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Park CS, Choi J, Choi J, Lee KY, Ahn HJ, Kwon S, Lee SR, Choi EK, Kwak SH, Oh S. Risk of newly developed atrial fibrillation by alcohol consumption differs according to genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism: a large-scale cohort study with UK Biobank. BMC Med 2023; 21:509. [PMID: 38129845 PMCID: PMC10740225 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predictive relationship between mild-to-moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident AF could be associated with the genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism. METHODS A total of 399,329 subjects with genetic data from the UK Biobank database, enrolled between 2006 and 2010, were identified and followed for incident AF until 2021. Genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism was stratified according to the polygenic risk score (PRS) tertiles. Alcohol consumption was categorized as non-drinkers, mild-to-moderate drinkers (< 30 g/day), and heavy drinkers (≥ 30 g/day). RESULTS During the follow-up (median 12.2 years), 19,237 cases of AF occurred. When stratified by PRS tertiles, there was a significant relationship between genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism and actual alcohol consumption habits (P < 0.001). Mild-to-moderate drinkers showed a decreased risk of AF (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99), and heavy drinkers showed an increased risk of AF (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02-1.10) compared to non-drinkers. When stratified according to PRS tertiles for genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism, mild-to-moderate drinkers had equivalent AF risks, and heavy drinkers showed increased AF risk in the low PRS tertile group. However, mild-to-moderate drinkers had decreased AF risks and heavy drinkers showed similar risks of AF in the middle/high PRS tertile groups. CONCLUSIONS Differential associations between alcohol consumption habits and incident AF across genetic predisposition to alcohol metabolism were observed; individuals with genetic predisposition to low alcohol metabolism were more susceptible to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Soon Park
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Division of Data Science Research, Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JungMin Choi
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Ahn
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonil Kwon
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ryoung Lee
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eue-Keun Choi
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Heon Kwak
- Division of Data Science Research, Innovative Biomedical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Oh
- Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Smith ML, Sergi Z, Mignogna KM, Rodriguez NE, Tatom Z, MacLeod L, Choi KB, Philip V, Miles MF. Identification of Genetic and Genomic Influences on Progressive Ethanol Consumption in Diversity Outbred Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.15.554349. [PMID: 37745421 PMCID: PMC10515943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.554349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using 3-bottle choice intermittent access ethanol (IEA), we have employed the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse panel as a model of alcohol use disorder in a genetically diverse population. Through use of gene expression network analysis techniques, in combination with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, we have completed an extensive analysis of the influence of genetic background on gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This approach revealed that, in DO mice, genes whose expression was significantly disrupted by intermittent ethanol in the PFC also tended to be those whose expression correlated to intake. This finding is in contrast to previous studies of both mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, these analyses identified genes involved in myelination in the PFC as significantly disrupted by IEA, correlated to ethanol intake, and having significant eQTLs. Genes that code for canonical components of the myelin sheath, such as Mbp, also emerged as key drivers of the gene expression response to intermittent ethanol drinking. Several regulators of myelination were also key drivers of gene expression, and had significant QTLs, indicating that genetic background may play an important role in regulation of brain myelination. These findings underscore the importance of disruption of normal myelination in the PFC in response to prolonged ethanol exposure, that genetic variation plays an important role in this response, and that this interaction between genetics and myelin disruption in the presence of ethanol may underlie previously observed behavioral changes under intermittent access ethanol drinking such as escalation of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Mignogna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - N E Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Tatom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - L MacLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K B Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - V Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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3
