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Stephan E, Sedikides C. Mental Time Travel as Self-Affirmation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:181-208. [PMID: 37876180 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231203143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT This article integrates and advances the scope of research on the role of mental time travel in bolstering the self. We propose that imagining the self in the future (prospection) or in the past (retrospection) highlights central and positive self-aspects. Thus, bringing to mind one's future or past broadens the perceived bases of self-integrity and offers a route to self-affirmation. In reviewing corresponding research programs on self-prospection and nostalgia, we illustrate that mental time travel serves to affirm the self in terms of self-esteem, coherence, and control. Mental time travel could be implemented as a source of self-affirmation for facilitating coping and behavior change in several domains such as relationships, health, education, and organizational contexts. PUBLIC ABSTRACT People can mentally travel to their future or to their past. When people imagine what they will be like in the future, or what they were like in the past, they tend to think about themselves in terms of the important and positive attributes that they possess. Thinking about themselves in such an affirming way expands and consolidates their self-views. This broader image of themselves can increase self-esteem (the extent to which one likes who they are), coherence (the extent to which one perceives life as meaningful), and control (the extent to which one feels capable of initiating and pursuing goals or effecting desirable outcomes). Mental time travel, then, has favorable or affirming consequences for one's self-views. These consequences can be harnessed to modify one's behavior in such life domains as relationships, health, education, and work.
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Xiao R, Li S. The effect of positive inter-group contact on cooperation: the moderating role of individualism. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1323710. [PMID: 38505361 PMCID: PMC10949985 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1323710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The effect of intergroup contact on cooperation is well documented, but little is known about the cultural moderators of this relationship. Contributing to the literature, we examined whether cultural orientation moderates the effect of positive intergroup contact on cooperation and places emphasis on individualism. Methods By creating a gamecooperation situation by the trust game paradigm, 322 Taiwanese youth were involved in the study and completed the positive intergroup contact scale, individual-collectivism scale, and social distance scale. Results (1) positive intergroup contact effectively promotes cooperative behavior; (2) Taiwanese youth who have closer social distance with mainland youth demonstrate higher levels of cooperative behavior after group interactions than larger social distance; and (3) individualism has a significant moderating role in the relationship between positive inter-group contact and cooperation. The effect of positive inter-group contact on cooperation became stronger in the less individualistic group. The effect of social distance on cooperation became stronger in the less individualistic group.Cultural orientation represented by individualism is proved to be one moderato of the intergroup contact-cooperation relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikui Xiao
- Department of Sociology, Graduate Institute for Taiwan Studies of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Abstract
Self-continuity is the subjective sense of connection between one's past and present selves (past-present self-continuity), between one's present and future selves (present-future self-continuity), or among one's past, present, and future selves (global self-continuity). We consider the motivational character of the three forms of self-continuity, their regulatory properties, and the internal or external factors that consolidate them. We also review their consequences for attitudes and judgments or decisions, motivation, intentions and behavior, and psychological and physical health. We further detail the psychological and behavioral benefits of self-discontinuity (i.e., a sense of disconnect among temporal selves). We next turn to the brain regions that are activated synchronously with self-continuity. We consider developmental perspectives on self-continuity, discuss collective self-continuity (along with its consequences and regulatory properties), and elaborate on cultural differences in self-continuity. This inaugural Annual Reviews chapter demonstrates the breadth, excitement, and sense of synergy among self-continuity researchers and points to promising research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Emily K Hong
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; , ,
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Heger A, Voorhees VA, Porter B, Gaertner L. Does Identity Fusion Moderate the Motivational Primacy of the Individual Self? SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221141144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that the individual self lies closer to the motivational core of the self-concept than does the collective self. Four studies tested whether identity fusion alters the motivational primacy of the individual self. Three studies replicated primacy-paradigms and all manipulated whether the collective self was derived from an ingroup to which the participant felt more versus less fused. Despite the successful manipulation, the individual self remained primary: Even when the collective self was based on a fused ingroup, participants reacted more strongly to the imagined loss of their individual self, assigned greater subjective value to their individual self, attributed more of who they are to their individual self, and evidenced greater personal than collective self-focus. We discuss individual-self primacy in regard to Identity Fusion Theory’s agentic-personal self principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Heger
- JefferyM Consulting, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Do digital experiences change the self-relevant process of digital natives? A view of tripartite self-construal. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nguyen B, Leroy H, Gill C, Simons T. Be yourself or adapt yourself? Authenticity, self-monitoring, behavioural integrity, and trust. JOURNAL OF TRUST RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/21515581.2022.2093211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Nguyen
