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Bhowmik R, Shaharyar MA, Kanakal MM, Sarkar A, Farhana SA, Hussain SM, Khan A, Mandal P, Roshan S, Mitra A, Karmakar S. Ayurvedic herbal formulations Haridra Khanda and Manjisthadi Kwath (brihat) in the management of allergic rhinitis: A pharmacological study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31937. [PMID: 38868043 PMCID: PMC11167347 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to pharmacologically validate Haridra Khanda (HK) and Manjishthadi Kwatham (brihat) (MMK) in allergy management using invivo and invitro studies to rationalize the prescription of these two ayurvedic polyherbal drug formulations, which are currently used in Indian government hospitals. Experimental animals received HK and MMK orally from day 0 to day 14 and histamine (1 mg/kg b.w/i.v) and 1 % evans blue (EB) (0.1 mL) via tail vein on day 14. The compound 48/80 (intracutaneous) challenged mice model followed the same technique. The former mimicked acute anaphylaxis and the latter mast cell degranulation. For both models, EB dye leakage was quantified spectrophotometrically to determine vascular permeability. Plasma histamine was measured in Compound 48/80-induced animals using LC-ESI-MS/MS. The guineapig received HK and MMK p.o. and 0.6 % histamine sprayed in a histamine chamber to simulate allergic rhinitis. Blood eosinophil count and sneeze rate were measured in histamine-challenged guineapigs. Goat R.B.C. membrane stability assay (mammalian cell membrane toxicity) and intracellular histamine-induced cytosolic Ca2+ release assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were performed in vitro. For both histamine and Compound 48/80 challenged animals, HK (22.81 % and 14.58 %) and MMK (19.71 % and 22.40 %) significantly reduced EB dye leakage (p < 0.05). Both formulations, HK and MMK considerably (p < 0.05) decreased plasma histamine (29.62 % and 25.37 % respectively) in mice and eosinophilic count (11.56 % and 9.94 % respectively) and sneeze rate (42.58 % and 29.03 % respectively) in guinea pigs. In membrane stability experiment, HK and MMK reduced RBC lysis. Both HK and MMK raw/dialysate blocked CHO cell cytosolic Ca2+ release. HK and MMK activities mimic mast cell stabilization with possible H1 receptor inactivation seen by decreased Ca2+ efflux and thus indicate potential for allergic rhinitis management. The combination of activities is usually related with curative and prophylactic therapy and might lead future clinical trials and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranil Bhowmik
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Md Adil Shaharyar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | | | - Arnab Sarkar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Syeda Ayesha Farhana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shalam M. Hussain
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences and Nursing, Al-Rayan Colleges, AL-Madinah, AL-Munawarah, 20012, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Pallab Mandal
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - S. Roshan
- Deccan School of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500001, Telangana, India
| | - Achintya Mitra
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Ranikhet, Almora, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanmoy Karmakar
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
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Rainey MA, Allen CT, Craveiro M. Egress of resident memory T cells from tissue with neoadjuvant immunotherapy: Implications for systemic anti-tumor immunity. Oral Oncol 2023; 146:106570. [PMID: 37738775 PMCID: PMC10591905 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2023.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resident memory T (TRM) cells are embedded in peripheral tissue and capable of acting as sentinels that can respond quickly to repeat pathogen exposure as part of an endogenous anti-microbial immune response. Recent evidence suggests that chronic antigen exposure and other microenvironment cues may promote the development of TRM cells within solid tumors as well, and that this TRM phenotype can sequester tumor-specific T cells into tumors and out of circulation resulting in limited systemic antitumor immunity. Here, we perform a review of the published English literature and describe tissue-specific mediators of TRM cell differentiation in states of infection and malignancy with special focus on the role of TGF-β and how targeting TGF-β signaling could be used as a therapeutical approach to promote tumor systemic immunity. DISCUSSION The presence of TRM cells with antigen specificity to neoepitopes in tumors associates with positive clinical prognosis and