1
|
Thakur A, Musioł M, Duale K, Kowalczuk M. Exploring the Future of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composites with Organic Fillers: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1768. [PMID: 39000624 PMCID: PMC11244010 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers from renewable materials are promising alternatives to the traditional petroleum-based plastics used today, although they face limitations in terms of performance and processability. Natural fillers have been identified as a strategic route to create sustainable composites, and natural fillers in the form of waste by-products have received particular attention. Consequently, the primary focus of this article is to offer a broad overview of recent breakthroughs in environmentally friendly Polhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymers and their composites. PHAs are aliphatic polyesters obtained by bacterial fermentation of sugars and fatty acids and are considered to play a key role in addressing sustainability challenges to replace traditional plastics in various industrial sectors. Moreover, the article examines the potential of biodegradable polymers and polymer composites, with a specific emphasis on natural composite materials, current trends, and future market prospects. Increased environmental concerns are driving discussions on the importance of integrating biodegradable materials with natural fillers in our daily use, emphasizing the need for clear frameworks and economic incentives to support the use of these materials. Finally, it highlights the indispensable need for ongoing research and development efforts to address environmental challenges in the polymer sector, reflecting a growing interest in sustainable materials across all industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Thakur
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Khadar Duale
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. A systematic review on utilization of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol in sustainable polymers preparation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129536. [PMID: 38278390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of biodiesel, biodiesel-derived glycerol has become a promising renewable bioresource. The key to utilizing this bioresource lies in the value-added conversion of crude glycerol. While purifying crude glycerol into a pure form allows for diverse applications, the intricate nature of this process renders it costly and environmentally stressful. Consequently, technology facilitating the direct utilization of unpurified crude glycerol holds significant importance. It has been reported that crude glycerol can be bio-transformed or chemically converted into high-value polymers. These technologies provide cost-effective alternatives for polymer production while contributing to a more sustainable biodiesel industry. This review article describes the global production and quality characteristics of biodiesel-derived glycerol and investigates the influencing factors and treatment of the composition of crude glycerol including water, methanol, soap, matter organic non-glycerol, and ash. Additionally, this review also focused on the advantages and challenges of various technologies for converting crude glycerol into polymers, considering factors such as the compatibility of crude glycerol and the control of unfavorable factors. Lastly, the application prospect and value of crude glycerol conversion were discussed from the aspects of economy and environmental protection. The development of new technologies for the increased use of crude glycerol as a renewable feedstock for polymer production will be facilitated by the findings of this review, while promoting mass market applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., 063000 Tangshan, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia; Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Younas F, Younas S, Bibi I, Farooqi ZUR, Hameed MA, Mohy-Ud-Din W, Shehzad MT, Hussain MM, Shakil Q, Shahid M, Niazi NK. A critical review on the separation of heavy metal(loid)s from the contaminated water using various agricultural wastes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024; 26:349-368. [PMID: 37559458 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2023.2242973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater contamination with heavy metal(loids)s has become a worldwide environmental and public health problem due to their toxic and non-degradable nature. Different methods and technologies have been applied for water/wastewater treatment to mitigate heavy metal(loid)-induced toxicity threat to humans. Among various treatment methods, adsorption is considered the most attractive method because of its high ability and efficiency to remove contaminants from wastewater. Agricultural waste-based adsorbents have gained great attention because of high efficiency to heavy metal(loids)s removal from contaminated water. Chemically modified biosorbents can significantly enhance the stability and adsorption ability of the sorbents. The two mathematical models of sorption, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models, have mostly been studied. In kinetic modeling, pseudo-second-order model proved better in most of the studies compared to pseudo-first-order model. The ion exchange and electrostatic attraction are the main mechanisms for adsorption of heavy metal(loid)s on biosorbents. The regeneration has allowed various biosorbents to be recycled and reused up to 4-5 time. Most effective eluents used for regeneration are dilute acids. For practical perspective, biosorbent removal efficiency has been elucidated using various types of wastewater and economic analysis studies. Economic analysis of adsorption process using agricultural waste-based biosorbents proved this approach cheaper compared to traditional commercial adsorbents, such as chemically activated carbon. The review also highlights key research gaps to advance the scope and application of waste peels for the remediation of heavy metal(loid)s-contaminated wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Younas
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sadia Younas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irshad Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashir Hameed
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir Shehzad
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mahroz Hussain
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qamar Shakil
- Fodder Research Sub-Station, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Menon A, Pandurangan Maragatham V, Samuel M, Arunraj R. Properties and applications of α-galactosidase in agricultural waste processing and secondary agricultural process industries. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:21-31. [PMID: 37555350 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture products form the foundation building blocks of our daily lives. Although they have been claimed to be renewable resources with a low carbon footprint, the agricultural community is constantly challenged to overcome two post-harvest bottlenecks: first, farm bio-waste, a substantial economic and environmental burden to the farming sector, and second, an inefficient agricultural processing sector, plagued by the need for significant energy input to generate the products. Both these sectors require extensive processing technologies that are demanding in their energy requirements and expensive. To address these issues, an enzyme(s)-based green chemistry is available to break down complex structures into bio-degradable compounds that source alternate energy with valuable by-products and co-products. α-Galactosidase is a widespread class of glycoside hydroxylases that hydrolyzes α-galactosyl moieties in simple and complex oligo and polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. As a result of its growing importance, in this review we discuss the source of the enzyme, production and purification systems, and enzyme properties. We also elaborate on the enzyme's potential in agricultural bio-waste management, secondary agricultural industries like sugar refining, soymilk derivatives, food and confectionery, and animal feed processing. Insight into this vital enzyme will provide new avenues for less expensive green chemistry-based secondary agricultural processing and agricultural sustainability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Menon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Vetriselvi Pandurangan Maragatham
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Marcus Samuel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rex Arunraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raunhan R, Jantharadej K, Mhuantong W, Chanprateep Napathorn S, Boonchayaanant Suwannasilp B. Valorization of food waste derived anaerobic digestate into polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) using Thauera mechernichensis TL1. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:248-258. [PMID: 37678073 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biopolymer that can be used as a bioplastic, offering a green alternative to petroleum-based plastics. In this study, we investigated PHA production using Thauera mechernichensis TL1. The optimal molar C/N ratio was determined to be 20 from among the ratios of 4, 20, 40, 80, and 200 and in the absence of nitrogen. Food waste anaerobic digestate, mainly comprised of acetate and propionate, was used as the carbon source for PHA production by T. mechernichensis TL1, resulting in a maximum PHA content of 23.98 ± 0.52 wt% (0.52 ± 0.02 g/L PHA) with a PHA productivity of 0.043 g/L-h PHA. In addition, when using acetate and propionate, T. mechernichensis TL1 produced PHA with a maximum PHA content of 57.43 ± 2.84 wt% (2.04 ± 0.11 g/L PHA) and 50.94 ± 1.61 wt% (2.62 ± 0.16 g/L PHA), with a PHA productivity of 0.092 g/L-h PHA and 0.070 g/L-h PHA, respectively. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) confirmed polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production using acetate as a carbon source, and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) production using propionate or food waste anaerobic digestate as the carbon source. The whole-genome analysis of T. mechernichensis TL1 confirmed the existence of a PHA biosynthesis pathway, with the presence of phaA, phaB, phaC (Class I and Class II), and phaJ genes. This study was the first to demonstrate Thauera sp.'s ability to produce PHA from food waste anaerobic digestate, rendering it as a promising candidate for PHA-producing bacteria for the valorization of food waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasita Raunhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Krittayapong Jantharadej
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuttichai Mhuantong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Enzyme Technology Research Team, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Benjaporn Boonchayaanant Suwannasilp