- Management, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Hannes Leroy
- Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carol Gill
- Melbourne Business School, The Universtity of Melbourne Carlton, Australia
| | - Tony Simons
- Cornell School of Hotel Administration, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Celikel B, Çoban AE. Self-Concept With Cross-Cultural Perspective: 36-72-Month-Old Preschool Children in Turkey and Germany. Front Psychol 2022; 13:821074. [PMID: 35677118 PMCID: PMC9169042 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.821074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children attending preschool education in Turkey and Germany have different cultural environments and education systems. This study aimed at investigating the self-concept of 36-72- month-old preschool children in Turkey, a country with a collectivist culture, and Germany, a country with an individualistic culture. Participants were 433 children (234 female, 199 male) from Turkey and 206 children (102 female, 109 male) from Germany. Three dimensions of self-concept were measured: ability-based, social, and physical. The Self-Concept Questionnaire for Children (Preschool Version) was used for data collection. This process lasted about 5 months. Country (Turkey vs. Germany) and sex (male vs. female) of the child were analyzed as independent variables, and the three dimensions of self-concept (i.e., ability-based, social, and physical) were analyzed as dependent variables. As normality assumption was not met for the subgroups, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for statistical analysis. Results showed significant differences between children from Turkey and children from Germany in two self-concept dimensions (i.e., ability-based and physical). It was determined that there were no differences between the two countries in social self-concept. It was also determined that there were differences in the ability-based self-concept dimension in 36-72-month-old children depending on gender in Turkey, in favor of male children. On the other hand, it was determined that there were no differences depending on gender in any of the self-concept dimensions in Germany. It was concluded that culture was a factor leading to differentiation in some dimensions of preschool children's self-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Celikel
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysel E Çoban
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Institute of Educational Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Rios K. Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self: A Framework for Understanding Dominant and Non-Dominant Group Members' Responses to Interethnic Ideologies. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 26:315-341. [PMID: 35620828 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221093130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Both multiculturalism (which involves recognizing and appreciating differences) and racial/ethnic colorblindness (which can involve emphasizing similarities or individual characteristics) are intended to promote intergroup harmony. Nevertheless, these ideologies can backfire when salient. Although this work has sometimes been interpreted to suggest that dominant group members may perceive salient multiculturalism, and non-dominant group members may perceive salient colorblindness, as threatening, it is unclear what about these interethnic ideologies poses a threat and why. The present article draws upon theories of the self-concept to introduce a framework of Multiculturalism and Colorblindness as Threats to the Self. Specifically, it is proposed that multiculturalism (colorblindness) is potentially threatening to dominant (non-dominant) group members' collective, relational, and personal selves. Dispositional and contextual variables that may moderate perceptions of threat among members of dominant and non-dominant groups, alternative interethnic ideologies to multiculturalism and colorblindness, and potential future research directions are discussed.
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Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Liu Y, Zhou X. Self-Hierarchy in Perceptual Matching: Variations in Different Processing Stages. Front Psychol 2022; 13:770604. [PMID: 35465530 PMCID: PMC9019470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.770604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People have three cognitive representations of the self, namely, the individual, relational, and collective selves (CS), which are indispensable components of selfhood but not necessarily given equal preference. Previous studies found that people displayed varied self-hierarchy in miscellaneous tasks involving different research materials that had pre-existing learned associations established over long periods of time. Therefore, this study tries to explore a purer self-hierarchy without the influence of research materials, using perceptual matching tasks. The behavioral and event-related potentials' (ERPs) findings showed that people recognized information association with their individual self (IS) faster compared with their relational (RS) and CS. Smaller N2, stronger P3 and late positive complex (LPC) amplitudes were evoked during IS compared with RS and CS. However, the three selves evoked equal P2 amplitudes at the early processing stage. Moreover, CS showed a weaker advantage than RS, demonstrating a longer reaction time, lower d prime, and weaker P3 and LPC amplitudes in the parietal region. Overall, self-hierarchy during simple perceptual processing manifested as IS > RS > CS at the late processing stage but manifested as IS = RS = CS at the early processing stage. Self-hierarchy varies according to the processing stage, even without meaningful information and during the simple perception processing. This result provides direct evidence that all selves can be tagged with neutral actions, which would fit the idea of an organism attuned to self-survival at multiple processing levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zheng
- Developmental Psychology for Armyman, Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilun Xiao