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Brooks J, Giblin-Scanlon L, Boyd LD, Vineyard J. Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout and Alcohol Use Among Dental Hygienists. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 58:76-83. [PMID: 36124680 PMCID: PMC9494449 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between demographics, compassion fatigue (CF), compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout (BO) and alcohol use among dental hygienists (DHs). METHODS The web-based survey consisting of two validated instruments [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Professional Quality of Life] to measure alcohol use, CF, CS and BO was conducted with a convenience sample of DHs (n = 963). RESULTS The completion rate was 81.6% (n = 786). Nearly one in five DHs (19.1%) reported having their alcohol consumption influenced by the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic at least moderately. The number of hours worked per week (x) and AUDIT scores (y) were fully mediated by BO (m) (P < 0.001); the average number of hours worked per week (x) and AUDIT scores (y) were fully mediated by CF (m) (P < 0.001); the average number of patients seen per day (x) was a predictor of AUDIT scores (y) when partially mediated by BO (m) (P < 0.001); and age (x) was a predictor of AUDIT scores (y), mediated by CS (m). Results showed that one in four DHs could qualify for binge drinking (25.6%, n = 177) and 15.1% experienced blackout drinking episodes within the past year (n = 118). CONCLUSION Mediating relationships exist between demographics, CF, CS, BO and alcohol use among DHs. More research needs to be conducted on alcohol use and CF among DHs and protective factors that may reduce the risk of BO, CF or alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Giblin-Scanlon
- Corresponding author: MCPHS University, Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Tel.: 617-735-1588; Fax: 617-732-2912; E-mail:
| | - Linda D Boyd
- MCPHS University, Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jared Vineyard
- MCPHS University, Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene, 179 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Seitz HK, Neuman MG. The History of Alcoholic Liver Disease: From an Unrecognized Disease to One of the Most Frequent Diseases in Hepatology. J Clin Med 2021; 10:858. [PMID: 33669694 PMCID: PMC7921942 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the history of alcoholic liver disease from the beginning of the 1950s until now. It details how the hepatotoxicity of alcohol was discovered by epidemiology and basic research primarily by using new feeding techniques in rodents and primates. The article also recognizes the pioneering work of scientists who contributed to the understanding of the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease. In addition, clinical aspects, such as the development of diagnostics and treatment options for alcoholic liver disease, are discussed. Up-to-date knowledge of the mechanism of the disease in 2020 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut K. Seitz
- Centre of Liver and Alcohol Diseases, Ethianum Clinic, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela G. Neuman
- In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada;
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5
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Peng Q, Wilhelmsen KC, Ehlers CL. Common genetic substrates of alcohol and substance use disorder severity revealed by pleiotropy detection against GWAS catalog in two populations. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12877. [PMID: 32027075 PMCID: PMC7415504 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and other substance use disorders (AUD and SUD) are complex diseases that are postulated to have a polygenic inheritance and are often comorbid with other disorders. The comorbidities may arise partially through genetic pleiotropy. Identification of specific gene variants accounting for large parts of the variance in these disorders has yet to be accomplished. We describe a flexible strategy that takes a variant-trait association database and determines if a subset of disease/straits are potentially pleiotropic with the disorder under study. We demonstrate its usage in a study of use disorders in two independent cohorts: alcohol, stimulants, cannabis (CUD), and multi-substance use disorders (MSUD) in American Indians (AI) and AUD and CUD in Mexican Americans (MA). Using a machine learning method with variants in GWAS catalog, we identified 229 to 246 pleiotropic variants for AI and 153 to 160 for MA for each SUD. Inflammation was the most enriched for MSUD and AUD in AIs. Neurological disorder was the most significantly enriched for CUD in both cohorts, and for AUD and stimulants in AIs. Of the select pleiotropic genes shared among substances-cohorts, multiple biological pathways implicated in SUD and other psychiatric disorders were enriched, including neurotrophic factors, immune responses, extracellular matrix, and circadian regulation. Shared pleiotropic genes were significantly up-regulated in brain regions playing important roles in SUD, down-regulated in esophagus mucosa, and differentially regulated in adrenal gland. This study fills a gap for pleiotropy detection in understudied admixed populations and identifies pleiotropic variants that may be potential targets of interest for SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kirk C. Wilhelmsen
- Department of Genetics and Neurology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Cindy L. Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
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6
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Lathen DR, Merrill CB, Rothenfluh A. Flying Together: Drosophila as a Tool to Understand the Genetics of Human Alcoholism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6649. [PMID: 32932795 PMCID: PMC7555299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) exacts an immense toll on individuals, families, and society. Genetic factors determine up to 60% of an individual's risk of developing problematic alcohol habits. Effective AUD prevention and treatment requires knowledge of the genes that predispose people to alcoholism, play a role in alcohol responses, and/or contribute to the development of addiction. As a highly tractable and translatable genetic and behavioral model organism, Drosophila melanogaster has proven valuable to uncover important genes and mechanistic pathways that have obvious orthologs in humans and that help explain the complexities of addiction. Vinegar flies exhibit remarkably strong face and mechanistic validity as a model for AUDs, permitting many advancements in the quest to understand human genetic involvement in this disease. These advancements occur via approaches that essentially fall into one of two categories: (1) discovering candidate genes via human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptomics on post-mortem tissue from AUD patients, or relevant physiological connections, then using reverse genetics in flies to validate candidate genes' roles and investigate their molecular function in the context of alcohol. (2) Utilizing flies to discover candidate genes through unbiased screens, GWAS, quantitative trait locus analyses, transcriptomics, or single-gene studies, then validating their translational role in human genetic surveys. In this review, we highlight the utility of Drosophila as a model for alcoholism by surveying recent advances in our understanding of human AUDs that resulted from these various approaches. We summarize the genes that are conserved in alcohol-related function between humans and flies. We also provide insight into some advantages and limitations of these approaches. Overall, this review demonstrates how Drosophila have and can be used to answer important genetic questions about alcohol addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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7