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Biotechnology for Wastewater Engineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Network of NANOTEC-CU (RNN), Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Solarz D, Witko T, Karcz R, Malagurski I, Ponjavic M, Levic S, Nesic A, Guzik M, Savic S, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Biological and physiochemical studies of electrospun polylactid/polyhydroxyoctanoate PLA/P(3HO) scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24112-24128. [PMID: 37577093 PMCID: PMC10415749 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyoctanoate, as a biocompatible and biodegradable biopolymer, represents an ideal candidate for biomedical applications. However, physical properties make it unsuitable for electrospinning, currently the most widely used technique for fabrication of fibrous scaffolds. To overcome this, it was blended with polylactic acid and polymer blend fibrous biomaterials were produced by electrospinning. The obtained PLA/PHO fibers were cylindrical, smaller in size, more hydrophilic and had a higher degree of biopolymer crystallinity and more favorable mechanical properties in comparison to the pure PLA sample. Cytotoxicity evaluation with human lung fibroblasts (MRC5 cells) combined with confocal microscopy were used to visualize mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF 3T3 cell line) migration and distribution showed that PLA/PHO samples support exceptional cell adhesion and viability, indicating excellent biocompatibility. The obtained results suggest that PLA/PHO fibrous biomaterials can be potentially used as biocompatible, biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Solarz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University Lojasiewicza 11 30-348 Krakow Poland
| | - Tomasz Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Niezapominajek 8 30-239 Krakow Poland +48 507196 866
- Department of Product Technology and Ecology, Krakow University of Economics Rakowicka 27 31-510 Kraków Poland
| | - Robert Karcz
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Niezapominajek 8 30-239 Krakow Poland +48 507196 866
| | - Ivana Malagurski
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade 11042 Belgrade Serbia +381 11 397 60 34
| | - Marijana Ponjavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade 11042 Belgrade Serbia +381 11 397 60 34
| | - Steva Levic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade 11081 Belgrade Serbia
| | | | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Niezapominajek 8 30-239 Krakow Poland +48 507196 866
| | - Sanja Savic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center of Excellence in Environmental Chemistry and Engineering Njegoseva 12 11000 Belgrade Serbia
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade 11042 Belgrade Serbia +381 11 397 60 34
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreira Neto J, Costa JM, Bonomi A, Costa AC. A Novel Kinetic Modeling of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse Pretreated by Hydrothermal and Organosolv Processes. Molecules 2023; 28:5617. [PMID: 37513489 PMCID: PMC10386732 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomasses have a complex and compact structure, requiring physical and/or chemical pretreatments to produce glucose before hydrolysis. Mathematical modeling of enzymatic hydrolysis highlights the interactions between cellulases and cellulose, evaluating the factors contributing to reactor scale-up and conversion rates. Furthermore, this study evaluated the influence of two pretreatments (hydrothermal and organosolv) on the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The kinetic parameters of the model were estimated using the Pikaia genetic algorithm with data from the experimental profiles of cellulose, cellobiose, glucose, and xylose. The model considered the phenomenon of non-productive adsorption of cellulase on lignin and inhibition of cellulase by xylose. Moreover, it included the behavior of cellulase adsorption on the substrate throughout hydrolysis and kinetic equations for obtaining xylose from xylanase-catalyzed hydrolysis of xylan. The model for both pretreatments was experimentally validated with bagasse concentration at 10% w/v. The Plackett-Burman design identified 17 kinetic parameters as significant in the behavior of process variables. In this way, the modeling and parameter estimation methodology obtained a good fit from the experimental data and a more comprehensive model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Moreira Neto
- Department of Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Josiel Martins Costa
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Bonomi
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Carvalho Costa
- Laboratory of Fermentative and Enzymatic Process Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sultana A, Kumar L, Gaikwad KK. Lignocellulose nanofibrils/guar gum-based ethylene scavenging composite film integrated with zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125031. [PMID: 37244327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, a ripening hormone, is critical in limiting the shelf life of fresh produce, specifically climacteric fruits and vegetables. A simple and benign fabrication approach is used to transform sugarcane bagasse, an agro-industrial waste into lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF). In this investigation, biodegradable film was fabricated using LCNF (extracted from sugarcane bagasse) and guar gum (GG) which was reinforced with zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-8/zeolite. The LCNF/GG film not only acts as a biodegradable matrix to hold the ZIF-8/zeolite composite, but also possesses ethylene scavenging, antioxidant, and UV-blocking properties. The characterization results suggested that pure LCNF showed antioxidant activity of around 69.55 %. The LCNF/GG/MOF-4 film has shown lowest UV-transmittance (5.06 %) and highest ethylene scavenging capacity (40.2 %) among all the samples. After 6 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C, packaged control bananas samples underwent significant degradation. In contrast, a banana package consisting of LCNF/GG/MOF-4 film maintained their high quality in terms of colour. Fabricated novel biodegradable film has potential application prospects for being used in prolonging the shelf life of fresh produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Sultana
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kirtiraj K Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Patyal U, Kumar V, Singh M, Kumar A, Sharma AK, Ali SF, Syed SM. Butyric acid: fermentation production using organic waste as low-cost feedstocks. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important chemical which has many applications in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Butyraldehyde, which is derived from propylene, is now converted into butyrate by petrochemical processes known as oxo synthesis. Because of its poor productivity and low butyrate concentration in the fermentation broth, biotechnological production of butyric acid is not economically viable. Typically, a sizable amount of the overall production expenses goes toward the cost of the fermentation substrate. If the fermentation process can use minimal biomass as the feedstock, a cost-competitive production of butyric acid from the fermentation technique would be generated with a strong market prospect. Organic wastes are recommended as a source of butyric acid fermentation feedstock because they are inexpensive, can be generated in huge numbers, and are biodegradable. With a focus on the low-cost feedstock, the many uses of butyric acid are discussed, with its present production status. As a result, this paper explores several butyric acid fermentation-related problems and offers ideas for potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urvasha Patyal
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), MMEC , Mullana , Ambala , Haryana , India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), MMEC , Mullana , Ambala , Haryana , India
- Department of Microbiology , International Medical School, UIB , Almaty , Kazakhstan
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), MMEC , Mullana , Ambala , Haryana , India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology , Sharda University , Great Noida , India
| | - Anil K. Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology , Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), MMEC , Mullana , Ambala , Haryana , India
| | - Syed Fahad Ali
- Department of Pharmacology , International Medical School, UIB , Almaty , Kazakhstan
| | - Sheikh Mudasir Syed
- Department of Genral surgery , International Medical School, UIB , Almaty , Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparative Study of Green and Traditional Routes for Cellulose Extraction from a Sugarcane By-Product. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051251. [PMID: 36904494 PMCID: PMC10007196 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) is the main residue of the sugarcane industry and a promising renewable and sustainable lignocellulosic material. The cellulose component of SCB, present at 40-50%, can be used to produce value-added products for various applications. Herein, we present a comprehensive and comparative study of green and traditional approaches for cellulose extraction from the by-product SCB. Green methods of extraction (deep eutectic solvents, organosolv, and hydrothermal processing) were compared to traditional methods (acid and alkaline hydrolyses). The impact of the treatments was evaluated by considering the extract yield, chemical profile, and structural properties. In addition, an evaluation of the sustainability aspects of the most promising cellulose extraction methods was performed. Among the proposed methods, autohydrolysis was the most promising approach in cellulose extraction, yielding 63.5% of a solid fraction with ca. 70% cellulose. The solid fraction showed a crystallinity index of 60.4% and typical cellulose functional groups. This approach was demonstrated to be environmentally friendly, as indicated by the green metrics assessed (E(nvironmental)-factor = 0.30 and Process Mass Intensity (PMI) = 20.5). Autohydrolysis was shown to be the most cost-effective and sustainable approach for the extraction of a cellulose-rich extract from SCB, which is extremely relevant for aiming the valorization of the most abundant by-product of the sugarcane industry.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ponjavic M, Malagurski I, Lazic J, Jeremic S, Pavlovic V, Prlainovic N, Maksimovic V, Cosovic V, Atanase LI, Freitas F, Matos M, Nikodinovic-Runic J. Advancing PHBV Biomedical Potential with the Incorporation of Bacterial Biopigment Prodigiosin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031906. [PMID: 36768226 PMCID: PMC9915418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for sustainable biomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and tailorable properties has put polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) into the research spotlight. However, high production costs and the lack of bioactivity limit their market penetration. To address this, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was combined with a bacterial pigment with strong anticancer activity, prodigiosin (PG), to obtain functionally enhanced PHBV-based biomaterials. The samples were produced in the form of films 115.6-118.8 µm in thickness using the solvent casting method. The effects of PG incorporation on the physical properties (morphology, biopolymer crystallinity and thermal stability) and functionality of the obtained biomaterials were investigated. PG has acted as a nucleating agent, in turn affecting the degree of crystallinity, thermal stability and morphology of the films. All samples with PG had a more organized internal structure and higher melting and degradation temperatures. The calculated degree of crystallinity of the PHBV copolymer was 53%, while the PG1, PG3 and PG3 films had values of 64.0%, 63.9% and 69.2%, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies have shown the excellent anticancer activity of films against HCT116 (colon cancer) cells, thus advancing PHBV biomedical application potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Ponjavic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Malagurski
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.N.-R.); Tel.: +381-11-397-6034 (J.N.-R.)