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Zhou X, Yang Z. The Hierarchical Relationship Between the Relational-Self and the Collective-Self During Attention Processing. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:557-567. [PMID: 35282001 PMCID: PMC8906847 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s349074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under the Chinese collectivist cultural system, people emphasize social connections with close others and members of in-groups. Collectivism can be divided into the following two forms: relational collectivism (privileges relational self [RS]) and group collectivism (emphasizes collective self [CS]). Previous researchers have found a hierarchy between the RS and CS, resulting in different degrees of recognition advantages. However, the hierarchy between the RS and CS is unclear and may depend on the specific processing stage. Therefore, this research compared the hierarchy between these two selves during different processing stages using an eye-movement method. Methods The sample consisted of thirty-eight young adults aged between 18 and 24 years old (M = 20.45, SD= 1.62). Each participant finished a dot-probe task featuring high-relevant (HR, ie one’s mother’s name and China) and low-relevant (LR, ie, name of a famous person and USA) information about the RS and CS and neutral information. Further, the eye-movement (EM) indices were collected simultaneously. Results A stronger reaction time bias and longer total gaze duration revealed that young people in China focus more on RS information, indicating that Chinese people prioritize the RS over the CS at late stages of attentional processing. Conclusion Information on interpersonal relationships and information on the in-group both catch people’s attention quickly and easily, but only RS information can maintain attention for longer. Understanding the hierarchy of the RS and the CS may provide more evidence for self-construal in the Chinese collectivist cultural context. The importance of the RS prompting that the interpersonal and close relationships are more important to the development of the self, suggesting that it is necessary to pay more attention to the impact of interpersonal support on people’s mental health in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zheng
- Developmental Psychology for Armyman, Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yingcan Zheng, Army Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400038, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15086842695, Fax +86 23-68771779, Email
| | - Zilun Xiao
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Zilun Xiao, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18108788177, Email
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuoya Yang
- Basic Psychology, Department of Medical Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Shi H, Li M, Shangguan C, Lu J. Collective self-referential processing evoked by different national symbols: an event-related potential study. Neurosci Lett 2022; 773:136496. [PMID: 35121057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The collective self is an important representation of self-concept, especially for people in collectivism culture. However, it is not clear whether there are differences in the self-reference effects caused by different collective self-relevant stimuli. The present study aimed to explore the temporal characteristics of collective self-referential processing evoked by polarized and unpolarized national symbols. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded for pictures of national symbols and self-irrelevant pictures when 25 female participants performed a three-stimulus oddball task. The results indicate that compared to self-irrelevant pictures, both national symbols elicited collective self-reference effects on N2, P3, and LPP amplitudes. Polarized and unpolarized national symbols showed differences in N2 and P3 amplitudes. Moreover, national identity level was correlated with N2 and P3 amplitudes elicited by unpolarized symbols, and early LPP amplitudes elicited by both symbols. These results suggest greater recruitment of resources to process national symbols, and inconsistent time courses of processing different national symbols. Polarized symbols may consume more resources because of the internal complexity of their self-representations. The present study expands the research on collective self and its self-referential effect on women, and provides some enlightenment for understanding the internal factors that influence the strength of the self-reference effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huqing Shi
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingping Li
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Shangguan
- College of Education Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiamei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Sedikides C. The Homeostatic Model of Identity Protection: Lingering Issues. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.2007703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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13
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Demographic and contextual factors impact a three-tier hierarchy of self-potency among community adults and inmates. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cassitas Hino M, Cunha MA. Female lens in urban mobility: technology-use behavior and individual differences. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & PEOPLE 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/itp-05-2020-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate how women's individual differences influence urban mobility service technology-use behavior. The reduction in urban mobility is a major problem in countries with emerging economies, thus affecting both the economy and quality of life.Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical approach follows the individual differences theory of gender and information technology (IDTGIT). This research combines structured interviews to understand how the use of urban mobility service technology in daily routines is perceived, questionnaires to map individual differences and user demonstrations to capture how participants used mobility applications on their cell phones.FindingsThis study shows the influence of individual characteristics on the use of mobile apps and presents five behavioral profiles of women. This article goes beyond gender segregation to also show intragender differences.Practical implicationsThis study explains women's behavior regarding urban mobility mobile applications through the generation of five profiles. These profiles can inform public policy managers on urban mobility and provide opportunities for improving the services of companies in the urban transport service chain.Originality/valueWith an intragender perspective, this study identifies the influence of individual characteristics on the use of technology and suggests that contextual identity, a novel dimension of characteristics that influence technology-use behavior, is relevant in the adoption of technology by its users.