greater responsiveness to immunotherapy. Recent evidence indicates that solid tumors may act as reservoirs for tumor specific TRM cells and limit their circulation - possibly resulting in impaired systemic antitumor immunity. TRM cells utilize specific mechanisms to egress from peripheral tissues into circulation and other peripheral sites, and emerging evidence indicates that immunotherapeutic approaches may initiate these processes and increase systemic antitumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS Reversing tumor sequestration of tumor-specific T cells prior to surgical removal or radiation of tumor may increase systemic antitumor immunity. This finding may underlie the improved recurrence free survival observed with neoadjuvant immunotherapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena A Rainey
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T Allen
- National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 7N240C, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Marco Craveiro
- Head and Neck Section, Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Cao X, Ni B. RGS16 regulates Hippo-YAP activity to promote esophageal cancer cell proliferation and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 675:122-129. [PMID: 37473526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant tumor of digestive tract, accounting for 90% of all pathological types of esophageal cancer. Despite the rapid development of multi-disciplinary treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, the prognosis of patients with ESCC is still poor. Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGSs) are involved in the processes of various cancers. The expression levels of its family member RGS16 are abnormally elevated in a variety of tumors, but its role in ESCC is still unclear. We found that RGS16 expression is aberrantly increased in ESCC tissues and correlated with poor prognosis of ESCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and our collected ESCC tissues. Moreover, knockdown of RGS16 in two ESCC cells could indeed inhibit their proliferation and migration. We further explored the molecular mechanism of RGS16 in ESCC, and the correlation analysis from TCGA database showed that the mRNA levels of RGS16 was positively correlated with that of CTGF and CYR61, two target genes of Hippo-YAP signaling. Consistently, RGS16- knockdown significantly inhibited the expression of CTGF and CYR61 in ESCC cells. We found that the phosphorylation levels of LATS1 and YAP were significantly increased and YAP translocated into the cytoplasm after depletion of RGS16 in ESCC cells. Also, RGS16-knockdown promoted the interaction between LATS1 and upstream kinase MST1. In addition, reintroduction of a constitutive active YAP5A mutant significantly rescued CTGF expression and cell proliferation in RGS16-knockdown cells. Together, our work revealed that RGS16 promoted YAP activity through disrupting the interaction between LATS1 and MST1, thus promoting the proliferation and migration of ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Pancreas Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufeng Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing Yimin Hospital, Nanjing, 211103, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, China.
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Ding Y, Chen Q. The NF-κB Pathway: a Focus on Inflammatory Responses in Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5292-5308. [PMID: 37286724 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a type of central nervous system trauma that can lead to severe nerve injury. Inflammatory reaction after injury is an important pathological process leading to secondary injury. Long-term stimulation of inflammation can further deteriorate the microenvironment of the injured site, leading to the deterioration of neural function. Understanding the signaling pathways that regulate responses after SCI, especially inflammatory responses, is critical for the development of new therapeutic targets and approaches. Nuclear transfer factor-κB (NF-κB) has long been recognized as a key factor in regulating inflammatory responses. The NF-κB pathway is closely related to the pathological process of SCI. Inhibition of this pathway can improve the inflammatory microenvironment and promote the recovery of neural function after SCI. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This article reviews the mechanism of inflammatory response after SCI and the characteristics of NF-κB pathway, emphasizing the effect of inhibiting NF-κB on the inflammatory response of SCI to provide a theoretical basis for the biological treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, 341000, People's Republic of China.