| | - Jelena Lazic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jeremic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Pavlovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Prlainovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Maksimovic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladan Cosovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoseva 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Apollonia” University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Filomena Freitas
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariana Matos
- i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jasmina Nikodinovic-Runic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (J.N.-R.); Tel.: +381-11-397-6034 (J.N.-R.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ray S, Jin JO, Choi I, Kim M. Recent trends of biotechnological production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from C1 carbon sources. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:907500. [PMID: 36686222 PMCID: PMC9852868 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.907500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns over the use of limited fossil fuels and their negative impacts on the ecological niches have facilitated the exploration of alternative routes. The use of conventional plastic material also negatively impacts the environment. One such green alternative is polyhydroxyalkanoates, which are biodegradable, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. Recently, researchers have focused on the utilization of waste gases particularly those belonging to C1 sources derived directly from industries and anthropogenic activities, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and methanol as the substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoates production. Consequently, several microorganisms have been exploited to utilize waste gases for their growth and biopolymer accumulation. Methylotrophs such as Methylobacterium organophilum produced highest amount of PHA up to 88% using CH4 as the sole carbon source and 52-56% with CH3OH. On the other hand Cupriavidus necator, produced 71-81% of PHA by utilizing CO and CO2 as a substrate. The present review shows the potential of waste gas valorization as a promising solution for the sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Key bottlenecks towards the usage of gaseous substrates obstructing their realization on a large scale and the possible technological solutions were also highlighted. Several strategies for PHA production using C1 gases through fermentation and metabolic engineering approaches are discussed. Microbes such as autotrophs, acetogens, and methanotrophs can produce PHA from CO2, CO, and CH4. Therefore, this article presents a vision of C1 gas into bioplastics are prospective strategies with promising potential application, and aspects related to the sustainability of the system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Ray
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,*Correspondence: Myunghee Kim, ; Subhasree Ray,
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Myunghee Kim, ; Subhasree Ray,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Werker A, Pei R, Kim K, Moretto G, Estevez-Alonso A, Vermeer C, Hernandez MA, Dijkstra J, de Vries E. Thermal pre-processing before extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates for molecular weight quality control. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
14
|
Bisht N, Dalal V, Tewari L. Molecular modeling and dynamics simulation of alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from high efficacy cellulosic ethanol-producing yeast mutant strain Pichia kudriavzevii BGY1-γm. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12022-12036. [PMID: 34424128 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1967196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the major constraints limiting the use of abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass as potential feedstock for alcohol industry is the lack of C6/C5 co-sugar fermenting yeast. The present study explores a mutant yeast Pichia kudriavzevii BGY1-γm as a potential strain for bioconversion of glucose/xylose sugars of green biomass into ethanol under batch fermentation. The mutant strain having higher alcohol dehydrogenase activity (11.31%) showed significantly higher ethanol concentration during co-fermentation of glucose/xylose sugars (14.2%) as compared to the native strain. Based on 99% sequence similarity of ADH encoding gene from the mutant with the gene sequences from other yeast strains, the ADH enzyme was identified as ADH-1 type. The study reveals first three-dimensional model of ADH-1 utilizing glucose/xylose sugars from P. kudriavzevii BGY1-γm (PkADH mutant). The refined and validated model of PkADH mutant was used for molecular docking against the substrate (acetaldehyde) and product (ethanol). Molecular docking results showed that substrate and product exhibited a binding affinity of -4.55 and -4.5 kcal/mol with PkADH mutant. Acetaldehyde and ethanol interacted at the active site of PkADH mutant via hydrogen bonds (Ser42, His69 and Asp163) and hydrophobic interactions (Cys40, Ser42, His69, Cys95, Trp123 and Asp163) to form the stable protein-ligand complex. Molecular dynamics analysis revealed that PkADH-mutant acetaldehyde and PkADH-mutant ethanol complexes were more stable than PkADH mutant. MMPBSA binding energy confirmed that binding of substrate and product results in the formation of a lower energy stable protein-ligand complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bisht
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Vikram Dalal
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lakshmi Tewari
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttrakhand, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ding Z, Kumar V, Sar T, Harirchi S, Dregulo AM, Sirohi R, Sindhu R, Binod P, Liu X, Zhang Z, Taherzadeh MJ, Awasthi MK. Agro waste as a potential carbon feedstock for poly-3-hydroxy alkanoates production: Commercialization potential and technical hurdles. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128058. [PMID: 36191751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The enormous production and widespread applications of non -biodegradable plastics lead to their accumulation and toxicity to animals and humans. The issue can be addressed by the development of eco-friendly strategies for the production of biopolymers by utilization of waste residues like agro residues. This will address two societal issues - waste management and the development of an eco-friendly biopolymer, poly-3-hydroxy alkanoates (PHAs). Strategies adopted for utilization of agro-residues, challenges and future perspectives are discussed in detail in this comprehensive review. The possibility of PHA properties improvements can be increased by preparation of blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheli Ding
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan Province 571101, China
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam 602105, India
| | - Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås 50190, Sweden
| | - Andrei Mikhailovich Dregulo
- Institute for Regional Economy Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IRES RAS), 38 Serpukhovskaya str, 190013 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Food Technology, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam 691505, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Haikou, Hainan Province 571101, China
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | | | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
High Levels of Policosanols and Phytosterols from Sugar Mill Waste by Subcritical Liquefied Dimethyl Ether. Foods 2022; 11:foods11192937. [PMID: 36230017 PMCID: PMC9564350 DOI: 10.3390/foods11192937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracting nutraceuticals with high value from bagasse, filter mud, and sugarcane leaves discarded as sugar mill by-products, is crucial for the development of a sustainable bio-economy. These by-products are important sources of policosanols and phytosterols, which have a cholesterol-lowering effect. This research focused on using a promising green technology, subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction, with a low pressure of 0.8 MPa, to extract policosanols and phytosterols and on application of pretreatments to increase their contents. For direct extraction by subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether without sample pretreatment, the highest extraction yield (7.4%) and policosanol content were found in sugarcane leaves at 2888 mg/100 g, while the highest and lowest phytosterol contents were found in filter mud at 20,878.75 mg/100 g and sugarcane leaves at 10,147.75 mg/100 g, respectively. Pretreatment of filter mud by ultrasonication in hexane solution together with transesterification before the second subcritical liquefied dimethyl ether extraction successfully increased the policosanol content, with an extract purity of 60%, but failed to increase the phytosterol content.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou H, Wang Y, Ren Y, Li Z, Kong X, Shao M, Duan H. Plastic Waste Valorization by Leveraging Multidisciplinary Catalytic Technologies. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xianggui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingfei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simona C, Laura L, Francesco V, Marianna V, Cristina MG, Barbara T, Mauro M, Simona R. Effect of the organic loading rate on the PHA-storing microbiome in sequencing batch reactors operated with uncoupled carbon and nitrogen feeding. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153995. [PMID: 35192819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, in a search for sustainable and biodegradable alternatives to petrol-based plastics, biotechnological applications turned to the potentialities of mixed microbial cultures (MMC) for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Under a feast and famine regime, an uncoupled carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)-feeding strategy may be adopted by dosing the C-source at the beginning of the feast and the N-source at the beginning of the famine in order to stimulate a PHA storage response and microbial growth. Even though this strategy has been already successfully applied for the PHA production, very few information is to date available regarding the MMC operating in these systems and the influence of Organic Loading Rate (OLR) on their selection and enrichment. To fill the gap, this study investigated the effect of the OLR on the selection of PHA-accumulating microorganisms in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated with an uncoupled C and N feeding strategy. The SBR cycle length was set at 12 h and four OLRs values (4.25, 8.50, 12.75 and 18 gCOD L-1 d-1) were tested by changing the concentration of the feeding solution, made of a synthetic mixture of acetic (85% of the overall COD) and propionic (15%) acids. The PHA-storage yield increased by increasing the OLR (up to 0.69 COD/COD at 12.75 gCOD L-1 d-1) but significantly decreased (0.27 COD/COD) at 18 gCOD L-1 d-1 concomitantly with a longer feast phase and a lower PHA content in the biomass at the end of the feast phase. The selective pressure induced by the applied OLRs strongly influenced the microbiome composition revealing a high content of putative PHA-storing bacteria, such as Rhodobacter, Thauera and Paracoccus, in the SBR operated at OLRs 4.25, 8.50 and 12.75 g COD L-1 d-1 (up to 97.4% of total reads) and a low content (5.4%) in the SBR at 18 g COD L-1 d-1where the predominance of genus Nitrinicola was instead observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crognale Simona
