1
|
Okino CH, Niciura SCM, Minho AP, Esteves SN, Melito GR, Montassier HJ, Chagas ACDS. Divergent humoral responses between males and females against 24 kDa excretory-secretory protein of Haemonchus contortus and influence of ovine β-globin polymorphism. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105216. [PMID: 38901502 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Lambs harboring the Hb-AA β-globin haplotype present improved cell-mediated responses and increased resistance against Haemonchus contortus infection. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of sex and β-globin haplotypes on specific humoral responses and phenotypes of resistance during H. contortus infection in Morada Nova sheep. As expected, females displayed stronger resistance during the first and second experimental challenges. Differential systemic humoral immune responses were observed comparing sex groups, in which higher levels of specific antibodies targeting 24 kDa excretory-secretory (ES24) protein of H. contortus of IgG and IgM antibodies were respectively observed as predominant isotypes in males and females. The IgM levels were significantly correlated with phenotypes of resistance, evaluated by packed cell volume and fecal egg counts. To our knowledge this is the first study reporting divergent humoral responses profiles to H. contortus infection between male and female sheep. The impact of β-globin haplotypes was less pronounced in females compared to males. Notably, only males showed significant weight differences across haplotypes, with Hb-AA lambs being the heaviest. Additionally, Hb-AA males had significantly higher PCV (indicating better red blood cell health) and lower FEC (indicating lower parasite burden). These findings suggest a more pronounced effect of β-globin polymorphisms on H. contortus infection in males, potentially due to their generally weaker resistance compared to females. This study highlights the importance of sex and β-globin haplotypes in shaping immune responses to H. contortus infection. Specifically, IgM antibodies targeting the ES24 protein appear to play a crucial role in host-parasite interactions and may hold promise for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, PO Box 339, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Simone Cristina Méo Niciura
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, PO Box 339, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Pelegrine Minho
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, PO Box 339, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Novita Esteves
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, PO Box 339, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Roberta Melito
- Centro Universitário Central Paulista (UNICEP), R. Miguel Petroni, 5111, 13563-470, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio José Montassier
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rodovia Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, PO Box 339, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Price DRG, Steele P, Frew D, McLean K, Androscuk D, Geldhof P, Borloo J, Albaladejo JP, Nisbet AJ, McNeilly TN. Characterisation of protective vaccine antigens from the thiol-containing components of excretory/secretory material of Ostertagia ostertagi. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110154. [PMID: 38490160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous vaccination trials have demonstrated that thiol proteins affinity purified from Ostertagia ostertagi excretory-secretory products (O. ostertagi ES-thiol) are protective against homologous challenge. Here we have shown that protection induced by this vaccine was consistent across four independent vaccine-challenge experiments. Protection is associated with reduced cumulative faecal egg counts across the duration of the trials, relative to control animals. To better understand the diversity of antigens in O. ostertagi ES-thiol we used high-resolution shotgun proteomics to identify 490 unique proteins in the vaccine preparation. The most numerous ES-thiol proteins, with 91 proteins identified, belong to the sperm-coating protein/Tpx/antigen 5/pathogenesis-related protein 1 (SCP/TAPS) family. This family includes previously identified O. ostertagi vaccine antigens O. ostertagi ASP-1 and ASP-2. The ES-thiol fraction also has numerous proteinases, representing three distinct classes, including: metallo-; aspartyl- and cysteine proteinases. In terms of number of family members, the M12 astacin-like metalloproteinases, with 33 proteins, are the most abundant proteinase family in O. ostertagi ES-thiol. The O. ostertagi ES-thiol proteome provides a comprehensive database of proteins present in this vaccine preparation and will guide future vaccine antigen discovery projects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R G Price
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Philip Steele
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - David Frew
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Kevin McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Dorota Androscuk
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Jimmy Borloo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Javier Palarea Albaladejo
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King's Buildings, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Department of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Alasdair J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trujillo E, Monreal-Escalante E, Angulo C. Microalgae-made human vaccines and therapeutics: A decade of advances. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400091. [PMID: 38719615 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Microalgal emergence is a promising platform with two-decade historical background for producing vaccines and biopharmaceuticals. During that period, microalgal-based vaccines have reported successful production for various diseases. Thus, species selection is important for genetic transformation and delivery methods that have been developed. Although many vaccine prototypes have been produced for infectious and non-infectious diseases, fewer studies have reached immunological and immunoprotective evaluations. Microalgae-made vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus, malaria, influenza, human papilloma, and Zika viruses have been explored in their capacity to induce humoral or cellular immune responses and protective efficacies against experimental challenges. Therefore, specific pathogen antigens and immune system role are important and addressed in controlling these infections. Regarding non-communicable diseases, these vaccines have been investigated for breast cancer; microalgal-produced therapeutic molecules and microalgal-made interferon-α have been explored for hypertension and potential applications in treating viral infections and cancer, respectively. Thus, conducting immunological trials is emphasized, discussing the promising results observed in terms of immunogenicity, desired immune response for controlling affections, and challenges for achieving the desired protection levels. The potential advantages and hurdles associated with this innovative approach are highlighted, underlining the relevance of assessing immune responses in preclinical and clinical trials to validate the efficacy of these biopharmaceuticals. The promising future of this healthcare technology is also envisaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Trujillo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., México
- CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wolstenholme AJ, Andersen EC, Choudhary S, Ebner F, Hartmann S, Holden-Dye L, Kashyap SS, Krücken J, Martin RJ, Midha A, Nejsum P, Neveu C, Robertson AP, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Walker R, Wang J, Whitehead BJ, Williams PDE. Getting around the roundworms: Identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities for the ascarids. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 123:51-123. [PMID: 38448148 PMCID: PMC11143470 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The ascarids are a large group of parasitic nematodes that infect a wide range of animal species. In humans, they cause neglected diseases of poverty; many animal parasites also cause zoonotic infections in people. Control measures include hygiene and anthelmintic treatments, but they are not always appropriate or effective and this creates a continuing need to search for better ways to reduce the human, welfare and economic costs of these infections. To this end, Le Studium Institute of Advanced Studies organized a two-day conference to identify major gaps in our understanding of ascarid parasites with a view to setting research priorities that would allow for improved control. The participants identified several key areas for future focus, comprising of advances in genomic analysis and the use of model organisms, especially Caenorhabditis elegans, a more thorough appreciation of the complexity of host-parasite (and parasite-parasite) communications, a search for novel anthelmintic drugs and the development of effective vaccines. The participants agreed to try and maintain informal links in the future that could form the basis for collaborative projects, and to co-operate to organize future meetings and workshops to promote ascarid research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Erik C Andersen