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Kang YY, Wachi Y, Engdorf E, Fumagalli E, Wang Y, Myers J, Massey S, Greiss A, Xu S, Roman G. Normal Ethanol Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance Require the G Protein Receptor Kinase 2 in Ellipsoid Body Neurons in Drosophila. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1686-1699. [PMID: 32573992 PMCID: PMC7485117 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein signaling pathways are key neuromodulatory mechanisms for behaviors and neurological functions that affect the impact of ethanol (EtOH) on locomotion, arousal, and synaptic plasticity. Here, we report a novel role for the Drosophila G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GPRK2) as a member of the GRK4/5/6 subfamily in modulating EtOH-induced behaviors. METHODS We studied the requirement of Drosophila Gprk2 for naïve sensitivity to EtOH sedation and ability of the fly to develop rapid tolerance after a single exposure to EtOH, using the loss of righting reflex (LORR) and fly group activity monitor (FlyGrAM) assays. RESULTS Loss-of-function Gprk2 mutants demonstrate an increase in alcohol-induced hyperactivity, reduced sensitivity to the sedative effects of EtOH, and diminished rapid tolerance after a single intoxicating exposure. The requirement for Gprk2 in EtOH sedation and rapid tolerance maps to ellipsoid body neurons within the Drosophila brain, suggesting that wild-type Gprk2 is required for modulation of locomotion and alertness. However, even though Gprk2 loss of function leads to decreased and fragmented sleep, this change in the sleep state does not depend on Gprk2 expression in the ellipsoid body. CONCLUSION Our work on GPRK2 has established a role for this GRK4/5/6 subfamily member in EtOH sensitivity and rapid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shiyu Xu
- University of HoustonHoustonTexas
| | - Gregg Roman
- University of MississippiUniversityMississippi
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8
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Hibberd R, Golovina E, Farrow S, O'Sullivan JM. Genetic variants associated with alcohol dependence co-ordinate regulation of ADH genes in gastrointestinal and adipose tissues. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9897. [PMID: 32555468 PMCID: PMC7303195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
GWAS studies have identified genetic variants associated with Alcohol Dependence (AD), but how they link to genes, their regulation and disease traits, remains largely unexplored. Here we integrated information on the 3D genome organization with expression quantitative loci (eQTLs) analysis, using CoDeS3D, to identify the functional impacts of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with AD (p < 1 × 10-6). We report that 42% of the 285 significant tissue-specific regulatory interactions we identify were associated with four genes encoding Alcohol Dehydrogenase - ADH1A, ADH1B, ADH1C and ADH4. Identified eQTLs produced a co-ordinated regulatory action between ADH genes, especially between ADH1A and ADH1C within the subcutaneous adipose and gastrointestinal tissues. Five eQTLs were associated with regulatory motif alterations and tissue-specific histone marks consistent with these variants falling in enhancer and promoter regions. By contrast, few regulatory connections were identified in the stomach and liver. This suggests that changes in gene regulation associated with AD are linked to changes in tissues other than the primary sites of alcohol absorption and metabolism. Future work to functionally characterise the putative regulatory regions we have identified and their links to metabolic and regulatory changes in genes will improve our mechanistic understanding of AD disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hibberd
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Natural Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeniia Golovina
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sophie Farrow
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M O'Sullivan
- Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
- A Better Start National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
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9
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McClintick JN, Tischfield JA, Deng L, Kapoor M, Xuei X, Edenberg HJ. Ethanol activates immune response in lymphoblastoid cells. Alcohol 2019; 79:81-91. [PMID: 30639126 PMCID: PMC6616005 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The short-term effects of alcohol on gene expression in brain tissue cannot directly be studied in humans. Because neuroimmune signaling is altered by alcohol, immune cells are a logical, accessible choice to study and may provide biomarkers. RNAseq was used to study the effects of 48-h exposure to ethanol on lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 20 alcoholic subjects and 20 control subjects. Ethanol exposure resulted in differential expression of 4456 of the 12,503 genes detectably expressed in the LCLs (FDR [false discovery rate] ≤ 0.05); 52% of these showed increased expression. Cells from alcoholic subjects and control subjects responded similarly. The genes whose expression changed fell into many pathways: NFκB, neuroinflammation, IL6, IL2, IL8, and dendritic cell maturation pathways were activated, consistent with increased signaling by