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Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Piotrowski J, Sedikides C, Sawicki A, Czarna AZ, Fatfouta R, Baran T. Communal collective narcissism. J Pers 2021; 89:1062-1080. [PMID: 33829496 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to introduce, validate, and showcase the utility of a new construct: communal collective narcissism. METHOD We conducted four studies, in which we developed a new scale for communal collective narcissism (Study 1, N = 856), tested the construct's unique predictions (Study 2, N = 276), examined its social relevance (Study 3, N = 250), and assessed its implications for intergroup outcomes (Study 4, N = 664). RESULTS In Study 1, we verified the structural soundness of the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory. In Study 2, we obtained evidence for a defining feature of communal collective narcissism, namely, that it predicts communal, but not agentic, ingroup-enhancement. In Study 3, we illustrated the social relevance of communal collective narcissism. Communal collective narcissists derogated outgroup members, if those outgroups threatened the ingroup and the threat targeted the ingroup's communion. Finally, in Study 4, we showed that communal collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the communal domain (e.g., humanitarian aid) better than agentic collective narcissism does, whereas agentic collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the agentic domain (i.e., preferences for military aggression) better than communal collective narcissism does. CONCLUSIONS The construct of communal collective narcissism is conceptually and empirically distinct from classic (i.e., agentic) collective narcissism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jarosław Piotrowski
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Artur Sawicki
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Z Czarna
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ramzi Fatfouta
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tomasz Baran
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Green JD, Cairo AH, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. The Ties That Bind: University Nostalgia Fosters Relational and Collective University Engagement. Front Psychol 2021; 11:580731. [PMID: 33597902 PMCID: PMC7882505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Does nostalgia for one's time at university predict current intentions to engage with the university? In Study 1, United States participants' nostalgia for their university experience (university nostalgia) at a southern public university predicted stronger intentions to socialize with fellow alumni, attend a future reunion, volunteer for their university, and donate money to their university. Study 2 replicated these findings with alumni from a northeastern private university, and extended them by finding that the links between university nostalgia and university engagement emerged even when controlling for the positivity of university experience. In both studies, feelings of university belonging mediated most of the associations between university nostalgia and university engagement. In Study 2, the positivity of the university experience moderated the relation between university nostalgia and two indices of university engagement. Specifically, university nostalgia was more strongly associated with intentions to attend a reunion and donate money among those who had a relatively negative university experience. Nostalgia for one's university past predicts future engagement with the university as well as its members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Athena H Cairo
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Nevicka B, Sedikides C. Employee narcissism and promotability prospects. J Pers 2021; 89:847-862. [PMID: 33483944 PMCID: PMC8518866 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Narcissistic individuals often rise to positions of influence, but how so? Upward mobility in formal hierarchies is frequently contingent upon supervisory evaluations. We examined the relation between employee narcissism and supervisor promotability ratings, testing predictions from the display of power perspective (narcissism will positively predict promotability due to higher perceived power) and impression management perspective (narcissism will positively predict promotability due to self‐promotion). Method In two multisource studies involving employees and their supervisors from diverse organizations (S1: Nemployees = 166; Nsupervisors = 93; S2: Nemployees = 128; Nsupervisors = 85), we measured employee narcissism (S1, S2), employee sense of power, employee impression management tactics toward the supervisor (S2), and employee promotability as rated by supervisors (S1–S2). Further, in an experiment (S3: N = 181), we tested the causal effect of employee sense of power on promotability. Results Results favored the display of power perspective. Although narcissism predicted both higher self‐promotion toward the supervisor and greater sense of power, it was the latter that explained the positive relation between employee narcissism and promotability ratings. Conclusion Employees high on narcissism act as if they have more power in organizations, and thus, demonstrate behavior that would be expected in higher level positions. The findings help to explain narcissistic individuals' rise through the ranks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nevicka
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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18
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Nowak B, Brzóska P, Piotrowski J, Sedikides C, Żemojtel-Piotrowska M, Jonason PK. Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020; 167:110232. [PMID: 32834282 PMCID: PMC7363424 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In a nationally representative sample from Poland (N = 755), we examined the relationships between the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) and collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal) on the one hand, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic at (1) the zero-order level, at (2) the latent variance level, and (3) indirectly through health beliefs about the virus (i.e., the health belief model) on the other. We focused on preventive and hoarding behaviors as common reactions toward the pandemic. Participants characterized by the Dark Triad traits engaged less in prevention and more in hoarding, whereas those characterized by collective narcissism engaged in more hoarding only. Coronavirus-related health beliefs mediated patterns of prevention (fully) and hoarding (partially) in the latent Dark Triad (Dark Core) and collective narcissism. However, specific beliefs worked in opposite directions, resulting in a weak indirect effect for prevention and a null indirect effect for hoarding. The results point to the utility of health beliefs in predicting behaviors during the pandemic, explaining (at least in part) problematic behaviors associated with the dark personalities (i.e., Dark Triad, collective narcissism).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Nowak