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lorini Laura
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentino Francesco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, "Cà Foscari" University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30170 Mestre-Venice, Italy
| | - Villano Marianna
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzo Gago Cristina
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Tonanzi Barbara
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Majone Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rossetti Simona
- Water Research Institute, National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Sun Y, Xia K, Deines A, Cooper R, Pallansch K, Wang ZW. Pivotal role of municipal wastewater resource recovery facilities in urban agriculture: A review. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10743. [PMID: 35670377 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urban agriculture provides a promising, comprehensive solution to water, energy, and food scarcity challenges resulting from the population growth, urbanization, and the accelerating effects of anthropogenic climate change. Their close access to consumers, profitable business models, and important roles in educational, social, and physical entertainment benefit both developing and developed nations. In this sense, Urban Water Resource Reclamation Facilities (WRRFs) can play a pivotal role in the sustainable implementation of urban agriculture. Reclaimed water as a recovered resource has less supply variability and in certain cases can be of higher quality than other water sources used in agriculture. Another recovered resource, namely, biosolids, as byproduct from wastewater treatment can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives. The renewable electricity, heat, CO2 , and bioplastics produced from WRRFs can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture operation with enhanced sustainability. In short, this review exhibits a holistic picture of the state-of-the-art of urban agriculture in which WRRFs can potentially play a pivotal role. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Reclaimed water can be of higher quality than other sources used in urban agriculture. Biosolids can be put to beneficial use as fertilizers, soil amendments, and construction material additives. The renewable electricity, heat, CO2 , and bioplastics produced can also serve as essential resources in support of urban agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiefu Wang
- Center for Applied Water Research and Innovation, Virginia Tech, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Yuepeng Sun
- Center for Applied Water Research and Innovation, Virginia Tech, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| | - Kang Xia
- School of Plant and Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Ross Cooper
- Alexandria Renew Enterprises, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Zhi-Wu Wang
- Center for Applied Water Research and Innovation, Virginia Tech, Ashburn, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chou HC, Chen CH, Chu HK, Huang CM, Wang HJ, Tu WL, Guo GL. The optimal combination of Nile red identification, colony polymerase chain reaction, and gas chromatography detection methods in screening for polyhydroxyalkanoicate-producing bacteria. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:312. [PMID: 35538332 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The study devised a detection process combining Nile red-containing media, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and gas chromatography (GC) to evaluate the possibility of microbes becoming polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producers. The Nile red and PCR detection steps of designating PHA producers had true positive rates of 39.4% and 40%, respectively, and the use of GC analysis as the final step yielded accurate results for the production types and yields of PHAs. When the number of screening samples was up to 102, connecting all three inspection methods in tandem generated economic benefits. When up to 105 samples were screened, the use of all three detection methods reduced the cost to 3% of the cost and the time consumed 6% of using just Nile red plus GC or PCR plus GC. However, when the sum of samples exceeded 108, the cost of combining the three methods exceeds 1 million US dollars and was excessive; here, the combination of Nile red plus PCR could be considered, even though the true positive rate was only 30.7%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Che Chou
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Kai Chu
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Mei Huang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lin Tu
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Luen Guo
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Effects of Lactobionic Acid on Pig Growth Performance and Chemical Composition of Pork. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091138. [PMID: 35565564 PMCID: PMC9104116 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Currently, due to different beneficial properties of lactobionic acid (calcium absorption, prebiotic, antioxidant, and preservative) it may find application in animal feed. However, data about its effect on animal husbandry product quality are limited. Common interest about the effect of feed supplements on pig growth performance and the chemical composition of pork is growing, which is important for farmers, meat processors and consumers. The feed supplemented with lactobionic acid promotes better utilization of feed in the digestive tract of pigs, resulting in a higher bioavailability of nutrients and a significant increase of pig live weight gain. Pork obtained from pigs fed with lactobionic acid supplemented feed had higher essential amino acid content. Fatty acid composition revealed slightly higher proportion of saturated fatty acids over unsaturated fatty acids. Further analysis of fatty acid composition indicated that the control group had better nutritional quality of fat. Abstract Lactobionic acid is an innovative product obtained in the fermentation process of cheese or curd whey, and it has several beneficial properties. Therefore, it may have potential application in animal feeding. Currently, lactobionic acid is not widely used yet in feeding farm animals. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of lactobionic acid (LBA) on pig growth performance and pork quality. Two groups of pigs (control and trial, 26 piglets each) were completed. The control group received compound feed, whereas the trial group’s feed was supplemented with LBA (0.17 kg per 100 kg of feed). Carcass weight and meat pH were determined. The subcutaneous fat layer S (mm) was measured. Lean meat content was determined using the SEUROP classification. Amino acids and fatty acids in pork were evaluated. The addition of LBA to pig feed significantly increased the live weight gain and slaughter yield of pigs, but the samples had a slightly thicker backfat layer. Results obtained showed higher concentration of amino acids in the trial group but slightly lower pork fat quality in the same group. Lactobionic acid has the potential for applications in pig feeding.
Collapse
|
22
|
Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15092986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
Collapse
|
23
|
Werker A, Lorini L, Villano M, Valentino F, Majone M. Modelling Mixed Microbial Culture Polyhydroxyalkanoate Accumulation Bioprocess towards Novel Methods for Polymer Production Using Dilute Volatile Fatty Acid Rich Feedstocks. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9030125. [PMID: 35324814 PMCID: PMC8945694 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile fatty acid (VFA) rich streams from fermentation of organic residuals and wastewater are suitable feedstocks for mixed microbial culture (MMC) Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production. However, many such streams have low total VFA concentration (1–10 gCOD/L). PHA accumulation requires a flow-through bioprocess if the VFAs are not concentrated. A flow through bioprocess must balance goals of productivity (highest possible influent flow rates) with goals of substrate utilization efficiency (lowest possible effluent VFA concentration). Towards these goals, dynamics of upshift and downshift respiration kinetics for laboratory and pilot scale MMCs were evaluated. Monod kinetics described a hysteresis between the upshift and downshift responses. Substrate concentrations necessary to stimulate a given substrate uptake rate were significantly higher than the concentrations necessary to sustain the attained substrate uptake rate. A benefit of this hysteresis was explored in Monte Carlo based PHA accumulation bioprocess numerical simulations. Simulations illustrated for a potential to establish continuous flow-through PHA production bioprocesses even at a low (1 gCOD/L) influent total VFA concentration. Process biomass recirculation into an engineered higher substrate concentration mixing zone, due to the constant influent substrate flow, enabled to drive the process to maximal possible PHA production rates without sacrificing substrate utilization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Werker
- Promiko AB, Briggatan 16, 23442 Lomma, Sweden
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Lorini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Marianna Villano
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Cà Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy;
| | - Mauro Majone
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.L.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Review on Biological Synthesis of the Biodegradable Polymers Polyhydroxyalkanoates and the Development of Multiple Applications. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHAs, belong to a class of biopolyesters where the biodegradable PHA polymer is accumulated by microorganisms as intracellular granules known as carbonosomes. Microorganisms can accumulate PHA using a wide variety of substrates under specific inorganic nutrient limiting conditions, with many of the carbon-containing substrates coming from waste or low-value sources. PHAs are universally thermoplastic, with PHB and PHB copolymers having similar characteristics to conventional fossil-based polymers such as polypropylene. PHA properties are dependent on the composition of its monomers, meaning PHAs can have a diverse range of properties and, thus, functionalities within this biopolyester family. This diversity in functionality results in a wide array of applications in sectors such as food-packaging and biomedical industries. In order for PHAs to compete with the conventional plastic industry in terms of applications and economics, the scale of PHA production needs to grow from its current low base. Similar to all new polymers, PHAs need continuous technological developments in their production and material science developments to grow their market opportunities. The setup of end-of-life management (biodegradability, recyclability) system infrastructure is also critical to ensure that PHA and other biobased biodegradable polymers can be marketed with maximum benefits to society. The biobased nature and the biodegradability of PHAs mean they can be a key polymer in the materials sector of the future. The worldwide scale of plastic waste pollution demands a reformation of the current polymer industry, or humankind will face the consequences of having plastic in every step of the food chain and beyond. This review will discuss the aforementioned points in more detail, hoping to provide information that sheds light on how PHAs can be polymers of the future.