NFκB, TNF, IL1, IL4, IL18, TLR4, and LPS. Signaling by Interferons A and B decreased, as did EIF2 signaling, phospholipase C signaling, and glycolysis. Baseline gene expression patterns were similar in LCLs from alcoholic subjects and control subjects. At relaxed stringency (p < 0.05), 465 genes differed, 230 of which were also affected by ethanol. There was a suggestion of compensation because baseline differences (no ethanol) were in the opposite direction of differences due to ethanol exposure in 78% of these genes. Pathways with IL8, phospholipase C, and α-adrenergic signaling were significant. The pattern of expression was consistent with increased signaling by several cytokines, including interferons, TLR2, and TLR3 in alcoholics. Expression of genes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, including the rate-limiting enzyme HMGCR, was lower in alcoholic subjects. LCLs show many effects of ethanol exposure, some of which might provide biomarkers for alcohol use disorders. Identifying genes and pathways altered by ethanol can aid in interpreting which genes within loci identified by GWAS might play functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette N McClintick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Departments of Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, United States
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
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10
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Schmitt RE, Shell BC, Lee KM, Shelton KL, Mathies LD, Edwards AC, Grotewiel M. Convergent Evidence From Humans and Drosophila melanogaster Implicates the Transcription Factor MEF2B/Mef2 in Alcohol Sensitivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1872-1886. [PMID: 31241765 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol (SRE) measures level of response to ethanol (EtOH) in humans. Interestingly, there is a positive relationship between the SRE and risk for abusing alcohol, suggesting mechanistic connections between SRE and alcohol abuse. METHODS To identify candidate genes with a role in SRE and alcohol-related behavior more generally, we coupled human genetic analyses with studies in Drosophila melanogaster. We first performed a gene-based analysis of Genomewide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics for SRE in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children sample. Based on prior findings in humans, orthology to fly genes, and the availability of genetic reagents, we selected a subset of these genes for studies on EtOH behavior in Drosophila. RESULTS We found 37 genes with nominal associations in our SRE GWAS. We explored the role of 6 orthologous genes in Drosophila EtOH sedation and rapid tolerance. We found that the transcription factor Mef2 is required for normal EtOH sedation in flies. Pan-neuronal expression of 2 independent Mef2 RNAi transgenes significantly reduced Mef2 expression and made flies resistant to EtOH sedation. Additionally, flies with multiple independent mutant alleles of Mef2 were also resistant to EtOH sedation, confirming a role for Mef2 in this behavior. Altered expression of Mef2 did not change EtOH rapid tolerance or cause a net change in internal EtOH concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Our studies indicate that MEF2B influences SRE in humans and that Mef2 impacts EtOH sedation in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Schmitt
- Human Genetics Ph.D. Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Brandon C Shell
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kristen M Lee
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Keith L Shelton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Laura D Mathies
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Alexis C Edwards
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mike Grotewiel
- Human Genetics Ph.D. Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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11
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Engel GL, Taber K, Vinton E, Crocker AJ. Studying alcohol use disorder using Drosophila melanogaster in the era of 'Big Data'. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2019; 15:7. [PMID: 30992041 PMCID: PMC6469124 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-019-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the networks of genes and protein functions involved in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) remains incomplete, as do the mechanisms by which these networks lead to AUD phenotypes. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is an efficient model for functional and mechanistic characterization of the genes involved in alcohol behavior. The fly offers many advantages as a model organism for investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of alcohol-related behaviors, and for understanding the underlying neural circuitry driving behaviors, such as locomotor stimulation, sedation, tolerance, and appetitive (reward) learning and memory. Fly researchers are able to use an extensive variety of tools for functional characterization of gene products. To understand how the fly can guide our understanding of AUD in the era of Big Data we will explore these tools, and review some of the gene networks identified in the fly through their use, including chromatin-remodeling, glial, cellular stress, and innate immunity genes. These networks hold great potential as translational drug targets, making it prudent to conduct further research into how these gene mechanisms are involved in alcohol behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Engel
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Castleton University, Castleton, VT 05735 USA
| | - Kreager Taber
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Elizabeth Vinton
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
| | - Amanda J. Crocker
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753 USA
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12