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhanva S Kashyap
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ankur Midha
- Institute for Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Nejsum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Tours, ISP, Nouzilly, France
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Robert Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jianbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | | | - Paul D E Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palkumbura PGAS, Mahakapuge TAN, Wijesundera RRMKK, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Rajapakse RPVJ. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1409. [PMID: 38338687 PMCID: PMC10855138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral-nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Ashani S. Palkumbura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wu F, Chen X, Du Z, Chen Y, Tong D, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ma G, Du A. Proteomic differences between extracellular vesicles and extracellular vesicle-depleted excretory/secretory products of barber's pole worm. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:17. [PMID: 38217036 PMCID: PMC10785392 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Components of excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of helminths have been proposed as vaccine targets and shown to play a role in modulating host immune responses for decades. Such research interest is further increased by the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the ESPs of parasitic worms. Although efforts have been made to reveal the cargos of EVs, little is known about the proteomic differences between EVs and canonical ESPs released by parasitic worms from animals. METHODS The total ESPs of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) were obtained by short-term in vitro culturing of young adult worms, and small EVs were isolated from ESPs using an ultracentrifugation method. Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) label-free Nano-LC-MS/MS was used to quantify the proteomic difference between small EVs and EV-depleted ESPs of H. contortus. Functional annotation and enrichment of the differential proteins were performed regarding cellular components, molecular functions, pathways, and/or biological processes. RESULTS A total of 1697 proteins were identified in small EVs and EV-depleted ESPs of H. contortus adult worms, with 706 unique proteins detected in the former and 597 unique proteins in the latter. It was revealed that proteins in small EVs are dominantly cytoplasmic, whereas proteins in EV-depleted ESPs are mainly extracellular; canonical ESPs such as proteases and small GTPases were abundantly detected in small EVs, and SCP/TAP-, DUF-, and GLOBIN domain-containing proteins were mainly found in EV-depleted ESPs. Compared with well-characterised proteins in small EVs, about 50% of the proteins detected in EV-depleted ESPs were poorly characterised. CONCLUSIONS There are remarkable differences between small EVs and EV-depleted ESPs of H. contortus in terms of protein composition. Immune modulatory effects caused by nematode ESPs are possibly contributed mainly by the proteins in small EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhendong Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanqiong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Danni Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingju Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ng'etich AI, Amoah ID, Bux F, Kumari S. Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:62. [PMID: 38114766 PMCID: PMC10730643 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment. This approach has increasingly gained appeal as the standard strategy for tackling emerging infectious diseases, most of which are zoonoses. Treatment with anthelmintics (AHs) without a doubt minimizes the severe consequences of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs); however, evidence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development to different helminths of practically every animal species and the distinct groups of AHs is overwhelming globally. In this regard, the correlation between the application of anthelmintic drugs in both human and animal populations and the consequent development of anthelmintic resistance in STHs within the context of a One-Health framework is explored. This review provides an overview of the major human and animal STHs, treatment of the STHs, AR development and drug-related factors contributing towards AR, One-Health and STHs, and an outline of some One-Health strategies that may be used in combating AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Imali Ng'etich
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu F, Wu J, Chen X, Zhou J, Du Z, Tong D, Zhang H, Huang Y, Yang Y, Du A, Ma G. A secreted BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domain-containing protein of barber's pole worm interacts with host NLRP3 inflammasome activation-associated G protein subunit to inhibit IL-1β and IL-18 maturation in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323:110052. [PMID: 37865081 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors are major components of excretory/secretory products released by parasitic nematodes and have been proposed to play roles in host-parasite interactions. Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm) encodes for several serine protease inhibitors, and in a previous study we identified a trypsin inhibitor-like serine protease inhibitor of this blood-feeding nematode, SPI-I8, as necessary for anticoagulation. Here, we demonstrated that a bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor/Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (BPTI/Kunitz) domain-containing protein highly expressed in parasitic stages, HCON_00133150, is involved in suppressing proinflammatory cytokine production in mammalian cells. Fluorescent labelling of HCON_00133150 revealed a punctate localisation at the inner hypodermal membrane of H. contortus, an organ closely related to the excretory column. Yeast two-hybrid screening and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry identified that the recombinant HCON_00133150 physically interacted with a range of host proteins including the G protein subunit beta 1 of sheep (Ovis aries; OaGNB1), a negative regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, heterologous expression of HCON_00133150 enhanced the inhibitory effect of OaGNB1 on NLRP3 inflammasome and the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in transfected cells. 