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań Campus, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzóska
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań Campus, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Peter K. Jonason
- University of Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski in Warsaw, Poland
- University of Padova, Italy
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19
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Wilkins EB. Facilitating Professional Identity Development in Healthcare Education. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tl.20391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Liu C, Li W, Wang R, Cai Y, Chen J. Temporal features of individual and collective self-referential processing: an event-related potential study. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8917. [PMID: 32296609 PMCID: PMC7151747 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Individual and collective self are two fundamental self-representations and are important to human experience. The present study aimed to investigate whether individual and collective self have essential difference in neural mechanism. Methods Event-related potentials were recorded to explore the electrophysiological correlates of individual and collective self in a self-referential task in which participants were asked to evaluate whether trait adjectives were suitable to describe themselves (individual self-referential processing), a famous person (individual non-self-referential processing), Chinese (collective self-referential processing) or American (collective non-self-referential processing). Results At the early stages, results showed that larger P2 and smaller N2 amplitudes were elicited by individual self-referential than by individual non-self-referential processing whereas no significant differences were observed between collective self-referential and collective non-self-referential processing at these stages. In addition, at the late P3 stage (350–600 ms), larger P3 amplitudes were also elicited by individual self-referential than by individual non-self-referential processing during 350–600 ms interval. However, the collective self-reference effect, indicated by the differences between collective self-referential and collective non-self-referential processing, did not appear until 450 ms and extended to 600 ms. Moreover, individual self-reference effect was more pronounced than collective self-reference effect in the 350–500 ms interval, whereas individual and collective self-reference effect had no significant difference in the 500–600 ms interval. These findings indicated that the time courses of neural activities were different in processing individual and collective self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Liu
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaohan Cai
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Aguirre-Dávila E. Identity Development of Female Adolescents Belonging to Illegal Armed Groups in Colombia. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy19.idfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The article presents the results of the research on the identity of the female adolescent soldiers who, at the time of the study, were in the Colombian government’s rehabilitation programs. The life history interviews methodology was used, 20 adolescents and young women participated, with an average age of 18.9 years. When they entered the illegal armed groups, they had an average of 12.5 years and remained in the groups an average of 4.4 years. From the narratives of the participants, it was discovered that the development of their identity went through three key moments: the first is the product of family interactions, and it is expressed in the tension of assuming the traditional role of women and the decision to join to illegal groups; the second is the result of their permanence in the groups and is defined by the strong masculine culture of war; and the third moment is a consequence of the transit of these women through of the governmental rehabilitation programs, and it is characterized by assuming control of their lives from the exercise of citizenship.
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22
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Xia R, Su W, Wang F, Li S, Zhou A, Lyu D. The Moderation Effect of Self-Enhancement on the Group-Reference Effect. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 31293488 PMCID: PMC6606778 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have documented that people tend to respond faster and memorize better to the in-group traits. It may be particularly manifest for ethnic minorities, due to their salient ethnic identity. However, few studies have explored how the valence of traits modulates the in-group preference effect. The present study examined the impacts of ethnic identity salience and the valence of traits on the group-preference effect among 33 Han Chinese in a Tibetan-dominant area and 32 Tibetan participants in a Han-dominant area. Two weeks before the experiment, we measured the ethnic identity salience of participants in both groups. In the formal experiment, we used the group-reference effect (GRE) paradigm with three encoding tasks. The results showed that, regardless of whether ethnic identity was salient, both groups responded faster to positive traits than to negative traits when evaluating their own group, whereas there were no significant difference between the processing of positive traits and negative traits in the out-group evaluation and font judgment tasks. This suggested a pervasive processing advantage of the in-group positive characteristics. The results imply that self-enhancement motivation had a moderation effect on the GRE, as well as the ethnic identity salience may not be necessary for a GRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xia
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanru Su
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fangping Wang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aibao Zhou
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Lyu
- Department of Social Sciences and Psychology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Sedikides C, Lenton AP, Slabu L, Thomaes S. Sketching the Contours of State Authenticity. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We outline a program of research in which we examined state authenticity, the sense of being one’s true self. In particular, we describe its phenomenology (what it feels like to be experience authenticity), its correlates (e.g., emotions, needs), its nomological network (e.g., real-ideal self overlap, public and private self-consciousness), its cultural parameters (Easter and Western culture), its precursors or determinants (congruency, positivity, and hedonism), and its psychological health implications. We conclude by arguing that state authenticity deserves its own conceptual status, distinct from trait authenticity, and by setting an agenda for future research.