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von Werdt D, Gungor B, Barreto de Albuquerque J, Gruber T, Zysset D, Kwong Chung CKC, Corrêa-Ferreira A, Berchtold R, Page N, Schenk M, Kehrl JH, Merkler D, Imhof BA, Stein JV, Abe J, Turchinovich G, Finke D, Hayday AC, Corazza N, Mueller C. Regulator of G-protein signaling 1 critically supports CD8 + T RM cell-mediated intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085895. [PMID: 37153600 PMCID: PMC10158727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Regulator of G-protein signaling (Rgs) family regulate the extent and timing of G protein signaling by increasing the GTPase activity of Gα protein subunits. The Rgs family member Rgs1 is one of the most up-regulated genes in tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells when compared to their circulating T cell counterparts. Functionally, Rgs1 preferentially deactivates Gαq, and Gαi protein subunits and can therefore also attenuate chemokine receptor-mediated immune cell trafficking. The impact of Rgs1 expression on tissue-resident T cell generation, their maintenance, and the immunosurveillance of barrier tissues, however, is only incompletely understood. Here we report that Rgs1 expression is readily induced in naïve OT-I T cells in vivo following intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA. In bone marrow chimeras, Rgs1 -/- and Rgs1 +/+ T cells were generally present in comparable frequencies in distinct T cell subsets of the intestinal mucosa, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen. After intestinal infection with Listeria monocytogenes-OVA, however, OT-I Rgs1 +/+ T cells outnumbered the co-transferred OT-I Rgs1- /- T cells in the small intestinal mucosa already early after infection. The underrepresentation of the OT-I Rgs1 -/- T cells persisted to become even more pronounced during the memory phase (d30 post-infection). Remarkably, upon intestinal reinfection, mice with intestinal OT-I Rgs1 +/+ TRM cells were able to prevent the systemic dissemination of the pathogen more efficiently than those with OT-I Rgs1 -/- TRM cells. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated yet, these data thus identify Rgs1 as a critical regulator for the generation and maintenance of tissue-resident CD8+ T cells as a prerequisite for efficient local immunosurveillance in barrier tissues in case of reinfections with potential pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego von Werdt
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bilgi Gungor
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Gruber
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Zysset
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cheong K. C. Kwong Chung
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Gastrointestinal Health, Immunology, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Corrêa-Ferreira
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regina Berchtold
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Schenk
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John H. Kehrl
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University & University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jens V. Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gleb Turchinovich
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Finke
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Corazza
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
| | - Christoph Mueller
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, and University Children’s Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christoph Mueller, ; Nadia Corazza,
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Feng D, Yu J, Bao L, Fan D, Zhang B. Inhibiting RGS1 attenuates secondary inflammation response and tissue degradation via the TLR/TRIF/NF-κB pathway in macrophage post spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2022; 768:136374. [PMID: 34852285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-dominated inflammation by the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway leads to neurological disruption after spinal cord injury (SCI). Regulator of G-protein signaling 1 (RGS1) is reported to be a regulator in inflammation. The present study thus purposes to identify the unknown role of RGS1 mediating TLR on inflammation post SCI. A mouse model of traumatic SCI was established by a mechanical trauma at T10. The mice underwent SCI and a macrophage line activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were treated with shRNA-RGS1 to elucidate the role of RGS1 in inflammatory progression. The inflammatory factors were measured, and the degree of histology and function protection were determined. The expression levels of RGS1, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (Myd88), (TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF), p38, metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were determined. RGS1 was robustly increased both in LPS-activated macrophage and SCI mice. The TLR signaling pathway-induced inflammation was suppressed by RGS1 knockdown. shRNA-mediated silence of RGS1 was exhibited a prominent decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 via TLR/TRIF/ nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) axis. Depletion of RGS1 also inhibited MMP-induced tissue degradation via MAPK-p38 pathway in SCI mice. Moreover, suppression of RGS1 improved spinal cord histology and function recovery. These findings suggest that RGS1 regulates inflammation and tissue disruption via TLR/TRIF/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice with SCI, thereby explaining a novel target that regulates macrophage inflammation post SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuyang 223600, China; Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Jiasheng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuyang 223600, China
| | - Lei Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuyang 223600, China
| | - Daobo Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuyang 223600, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuyang Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Yangzhou University, Shuyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuyang 223600, China.