1-to-1 orthologues (n = 33) of BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domain-containing proteins were predicted in clades III, IV and V (but not clade I) parasitic nematodes. Structural (tandem BPTI/Kunitz inhibitor domains inverted into the globular reticulation) and functional (a GNB1 enhancer) characterisation of HCON_00133150 and its orthologues elucidated that these molecules might contribute to immune suppression by parasitic nematodes in animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain and Brain-machine integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhendong Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Danni Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zheng Y, Young ND, Song J, Gasser RB. Genome-Wide Analysis of Haemonchus contortus Proteases and Protease Inhibitors Using Advanced Informatics Provides Insights into Parasite Biology and Host-Parasite Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12320. [PMID: 37569696 PMCID: PMC10418638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity within the animal kingdom is associated with extensive molecular diversity. The expansion of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data sets for invertebrate groups and species with unique biological traits necessitates reliable in silico tools for the accurate identification and annotation of molecules and molecular groups. However, conventional tools are inadequate for lesser-known organismal groups, such as eukaryotic pathogens (parasites), so that improved approaches are urgently needed. Here, we established a combined sequence- and structure-based workflow system to harness well-curated publicly available data sets and resources to identify, classify and annotate proteases and protease inhibitors of a highly pathogenic parasitic roundworm (nematode) of global relevance, called Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). This workflow performed markedly better than conventional, sequence-based classification and annotation alone and allowed the first genome-wide characterisation of protease and protease inhibitor genes and gene products in this worm. In total, we identified 790 genes encoding 860 proteases and protease inhibitors representing 83 gene families. The proteins inferred included 280 metallo-, 145 cysteine, 142 serine, 121 aspartic and 81 "mixed" proteases as well as 91 protease inhibitors, all of which had marked physicochemical diversity and inferred involvements in >400 biological processes or pathways. A detailed investigation revealed a remarkable expansion of some protease or inhibitor gene families, which are likely linked to parasitism (e.g., host-parasite interactions, immunomodulation and blood-feeding) and exhibit stage- or sex-specific transcription profiles. This investigation provides a solid foundation for detailed explorations of the structures and functions of proteases and protease inhibitors of H. contortus and related nematodes, and it could assist in the discovery of new drug or vaccine targets against infections or diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Zheng
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Neil D. Young
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Jiangning Song
- Department of Data Science and AI, Faculty of IT, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Monash Data Futures Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang T, Koukoulis TF, Vella LJ, Su H, Purnianto A, Nie S, Ang CS, Ma G, Korhonen PK, Taki AC, Williamson NA, Reid GE, Gasser RB. The Proteome and Lipidome of Extracellular Vesicles from Haemonchus contortus to Underpin Explorations of Host-Parasite Cross-Talk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10955. [PMID: 37446130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many parasitic worms have a major adverse impact on human and animal populations worldwide due to the chronicity of their infections. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are intimately involved in modulating (suppressing) inflammatory/immune host responses and parasitism. As one of the most pathogenic nematodes of livestock animals, Haemonchus contortus is an ideal model system for EV exploration. Here, employing a multi-step enrichment process (in vitro culture, followed by ultracentrifugation, size exclusion and filtration), we enriched EVs from H. contortus and undertook the first comprehensive (qualitative and quantitative) multi-omic investigation of EV proteins and lipids using advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and informatics methods. We identified and quantified 561 proteins and 446 lipids in EVs and compared these molecules with those of adult worms. We identified unique molecules in EVs, such as proteins linked to lipid transportation and lipid species (i.e., sphingolipids) associated with signalling, indicating the involvement of these molecules in parasite-host cross-talk. This work provides a solid starting point to explore the functional roles of EV-specific proteins and lipids in modulating parasite-host cross-talk, and the prospect of finding ways of disrupting or interrupting this relationship to suppress or eliminate parasite infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tiana F Koukoulis
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Huaqi Su
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Adityas Purnianto
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pérez-Hernández T, Hernández JN, Machín C, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, Matthews JB, Burgess STG, González JF. Exploring the transcriptomic changes underlying recombinant vaccine efficacy against Teladorsagia circumcincta in 3-month-old lambs. Vet Parasitol 2023; 320:109960. [PMID: 37269732 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Teladorsagia circumcincta is an abomasal parasitic nematode that can cause serious issues in small ruminant production, which are aggravated by drug resistance. Vaccines have been suggested as a feasible, long-lasting alternative for control since adaptation to the host's immune mechanisms by helminths develops at a much slower pace than anthelmintic resistance. Recently, a T. circumcincta recombinant subunit vaccine yielded over a 60% reduction in egg excretion and worm burden and induced strong humoral and cellular anti-helminth responses in vaccinated 3-month-old Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) lambs, but Canaria Sheep (CS) of a similar age were not protected by the vaccine. Here, we compared the transcriptomic profiles in the abomasal lymph nodes of such 3-month-old CHB and CS vaccinates 40 days after infection with T. circumcincta to understand differences in responsiveness at the molecular level. In the CS, differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified were related to general immunity processes such as antigen presentation or antimicrobial proteins and down-regulation of inflammation and immune response through regulatory T cell-associated genes. However, upregulated genes in CHB vaccinates were associated with type-2 oriented immune responses, i.e., immunoglobulin production, activation of eosinophils, as well as tissue structure and wound repair-related genes and protein metabolism pathways such as DNA and RNA processing. These results highlight potentially more optimal timing and orientation of immune responses in CHB sheep compared to CS associated with vaccine-induced protection. The data obtained in this study thus deepens our understanding of variations in responsiveness to vaccination in young lamb and provides insights for vaccine refinement strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara Pérez-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Julia N Hernández
- Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Cynthia Machín
- Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorge F González
- Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ye L, Zhang Y, Wu S, Wang Z, Liu F, Wang C, Hu M. Immunoprotection Efficacy of Con A-Purified Proteins against Haemonchus contortus in Goats. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111891. [PMID: 36366399 PMCID: PMC9696691 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are important pathogens that infect animals, causing significant economic losses globally. Current repeated treatments have led to widespread anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations, so vaccine development offers an alternative control approach. However, only one effective vaccine (named Barbervax) has been developed to protect animals against one of the most pathogenic nematodes of ruminants—Haemonchus contortus (the barber’s pole worm). This vaccine contains a dominant component, Concanavalin A (Con A) purified H11 antigen, which has been shown to induce high levels (>85%) of immune protection in sheep breeds, but in goat breeds, the immunoprotection test of this native protein is still lacking. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of low-dose Con A-purified proteins for controlling the H. contortus infection in goats. Four-month-old Boer goats were equally divided into two vaccinated groups of 5 μg and 10 μg native proteins, and one adjuvant control. Each goat was immunized subcutaneously thrice and then challenged with 7000 infective third-stage larvae (L3s). The fecal egg count (FEC), degree of anemia, antibody levels of serum and abomasum mucosa, as well as worm burdens, were detected in experimental goats. Our results showed that both 5 μg and 10 μg vaccinated groups induced the effective protection in goats, reduced mean FEC by 71.8% and 68.6%, and mean worm burdens by 69.8% and 61.6%, respectively, compared to the adjuvant control. In addition, we detected that the serum antibody responses to the Con A-purified proteins were dominated by the IgG subtype, but the mucosal antibody responses were not detected. These data demonstrate Con A-purified proteins induced effective immunoprotection in goats, and underline their significance for controlling this widespread parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang C, Liu L, Wang T, Liu X, Peng W, Srivastav RK, Zhu XQ, Gupta N, Gasser RB, Hu M. H11-induced immunoprotection is predominantly linked to N-glycan moieties during Haemonchus contortus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034820. [PMID: 36405717 PMCID: PMC9667387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes are one of the largest groups of animals on the planet. Many of them are major pathogens of humans, animals and plants, and cause destructive diseases and socioeconomic losses worldwide. Despite their adverse impacts on human health and agriculture, nematodes can be challenging to control, because anthelmintic treatments do not prevent re-infection, and excessive treatment has led to widespread drug resistance in nematode populations. Indeed, many nematode species of livestock animals have become resistant to almost all classes of anthelmintics used. Most efforts to develop commercial anti-nematode vaccines (native or recombinant) for use in animals and humans have not succeeded, although one effective (dead) vaccine (Barbervax) has been developed to protect animals against one of the most pathogenic parasites of livestock animals – Haemonchus contortus (the barber’s pole worm). This vaccine contains native molecules, called H11 and H-Gal-GP, derived from the intestine of this blood-feeding worm. In its native form, H11 alone consistently induces high levels (75-95%) of immunoprotection in animals against disease (haemonchosis), but recombinant forms thereof do not. Here, to test the hypothesis that post-translational modification (glycosylation) of H11 plays a crucial role in achieving such high immunoprotection, we explored the N-glycoproteome and N-glycome of H11 using the high-resolution mass spectrometry and assessed the roles of N-glycosylation in protective immunity against H. contortus. Our results showed conclusively that N-glycan moieties on H11 are the dominant immunogens, which induce high IgG serum antibody levels in immunised animals, and that anti-H11 IgG antibodies can confer specific, passive immunity in naïve animals. This work provides the first detailed account of the relevance and role of protein glycosylation in protective immunity against a parasitic nematode, with important implications for the design of vaccines against metazoan parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ratnesh Kumar Srivastav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Nishith Gupta
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani (BITS-P), Hyderabad, India
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Robin B. Gasser, ; Min Hu,
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Robin B. Gasser, ; Min Hu,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adduci I, Sajovitz F, Hinney B, Lichtmannsperger K, Joachim A, Wittek T, Yan S. Haemonchosis in Sheep and Goats, Control Strategies and Development of Vaccines against Haemonchus contortus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182339. [PMID: 36139199 PMCID: PMC9495197 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic blood-feeding parasitic nematode in sheep and goats, threatening animal welfare and causing tremendous economic losses to the small ruminant industry. This comprehensive review article sums up current control strategies, worm-derived antigens and recent advances in anti-Haemonchus vaccine development. New insights into antigen engineering and general considerations for clinical trials are discussed here. Abstract The evolutionary success of parasitic worms causes significant economic losses and animal health problems, including in the small ruminant industry. The hematophagous nematode Haemonchus contortus is a common endoparasite that infects wild and domestic ruminants worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. To date, the most commonly applied control strategy is the administration of anthelminthic drugs. The main disadvantages of these chemicals are their ecotoxic effects, the necessary withdrawal period (especially important in dairy animals) and the increasing development of resistance. Vaccines offer an attractive alternative control strategy against Haemonchus infections. In previous years, several potential vaccine antigens prepared from H. contortus using the latest technologies have been assessed in clinical trials using different methods and strategies. This review highlights the current state of knowledge on anti-H. contortus vaccines (covering native, recombinant and DNA-based vaccines), including an evaluation, as well a discussion of the challenges and achievements in developing protective, efficient, and long-lasting vaccines to control H. contortus infection and haemonchosis in small ruminants. This paper also addresses novel developments tackling the challenge of glycosylation of putative candidates in recombinant form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Adduci
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Floriana Sajovitz
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Barbara Hinney
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Anja Joachim
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Shi Yan
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Identification of Somatic Proteins in Haemonchus Contortus Infective Larvae (L 3) and Adults. Helminthologia 2022; 59:143-151. [PMID: 36118367 PMCID: PMC9444209 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is considered the most pathogenic nematode in sheep production systems based on grazing. Comparing infective larvae (L3) with adult parasites can lead to the identification of proteins that play an important role in parasite-host interactions. In this study, we report a list of H. contortus somatic proteins and made a comparative analysis of somatic proteins of L3 and adult worms. L3 and adult parasites were subjected to protein extraction and subsequently to peptide fractionation. Peptides were analysed by mass spectrometry and LC-MS/MS data analysis. Data analysis and search on SEQUEST and MASCOT against H. contortus from the WormBase ParaSite database resulted in the identification of 775 unique peptide sequences corresponding to 227 proteins at 1 % FDR. From these, 18 proteins were specific to L3 and 63 to adult parasites. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the proteins specific to L3 and adult worms to gain insight into cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes that affect the parasite-host interaction showed some differences between the two parasite stages. The list of proteins found provides a database to identify target proteins that could be useful as biomarkers of the infection or in the generation of anthelmintic drugs that inhibit proteins essential for the establishment of the infection and the survival of adult parasites. They can also serve as new candidates for vaccine research.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liang M, Lu M, Aleem MT, Zhang Y, Wang M, Wen Z, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. Identification of excretory and secretory proteins from Haemonchus contortus inducing a Th9 immune response in goats. Vet Res 2022; 53:36. [PMID: 35597967 PMCID: PMC9123704 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells have been shown to play crucial roles in anti-parasite immunity, pathogenic microbe infection, and allergy. Previous studies have demonstrated that Haemonchus contortus excretory and secretory proteins (HcESPs) induce the proliferation of Th9 cells and alter the transcriptional level of IL-9 as well as its related pathways in the Th9 immune response after infection. However, the exact molecule(s) in HcESPs inducing the Th9 immune response is not yet known. In this study, flow cytometry, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and shotgun liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) were used, and a total of 218 proteins from HcESPs that might interact with goat Th9 cells were identified. By in vitro culture of Th9 cells with HcESPs, 40 binding proteins were identified. In vivo, 38, 47, 42 and 142 binding proteins were identified at 7, 15, 35 and 50 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. Furthermore, 2 of the 218 HcESPs, named DNA/RNA helicase domain containing protein (HcDR) and GATA transcription factor (HcGATA), were confirmed to induce the proliferation of Th9 cells and promote the expression of IL-9 when incubated with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This study represents a proteomics-guided investigation of the interactions between Th9 cells and HcESPs. It provides a new way to explore immunostimulatory antigens among HcESPs and identifies candidates for immune-mediated prevention of H. contortus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyue Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Differences in the protection elicited by a recombinant Teladorsagia circumcincta vaccine in weaned lambs of two Canarian sheep breeds. Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Tian X, Lu M, Bu Y, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Liang M, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Immunization With Recombinant Haemonchus contortus Y75B8A.8 Partially Protects Local Crossbred Female Goats From Haemonchus contortus Infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:765700. [PMID: 35445096 PMCID: PMC9014092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.765700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus Y75B8A.8 (Hc8) derived from H. contortus excretory–secretory (ES) products was identified as a functional inhibitor of goat interleukin 2 (IL-2). It may act as a vaccine candidate for the development of therapeutic strategies against H. contortus infection. In this research, recombinant Hc8 (rHc8) and goat anti-rHc8 polyclonal antibodies were employed to evaluate the protective capacities of Hc8 antigen against H. contortus infections via active and passive immunization trials, respectively. In both trials, local crossbred female goats aged 9–12 months old were randomly divided into three groups, five in each group, respectively. Parasitological examinations, including fecal egg counts (FEC), cumulative FEC (cFEC), and worm burdens, were performed. In addition, antibody levels in mucosal homogenate (MH) samples and hematological and immunological parameters were detected. In the passive trial, goats were intravenously immunized with 5 mg total IgG containing anti-rHc8 goat polyclonal antibodies. After twice immunization, compared with the challenged control group, cFEC was reduced by 39%. In addition, there was a 46% reduction of worm burdens compared with the challenged controls. In the active immunization trials, 500 μg of recombinant Hc8 protein was given subcutaneously twice to 9–12-month-old local crossbred female goats with a 2-week interval, resulting in the generation of high levels of antigen-specific circulating antibodies. Besides, cFEC and abomasal worm burden were reduced by 70 and 55%, respectively, compared with the challenged control group. In addition, immunized goats had higher mucosal homogenate IgA and hemoglobin levels than the challenged controls in both passive and active immunization trials. These preliminary results demonstrated the immunoprophylactic effects of Hc8 antigen and will inform new studies on ES proteins in developing subunit recombinant vaccines against H. contortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Tian
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Airs PM, Vaccaro K, Gallo KJ, Dinguirard N, Heimark ZW, Wheeler NJ, He J, Weiss KR, Schroeder NE, Huisken J, Zamanian M. Spatial transcriptomics reveals antiparasitic targets associated with essential behaviors in the human parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010399. [PMID: 35390105 PMCID: PMC9017939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by mosquito-transmitted nematodes that afflicts over 60 million people. Control of LF relies on routine mass drug administration with antiparasitics that clear circulating larval parasites but are ineffective against adults. The development of effective adulticides is hampered by a poor understanding of the processes and tissues driving parasite survival in the host. The adult filariae head region contains essential tissues that control parasite feeding, sensory, secretory, and reproductive behaviors, which express promising molecular substrates for the development of antifilarial drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics. We have adapted spatial transcriptomic approaches to map gene expression patterns across these prioritized but historically intractable head tissues. Spatial and tissue-resolved data reveal distinct biases in the origins of known drug targets and secreted antigens. These data were used to identify potential new drug and vaccine targets, including putative hidden antigens expressed in the alimentary canal, and to spatially associate receptor subunits belonging to druggable families. Spatial transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful resource to aid gene function inference and seed antiparasitic discovery pipelines across helminths of relevance to human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Airs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathy Vaccaro
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kendra J. Gallo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Heimark
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kurt R. Weiss
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Schroeder
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wen Z, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. The GT1-TPS Structural Domain Protein From Haemonchus contortus Could Be Suppressive Antigen of Goat PBMCs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787091. [PMID: 35058927 PMCID: PMC8764253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), a key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, is not present in mammals but critical to the viability of a wide range of lower organisms. However, almost nothing is known about the function of Hc-TPS (GT1-TPS structural domain protein from Haemonchus contortus). In this study, Hc-TPS gene was cloned and the recombinant protein (rHc-TPS) was expressed and purified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed that Hc-TPS was transcribed at different stages of H. contortus, with higher levels of transcription at the molting and embryo stages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hc-TPS was widely distributed in adults, but the expression was mainly localized on the mucosal surface of the intestine as well as in the embryos of female worms. The impacts of rHc-TPS on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, transcriptional expression of cytokines, and related pathways were examined by co-incubating rHc-TPS with goat PBMCs. The results showed that rHc-TPS significantly inhibited PBMC proliferation and NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that rHc-TPS activated the interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3) axis and significantly promoted SOCS3 expression, while inhibiting interferon-gamma (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-9, and IL-2 pathways. Our findings may contribute to understanding the immune evasion mechanism for the parasite during host-parasite interactions and also help to provide ideas for discovering new drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bunte MJM, Schots A, Kammenga JE, Wilbers RHP. Helminth Glycans at the Host-Parasite Interface and Their Potential for Developing Novel Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:807821. [PMID: 35083280 PMCID: PMC8784694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.807821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms that have successfully co-evolved with their host immune system to sustain long-term infections. Their successful parasitism is mainly facilitated by modulation of the host immune system via the release of excretory-secretory (ES) products covered with glycan motifs such as Lewis X, fucosylated LDN, phosphorylcholine and tyvelose. Evidence is accumulating that these glycans play key roles in different aspects of helminth infection including interactions with immune cells for recognition and evasion of host defences. Moreover, antigenic properties of glycans can be exploited for improving the efficacy of anti-helminthic vaccines. Here, we illustrate that glycans have the potential to open new avenues for the development of novel biopharmaceuticals and effective vaccines based on helminth glycoproteins.