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24
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Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Wei L, Chen H. The Neural Representation of Relational- and Collective-Self: Two Forms of Collectivism. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2624. [PMID: 30619016 PMCID: PMC6312116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The collectivism can be divided into two forms: relational collectivism and group collectivism. According to the cognitive representation of self, relational collectivism emphasizes the relational-self and group collectivism privileges the collective-self. However, it remains uncertain whether there is a difference between relational-self and collective-self under Chinese collectivism cultural. To address the above issue, the present study examined the neural representation of relational-self and collective-self during trait judgment tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results showed that relational-self-reference compared with collective-self-reference generated stronger medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activity, indicating relational-self was more closeness and important in the self-concept than collective-self under East Asian cultural background. Relational-self and collective-self are unequally represented in the MPFC, providing direct neural evidence that the collectivism in China can be divided into relational collectivism and group collectivism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcan Zheng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zilun Xiao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luqing Wei
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Kushitor MK, Peterson MB, Asante PY, Dodoo ND, Boatemaa S, Awuah RB, Agyei F, Sakyi L, Dodoo FNA, de-Graft Aikins A. Community and individual sense of trust and psychological distress among the urban poor in Accra, Ghana. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202818. [PMID: 30261067 PMCID: PMC6160026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health disorders present significant health challenges in populations in sub Saharan Africa especially in deprived urban poor contexts. Some studies have suggested that in collectivistic societies such as most African societies people can draw on social capital to attenuate the effect of community stressors on their mental health. Global studies suggest the effect of social capital on mental disorders such as psychological distress is mixed, and emerging studies on the psychosocial characteristics of collectivistic societies suggest that mistrust and suspicion sometimes deprive people of the benefit of social capital. In this study, we argue that trust which is often measured as a component of social capital has a more direct effect on reducing community stressors in such deprived communities. METHODS Data from the Urban Health and Poverty Survey (EDULINK Wave III) survey were used. The survey was conducted in 2013 in three urban poor communities in Accra: Agbogbloshie, James Town and Ussher Town. Psychological distress was measured with a symptomatic wellbeing scale. Participants' perceptions of their neighbours' willingness to trust, protect and assist others was used to measure community sense of trust. Participants' willingness to ask for and receive help from neighbours was used to measure personal sense of trust. Demographic factors were controlled for. The data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate regressions. RESULTS The mean level of psychological distress among the residents was 25.5 (SD 5.5). Personal sense of trust was 8.2 (SD 2.0), and that of community sense of trust was 7.5 (SD 2.8). While community level trust was not significant, personal sense of trust significantly reduced psychological distress (B = -.2016728, t = -2.59, p < 0.010). The other factors associated with psychological distress in this model were perceived economic standing, education and locality of residence. CONCLUSION This study presents evidence that more trusting individuals are significantly less likely to be psychologically distressed within deprived urban communities in Accra. Positive intra and inter individual level variables such as personal level trust and perceived relative economic standing significantly attenuated the effect of psychological distress in communities with high level neighbourhood disorder in Accra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mawuli K. Kushitor
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maame B. Peterson
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Naa Dodua Dodoo
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sandra Boatemaa
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Francis Agyei
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lionel Sakyi
- Centre for Migration Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ama de-Graft Aikins
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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26
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Heger AK, Gaertner L. Testing the identity synergy principle: Identity fusion promotes self and group sacrifice. SELF AND IDENTITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1422538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Heger
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lowell Gaertner
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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27
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Nehrlich AD, Gebauer JE, Sedikides C, Abele AE. Individual self > relational self > collective self-But why? Processes driving the self-hierarchy in self- and person perception. J Pers 2018; 87:212-230. [PMID: 29577298 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The self has three parts: individual, relational, and collective. Typically, people personally value their individual self most, their relational self less, and their collective self least. This self-hierarchy is consequential, but underlying processes have remained unknown. Here, we propose two process accounts. The content account draws upon selves' agentic-communal content, explaining why the individual self is preferred most. The teleology account draws upon selves' instrumentality for becoming one's personal ideal, explaining why the collective self is preferred least. METHOD In Study 1 (N = 200, 45% female, Mage = 32.9 years, 79% Caucasian), participants listed characteristics of their three selves (individual, relational, collective) and evaluated those characteristics in seven preference tasks. Additionally, we analyzed the characteristics' agentic-communal content, and participants rated their characteristics' teleological instrumentality. Study 2 (N = 396, 55% female, Mage = 34.5 years, 76% Caucasian) used identical methodology and featured an additional condition, where participants evaluated the selves of a friend. RESULTS Study 1 reconfirmed the self-hierarchy and supported both process accounts. Study 2 replicated and extended findings. As hypothesized, when people evaluate others' selves, a different self-hierarchy emerges (relational > individual > collective). CONCLUSIONS This research pioneers process-driven explanations for the self-hierarchy, establishing why people prefer different self-parts in themselves than in others.
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Abstract
We question whether altruistic motivation links identity fusion and extreme self-sacrifice. We review two lines of research suggesting that the underlying motivation is plausibly egoistic.