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Chinn IK, Xie Z, Chan EC, Nagata BM, Koval A, Chen WS, Zhang F, Ganesan S, Hong DN, Suzuki M, Nardone G, Moore IN, Katanaev VL, Balazs AE, Liu C, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Druey KM. Short stature and combined immunodeficiency associated with mutations in RGS10. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/693/eabc1940. [PMID: 34315806 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical and molecular phenotype of three siblings from one family, who presented with short stature and immunodeficiency and carried uncharacterized variants in RGS10 (c.489_491del:p.E163del and c.G511T:p.A171S). This gene encodes regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10), a member of a large family of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that targets heterotrimeric G proteins to constrain the activity of G protein-coupled receptors, including receptors for chemoattractants. The affected individuals exhibited systemic abnormalities directly related to the RGS10 mutations, including recurrent infections, hypergammaglobulinemia, profoundly reduced lymphocyte chemotaxis, abnormal lymph node architecture, and short stature due to growth hormone deficiency. Although the GAP activity of each RGS10 variant was intact, each protein exhibited aberrant patterns of PKA-mediated phosphorylation and increased cytosolic and cell membrane localization and activity compared to the wild-type protein. We propose that the RGS10 p.E163del and p.A171S mutations lead to mislocalization of the RGS10 protein in the cytosol, thereby resulting in attenuated chemokine signaling. This study suggests that RGS10 is critical for both immune competence and normal hormonal metabolism in humans and that rare RGS10 variants may contribute to distinct systemic genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Wei-Sheng Chen
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana N Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Protein Chemistry Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Nardone
- Protein Chemistry Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Andrea E Balazs
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yuan G, Yang S, Ng A, Fu C, Oursler MJ, Xing L, Yang S. RGS12 Is a Novel Critical NF-κB Activator in Inflammatory Arthritis. iScience 2020; 23:101172. [PMID: 32512384 PMCID: PMC7281782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory disease, which currently lacks effective treatment. Here, we discovered that the Regulator of G Protein Signaling 12 (RGS12) plays a key role in regulating inflammation. Transcriptional and protein analysis revealed that RGS12 was upregulated in human and mouse RA macrophages. Deletion of RGS12 in myeloid lineage or globally inhibits the development of collagen-induced arthritis including joint swelling and bone destruction. Mechanistically, RGS12 associates with NF-κB(p65) to activate its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation through PTB domain, and NF-κB(p65) regulates RGS12 expression in a transcriptional manner. The nuclear translocation ability of NF-κB(p65) and RGS12 can both be enhanced by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). Furthermore, ablation of RGS12 via RNA interference significantly blocks the inflammatory process in vivo and in vitro. These results demonstrate that RGS12 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuting Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Ng
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chuanyun Fu
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Merry Jo Oursler
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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9
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Wong GS, Redes JL, Balenga N, McCullough M, Fuentes N, Gokhale A, Koziol-White C, Jude JA, Madigan LA, Chan EC, Jester WH, Biardel S, Flamand N, Panettieri RA, Druey KM. RGS4 promotes allergen- and aspirin-associated airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting PGE2 biosynthesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146:1152-1164.e13. [PMID: 32199913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergens elicit host production of mediators acting on G-protein-coupled receptors to regulate airway tone. Among these is prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which, in addition to its role as a bronchodilator, has anti-inflammatory actions. Some patients with asthma develop bronchospasm after the ingestion of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a disorder termed aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. This condition may result in part from abnormal dependence on the bronchoprotective actions of PGE2. OBJECTIVE We sought to understand the functions of regulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4), a cytoplasmic protein expressed in airway smooth muscle and bronchial epithelium that regulates the activity of G-protein-coupled receptors, in asthma. METHODS We examined RGS4 expression in human lung biopsies by immunohistochemistry. We assessed airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammation in germline and airway smooth muscle-specific Rgs4-/- mice and in mice treated with an RGS4 antagonist after challenge with Aspergillus fumigatus. We examined the role of RGS4 in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated bronchoconstriction by challenging aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease-like (ptges1-/-) mice with aspirin. RESULTS RGS4 expression in respiratory epithelium is increased in subjects with severe asthma. Allergen-induced AHR was unexpectedly diminished in Rgs4-/- mice, a finding associated with increased airway PGE2 levels. RGS4 modulated allergen-induced PGE2 secretion in human bronchial epithelial cells and prostanoid-dependent bronchodilation. The RGS4 antagonist CCG203769 attenuated AHR induced by allergen or aspirin challenge of wild-type or ptges1-/- mice, respectively, in association with increased airway PGE2 levels. CONCLUSIONS RGS4 may contribute to the development of AHR by reducing airway PGE2 biosynthesis in allergen- and aspirin-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Wong
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Jamie L Redes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Morgan McCullough
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Nathalie Fuentes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Ameya Gokhale
- Food Allergy Research Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Md
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Joseph A Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Laura A Madigan
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md
| | - William H Jester
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Sabrina Biardel
- Centre de recherche de l'IUCPQ, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'IUCPQ, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Md.