Collapse
|
22
|
Swan J, Sakthivel D, Beddoe T, Stear M, Piedrafita D, Preston S. Evaluation of the Role of Galectins in Parasite Immunity. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2442:475-515. [PMID: 35320542 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2055-7_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-11 (LGALS-11) and galectin-14 (LGALS-14) are ruminant specific galectins, first reported in sheep. Although their roles in parasite immunity are still being elucidated, it appears that they influence protection against parasites. In gastrointestinal infections with the nematode Haemonchus contortus, both galectin-11 and galectin-14 appear to be protective. However, in a chronic infection of liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, these galectins may aid parasite survival. To unravel the structural, functional, and ligand profile of galectin-11 and galectin-14, recombinant production of these proteins is vital. Here we present the recombinant production of soluble galectin-11 and galectin-14 from domestic sheep for in vitro and structural biology studies. These methods include parasite cultivation and infection, galectin staining of host and parasite tissue, surface staining of parasites with recombinant galectins, pull-down assays to identify endogenous galectin binding proteins, and in vitro assays to monitor the effect of galectins on parasite development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Swan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for Agri Bioscience (Agri Bio), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dhanasekaran Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for Agri Bioscience (Agri Bio), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Stear
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for Agri Bioscience (Agri Bio), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wen Z, Xie X, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. In vitro characterization of Haemonchus contortus trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase and its immunomodulatory effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:611. [PMID: 34930417 PMCID: PMC8685816 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP6) is a key enzyme in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway. The accumulation of TPP6 inside the body is harmful to the pathogen, but almost nothing is currently known about the function of TPP6 from Haemonchus contortus (CRE-GOB-1). Methods The H. contortus CRE-GOB-1 (HcGOB) gene was cloned and recombinant protein of GOB (rHcGOB) was expressed; transcription of the HcGOB gene at different developmental stages of H. contortus was then studied. The spatial expression pattern of the HcGOB gene in adult female and male worms was determined by both quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and immunofluorescence. The binding of the rHcGOB protein to goat PBMCs was assessed by immunofluorescence assay. The immunomodulatory impacts of rHcGOB on cell proliferation, nitric oxide generation and cytokine secretion were assessed by co-culture of rHcGOB protein with goat PBMCs. Results The HcGOB protein was transcribed in eggs, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) and adults of H. contortus, with the highest transcript levels found in the egg stage. The transcript levels were significantly elevated in iL3s after manual desheathing. HcGOB was widely distributed in adult worms where it was mainly localized in the gut and gonads. rHcGOB was observed to bind to PBMCs and also to be recognized by sera collected from a goat infected with H. contortus. rHcGOB significantly activated the interleukin-10/transforming growth factor β/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-10/TGF-β/STAT3) pathway in PBMCs while suppressing the transcription and expression of IL-4 and IL-17. Conclusions These results suggest that the HcGOB gene plays an important role in the development, parasitism and reproduction of H. contortus. The rHcGOB protein affected the immunomodulatory function of PBMCs in the in vitro study, suggesting that this protein would be a promising vaccine target. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05115-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoHai Wen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XinRan Xie
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Metabolizable energy balance in hair sheep lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2021; 300:109620. [PMID: 34801871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In sheep, infection with Haemonchus contortus may increase the need for energy, and this demand may vary according to the infection level. In this study, the energy intake, digestibility, and energy retention of lambs artificially infected with different levels of H. contortus were estimated. A total of 24 hair sheep lambs reared parasite-free were experimentally infected with H. contortus at one of three infection levels: non-infected (n = 6); infected with 300 infective larvae (L3) of H. contortus/kg body weight (BW) (n = 9); and infected with 500 H. contortus L3/kg BW (n = 9). The lambs were fed for an individual weight gain of 100 g/day, and intake of organic matter (OMI) and gross energy (GEI), digestible (DEI) and metabolizable energy (MEI) were measured weekly. The digestibility of organic matter (OMD) and GE (GED) and the metabolizable energy (ME) balance adjusted to zero nitrogen balance (MEadj) were measured for each lamb during the prepatent and patent periods of infection. From day 21 post-infection (PI), the individual eggs per gram (EPG) of feces and the total number of eggs in feces (TEF) were estimated weekly. After humane slaughter on day 42 PI, the worm burden (WB) was determined. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to estimate the relationships between the parasitological variables (L3, EPG, TEF and WB) and the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, MEadj). During the prepatent period, there were no significant relationships of L3 with the response variables (OMI, GEI, DEI, MEI, OMD, GED, ME, MEadj). Similarly, during the patent period, no relationship was evident between infection (EPG, TEF or WB) and OMI, GEI, DEI, GED, OMD, ME or MEadj. Thus, the gradient of H. contortus infection examined in the present study did not influence energy balance in hair sheep lambs, and infection did not impose any detectable energy cost. Further studies are needed to fully assess the impact of H. contortus infection on energy metabolism in hair sheep.
