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Sarubbi J, Martínez-Burnes J, Ghezzi MD, Olmos-Hernandez A, Lendez PA, Ceriani MC, Hernández-Avalos I. Hypothalamic Neuromodulation and Control of the Dermal Surface Temperature of Livestock during Hyperthermia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1745. [PMID: 38929364 PMCID: PMC11200636 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia elicits several physiological and behavioral responses in livestock to restore thermal neutrality. Among these responses, vasodilation and sweating help to reduce core body temperature by increasing heat dissipation by radiation and evaporation. Thermoregulatory behaviors such as increasing standing time, reducing feed intake, shade-seeking, and limiting locomotor activity also increase heat loss. These mechanisms are elicited by the connection between peripheral thermoreceptors and cerebral centers, such as the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Considering the importance of this thermoregulatory pathway, this review aims to discuss the hypothalamic control of hyperthermia in livestock, including the main physiological and behavioral changes that animals adopt to maintain their thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sarubbi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Independência, Palmeira das Missões 3751, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina;
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernandez
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
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Marynissen H, Janssen C, Bamps D, de Hoon J. Vascular read-out for TRP channel functionality on distal peripheral nerve endings in healthy men. Microvasc Res 2024; 152:104654. [PMID: 38215901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of the vasodilation after topical application of capsaicin or cinnamaldehyde is often implemented to indirectly assess Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) functionality respectively. This method has been well-established on the human forearm. However, to enable TRP functionality assessments in distal peripheral neuropathy, the vascular response upon TRP activation on dorsal finger skin was characterized. METHODS Two doses of cinnamaldehyde (3 % and 10 % v/v) and capsaicin (300 μg and 1000 μg) were topically applied (20 μL) on the skin of the mid three proximal phalanges in 17 healthy men. The dose-response, and inter-hand and inter-period reproducibility of the dermal blood flow (DBF) increase was assessed using Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) during 60 min post-application. Linear mixed models explored dose-driven differences, whereas the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) estimated the reproducibility of the vascular response. RESULTS Both doses of cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin induced a robust, dose-dependent increase in DBF. The vascular response to cinnamaldehyde 10 % on finger skin, expressed as area under the curve, correlated well over time (ICC = 0.66) and excellently between hands (ICC = 0.87). Similarly, the response to capsaicin 1000 μg correlated moderately over time (ICC = 0.50) and well between hands (ICC = 0.73). CONCLUSION The vascular response upon topical cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin application on finger skin is an alternative approach for measurements on forearm skin. Thereby, it is a promising vascular read-out to investigate the pathophysiology, and TRP involvement in particular, of specific peripheral neuropathic pain syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Marynissen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Charlien Janssen
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Bamps
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan de Hoon
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Debray A, Gravel H, Garceau L, Bartlett AA, Chaseling GK, Barry H, Behzadi P, Ravanelli N, Iglesies-Grau J, Nigam A, Juneau M, Gagnon D. Finnish sauna bathing and vascular health of adults with coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:795-804. [PMID: 37650138 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular Finnish sauna use is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality. However, physiological mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. This study determined if an 8-wk Finnish sauna intervention improves peripheral endothelial function, microvascular function, central arterial stiffness, and blood pressure in adults with coronary artery disease (CAD). Forty-one adults (62 ± 6 yr, 33 men/8 women) with stable CAD were randomized to 8 wk of Finnish sauna use (n = 21, 4 sessions/wk, 20-30 min/session, 79°C, 13% relative humidity) or a control intervention (n = 20, lifestyle maintenance). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), total (area under the curve) and peak postocclusion forearm reactive hyperemia, and blood pressure (automated auscultation) were measured before and after the intervention. After the sauna intervention, resting core temperature was lower (-0.27°C [-0.54, -0.01], P = 0.046) and sweat rate during sauna exposure was greater (0.3 L/h [0.1, 0.5], P = 0.003). The change in brachial artery FMD did not differ between interventions (control: 0.07% [-0.99, +1.14] vs. sauna: 0.15% [-0.89, +1.19], interaction P = 0.909). The change in total (P = 0.031) and peak (P = 0.024) reactive hyperemia differed between interventions due to a nonsignificant decrease in response to the sauna intervention and an increase in response to control. The change in cf-PWV (P = 0.816), systolic (P = 0.951), and diastolic (P = 0.292) blood pressure did not differ between interventions. These results demonstrate that four sessions of Finnish sauna bathing per week for 8 wk does not improve markers of vascular health in adults with stable CAD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study determined if unsupervised Finnish sauna bathing for 8 wk improves markers of vascular health in adults with coronary artery disease. Finnish sauna bathing reduced resting core temperature and improved sweating capacity, indicative of heat acclimation. Despite evidence of heat acclimation, Finnish sauna bathing did not improve markers of endothelial function, microvascular function, arterial stiffness, or blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Debray
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugo Gravel
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Audrey-Ann Bartlett
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Georgia K Chaseling
- Engagement and Co-design Research Hub, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Nicholas Ravanelli
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Anil Nigam
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Doppegieter M, van der Beek N, Bakker ENTP, Neumann MHA, van Bavel E. Effects of pulsed dye laser treatment in psoriasis: A nerve-wrecking process? Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37083107 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed dye laser (PDL) therapy can be effective in treating psoriasis, with a long duration of remission. Although PDL therapy, albeit on a modest scale, is being used for decades now, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the long-term remission of psoriasis remain poorly understood. The selective and rapid absorption of energy by the blood causes heating of the vascular wall and surrounding structures, like perivascular nerves. Several studies indicate the importance of nerves in psoriatic inflammation. Interestingly, denervation leads to a spontaneous remission of the psoriatic lesion. Among all dermal nerves, the perivascular nerves are the most likely to be affected during PDL treatment, possibly impairing the neuro-inflammatory processes that promote T-cell activation, expression of adhesion molecules, leukocyte infiltration and cytokine production. Repeated PDL therapy could cause a prolonged loss of innervation through nerve damage, or result in a 'reset' of neurogenic inflammation after temporary denervation. The current hypothesis provides strong arguments that PDL treatment affects nerve fibres in the skin and thereby abrogates the persistent and exaggerated inflammatory process underlying psoriasis, causing a long-term remission of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Doppegieter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van der Beek
- ZBC MultiCare, Independent Treatment Center for Dermatology, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martino H A Neumann
- ZBC MultiCare, Independent Treatment Center for Dermatology, Hilversum, The Netherlands
| | - Ed van Bavel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Francisco MA, Gibson BM, Simmons GH, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Cholinergic nerve contribution to cutaneous active vasodilation during exercise is similar to whole body passive heating. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:933-940. [PMID: 36825647 PMCID: PMC10069983 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00299.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic cholinergic nerve cotransmission is widely accepted as the mechanism of cutaneous active vasodilation (CAVD) during whole body passive heating (passive heating). However, recent research suggests that there may be mechanistic differences in CAVD to heating, depending on the modality of thermal loading. It is unknown whether sympathetic cholinergic cotransmission explains CAVD during exercise. This study sought to confirm the role of cholinergic nerves in CAVD during passive heating and expand these findings to exercise. It was hypothesized that CAVD during both exercise and passive heating would be abolished by cholinergic nerve blockade. Eight young (18-30 yr) recreationally active individuals exercised (1 h seated cycling at 60% V̇o2peak) and were passively heated (∼1 h seated passive heating with mean skin temperature clamped