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Salvatore JE, Han S, Farris SP, Mignogna KM, Miles MF, Agrawal A. Beyond genome-wide significance: integrative approaches to the interpretation and extension of GWAS findings for alcohol use disorder. Addict Biol 2019; 24:275-289. [PMID: 29316088 PMCID: PMC6037617 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a heritable complex behavior. Due to the highly polygenic nature of AUD, identifying genetic variants that comprise this heritable variation has proved to be challenging. With the exception of functional variants in alcohol metabolizing genes (e.g. ADH1B and ALDH2), few other candidate loci have been confidently linked to AUD. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of AUD and other alcohol-related phenotypes have either produced few hits with genome-wide significance or have failed to replicate on further study. These issues reinforce the complex nature of the genetic underpinnings for AUD and suggest that both GWAS studies with larger samples and additional analysis approaches that better harness the nominally significant loci in existing GWAS are needed. Here, we review approaches of interest in the post-GWAS era, including in silico functional analyses; functional partitioning of single nucleotide polymorphism heritability; aggregation of signal into genes and gene networks; and validation of identified loci, genes and gene networks in postmortem brain tissue and across species. These integrative approaches hold promise to illuminate our understanding of the biological basis of AUD; however, we recognize that the main challenge continues to be the extremely polygenic nature of AUD, which necessitates large samples to identify multiple loci associated with AUD liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Salvatore
- Department of Psychology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Shizhong Han
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Sean P. Farris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
| | - Kristin M. Mignogna
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Michael F. Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry; Washington University School of Medicine; Saint Louis MO USA
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13
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Alanazi IO, Al Shehri ZS, Ebrahimie E, Giahi H, Mohammadi-Dehcheshmeh M. Non-coding and coding genomic variants distinguish prostate cancer, castration-resistant prostate cancer, familial prostate cancer, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer from each other. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:862-874. [PMID: 30644608 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A considerable number of deposited variants has provided new possibilities for knowledge discovery in different types of prostate cancer. Here, we analyzed variants located on 3'UTR, 5'UTR, CDs, Intergenic, and Intronic regions in castration-resistant prostate cancer (8496 variants), familial prostate cancer (3241 variants), metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (3693 variants), and prostate cancer (16599 variants). Chromosome regions 10p15-p14 and 2p13 were highly enriched (P < 0.00001) for variants located in 3'UTR, 5'UTR, CDs, intergenic, and intronic regions in castration-resistant prostate cancer. In contrast, 10p15-p14, 10q23.3, 12q13.11, 13q12.3, 1q25, and 8p22 regions were enriched (P < 0.001) in familial prostate cancer. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, 10p15-p14, 10q23.3, 11q22-q23, 14q21.1, and 14q32.13 were highly variant regions (P < 0.001). Chromosome 2 and chromosome 1 hosted many enriched variant regions. AKR1C3, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHGA, CYP19A1, HOXB13, KLK3, and PTEN contained the highest number of 3'UTR, 5'UTR, CDs, Intergenic, and Intronic variants. Network analysis showed that these genes are upstream of important functions including prostate gland development, tumor recurrence, prostate cancer-specific survival, tumor progression, cancer mortality, long-term survival, cancer recurrence, angiogenesis, and AR. Interestingly, all of EGFR, JAK2, NR3C1, PDZD2, and SEMA3C genes had single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in castration-resistant prostate cancer, consistent with high selection pressure on these genes during drug treatment and consequent resistance. High occurrence of variants in 3'UTRs suggests the importance of regulatory variants in different types of prostate cancer; an area that has been neglected compared with coding variants. This study provides a comprehensive overview of genomic regions contributing to different types of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Alanazi
- National Center for Biotechnology, Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafer S Al Shehri
- Clinical Laboratory Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, KSA, Al dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esmaeil Ebrahimie
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hassan Giahi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manijeh Mohammadi-Dehcheshmeh
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Reglodi D, Toth D, Vicena V, Manavalan S, Brown D, Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Therapeutic potential of PACAP in alcohol toxicity. Neurochem Int 2019; 124:238-244. [PMID: 30682380 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is a worldwide concern as its detrimental effects go far beyond the addicted individual and can affect the entire family as well as the community. Considerable effort is being expended in understanding the neurobiological basis of such addiction in hope of developing effective prevention and/or intervention strategies. In addition, organ damage and neurotoxicological effects of alcohol are intensely investigated. Pharmacological approaches, so far, have only provided partial success in prevention or treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD) including the neurotoxicological consequences of heavy drinking. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an endogenous 38 amino-acid neuropeptide with demonstrated protection against neuronal injury, trauma as well as various endogenous and exogenous toxic agents including alcohol. In this mini-review, following a brief presentation of alcohol addiction and its neurotoxicity, the potential of PACAP as a therapeutic intervention in toxicological consequences of this devastating disorder is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary.