Collapse
|
25
|
Miranda EM, Severson C, Reep JK, Hood D, Hansen S, Santisteban L, Hamdan N, Delgado AG. Continuous-mode acclimation and operation of lignocellulosic sulfate-reducing bioreactors for enhanced metal immobilization from acidic mining-influenced water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128054. [PMID: 34986575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic sulfate-reducing bioreactors are an inexpensive passive approach for treatment of mining-influenced water (MIW). Typically, microbial community acclimation to MIW involves bioreactor batch-mode operation to initiate lignocellulose hydrolysis and fermentation and provide electron donors for sulfate-reducing bacteria. However, batch-mode operation could significantly prolong bioreactor start-up times (up to several months) and select for slow-growing microorganisms. In this study we assessed the feasibility of bioreactor continuous-mode acclimation to MIW (pH 2.5, 6.5 mM SO42-, 18 metal(loid)s) as an alternate start-up method. Results showed that bioreactors with spent brewing grains and sugarcane bagasse achieved acclimation in continuous mode at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 7-12-d within 16-22 days. During continuous-mode acclimation, extensive SO42- reduction (80 ± 20% -91 ± 3%) and > 98% metal(loid) removal was observed. Operation at a 3-d HRT further yielded a metal(loid) removal of 97.5 ± 1.3 -98.8 ± 0.9% until the end of operation. Sulfate-reducing microorganisms were detected closer to the influent in the spent brewing grains bioreactors, and closer to the effluent in the sugarcane bagasse bioreactors, giving insight as to where SO42- reduction was occurring. Results strongly support that a careful selection of lignocellulose and bioreactor operating parameters can bypass typical batch-mode acclimation, shortening bioreactor start-up times and promoting effective MIW metal(loid) immobilization and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Miranda
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Carli Severson
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Reep
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Daniel Hood
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Shane Hansen
- Freeport-McMoRan Inc., 800 E Pima Mine Rd, Sahuarita, AZ 85629, United States
| | - Leonard Santisteban
- Freeport-McMoRan Inc., 800 E Pima Mine Rd, Sahuarita, AZ 85629, United States
| | - Nasser Hamdan
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Anca G Delgado
- Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Center for Bio-mediated & Bio-inspired Geotechnics, Arizona State University, 425 E University Dr, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 660 S College Ave, Tempe, AZ 85281, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rosenboom JG, Langer R, Traverso G. Bioplastics for a circular economy. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:117-137. [PMID: 35075395 PMCID: PMC8771173 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-021-00407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioplastics - typically plastics manufactured from bio-based polymers - stand to contribute to more sustainable commercial plastic life cycles as part of a circular economy, in which virgin polymers are made from renewable or recycled raw materials. Carbon-neutral energy is used for production and products are reused or recycled at their end of life (EOL). In this Review, we assess the advantages and challenges of bioplastics in transitioning towards a circular economy. Compared with fossil-based plastics, bio-based plastics can have a lower carbon footprint and exhibit advantageous materials properties; moreover, they can be compatible with existing recycling streams and some offer biodegradation as an EOL scenario if performed in controlled or predictable environments. However, these benefits can have trade-offs, including negative agricultural impacts, competition with food production, unclear EOL management and higher costs. Emerging chemical and biological methods can enable the 'upcycling' of increasing volumes of heterogeneous plastic and bioplastic waste into higher-quality materials. To guide converters and consumers in their purchasing choices, existing (bio)plastic identification standards and life cycle assessment guidelines need revision and homogenization. Furthermore, clear regulation and financial incentives remain essential to scale from niche polymers to large-scale bioplastic market applications with truly sustainable impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Georg Rosenboom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ravelo AD, Calvo Agustinho B, Arce-Cordero J, Monterio HF, Bennet SL, Sarmikasoglou E, Vinyard J, Vieira ERQ, Lobo RR, Ferraretto LF, Vyas D, Faciola A. Effects of partially replacing dietary corn with molasses, condensed whey permeate, or treated condensed whey permeate on ruminal microbial fermentation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:2215-2227. [PMID: 34955246 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corn is a feedstuff commonly fed to dairy cows as a source of energy. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether partially replacing dietary corn with molasses or condensed whey permeate, in lactating dairy cow diets in a dual-flow continuous culture system, can maintain nutrient digestibility by ruminal microorganisms. Furthermore, this study evaluated whether treating condensed whey permeate before feeding could aid the fermentation of the condensed whey permeate in the rumen. Eight fermentors were used in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square with 4 periods of 10 d each. The control diet (CON) was formulated with corn grain, and the other diets were formulated by replacing corn grain with either sugarcane molasses (MOL), condensed whey permeate (CWP), or treated condensed whey permeate (TCWP). Diets were formulated by replacing 4% of the diet dry matter (DM) in the form of starch from corn with sugars from the byproducts. Sugars were defined as water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the rations. The fermentors were fed 52 g of DM twice daily of diets containing 17% crude protein, 28% neutral detergent fiber, and 45% nonfiber carbohydrates. Liquid treatments were pipetted into each fermentor. After 7 d of adaptation, samples were collected for analyses of volatile fatty acids (VFA), lactate, and ammonia, and fermentors' pH were measured at time points after the morning feeding for 3 d. Pooled samples from effluent containers were collected for similar analyses, nutrient flow, and N metabolism. Data were statistically analyzed using Proc MIXED of SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.); fixed effects included treatment and time, and random effects included fermentor, period, and square. The interaction of treatment and time was included for the kinetics samples. The TCWP and MOL treatments maintained greater fermentor pH compared with CWP. Total VFA concentration was increased in CWP compared with MOL. The acetate:propionate ratio was increased in TCWP compared with CON, due to tendencies of increased acetate molar proportion and decreased propionate molar proportion in TCWP. Lactate concentration was increased in MOL. Digestibility of WSC was increased in the diets that replaced corn with byproducts. The partial replacement of 4% of DM from corn starch with the sugars in byproducts had minimal effects on ruminal microbial fermentation and increased pH. Treated CWP had similar effects to molasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Ravelo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - B Calvo Agustinho
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Arce-Cordero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - H F Monterio
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S L Bennet
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E Sarmikasoglou
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J Vinyard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - E R Q Vieira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R R Lobo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - A Faciola
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Khattab AM, Esmael ME, Farrag AA, Ibrahim MIA. Structural assessment of the bioplastic (poly-3-hydroxybutyrate) produced by Bacillus flexus Azu-A2 through cheese whey valorization. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:319-332. [PMID: 34411615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The demand for the production of biodegradable plastics has significantly increased. Bioplastics have become an essential alternative to the threats of the daily consumable plastics, sourced from fossil fuels, to the environment. Polyhydroxyalkonates (PHAs) are a ubiquitous group of bioderived and biodegradable plastics, however their production is limited by the costs associated mainly with the carbon sources. Herein, this study aims to reduce the PHAs production cost by using a by-product from the dairy industry, i.e., cheese whey (CW), as a sole carbon source. The developed process recruits an aquatic isolate, Bacillus flexus Azu-A2, and is optimized via studying various parameters using the shaking flasks technique. The results showed that the maximum PHA production (0.95 g L-1) and PHA content (20.96%, w/w), were obtained after incubation period 72 h at 45 °C, 100 rpm agitation rate, 50% CWS concentration, pH 8.5, and 1.0 g L-1 ammonium chloride. Physiochemically, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques, emphasized the type of the extracted PHA as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The thermal properties of PHB were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), recording melting transition temperature (Tm) at 170.96 °C. Furthermore, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) visualized a homogenous microporous structure for the thin PHB biofilm. In essence, this study highlights the ability of Bacillus flexus Azu-A2 to produce a good yield of highly purified PHB at reduced production cost from dairy CW. Consequently, the current study paves the way for an improved whey management strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman M Khattab
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Esmael
- Al-Azhar Center for Fermentation Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Farrag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt; Al-Azhar Center for Fermentation Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I A Ibrahim