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10
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Zhou Y, Wang C, Si J, Wang B, Zhang D, Ding D, Zhang J, Wang H. Melatonin up-regulates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic action but suppresses their mediated osteoclastogenesis via MT 2 -inactivated NF-κB pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2106-2122. [PMID: 31900938 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melatonin is a neurohormone involved in bone homeostasis. Melatonin directs bone remodelling and the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) in the regulating melatonin-mediated bone formation-resorption balance remains undefined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Osteoporosis models were established and bone tissue and serum were collected to test the effects of melatonin on bone homeostasis. Melatonin receptors were knocked down, the NF-κB signalling pathway and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression were investigated. Communication between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and osteoclasts was detected with direct-contact or indirect-contact system. KEY RESULTS Bone loss and microstructure disorder in mice were reversed after melatonin treatment, as a result of anabolic and anti-resorptive effects. In vitro, a physiological (low) concentration of melatonin promoted the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteogenic lineage commitment and extracellular mineralization but had no impact on extracellular matrix synthesis. After MT knockdown, especially MT2 , the positive effects of melatonin on osteogenesis were attenuated. The canonical NF-κB signalling pathway was the first discovered downstream signalling pathway after MT receptor activation and was found to be down-regulated by melatonin during osteogenesis. Melatonin suppressed BMMSC-mediated osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANKL production in BMMSCs and this effect only occurred when BMMSCs and osteoclast precursors were co-cultured in an indirect-contact manner. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work suggests that melatonin plays a crucial role in bone balance, significantly accelerates the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by suppressing the MT2 -dependent NF-κB signalling pathway, and down-regulates osteoclastogenesis via RANKL paracrine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaowei Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Si
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baixiang Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Denghui Zhang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Ding
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiming Wang
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Chang YF, Huang YQ, Wu KM, Jou AFJ, Shih NY, Ho JAA. Diagnosing the RGS11 Lung Cancer Biomarker: The Integration of Competitive Immunoassay and Isothermal Nucleic Acid Exponential Amplification Reaction. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3327-3335. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Chang
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qi Huang
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ming Wu
- Chest Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 25160, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei 25245, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
| | - Amily Fang-Ju Jou
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Yao Shih
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
| | - Ja-an Annie Ho
- BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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12
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Patil DN, Rangarajan ES, Novick SJ, Pascal BD, Kojetin DJ, Griffin PR, Izard T, Martemyanov KA. Structural organization of a major neuronal G protein regulator, the RGS7-Gβ5-R7BP complex. eLife 2018; 7:e42150. [PMID: 30540250 PMCID: PMC6310461 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling by the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) plays fundamental role in a vast number of essential physiological functions. Precise control of GPCR signaling requires action of regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins that deactivate heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are elaborately regulated and comprise multiple domains and subunits, yet structural organization of these assemblies is poorly understood. Here, we report a crystal structure and dynamics analyses of the multisubunit complex of RGS7, a major regulator of neuronal signaling with key roles in controlling a number of drug target GPCRs and links to neuropsychiatric disease, metabolism, and cancer. The crystal structure in combination with molecular dynamics and mass spectrometry analyses reveals unique organizational features of the complex and long-range conformational changes imposed by its constituent subunits during allosteric modulation. Notably, several intermolecular interfaces in the complex work in synergy to provide coordinated modulation of this key GPCR regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak N Patil
- Department of NeuroscienceThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Scott J Novick
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Bruce D Pascal
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
- Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
| | - Tina Izard
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteJupiterUnited States