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Viktoria Vicena
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs Medical School, Hungary; Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dwayne Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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Prytkova I, Goate A, Hart RP, Slesinger PA. Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1572-1590. [PMID: 29897633 PMCID: PMC6120805 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects millions of people and costs nearly 250 billion dollars annually. Few effective FDA-approved treatments exist, and more are needed. AUDs have a strong heritability, but only a few genes have been identified with a large effect size on disease phenotype. Genomewide association studies (GWASs) have identified common variants with low effect sizes, most of which are in noncoding regions of the genome. Animal models frequently fail to recapitulate key molecular features of neuropsychiatric disease due to the polygenic nature of the disease, partial conservation of coding regions, and significant disparity in noncoding regions. By contrast, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from patients provide a powerful platform for evaluating genes identified by GWAS and modeling complex interactions in the human genome. hiPSCs can be differentiated into a wide variety of human cells, including neurons, glia, and hepatic cells, which are compatible with numerous functional assays and genome editing techniques. In this review, we focus on current applications and future directions of patient hiPSC-derived central nervous system cells for modeling AUDs in addition to highlighting successful applications of hiPSCs in polygenic neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iya Prytkova
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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16
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Seitz HK, Bataller R, Cortez-Pinto H, Gao B, Gual A, Lackner C, Mathurin P, Mueller S, Szabo G, Tsukamoto H. Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:16. [PMID: 30115921 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the most prevalent type of chronic liver disease worldwide. ALD can progress from alcoholic fatty liver (AFL) to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), which is characterized by hepatic inflammation. Chronic ASH can eventually lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis and in some cases hepatocellular cancer (HCC). In addition, severe ASH (with or without cirrhosis) can lead to alcoholic hepatitis, which is an acute clinical presentation of ALD that is associated with liver failure and high mortality. Most individuals consuming >40 g of alcohol per day develop AFL; however, only a subset of individuals will develop more advanced disease. Genetic, epigenetic and non-genetic factors might explain the considerable interindividual variation in ALD phenotype. The pathogenesis of ALD includes hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity and cytokine and chemokine-induced inflammation. Diagnosis of ALD involves assessing patients for alcohol use disorder and signs of advanced liver disease. The degree of AFL and liver fibrosis can be determined by ultrasonography, transient elastography, MRI, measurement of serum biomarkers and liver biopsy histology. Alcohol abstinence achieved by psychosomatic intervention is the best treatment for all stages of ALD. In the case of advanced disease such as cirrhosis or HCC, liver transplantation may be required. Thus, new therapies are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut K Seitz
- Centre of Alcohol Research (CAR),, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg and Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Helena Cortez-Pinto
- Departmento de Gastroenterologia, CHLN, Laboratorio de Nutricão, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antoni Gual
- Addiction Unit, Neuroscience Institute Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philippe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Universite Lille 2 and INSERM U795, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Mueller
- Centre of Alcohol Research (CAR),, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg and Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine and Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Wolstenholme JT, Bowers MS, Pais AB, Pais AC, Poland RS, Poklis JL, Davies AG, Bettinger JC. Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Differentially Impact Acute Ethanol-Responsive Behaviors and Ethanol Consumption in DBA/2J Versus C57BL/6J Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1476-1485. [PMID: 29786878 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD) in humans. To date, studies of the impact of environment on AUD risk have primarily focused on psychological characteristics or on the effects of developmental exposure to ethanol (EtOH). We recently observed that modifying levels of the long-chain ω-3 (LC ω-3) fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alters acute physiological responses to EtOH in Caenorhabditis elegans. Because mammals derive ω-3 fatty acids from their diet, here we asked if manipulating dietary levels of LC ω-3 fatty acids can affect EtOH-responsive behaviors in mice. METHODS We used 2 well-characterized inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2), which differ in their responses to EtOH. Age-matched young adult male mice were maintained on isocaloric diets that differed only by being enriched or depleted in LC ω-3 fatty acids. Animals were subsequently tested for acute EtOH sensitivity (locomotor activation and sedation), voluntary consumption, and metabolism. Fat deposition was also determined. RESULTS We found that dietary levels of LC ω-3s altered EtOH sensitivity and consumption in a genotype-specific manner. Both B6 and D2 animals fed high LC ω-3 diets demonstrated lower EtOH-induced locomotor stimulation than those fed low LC ω-3 diets. EtOH sedation and EtOH metabolism were greater in D2, but not B6 mice on the high LC ω-3 diet. Conversely, LC ω-3 dietary manipulation altered EtOH consumption in B6, but not in D2 mice. B6 mice on a high LC ω-3 diet consumed more EtOH in a 2-bottle choice intermittent access model than B6 mice on a low LC ω-3 diet. CONCLUSIONS Because EtOH sensitivity is predictive of risk of developing AUD in humans, our data indicate that dietary LC ω-3 levels should be evaluated for their impact on AUD risk in humans. Further, these studies indicate that genetic background can interact with fatty acids in the diet to significantly alter EtOH-responsive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Wolstenholme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - M Scott Bowers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Faulk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexander B Pais
- VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - A Christian Pais
- VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ryan S Poland
- VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Justin L Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Andrew G Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU-Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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18