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29
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Self-esteem and subjective well-being revisited: The roles of personal, relational, and collective self-esteem. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183958. [PMID: 28841716 PMCID: PMC5571946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that self-esteem is an important predictor of subjective well-being. However, the majority of research has focused on self-esteem at the individual and the collective level, but has mostly ignored self-esteem at the relational level. According to social identity theory, individuals can maintain and enhance self-esteem through personal traits (personal self-esteem, PSE), relationships with significant others (relational self-esteem, RSE), and relationships with larger groups (collective self-esteem, CSE). The current research investigated whether RSE and CSE can predict subjective well-being beyond PSE among Chinese college students. With four cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study (N = 847), we found that, when controlling for PSE, RSE was associated with greater life satisfaction, positive affect, meaning in life, happiness, and subjective vitality (Studies 1–5), but CSE was not (Studies 2–5). Implications are discussed.
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30
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Abakoumkin G, Wildschut T, Sedikides C, Bakarou M. Nostalgia in response to group-based exclusion: The role of attachment-related avoidance. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Abakoumkin
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education; University of Thessaly; Volos Greece
| | - Tim Wildschut
- School of Psychology; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
| | | | - Maria Bakarou
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education; University of Thessaly; Volos Greece
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31
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Shi Y, Sedikides C, Cai H, Liu Y, Yang Z. Disowning the Self: The Cultural Value of Modesty can Attenuate Self-Positivity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:1023-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1099711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Western participants endorse a higher number of positive traits as self-descriptive, but endorse a lower number of negative traits as self-descriptive. They also respond quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive, but respond slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. Is this self-positivity bias qualified by the cultural value of modesty? We induced modesty (vs. punctuality) and assessed self-descriptiveness judgments and response times among Chinese participants. We replicated the self-positivity bias in regards to both self-descriptiveness judgments and response times. In the case of self-descriptiveness judgments, however, the bias was partially qualified by modesty. Relative to control participants, those in the modesty condition endorsed fewer positive traits as self-descriptive and manifested a tendency toward endorsing more negative traits as self-descriptive. In the case of response times, the self-positivity bias was unqualified by modesty. Within both conditions, participants were quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive and were slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. The results speak to the relation between the self-positivity bias and the self-reference effect and illustrate the malleability of self-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhu X, Wu H, Yang S, Gu R. Motivational Hierarchy in the Chinese Brain: Primacy of the Individual Self, Relational Self, or Collective Self? Front Psychol 2016; 7:877. [PMID: 27378977 PMCID: PMC4904001 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the three-tier hierarchy of motivational potency in the self system, the self can be divided into individual self, relational self, and collective self, and individual self is at the top of the motivational hierarchy in Western culture. However, the motivational primacy of the individual self is challenged in Chinese culture, which raises the question about whether the three-tier hierarchy of motivational potency in the self system can be differentiated in the collectivist brain. The present study recorded the event-related potentials (ERPs) to evaluate brain responses when participants gambled for individual self, for a close friend (relational self), or for the class (collective self). The ERP results showed that when outcome feedback was positive, gambling for individual self evoked a larger reward positivity compared with gambling for a friend or for the class, while there is no difference between the latter two conditions. In contrast, when outcome feedback was negative, no significant effect was found between conditions. The present findings provide direct electrophysiological evidence that individual self is at the top of the three-tier hierarchy of the motivational system in the collectivist brain, which supports the classical pancultural view that individual self has motivational primacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangru Zhu
- Institute of Cognition and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
| | - Suyong Yang
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing China
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Sedikides C, Green JD, Saunders J, Skowronski JJ, Zengel B. Mnemic neglect: Selective amnesia of one’s faults. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1183913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, England, UK
| | - Jeffrey D. Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Jo Saunders
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, Scotland, UK
| | - John J. Skowronski
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892, USA
| | - Bettina Zengel
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892, USA
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Gregg AP, Mahadevan N, Sedikides C. The SPOT effect: People spontaneously prefer their own theories. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:996-1010. [PMID: 26836058 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1099162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
People often exhibit confirmation bias: They process information bearing on the truth of their theories in a way that facilitates their continuing to regard those theories as true. Here, we tested whether confirmation bias would emerge even under the most minimal of conditions. Specifically, we tested whether drawing a nominal link between the self and a theory would suffice to bias people towards regarding that theory as true. If, all else equal, people regard the self as good (i.e., engage in self-enhancement), and good theories are true (in accord with their intended function), then people should regard their own theories as true; otherwise put, they should manifest a spontaneous preference for their own theories (i.e., a SPOT effect). In three experiments, participants were introduced to a theory about which of two imaginary alien species preyed upon the other. Participants then considered in turn several items of evidence bearing on the theory and each time evaluated the likelihood that the theory was true versus false. As hypothesized, participants regarded the theory as more likely to be true when it was arbitrarily ascribed to them as opposed to an "Alex" (Experiment 1) or to no one (Experiment 2). We also found that the SPOT effect failed to converge with four different indices of self-enhancement (Experiment 3), suggesting that it may be distinctive in character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden P Gregg
- a Psychology , Centre for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Nikhila Mahadevan
- a Psychology , Centre for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- a Psychology , Centre for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
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35
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Voisin D, Girandola F, David M, Aim MA. Self-affirmation and an incongruent drinking norm: alcohol abuse prevention messages targeting young people. SELF AND IDENTITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1121916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Humans are not the Borg: Personal and social selves function as components in a unified self-system. Behav Brain Sci 2016; 39:e149. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x15001375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDoes joining groups trigger a cascade of psychological processes that can result in a loss of individuality and lead to such outcomes as social loafing and poor decision-making? Rather than privileging the self comprising primarily individual qualities as the “true self,” a multilevel, multicomponent approach suggests that, in most cases, personal and collective identities are integrated and mutually sustaining.