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13
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Aslam ML, Carraro R, Bestin A, Cariou S, Sonesson AK, Bruant JS, Haffray P, Bargelloni L, Meuwissen THE. Genetics of resistance to photobacteriosis in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) using 2b-RAD sequencing. BMC Genet 2018; 19:43. [PMID: 29996763 PMCID: PMC6042378 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Photobacteriosis is an infectious disease developed by a Gram-negative bacterium Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp), which may cause high mortalities (90–100%) in sea bream. Selection and breeding for resistance against infectious diseases is a highly valuable tool to help prevent or diminish disease outbreaks, and currently available advanced selection methods with the application of genomic information could improve the response to selection. An experimental group of sea bream juveniles was derived from a Ferme Marine de Douhet (FMD, Oléron Island, France) selected line using ~ 109 parents (~ 25 females and 84 males). This group of 1187 individuals represented 177 full-sib families with 1–49 sibs per family, which were challenged with virulent Phdp for a duration of 18 days, and mortalities were recorded within this duration. Tissue samples were collected from the parents and the recorded offspring for DNA extraction, library preparation using 2b-RAD and genotyping by sequencing. Genotypic data was used to develop a linkage map, genome wide association analysis and for the estimation of breeding values. Results The analysis of genetic variation for resistance against Phdp revealed moderate genomic heritability with estimates of ~ 0.32. A genome-wide association analysis revealed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) including 11 SNPs at linkage group 17 presenting significant association to the trait with p-value crossing genome-wide Bonferroni corrected threshold P ≤ 2.22e-06. The proportion total genetic variance explained by the single top most significant SNP was ranging from 13.28–16.14% depending on the method used to compute the variance. The accuracies of predicting breeding values obtained using genomic vs. pedigree information displayed 19–24% increase when using genomic information. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that SNPs-based genotyping of a sea bream population with 2b-RAD approach is effective at capturing the genetic variation for resistance against Phdp. Prediction accuracies obtained using genomic information were significantly higher than the accuracies obtained using pedigree information which highlights the importance and potential of genomic selection in commercial breeding programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0631-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anastasia Bestin
- SYSAAF, French poultry and aquaculture breeders, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierrick Haffray
- SYSAAF, French poultry and aquaculture breeders, 35042, Rennes Cedex, France
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14
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Chan EC, Ren C, Xie Z, Jude J, Barker T, Koziol-White CA, Ma M, Panettieri RA, Wu D, Rosenberg HF, Druey KM. Regulator of G protein signaling 5 restricts neutrophil chemotaxis and trafficking. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12690-12702. [PMID: 29929985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are white blood cells that are mobilized to damaged tissues and to sites of pathogen invasion, providing the first line of host defense. Chemokines displayed on the surface of blood vessels promote migration of neutrophils to these sites, and tissue- and pathogen-derived chemoattractant signals, including N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (fMLP), elicit further migration to sites of infection. Although nearly all chemoattractant receptors use heterotrimeric G proteins to transmit signals, many of the mechanisms lying downstream of chemoattractant receptors that either promote or limit neutrophil motility are incompletely defined. Here, we show that regulator of G protein signaling 5 (RGS5), a protein that modulates G protein activity, is expressed in both human and murine neutrophils. We detected significantly more neutrophils in the airways of Rgs5-/- mice than WT counterparts following acute respiratory virus infection and in the peritoneum in response to injection of thioglycollate, a biochemical proinflammatory stimulus. RGS5-deficient neutrophils responded with increased chemotaxis elicited by the chemokines CXC motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL2, and CXCL12 but not fMLP. Moreover, adhesion of these cells was increased in the presence of both CXCL2 and fMLP. In summary, our results indicate that RGS5 deficiency increases chemotaxis and adhesion, leading to more efficient neutrophil mobilization to inflamed tissues in mice. These findings suggest that RGS5 expression and activity in neutrophils determine their migrational patterns in the complex microenvironments characteristic of inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joseph Jude
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Tolga Barker
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cynthia A Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey School of Medicine, Rutgers, New Jersey 07103
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
| | - Helene F Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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