at 39°C by water-perfused suit), in randomized order on separate days. Cholinergic nerves were blocked via Botox ∼2 wk prior to the study. Skin blood flow was assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry and expressed as percent of maximum cutaneous vascular conductance (%CVCmax). At the end of exercise/passive heating, internal temperature had increased by ∼0.7°C. The %CVCmax at the Botox-treated sites (exercise: 19 ± 6 and passive heating: 15 ± 14%CVCmax) was significantly less (P < 0.001) than at the untreated sites (exercise: 35 ± 11 and passive heating: 38 ± 6%CVCmax), but there were no differences between exercise and passive heating (modality, P = 0.909; modality-Botox interaction, P = 0.230). We conclude that CAVD during both exercise and passive heating is mediated by sympathetic cholinergic nerves, a critical thermoregulatory mechanism that appears to be independent of the thermal loading modality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study establishes the primacy of cholinergic nerves to cutaneous active vasodilation during exercise and confirms this model during passive heating using a crossover study design. In addition, the mode of heating, whether passive or exercise induced, did not change the sensitivity of the cholinergic component of the thermoeffector response to increased internal temperature. Thus, cutaneous active vasodilator nerves are responsible for similar skin blood flow responses regardless of how thermal loading is accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Francisco
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Brandon M Gibson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Grant H Simmons
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
| | - Christopher T Minson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States
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Childs C, Nwaizu H, Bullivant E, Willmott J, Davies M, Ousey K, Soltani H, Jacques R. Cutaneous Perfusion Dynamics of the Lower Abdomen in Healthy Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Women: Methods Development Using Infrared Thermography with Applications for Future Wound Management after Caesarean Section. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5100. [PMID: 36982008 PMCID: PMC10048797 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has shown an association between obesity and an increased risk of wound infection after caesarean section. This study was designed to examine if abdominal subcutaneous adiposity impacts upon cutaneous perfusion dynamics. METHODS Mild cool challenge, followed by real-time video thermography, was developed to map the appearance of abdominal 'hot spots'. Correspondence of marked 'spots' with audible Doppler and colour and power Doppler ultrasound was performed. RESULTS 60 healthy, afebrile, women (20-68 years; BMI 18.5-44 kg/m2) were recruited. Hot spot appearance consistently corresponded with audible Doppler sounds. Colour and power Doppler ultrasound revealed vessels at depths of 3-22 mm. No statistically significant interactions for BMI, abdominal circumference or environmental parameters were observed for hot spot count. The temperature of cold stimulus was significant for effects on spot count, but only for the first minute (p = 0.001). Thereafter, effects on spot numbers were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous 'perforator' mapping of the abdomen (via hot spot appearance) in healthy women, as a potential and future method for risk of perfusion-dependent wound healing complications, reveals that bedside mapping of skin perfusion is feasible over a short interval. Hot spot number was not influenced by BMI or indicators of central fat distribution (abdominal circumference) indicating variability in an individual's vascular anatomy. This study provides the underpinning methodology for personalised perfusion assessment after incisional surgery which may be a more reliable indicator of potential healing complications than body habitus as is currently the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Childs
- Centre for Applied Health & Social Care Research, Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK (E.B.)
| | - Harriet Nwaizu
- Centre for Applied Health & Social Care Research, Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK (E.B.)
| | - Elizabeth Bullivant
- Centre for Applied Health & Social Care Research, Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK (E.B.)
| | - Jon Willmott
- Semiconductor Materials and Devices Research Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (J.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Matthew Davies
- Semiconductor Materials and Devices Research Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK; (J.W.); (M.D.)
| | - Karen Ousey
- Institute of Skin Integrity and Infection Prevention, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - Hora Soltani
- Centre for Applied Health & Social Care Research, Health Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, UK (E.B.)