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Zemore SE, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Mulia N, Kerr WC, Ehlers CL, Cook WK, Martinez P, Lui C, Greenfield TK. The Future of Research on Alcohol-Related Disparities Across U.S. Racial/Ethnic Groups: A Plan of Attack. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2018; 79:7-21. [PMID: 29227222 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests striking disparities in alcohol use, problems, and treatment across racial/ethnic groups in the United States. However, research on alcohol-related disparities affecting racial/ethnic minorities remains in its developmental stages. The current article aims to support future research in this growing field by highlighting some of the most important findings, questions, and approaches, focusing on psychosocial research. METHOD This article advances seven research needs (i.e., questions and topics meriting attention) that we believe are of crucial importance to the field. We draw on the existing literature to illuminate under-explored areas that are highly relevant to health intervention and that complement the field's existing focus. RESULTS Identified research needs include research that (a) better describes disparities in alcohol-related health conditions and their drivers, (b) identifies appropriate screening and brief intervention methods for racial/ethnic minorities, (c) investigates disparities in access to and use of alcohol treatment and support services, (d) examines the comparative efficacy of existing alcohol interventions and develops tailored interventions, (e) explores the impacts of specific alcohol policies across and within racial/ethnic groups, and (f) describes the full spectrum of alcohol-related harms and how and why these may vary across racial/ethnic groups. We also call for (g) continuing research to monitor disparities over time. CONCLUSIONS This article points to specific strategies for describing, explaining, intervening on, and monitoring some of the most substantial alcohol-related disparities. Conclusions outline methods and processes that may be advantageous in addressing these priorities, including the use of longitudinal designs; consideration of life course changes; attention to nontraditional intervention settings; and inclusion of disadvantaged populations in all aspects of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nina Mulia
- Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, California
| | | | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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19
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Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been a major cause of family, social, and personal strife for centuries, with current prevalence estimates of 14% for 12-month and 29% lifetime AUD. Neuropsychological testing of selective cognitive, sensory, and motor functions complemented with in vivo brain imaging has enabled tracking the consequences of AUD, which follows a dynamic course of development, maintenance, and recovery or relapse. Controlled studies of alcoholism reviewed herein provide evidence for disruption of selective functions involving executive, visuospatial, mnemonic, emotional, and attentional processes, response inhibition, prosody, and postural stability and brain systems supporting these functions. On a hopeful front, longitudinal study provides convincing evidence for improvement in brain structure and function following sustained sobriety. These discoveries have a strong legacy in the International Neuropsychological Society (INS), starting from its early days when assumptions regarding which brain regions were disrupted relied solely on patterns of functional sparing and impairment deduced from testing. This review is based on the symposium presentation delivered at the 2017 annual North American meeting of the INS in celebration of the 50th anniversary since its institution in 1967. In the spirit of the meeting's theme, "Binding the Past and Present," the lecture and this review recognized the past by focusing on early, rigorous neuropsychological studies of alcoholism and their influence on research currently conducted using imaging methods enabling hypothesis testing of brain substrates of observed functional deficits. (JINS, 2017, 23, 843-859).
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20
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Clark SL, McClay JL, Adkins DE, Kumar G, Aberg KA, Nerella S, Xie L, Collins AL, Crowley JJ, Quackenbush CR, Hilliard CE, Shabalin AA, Vrieze SI, Peterson RE, Copeland WE, Silberg JL, McGue M, Maes H, Iacono WG, Sullivan PF, Costello EJ, van den Oord EJ. Deep Sequencing of 71 Candidate Genes to Characterize Variation Associated with Alcohol Dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:711-718. [PMID: 28196272 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous genomewide association studies (GWASs) have identified a number of putative risk loci for alcohol dependence (AD). However, only a few loci have replicated and these replicated variants only explain a small proportion of AD risk. Using an innovative approach, the goal of this study was to generate hypotheses about potentially causal variants for AD that can be explored further through functional studies. METHODS We employed targeted capture of 71 candidate loci and flanking regions followed by next-generation deep sequencing (mean coverage 78X) in 806 European Americans. Regions included in our targeted capture library were genes identified through published GWAS of alcohol, all human alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases, reward system genes including dopaminergic and opioid receptors, prioritized candidate genes based on previous associations, and genes involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. We performed single-locus tests to determine if any single variant was associated with AD symptom count. Sets of variants that overlapped with biologically meaningful annotations were tested for association in aggregate. RESULTS No single, common variant was significantly associated with AD in our study. We did, however, find evidence for association with several variant sets. Two variant sets were significant at the q-value <0.10 level: a genic enhancer for ADHFE1 (p = 1.47 × 10-5 ; q = 0.019), an alcohol dehydrogenase, and ADORA1 (p = 5.29 × 10-5 ; q = 0.035), an adenosine receptor that belongs to a G-protein-coupled receptor gene family. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first sequencing study of AD to examine variants in entire genes, including flanking and regulatory regions. We found that in addition to protein coding variant sets, regulatory variant sets may play a role in AD. From these findings, we have generated initial functional hypotheses about how these sets may influence AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunna L Clark
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph L McClay
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Daniel E Adkins
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Karolina A Aberg
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Srilaxmi Nerella
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Linying Xie
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ann L Collins
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James J Crowley
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Corey R Quackenbush
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Christopher E Hilliard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrey A Shabalin
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Scott I Vrieze
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado.,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William E Copeland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Judy L Silberg
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hermine Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth J Costello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Edwin J van den Oord