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37
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Collective action as relational interaction: A new relational hypothesis on how non-activists become activists. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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38
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Lafrenière MAK, Sedikides C, Van Tongeren DR, Davis J. On the Perceived Intentionality of Self-Enhancement. The Journal of Social Psychology 2015; 156:28-42. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2015.1041447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Manzi C, Parise M, Iafrate R, Sedikides C, Vignoles VL. Insofar as You Can Be Part of Me: The Influence of Intrusive Parenting on Young Adult Children's Couple Identity. SELF AND IDENTITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2015.1029965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Abdukeram Z, Mamat M, Luo W, Wu Y. Influence of culture on tripartite self-concept development in adolescence: a comparison between Han and Uyghur cultures. Psychol Rep 2015; 116:292-310. [PMID: 25621668 DOI: 10.2466/17.07.pr0.116k12w8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the development of cultural variability in interdependent self-construal by comparing the differences in the tripartite self-concept of adolescent samples from the Han and Uyghur cultures. Participants (460 males, 522 females; M age = 16.3 yr., SD = 4.8) in the sub-phases of pre-, early-, mid-, late- and post-adolescence were asked to completed the revised Twenty Statements Test, and the items generated by the participants were coded into private, relational, and collective self-statements. The private self-statements were further differentiated by personal and social orientation, and the relational self-statements were further coded into family and friend focus. The relational aspect of an individual's self, or personal relationship, became increasingly important with age in the Han cultural groups, whereas the collective aspect of an individual's self, or social identity, became increasingly important with age in the Uyghur cultural groups. These findings seem to show the development of differences between relational and collective interdependent self-construals. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the need for further research into the development of within-cultural differences in self-construal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwida Abdukeram
- 1 Department of Psychology, East China Normal University School of Xinjiang Education Institute
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On the Panculturality of Self-enhancement and Self-protection Motivation. ADVANCES IN MOTIVATION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Sim JJ, Goyle A, McKedy W, Eidelman S, Correll J. How social identity shapes the working self-concept. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Synthesizing individualistic and collectivistic perspectives on environmental and collective action through a relational perspective. THEORY & PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0959354314548617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Theorizing about environmental or collective action relies on individualistic or collectivistic assumptions, respectively. Thus, a unified explanation for lowering one’s thermostat (a form of environmental action) and participating in mass protest (a form of collective action) is lacking. Building on a broad literature that views humans as relational beings, I aim to show that (a) a relational perspective synthesizes these two perspectives by reconceptualizing environmental and collective action as types of social interaction that regulate social relationships and (b) therefore, environmental and collective action have a similar motivational profile. This implies that both collective and environmental action are ultimately relational phenomena; that any assumption that environmental action is motivated by individualistic concerns and collective action by collectivistic concerns, limits our understanding of either type of action; and that future theorizing and research on environmental and collective action will benefit from adopting a relational perspective.
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Human-Vogel S, Rabe P. Measuring self-differentiation and academic commitment in University students: A case study of education and engineering students. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0081246314548808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More than half of university students in South Africa leave university before they complete their studies. Factors associated with student drop out include poor schooling, lack of fluency in the language of instruction, poor financial support, and inadequate student support services. In the present study, we focus on the way meaningful commitment influences self-regulation, and we draw on the investment model of commitment to examine the hypothesis that commitment will be related to satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment size, and that self-differentiation will provide additional predictive power to commitment. Results indicate that satisfaction and self-differentiation only are significant predictors of level of academic commitment. Meaningful commitment is predicted by satisfaction, quality of alternatives, investment, and self-differentiation to a lesser extent. Investment size was associated significantly with self-regulatory behaviours such as setting learning goals, managing studies effectively, and spending more time on studies. The results are discussed in terms of the literature on commitment, self-differentiation, and academic achievement in higher education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Human-Vogel
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Piet Rabe
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Skowronski JJ, Sedikides C, Xie W, Zhou X. Changing the working self alters the emotions prompted by recall. Memory 2014; 23:254-67. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.882956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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