| | - Richard Jacques
- Medical Statistic Group, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DA, UK;
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Fernández-Peña C, Reimúndez A, Viana F, Arce VM, Señarís R. Sex differences in thermoregulation in mammals: Implications for energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1093376. [PMID: 36967809 PMCID: PMC10030879 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1093376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal homeostasis is a fundamental process in mammals, which allows the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature to ensure an efficient function of cells despite changes in ambient temperature. Increasing evidence has revealed the great impact of thermoregulation on energy homeostasis. Homeothermy requires a fine regulation of food intake, heat production, conservation and dissipation and energy expenditure. A great interest on this field of research has re-emerged following the discovery of thermogenic brown adipose tissue and browning of white fat in adult humans, with a potential clinical relevance on obesity and metabolic comorbidities. However, most of our knowledge comes from male animal models or men, which introduces unwanted biases on the findings. In this review, we discuss how differences in sex-dependent characteristics (anthropometry, body composition, hormonal regulation, and other sexual factors) influence numerous aspects of thermal regulation, which impact on energy homeostasis. Individuals of both sexes should be used in the experimental paradigms, considering the ovarian cycles and sexual hormonal regulation as influential factors in these studies. Only by collecting data in both sexes on molecular, functional, and clinical aspects, we will be able to establish in a rigorous way the real impact of thermoregulation on energy homeostasis, opening new avenues in the understanding and treatment of obesity and metabolic associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Reimúndez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Viana
- Institute of Neuroscience, University Miguel Hernández (UMH)-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor M. Arce
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Señarís, ; Victor M. Arce,
| | - Rosa Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rosa Señarís, ; Victor M. Arce,
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Cramer MN, Gagnon D, Laitano O, Crandall CG. Human temperature regulation under heat stress in health, disease, and injury. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1907-1989. [PMID: 35679471 PMCID: PMC9394784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body constantly exchanges heat with the environment. Temperature regulation is a homeostatic feedback control system that ensures deep body temperature is maintained within narrow limits despite wide variations in environmental conditions and activity-related elevations in metabolic heat production. Extensive research has been performed to study the physiological regulation of deep body temperature. This review focuses on healthy and disordered human temperature regulation during heat stress. Central to this discussion is the notion that various morphological features, intrinsic factors, diseases, and injuries independently and interactively influence deep body temperature during exercise and/or exposure to hot ambient temperatures. The first sections review fundamental aspects of the human heat stress response, including the biophysical principles governing heat balance and the autonomic control of heat loss thermoeffectors. Next, we discuss the effects of different intrinsic factors (morphology, heat adaptation, biological sex, and age), diseases (neurological, cardiovascular, metabolic, and genetic), and injuries (spinal cord injury, deep burns, and heat stroke), with emphasis on the mechanisms by which these factors enhance or disturb the regulation of deep body temperature during heat stress. We conclude with key unanswered questions in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Cramer
- Defence Research and Development Canada-Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Gagnon
- Montreal Heart Institute and School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Craig G Crandall
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Razi O, Tartibian B, Teixeira AM, Zamani N, Govindasamy K, Suzuki K, Laher I, Zouhal H. Thermal dysregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential therapeutic role of exercise. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103557. [PMID: 35092946 PMCID: PMC8785368 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism that is disrupted in some neurological diseases. Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are susceptible to increases in body temperature, especially with more severe neurological signs. This condition can become intolerable when these patients suffer febrile infections such as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). We review the mechanisms of hyperthermia in patients with MS, and they may encounter when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Finally, the thermoregulatory role and relevant adaptation to regular physical exercise are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Razi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bakhtyar Tartibian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- University of Coimbra, Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nastaran Zamani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karuppasamy Govindasamy
- Department of Physical Education & Sports Science, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes F-35000, France; Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), Irodouer 35850, France.