- Center for Biomarker Research and Precision Medicine , School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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21
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Reilly MT, Noronha A, Goldman D, Koob GF. Genetic studies of alcohol dependence in the context of the addiction cycle. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:3-21. [PMID: 28118990 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Family, twin and adoption studies demonstrate clearly that alcohol dependence and alcohol use disorders are phenotypically complex and heritable. The heritability of alcohol use disorders is estimated at approximately 50-60% of the total phenotypic variability. Vulnerability to alcohol use disorders can be due to multiple genetic or environmental factors or their interaction which gives rise to extensive and daunting heterogeneity. This heterogeneity makes it a significant challenge in mapping and identifying the specific genes that influence alcohol use disorders. Genetic linkage and (candidate gene) association studies have been used now for decades to map and characterize genomic loci and genes that underlie the genetic vulnerability to alcohol use disorders. These approaches have been moderately successful in identifying several genes that contribute to the complexity of alcohol use disorders. Recently, genome-wide association studies have become one of the major tools for identifying genes for alcohol use disorders by examining correlations between millions of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms with diagnosis status. Genome-wide association studies are just beginning to uncover novel biology; however, the functional significance of results remains a matter of extensive debate and uncertainty. In this review, we present a select group of genome-wide association studies of alcohol dependence, as one example of a way to generate functional hypotheses, within the addiction cycle framework. This analysis may provide novel directions for validating the functional significance of alcohol dependence candidate genes. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Reilly
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Antonio Noronha
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David Goldman
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Chief, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - George F Koob
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Director NIAAA, 5635 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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22
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Tawa EA, Hall SD, Lohoff FW. Overview of the Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 51:507-14. [PMID: 27445363 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by harmful drinking patterns leading to negative emotional, physical, and social ramifications. While the underlying pathophysiology of AUD is poorly understood, there is substantial evidence for a genetic component; however, identification of universal genetic risk variants for AUD has been difficult. Recent efforts in the search for AUD susceptibility genes will be reviewed in this article. METHODS In this review, we provide an overview of genetic studies on AUD, including twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). RESULTS Several potential genetic susceptibility factors for AUD have been identified, but the genes of alcohol metabolism, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), have been found to be protective against the development of AUD. GWAS have also identified a heterogeneous list of SNPs associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes, emphasizing the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder. In addition, many of these findings have small effect sizes when compared to alcohol metabolism genes, and biological relevance is often unknown. CONCLUSIONS Although studies spanning multiple approaches have suggested a genetic basis for AUD, identification of the genetic risk variants has been challenging. Some promising results are emerging from GWAS studies; however, larger sample sizes are needed to improve GWAS results and resolution. As the field of genetics is rapidly developing, whole genome sequencing could soon become the new standard of interrogation of the genes and neurobiological pathways which contribute to the complex phenotype of AUD. SHORT SUMMARY This review examines the genetic underpinnings of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), with an emphasis on GWAS approaches for identifying genetic risk variants. The most promising results associated with AUD and alcohol-related phenotypes have included SNPs of the alcohol metabolism genes ADH and ALDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth A Tawa
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel D Hall
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Falk W Lohoff
- Section on Clinical Genomics and Experimental Therapeutics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Agrawal A, Bogdan R. Risky Business: Pathways to Progress in Biologically Informed Studies of Psychopathology. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2015; 26:231-238. [PMID: 27114696 DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2015.1039930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 660 S. Euclid, CB 8134, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Psychology, CB 1125, One Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130
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Grotewiel M, Bettinger JC. Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans as Discovery Platforms for Genes Involved in Human Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1292-311. [PMID: 26173477 PMCID: PMC4656040 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the profound clinical significance and strong heritability of alcohol use disorder (AUD), we do not yet have a comprehensive understanding of the naturally occurring genetic variance within the human genome that drives its development. This lack of understanding is likely to be due in part to the large phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities that underlie human AUD. As a complement to genetic studies in humans, many laboratories are using the invertebrate model organisms (iMOs) Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode worm) to identify genetic mechanisms that influence the effects of alcohol (ethanol) on behavior. While these extremely powerful models have identified many genes that influence the behavioral responses to alcohol, in most cases it has remained unclear whether results from behavioral-genetic studies in iMOs are directly applicable to understanding the genetic basis of human AUD. METHODS In this review, we critically evaluate the utility of the fly and worm models for identifying genes that influence AUD in humans. RESULTS Based on results published through early 2015, studies in flies and worms have identified 91 and 50 genes, respectively, that influence 1 or more aspects of behavioral responses to alcohol. Collectively, these fly and worm genes correspond to 293 orthologous genes in humans. Intriguingly, 51 of these 293 human genes have been implicated in AUD by at least 1 study in human populations. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses strongly suggest that the Drosophila and C. elegans models have considerable utility for identifying orthologs of genes that influence human AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Grotewiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jill C Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Richmond, Virginia
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
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