Collapse
|
25
|
Immune reactivity and host modulatory roles of two novel Haemonchus contortus cathepsin B-like proteases. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:580. [PMID: 34798906 PMCID: PMC8603344 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemonchus contortus is a blood-feeding, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) that causes significant economic losses to the small ruminant industry worldwide. Despite extensive efforts, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by GIN to evade host immune responses is limited. Cathepsin B-like proteins (CBPs) are members of the cysteine protease family and are involved in parasite invasion and thus provide viable vaccine candidates. METHODS In silico comparative analysis was used to identify conserved proteins among a subset of clade V parasitic nematodes with emphasis on blood-feeding worms, among which CBPs appeared prominently. We identified and characterized two novel CBPs designated Hc-CBP-1 and Hc-CBP-2. Rabbit anti-recombinant (r) Hc-CBP-1 and rHc-CBP-2 were used to detect the presence of native proteins in the excretory secretory products (ESP) and in worm tissues of adult H. contortus. Peptide arrays of rHc-CBP-1 and rHc-CBP-2 were screened with the homologous and heterologous anti-sera and with sera from dexamethasone-treated (Dex+) and non-treated (Dex-) H. contortus-infected animals to identify key immunogenic peptides. Gene transcription of Hc-cbp-1 and Hc-cbp-2 was also performed on H. contortus-infected animals treated with Dex+. Finally, the mature recombinant proteins were used to assess their abilities to modulate cell functions. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry showed that both Hc-CBP-1 and Hc-CBP-2 are present on the brush borders of the intestine; Hc-CBP-2 was also present in the hypodermis of the body wall. Peptide displays screened with rabbit anti-rHc-CBP-1 and anti-rHc-CBP-2 revealed regions within the proteins where dominant and overlapping epitopes prevailed. ELISA results were consistent with only Hc-CBP-1 being present in H. contortus adult ESPs. H. contortus from Dex+ animals exhibited a threefold increase in Hc-cbp-2 transcript while Hc-cbp-1 expression did not change. In contrast, comparisons of immunoreactivities of rHc-CBP-1 and rHc-CBP-2 peptide arrays to sera from Dex+ and Dex- animals primarily showed changes in Hc-CBP-1 binding. Lastly, rHc-CBP-1 suppressed mRNA expression of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cell cytokines/activation markers, including TNFα, IL-1, IL-6 and CD86. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that as secreted and cryptic proteins, respectively, Hc-CBP-1 and Hc-CBP-2 influence cellular and immunological activities that have interesting dynamics during infection and may provide viable immune-related targets for attenuating H. contortus infectivity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Human infections with helminth worm parasites are extraordinarily prevalent across tropical and subtropical parts of the world, and control relies primarily on drugs that offer short-term suppression of infection. There is an urgent need for new vaccines that would confer long-lived immunity, protecting children in particular and minimizing community transmission. AREAS COVERED : This article discusses the development of helminth vaccines, from the first successful veterinary vaccines that demonstrated the feasibility of inducing protective immunity to helminths, to more recent initiatives to test human helminth antigens. The field has focussed primarily on evaluating individual antigens that could constitute targets amenable to antibody attack to inhibit parasite establishment. In a new direction, vaccines employing extracellular vesicles released by helminths have also given exciting results. EXPERT OPINION : Taking into account the complex life cycles and sophisticated immune evasion strategies of many helminths, a combination of antigens and approaches designed to target essential functional pathways of the parasite will be required to achieve a high level of protection in future anti-helminth vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,CONTACT Rick M. Maizels Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, GlasgowG12 8TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lu M, Tian X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Aimulajiang K, Tian AL, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. The excretory-secretory antigen HcADRM1 to generate protective immunity against Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 2021; 148:1497-1508. [PMID: 34193327 PMCID: PMC11010155 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The prevention, treatment and control of Haemonchus contortus have been increasingly problematic due to its widespread occurrence and anthelmintic resistance. There are very few descriptions of recombinant antigens being protective for H. contortus, despite the success of various native antigen preparations, including Barbervax. We recently identified an H. contortus excretory–secretory antigen, H. contortus adhesion-regulating molecule 1 (HcADRM1), that served as an immunomodulator to impair host T-cell functions. Given the prophylactic potential of HcADRM1 protein as a vaccine candidate, we hereby assessed the efficacies of HcADRM1 preparations against H. contortus infection. Parasitological and immunological parameters were evaluated throughout all time points of the trials, including fecal egg counts (FEC), abomasal worm burdens, complete blood counts, cytokine production profiles and antibody responses. Active vaccination with recombinant HcADRM1 (rHcADRM1) protein induced protective immunity in inoculated goats, resulting in reductions of 48.9 and 58.6% in cumulative FEC and worm burdens. Simultaneously, passive administration of anti-HcADRM1 antibodies generated encouraging levels of protection with 46.7 and 56.2% reductions in cumulative FEC and worm burdens in challenged goats. In addition, HcADRM1 preparations-immunized goats showed significant differences in mucosal and serum antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, total mucosal IgA levels, haemoglobin values and circulating interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A production compared to control goats in both trials. The preliminary data of these laboratory trials validated the immunoprophylactic effects of rHcADRM1 protein. It can be pursued as a potential vaccine antigen to develop an effective recombinant subunit vaccine against H. contortus under field conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province730046, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Drurey C, Maizels RM. Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune system. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:124-133. [PMID: 34246032 PMCID: PMC8636279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As long-lived parasites, helminths depend upon immunomodulation of their hosts for survival. The release of excretory-secretory (ES) products, including proteins, lipids and RNAs is how successful host manipulation is achieved. It has recently been discovered that the ES products of helminths contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), with every species investigated found to secrete these lipid-bound structures. EVs are perfect for packaging and delivering immune modulators to target cell types. This review outlines the research carried out on helminth EVs and their constituents thus far, as well as their interaction with components of the mammalian immune system. We discuss how targeting EVs will aid treatment of helminth infection and consider how EVs and their immunomodulatory cargo could be used as therapeutics as we progress through this exciting era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang T, Gasser RB. Prospects of Using High-Throughput Proteomics to Underpin the Discovery of Animal Host-Nematode Interactions. Pathogens 2021; 10:825. [PMID: 34209223 PMCID: PMC8308620 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes impose a significant public health burden, and cause major economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Due to the widespread of anthelmintic resistance and lack of effective vaccines for most nematode species, there is an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic and vaccine targets, informed through an understanding of host-parasite interactions. Proteomics, underpinned by genomics, enables the global characterisation proteins expressed in a particular cell type, tissue and organism, and provides a key to insights at the host-parasite interface using advanced