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11
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Ernsberger U, Deller T, Rohrer H. The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:455-475. [PMID: 34757495 PMCID: PMC8595186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061733. [PMID: 34200650 PMCID: PMC8227286 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the main anatomical structures and neural pathways that allow the generation of autonomous and behavioral mechanisms that regulate body heat in mammals. The study of the hypothalamic neuromodulation of thermoregulation offers broad areas of opportunity with practical applications that are currently being strengthened by the availability of efficacious tools like infrared thermography (IRT). These areas could include the following: understanding the effect of climate change on behavior and productivity; analyzing the effects of exercise on animals involved in sporting activities; identifying the microvascular changes that occur in response to fear, pleasure, pain, and other situations that induce stress in animals; and examining thermoregulating behaviors. This research could contribute substantially to understanding the drastic modification of environments that have severe consequences for animals, such as loss of appetite, low productivity, neonatal hypothermia, and thermal shock, among others. Current knowledge of these physiological processes and complex anatomical structures, like the nervous systems and their close relation to mechanisms of thermoregulation, is still limited. The results of studies in fields like evolutionary neuroscience of thermoregulation show that we cannot yet objectively explain even processes that on the surface seem simple, including behavioral changes and the pathways and connections that trigger mechanisms like vasodilatation and panting. In addition, there is a need to clarify the connection between emotions and thermoregulation that increases the chances of survival of some organisms. An increasingly precise understanding of thermoregulation will allow us to design and apply practical methods in fields like animal science and clinical medicine without compromising levels of animal welfare. The results obtained should not only increase the chances of survival but also improve quality of life and animal production.
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Palozi RAC, Lorençone BR, Guarnier LP, Romão PVM, Marques AAM, Hulsmeyer APCR, Lourenço ELB, Tolouei SEL, da Silva GN, Curi TZ, Passoni MT, Dalsenter PR, de Araújo FHS, Oesterreich SA, Souza RIC, Dos Santos AC, de Castilho PF, de Oliveira KMP, Nocchi SR, Silva DB, Gasparotto Junior A. From general toxicology to DNA disruption: A safety assessment of Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 258:112916. [PMID: 32360045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel (Myrtaceae) is popularly known as "jaboticaba" or "jaboticaba". The fruit is appreciated for both fresh consumption and the manufacture of jelly, juice, ice cream, fermented beverages, and liqueurs. The more widespread traditional use of the plant involves the treatment of diarrhea, which utilizes all parts of the plant, including the fruit peels. AIM OF THE STUDY We sought to elucidate possible risks of the administration of an ethanol-soluble fraction that was obtained from an infusion of P. cauliflora fruit peels (SEIPC). We performed a series of experiments to evaluate possible toxicity, in which we administered SEIPC orally both acutely and repeatedly for 28 days. We also evaluated possible endocrine-disruptive and genotoxic effects in eukaryotic cells. The possible mutagenic activity of SEIPC was evaluated using reverse mutation (Ames) assays. MATERIALS AND METHODS SEIPC was produced and chemically characterized by LC-DAD-MS. Acute toxicity and behavioral and physiological alterations were evaluated in the modified Irwin test. Respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, electrocardiography, respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were evaluated, and hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed after 28 days of oral treatment. The comet assay, mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, uterotrophic test, Hershberger bioassay, and AMES test were performed using appropriate protocols. RESULTS From SEIPC, ellagic acid and derivatives, flavonols and anthocyanidins, as well as citric acid and gallic acid, were annotated by LC-DAD-MS. We did not observed any significant toxic effects after acute or prolonged SEIPC treatment. No endocrine-disruptive or mutagenic effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS The present study found that SEIPC did not cause any significant alterations of various corporeal systems, including cardiac electrical activity, body temperature, respiratory rate, and arterial pressure. No alterations of biochemical, hematological, or blood gas parameters were observed. SEIPC did not cause any perturbations of the endocrine system or mutagenic, cytotoxic, or genotoxic effects. These findings substantiate the safe clinical use of P. cauliflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhanany Alan Calloi Palozi
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bethânia Rosa Lorençone
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pires Guarnier
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Moreira Romão
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Aline Aparecida Macedo Marques
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatiana Zauer Curi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Toxicology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flávio Henrique Souza de Araújo
- Laboratory of Toxicological Assays - LETOX, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Silvia Aparecida Oesterreich
- Laboratory of Toxicological Assays - LETOX, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Roosevelt Isaias Carvalho Souza
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Ariany Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Pamella Fukuda de Castilho
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mari Pires de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Samara Requena Nocchi
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Denise Brentan Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LaPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology - LEFaC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS, Brazil.
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