- Laboratory of Marine Chemistry, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Upcycling Biodegradable PVA/Starch Film to a Bacterial Biopigment and Biopolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213692. [PMID: 34771249 PMCID: PMC8588134 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Meeting the challenge of circularity for plastics requires amenability to repurposing post-use, as equivalent or upcycled products. In a compelling advancement, complete circularity for a biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol/thermoplastic starch (PVA/TPS) food packaging film was demonstrated by bioconversion to high-market-value biopigments and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) polyesters. The PVA/TPS film mechanical properties (tensile strength (σu), 22.2 ± 4.3 MPa; strain at break (εu), 325 ± 73%; and Young’s modulus (E), 53–250 MPa) compared closely with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) grades used for food packaging. Strong solubility of the PVA/TPS film in water was a pertinent feature, facilitating suitability as a carbon source for bioprocessing and microbial degradation. Biodegradability of the film with greater than 50% weight loss occurred within 30 days of incubation at 37 °C in a model compost. Up to 22% of the PVA/TPS film substrate conversion to biomass was achieved using three bacterial strains, Ralstonia eutropha H16 (Cupriavidus necator ATCC 17699), Streptomyces sp. JS520, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633. For the first time, production of the valuable biopigment (undecylprodigiosin) by Streptomyces sp. JS520 of 5.3 mg/mL and the production of PHB biopolymer at 7.8% of cell dry weight by Ralstonia eutropha H16 from this substrate were reported. This low-energy, low-carbon post-use PVA/TPS film upcycling model approach to plastic circularity demonstrates marked progress in the quest for sustainable and circular plastic solutions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bioconversion of Organic Pollutants in Fish-Canning Wastewater into Volatile Fatty Acids and Polyhydroxyalkanoate. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910176. [PMID: 34639476 PMCID: PMC8508104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The wastewater from the cookers of a tuna-canning plant was used as feedstock for the process. It was acidified in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) of 1.5 L to produce a mixture of volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The effluent contained 28.3 ± 8.7 g CODS/L and 25.0 ± 4.6 g CODVFA/L, 4.4 ± 1.6 g NH4+/L, and 10.9 ± 4.0 g Na+/L, which corresponds to about 28 g NaCl/L approximately. This was used to feed a PHA production system. The enriched MMC presented a capacity to accumulate PHAs from the fermented tuna wastewater. The maximum PHA content of the biomass in the fed-batch (8.35 wt% PHA) seemed very low, possibly due to the variable salinity (from 2.2 up to 12.3 g NaCl/L) and the presence of ammonium (which promoted the biomass growth). The batch assay showed a PHA accumulation of 5.70 wt% PHA, but this is a much better result if the productivity of the reactor is taken into account. The fed-batch reactor had a productivity of 10.3 mg PHA/(L h), while the batch value was about five times higher (55.4 mg PHA/(L h)). At the sight of the results, it can be seen that the acidification of fish-canning wastewater is possible even at high saline concentrations (27.7 g NaCl/L). On the other hand, the enrichment and accumulation results show us promising news and which direction has to be followed: PHAs can be obtained from challenging substrates, and the feeding mode during the accumulation stage has an important role to play when it comes to inhibition.
Collapse
|
31
|
Andreasi Bassi S, Boldrin A, Frenna G, Astrup TF. An environmental and economic assessment of bioplastic from urban biowaste. The example of polyhydroxyalkanoate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 327:124813. [PMID: 33582519 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based and biodegradable plastics promise considerable reductions in our dependency on fossil fuels and in the environmental impacts of plastic waste. This study quantifies the environmental and economic consequences of diverting municipal food waste and wastewater sewage sludge from traditional management to the biorefinery-based production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in five geographical regions. The results show that PHA can outperform fossil polyurethane and PHA from first-generation biomass (sugarcane and maize) with respect to both environmental impacts and societal costs (four times lower impacts and eight times lower costs than polyurethane). To outperform other fossil polymers like low-density polyethylene (LDPE), biorefinery performance should be improved further by more efficient utilization of sodium hypochlorite during PHA extraction, minimization of methane leakage in biogas facilities, upgrading of biogas to biomethane, and more effective handling of the liquid fraction from digestate dewatering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Andreasi Bassi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Alessio Boldrin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Giammarco Frenna
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, IT-30172 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Thomas F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
End-of-Life Options for (Bio)degradable Polymers in the Circular Economy. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
End-of-life options for plastics include recycling and energy recovery (incineration). Taking into account the polymeric waste, recycling is the intentional action that is aimed at reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills by industrial use of this waste to obtain raw materials and energy. The incineration of waste leads to recovery of the energy only. Recycling methods divide on mechanical (reuse of waste as a full-valuable raw material for further processing), chemical (feedstock recycling), and organic (composting and anaerobic digestion). The type of recycling is selected in terms of the polymeric material, origin of the waste, possible toxicity of the waste, and its flammability. The (bio)degradable polymers show the suitability for every recycling methods. But recycling method should be used in such a form that it is economically justified in a given case. Organic recycling in a circular economy is considered to be the most appropriate technology for the disposal of compostable waste. It is addressed for plastics capable for industrial composting such as cellulose films, starch blends, and polyesters. The biological treatment of organic waste leads also to a decrease of landfills and thereby reducing methane emissions from them. If we add to their biodegradability the absence of toxicity, we have a biotechnological product of great industrial interest. The paper presents the overview on end-of-life options useful for the (bio)degradable polymers. The principles of the circular economy and its today development were also discussed.
Collapse
|
33
|
Lorini L, Martinelli A, Capuani G, Frison N, Reis M, Sommer Ferreira B, Villano M, Majone M, Valentino F. Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates Produced at Pilot Scale From Different Organic Wastes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:628719. [PMID: 33681164 PMCID: PMC7931994 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.628719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production at pilot scale has been recently investigated and carried out exploiting different process configurations and organic wastes. More in detail, three pilot platforms, in Treviso (North-East of Italy), Carbonera (North-East of Italy) and Lisbon, produced PHAs by open mixed microbial cultures (MMCs) and different organic waste streams: organic fraction of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (OFMSW-WAS), cellulosic primary sludge (CPS), and fruit waste (FW), respectively. In this context, two stabilization methods have been applied, and compared, for preserving the amount of PHA inside the cells: thermal drying and wet acidification of the biomass at the end of PHA accumulation process. Afterward, polymer has been extracted following an optimized method based on aqueous-phase inorganic reagents. Several PHA samples were then characterized to determine PHA purity, chemical composition, molecular weight, and thermal properties. The polymer contained two types of monomers, namely 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) at a relative percentage of 92.6-79.8 and 7.4-20.2 w/w, respectively, for Treviso and Lisbon plants. On the other hand, an opposite range was found for 3HB and 3HV monomers of PHA from Carbonera, which is 44.0-13.0 and 56.0-87.0 w/w, respectively. PHA extracted from wet-acidified biomass had generally higher viscosity average molecular weights (M v ) (on average 424.8 ± 20.6 and 224.9 ± 21.9 KDa, respectively, for Treviso and Lisbon) while PHA recovered from thermally stabilized dried biomass had a three-fold lower M v .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Capuani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Frison
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Reis
- Department of Chemistry, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Marianna Villano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Majone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Valentino
- Department of Environmental Science, Informatics and Statistics, “Ca Foscari” University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tan D, Wang Y, Tong Y, Chen GQ. Grand Challenges for Industrializing Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:953-963. [PMID: 33431229 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are a diverse family of sustainable bioplastics synthesized by various bacteria, but their high production cost and unstable material properties make them challenging to use in commercial applications. Current industrial biotechnology (CIB) employs conventional microbial chassis, leading to high production costs. However, next-generation industrial biotechnology (NGIB) approaches, based on fast-growing and contamination-resistant extremophilic Halomonas spp., allow stable continuous processing and thus economical production of PHAs with stable properties. Halomonas spp. designed and constructed using synthetic biology not only produce low-cost intracellular PHAs but also secrete extracellular soluble products for improved process economics. Next-generation industrial biotechnology is expected to reduce the bioproduction cost and process complexity, leading to successful commercial production of PHAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Corn Deep Processing, COFCO, Changchun 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; MOE Key Lab on Industrial Biocatalyst, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mohamed RM, Ali MR, Smuda SS, Abedelmaksoud TG. Utilization of sugarcane bagasse aqueous extract as a natural preservative to extend the shelf life of refrigerated fresh meat. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to investigate the extraction of total phenolic compounds of sugarcane bagasse using various solvents. In addition, the Sugarcane Bagasse Water Extract (SBWE) was used in refrigerated fresh meat as natural preservative. The fresh meat was dipped into water solutions containing various phenolic compounds concentrations (T1:125, T2:250 and T3:500 ppm). During 10 days of storage at 4 °C for all the treated samples were compared with untreated one. The results revealed that SBWE showed relevant values of total phenolic compounds (17.90 mg/g) and total flavonoids content (4.50 mg/g), as well as 45.90% of antioxidant content. On the other hand, microbiological examination and sensory evaluation have turned out to be the best treatment for T3:500 ppm. The SBWE showed an antibacterial impact on Staphylococcus sp. and a reduction in the Total Plate Count and in the group of Psychrotrophs. The shelf-life of refrigerated fresh meat treated with SBWE by dipping it into water solutions was also extended to more than 10 days.
