Jensen's inequality, considering only the mean body size of crayfish overestimated aggregate effects on ecosystem functioning. This bias declined with mean body size such that mean‐field and variance‐incorporating estimates of ecosystem functioning were similar for samples at mean body sizes >7.5 g. At low mean body size, mean‐field bias in ecosystem functioning mismatch predictions from Jensen's inequality, likely because of the increasing skewness of the size distribution. Our findings support the prediction that variance around the mean can alter the relationship between body size and ecosystem functioning, especially at low mean body size. However, methods to account for mean‐field bias performed poorly in samples with highly skewed distributions, indicating that changes in the shape of the distribution, in addition to the variance, may confound mean‐based estimates of ecosystem functioning. Given that many biological functions scale allometrically, explicitly defining and experimentally or statistically isolating the effects of the mean, variance, and shape of size distributions is necessary to begin generalizing relationships between animal body size and ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J Fritschie
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98105
| | - Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98105
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