Collapse
|
36
|
Archer L, Jachimska B, Krzan M, Szaleniec M, Hebda E, Radzik P, Pielichowski K, Guzik M. Physical properties of biomass-derived novel natural deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride and (R)-3-hydroxyacids. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Guzik M, Witko T, Steinbüchel A, Wojnarowska M, Sołtysik M, Wawak S. What Has Been Trending in the Research of Polyhydroxyalkanoates? A Systematic Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:959. [PMID: 33014998 PMCID: PMC7513618 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, enormous progress has been achieved with regard to research on environmentally friendly polymers. One of the most prominent families of such biopolymers are bacterially synthesized polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that have been known since the 1920s. However, only as recent as the 1990s have extensive studies sprung out exponentially in this matter. Since then, different areas of exploration of these intriguing materials have been uncovered. However, no systematic review of undertaken efforts has been conducted so far. Therefore, we have performed an unbiased search of up-to-date literature to reveal trending topics in the research of PHAs over the past three decades by data mining of 2,227 publications. This allowed us to identify eight past and current trends in this area. Our study provides a comprehensive review of these trends and speculates where PHA research is heading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Witko
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Alexander Steinbüchel
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Environmental Sciences Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdalena Wojnarowska
- Department of Product Technology and Ecology, Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sołtysik
- Department of Management Process, Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wawak
- Department of Management Process, Cracow University of Economics, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tůma S, Izaguirre J, Bondar M, Marques M, Fernandes P, da Fonseca M, Cesário M. Upgrading end-of-line residues of the red seaweed Gelidium sesquipedale to polyhydroxyalkanoates using Halomonas boliviensis. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 27:e00491. [PMID: 32612942 PMCID: PMC7317225 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Agar extraction from Gelidium and Gracilaria red seaweed species produces hundred thousand ton of carbohydrate-rich residues annually. Gelidium sesquipedale waste biomass obtained after agar extraction, still contained 44.2 % w/w total carbohydrates (dry-weight basis). These residues were biologically up-graded to poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) after saccharification of their carbohydrate fraction to simple sugars. A combined hydrolysis treatment using sulfamic acid followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases produced a glucose-rich hydrolysate with a negligible content of inhibitors. With this treatment a sugar yield of circa 30 % (g glucose/g biomass) was attained. The algal hydrolysates were assessed as carbon source for the production of P3HB by the halotolerant bacteria Halomonas boliviensis. A cell concentration of 8.3 g L-1 containing 41 % (w/w) of polymer and a yield (YP/S ) of 0.16 gpolymer/gglucose were attained in shake flask assays. In this work, cellulose-rich seaweed waste was shown to be an upgradable, sustainable source of carbohydrates.
Collapse
Key Words
- AGU, AmyloGlucosidase Unit
- AHG, anhydro-L-galactose
- AOAC, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
- BHU (2), Biomass Hydrolysis Unit
- CBU, CelloBiase Unit
- CDW, cell dry weight
- FID, flame ionization detector
- FPU, Filter Paper Unit
- Fr, Froude number
- G. sesquipedale, Gelidium sesquipedale
- Gelidium sesquipedale
- H. boliviensis, Halomonas boliviensis
- HMF, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural
- Halomonas boliviensis
- KNU, Kilo Novo alpha-amylase Unit
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- Macroalgae residues
- Mw, molecular weight
- NABH, neoagarobiose hydrolase
- NREL, National Renewable Energy. Laboratory
- P3HB, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- Seaweed residues
- Waste seaweed
- dw basis, dry weight basis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Tůma
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J.K. Izaguirre
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Neiker-Tecnalia, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - M. Bondar
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M.M. Marques
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P. Fernandes
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- DREAMS and Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M.M.R. da Fonseca
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M.T. Cesário
- iBB- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Bioengineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Microbial production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from volatile fatty acids using the marine bacterium Neptunomonas concharum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
40
|
Munir S, Jamil N. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in open mixed cultures using waste activated sludge as biomass. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:1907-1913. [PMID: 32448962 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were used as a carbon source to assess the ability of bacteria present in waste activated sludge (WAS), as indigenous flora, to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Acetic acid and propionic acid were used both separately and in combination as feedstock, producing either homopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (3PHB) and/or the co-polymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) P(3HB-co-3HV). The overall potential to use waste activated sludge as biomass for production of valuable polymers was assessed, and a quality assessment of the as-produced polymers was run, with the extracted polymer being analyzed for properties such as thermal, microstructure and molecular weight. It was found that a blend of copolymers was typically produced, with thermal properties being similar to those reported elsewhere. The overall PHA cell content obtained was 0.29 gPHA gVSS-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Munir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan. .,Nur International University, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Nazia Jamil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Argiz L, Fra-Vázquez A, Del Río ÁV, Mosquera-Corral A. Optimization of an enriched mixed culture to increase PHA accumulation using industrial saline complex wastewater as a substrate. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125873. [PMID: 31972488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) appear as good candidates to substitute conventional petroleum-based plastics since they have similar properties but with the advantage of being biodegradable. Wastewater streams with high organic content are feasible substrates for PHA production resulting in an opportunity for waste recovery. One of the main challenges is the optimization of the selection of microorganisms with high PHA storage capacity. This microbial selection is performed in sequencing batch reactors (SBR) operated under an aerobic feast/famine (F/F) regime. In the present study, a settling stage was added at the end of the feast phase of the enrichment cycle of a SBR fed with pre-acidified cooked mussel processing wastewater (containing up to 12 g NaCl/L). Settling and subsequent supernatant discharge favoured the wash-out of non-accumulating microorganisms as well as the removal of substances that enhanced their undesired development (proteins and carbohydrates). Microbial analysis performed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique showed shifts in the microbial community; the presence of genus Paracoccus increased whereas genera Comamonas decreased. Moreover, the process efficiency was improved with the increase of the PHA production yield (YPHA) and the maximum PHA storage capacity (max. PHA) from 0.48 to 0.72 CmmolPHA/CmmolVFA and from 40 to 60 wt%, respectively. The polymer composition also changed, its HB:HV ratio varied from 83:17 to 70:30. Results obtained in the present study showed that settling after the feast phase promoted the removal of carbon sources that did not contribute to PHA production and the washout of non-storing bacteria, which favoured the culture enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Argiz
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Andrea Fra-Vázquez
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Val Del Río
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Anuska Mosquera-Corral
- CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Optimization of Green Extraction and Purification of PHA Produced by Mixed Microbial Cultures from Sludge. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment systems can be used as a source of mixed microbial cultures for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Stored intracellularly, the PHA is accumulated by some species of bacteria as energy stockpile and can be extracted from the cells by reflux extraction. Dimethyl carbonate was tested as a solvent for the PHA extraction at different extraction times and biomass to solvent ratios, and 1-butanol was tested for purifying the obtained PHA at different purification times and PHA to solvent ratios. Overall, only a very small difference was observed in the different extraction scenarios. An average extraction amount of 30.7 ± 1.6 g of PHA per 100 g of biomass was achieved. After purification with 1-butanol, a visual difference was observed in the PHA between the tested scenarios, although the actual purity of the resulting samples did not present a significant difference. The overall purity increased from 91.2 ± 0.1% to 98.0 ± 0.1%.
Collapse
|
43
|
Basnett P, Marcello E, Lukasiewicz B, Nigmatullin R, Paxinou A, Ahmad MH, Gurumayum B, Roy I. Antimicrobial Materials with Lime Oil and a Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) Produced via Valorisation of Sugar Cane Molasses. J Funct Biomater 2020; 11:jfb11020024. [PMID: 32290046 PMCID: PMC7353574 DOI: 10.3390/jfb11020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) was produced by Pseudomonas mendocina CH50 using a cheap carbon substrate, sugarcane molasses. A PHA yield of 14.2% dry cell weight was achieved. Chemical analysis confirmed that the polymer produced was a medium chain-length PHA, a copolymer of 3-hydroxyoctanoate and 3-hydroxydecanoate, P(3HO-co-3HD). Lime oil, an essential oil with known antimicrobial activity, was used as an additive to P(3HO-co-3HD) to confer antibacterial properties to this biodegradable polymer. The incorporation of lime oil induced a slight decrease in crystallinity of P(3HO-co-3HD) films. The antibacterial properties of lime oil were investigated using ISO 20776 against Staphylococcus aureus 6538P and Escherichia coli 8739, showing a higher activity against the Gram-positive bacteria. The higher activity of the oil against S. aureus 6538P defined the higher efficiency of loaded polymer films against this strain. The effect of storage on the antimicrobial properties of the loaded films was investigated. After one-year storage, the content of lime oil in the films decreased, causing a reduction of the antimicrobial activity of the materials produced. However, the films still possessed antibacterial activity against S. aureus 6538P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Basnett
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Elena Marcello
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara Lukasiewicz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Rinat Nigmatullin
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Alexandra Paxinou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Bhavana Gurumayum
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (P.B.); (E.M.); (B.L.); (R.N.); (A.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.G.)
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-114-2225962
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu J, Jiang B, Feng B, Li L, Moideen SNF, Chen H, Mribet C, Li YY. Pre-acidification greatly improved granules physicochemical properties and operational stability of Upflow anaerobic sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor treating low-strength starch wastewater. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122810. [PMID: 32028146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage process consisting of a pre-acidification unit and an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor (UASBT-S) was compared with a one-stage UASB reactor (UASBO-S) to evaluate the treatment stability of starch wastewater (SW). The Two-stage process provided higher treatment stability than UASBO-S. Sludge floatation occurred in the UASBO-S when the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased to 4 g-COD/L/d, beyond which a paste-like membrane structure adhered to the granules was observed. Further analysis suggests that the substrate derived polysaccharide components embedded in the loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS), triggered significant increase in the protein/polysaccharide ratio in the tightly-bound EPS (TB-EPS), and was suggested to result in the granules floatation and disintegration. During the pre-acidification, the starch was mainly converted to acetic and propionic acids. The pre-acidification was beneficial for reducing the EPS content fluctuations in the UASBT-S, which greatly improved settling capability and strength of the granular sludge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Bo Feng
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Siti Nur Fatihah Moideen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science &Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Chaimaa Mribet
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-06 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Ward, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Clifton‐García B, González‐Reynoso O, Robledo‐Ortiz J, Villafaña‐Rojas J, González‐García Y. Forest soil bacteria able to produce homo and copolymers of polyhydroxyalkanoates from several pure and waste carbon sources. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 70:300-309. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Clifton‐García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - O. González‐Reynoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad de Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - J.R. Robledo‐Ortiz
- Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel Universidad de Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - J. Villafaña‐Rojas
- Departamento de Química Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - Y. González‐García
- Departamento de Madera Celulosa y Papel Universidad de Guadalajara Jalisco México
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tequila Agave Bagasse Hydrolysate for the Production of Polyhydroxybutyrate by Burkholderia sacchari. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6040115. [PMID: 31861111 PMCID: PMC6956387 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tequila agave bagasse (TAB) is the fibrous waste from the Tequila production process. It is generated in large amounts and its disposal is an environmental problem. Its use as a source of fermentable sugars for biotechnological processes is of interest; thus, it was investigated for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) by the xylose-assimilating bacteria Burkholderia sacchari. First, it was chemically hydrolyzed, yielding 20.6 g·L−1 of reducing sugars, with xylose and glucose as the main components (7:3 ratio). Next, the effect of hydrolysis by-products on B. sacchari growth was evaluated. Phenolic compounds showed the highest toxicity (> 60% of growth inhibition). Then, detoxification methods (resins, activated charcoal, laccases) were tested to remove the growth inhibitory compounds from the TAB hydrolysate (TABH). The highest removal percentage (92%) was achieved using activated charcoal (50 g·L−1, pH 2, 4 h). Finally, detoxified TABH was used as the carbon source for the production of PHB in a two-step batch culture, reaching a biomass production of 11.3 g·L−1 and a PHB accumulation of 24 g PHB g−1 dry cell (after 122 h of culture). The polymer structure resulted in a homopolymer of 3-hydroxybutyric acid. It is concluded that the TAB could be hydrolyzed and valorized as a carbon source for producing PHB.
Collapse
|
47
|
Colombo B, Villegas Calvo M, Pepè Sciarria T, Scaglia B, Savio Kizito S, D'Imporzano G, Adani F. Biohydrogen and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) as products of a two-steps bioprocess from deproteinized dairy wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 95:22-31. [PMID: 31351607 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study a two-steps bioprocess approach aimed at biohydrogen production via dark-fermentation, and polyhydroxyalkanoates-PHA production by mixed microbial cultures, was proposed to valorise two dairy-waste streams coming from cheese whey deproteinization (i.e. Ricotta cheese production and ultrafiltration). During the first step, the increase of OLR was tested, resulting in higher daily H2 volume (3.47 and 5.07 NL H2 d-1 for second cheese whey-SCW and concentrated cheese whey permeate-CCWP) and organic acids production (14.6 and 12.6 g L-1 d-1 for SCW and CCWP) for both the substrates, keeping good conversion of sugars into H2 (1.37 and 1.93 mol H2 mol-1 sugars for SCW and CCWP). During the second step, the organic acids were used for PHA production reaching high conversion yields for both the fermented streams (as average 0.74 ± 0.14 mg CODPHA mg-1 CODOA-in), with a maximum polymer content of 62 ± 4.5 and 55.1 ± 1.3% (g PHA g-1 VSS) for fermented SCW and fermented CCWP respectively. For the results reported, this study could be taken into consideration for larger scale application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Colombo
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariana Villegas Calvo
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommy Pepè Sciarria
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Scaglia
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simon Savio Kizito
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliana D'Imporzano
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla - DiSAA - Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Amaro TMMM, Rosa D, Comi G, Iacumin L. Prospects for the Use of Whey for Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Production. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:992. [PMID: 31143164 PMCID: PMC6520646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic production and accumulation have devastating environmental effects, and consequently, the world is in need of environmentally friendly plastic substitutes. In this context, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) appear to be true alternatives to common plastics because they are biodegradable and biocompatible and can be biologically produced. Despite having comparable characteristics to common plastics, extensive PHA use is still hampered by its high production cost. PHAs are bacterial produced, and one of the major costs associated with their production derives from the carbon source used for bacterial fermentation. Thus, several industrial waste streams have been studied as candidate carbon sources for bacterial PHA production, including whey, an environmental contaminant by-product from the dairy industry. The use of whey for PHA production could transform PHA production into a less costly and more environmentally friendly process. However, the efficient use of whey as a carbon source for PHA production is still hindered by numerous issues, including whey pre-treatments and PHA producing strain choice. In this review, current knowledge on using whey for PHA production were summarized and new ways to overcome the challenges associated with this production process were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucilla Iacumin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fradinho J, Oehmen A, Reis M. Improving polyhydroxyalkanoates production in phototrophic mixed cultures by optimizing accumulator reactor operating conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:1085-1092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
50
|
Blunt W, Levin DB, Cicek N. Bioreactor Operating Strategies for Improved Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Productivity. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111197. [PMID: 30961122 PMCID: PMC6290639 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable polymers that may alleviate some of the environmental burden of petroleum-derived polymers. The requirements for carbon substrates and energy for bioreactor operations are major factors contributing to the high production costs and environmental impact of PHAs. Improving the process productivity is an important aspect of cost reduction, which has been attempted using a variety of fed-batch, continuous, and semi-continuous bioreactor systems, with variable results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the bioreactor operations targeting high PHA productivity using pure cultures. The highest volumetric PHA productivity was reported more than 20 years ago for poly(3-hydroxybutryate) (PHB) production from sucrose (5.1 g L−1 h−1). In the time since, similar results have not been achieved on a scale of more than 100 L. More recently, a number fed-batch and semi-continuous (cyclic) bioreactor operation strategies have reported reasonably high productivities (1 g L−1 h−1 to 2 g L−1 h−1) under more realistic conditions for pilot or industrial-scale production, including the utilization of lower-cost waste carbon substrates and atmospheric air as the aeration medium, as well as cultivation under non-sterile conditions. Little development has occurred in the area of fully continuously fed bioreactor systems over the last eight years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Blunt
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - David B Levin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| | - Nazim Cicek
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|