high-throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomic technologies. Here, we (i) review current mass-spectrometry-based proteomic methods, with an emphasis on a high-throughput 'bottom-up' approach; (ii) summarise recent progress in the proteomics of parasitic nematodes of animals, with a focus on molecules inferred to be involved in host-parasite interactions; and (iii) discuss future research directions that could enhance our knowledge and understanding of the molecular interplay between nematodes and host animals, in order to work toward new, improved methods for the treatment, diagnosis and control of nematodiases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Taki AC, Byrne JJ, Wang T, Sleebs BE, Nguyen N, Hall RS, Korhonen PK, Chang BC, Jackson P, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. High-Throughput Phenotypic Assay to Screen for Anthelmintic Activity on Haemonchus contortus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070616. [PMID: 34206910 PMCID: PMC8308562 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms cause very significant diseases in animals and humans worldwide, and their control is critical to enhance health, well-being and productivity. Due to widespread drug resistance in many parasitic worms of animals globally, there is a major, continuing demand for the discovery and development of anthelmintic drugs for use to control these worms. Here, we established a practical, cost-effective and semi-automated high throughput screening (HTS) assay, which relies on the measurement of motility of larvae of the barber’s pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) using infrared light-interference. Using this assay, we screened 80,500 small molecules and achieved a hit rate of 0.05%. We identified three small molecules that reproducibly inhibited larval motility and/or development (IC50 values of ~4 to 41 µM). Future work will critically assess the potential of selected hits as candidates for subsequent optimisation or repurposing against parasitic nematodes. This HTS assay has a major advantage over most previous assays in that it achieves a ≥ 10-times higher throughput (i.e., 10,000 compounds per week), and is thus suited to the screening of libraries of tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of compounds for subsequent hit-to-lead optimisation or effective repurposing and development. The current assay should be adaptable to many socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes, including those that cause neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This aspect is of relevance, given the goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) Roadmap for NTDs 2021–2030, to develop more effective drugs and drug combinations to improve patient outcomes and circumvent the ineffectiveness of some current anthelmintic drugs and possible drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya C. Taki
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Joseph J. Byrne
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Brad E. Sleebs
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Chemical Biology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ross S. Hall
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Bill C.H. Chang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Paul Jackson
- Johnson & Johnson, Global Public Health, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.C.T.); (J.J.B.); (T.W.); (B.E.S.); (R.S.H.); (P.K.K.); (B.C.H.C.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kļaviņa A, Keidāne D, Šukele R, Bandere D, Kovaļčuka L. Traditional Latvian herbal medicinal plants used to treat parasite infections of small ruminants: A review. Vet World 2021; 14:1548-1558. [PMID: 34316202 PMCID: PMC8304419 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1548-1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous treatment agents offering prophylaxis against livestock parasites are commercially available. However, because of increasing antiparasitic drug resistance, the increased popularity of environmentally friendly lifestyle choices, and organic farming, there is more demand for new alternatives to livestock anthelmintic control strategies and medications. It is important to develop antiparasitics that are safe, effective, inexpensive, and environmentally safe. Local, traditional herbal plants such as tansy, mugwort, wormwood, and heather may serve as treatments for intestinal parasites of sheep. This overview provides knowledge of traditional Latvian plants with antiparasitic activities to establish a database for further research to develop new herbal antiparasitic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alīna Kļaviņa
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Dace Keidāne
- Institute of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Renāte Šukele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.,Department of Pharmacy, Red Cross Medical College of Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rīga Stradiņš University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.,Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, LV1007, Latvia
| | - Līga Kovaļčuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, LV-3004, Jelgava, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Machín C, Corripio-Miyar Y, Hernández JN, Pérez-Hernández T, Hayward AD, Wright HW, Price DRG, Matthews JB, McNeilly TN, Nisbet AJ, González JF. Cellular and humoral immune responses associated with protection in sheep vaccinated against Teladorsagia circumcincta. Vet Res 2021; 52:89. [PMID: 34134748 PMCID: PMC8207578 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to increased anthelmintic resistance, complementary methods to drugs are necessary to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Vaccines are an environmentally-friendly and promising option. In a previous study, a Teladorsagia circumcincta recombinant sub-unit vaccine was administered to two sheep breeds with different levels of resistance against GIN. In the susceptible Canaria Sheep (CS) breed, vaccinates harboured smaller worms with fewer eggs in utero than the control group. Here, we extend this work, by investigating the cellular and humoral immune responses of these two sheep breeds following vaccination and experimental infection with T. circumcincta. In the vaccinated CS group, negative associations between antigen-specific IgA, IgG2 and Globule Leukocytes (GLs) with several parasitological parameters were established as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio than in control CS animals, suggesting a key role in the protection induced by the vaccine. In the more resistant Canaria Hair Breed (CHB) sheep the vaccine did not significantly impact on the parasitological parameters studied and none of these humoral associations were observed in vaccinated CHB lambs, although CHB had higher proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells within the abomasal lymph nodes, suggesting higher mucosal T cell activation. Each of the component proteins in the vaccine induced an increase in immunoglobulin levels in vaccinated groups of each breed. However, levels of immunoglobulins to only three of the antigens (Tci-MEP-1, Tci-SAA-1, Tci-ASP-1) were negatively correlated with parasitological parameters in the CS breed and they may be, at least partially, responsible for the protective effect of the vaccine in this breed. These data could be useful for improving the current vaccine prototype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Machín
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | | | - Julia N Hernández
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain.
| | - Tara Pérez-Hernández
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge F González
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu F, Zhang H, Zhou J, Wu J, Tong D, Chen X, Huang Y, Shi H, Yang Y, Ma G, Yao C, Du A. The trypsin inhibitor-like domain is required for a serine protease inhibitor of Haemonchus contortus to inhibit host coagulation. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1015-1026. [PMID: 34126100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-feeding nematode, inhibits blood coagulation at the site of infection to facilitate blood-sucking and digesting for successful parasitism. However, the mechanism underlying anti-coagulation at the host-parasite interface is largely unknown. In the current study, Hc-spi-i8, which has two greatly different transcripts named Hc-spi-i8a and Hc-spi-i8b, respectively, was described. Hc-SPI-I8A was a serine protease inhibitor containing a trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine rich (TIL) domain, while Hc-SPI-I8B was not. Hc-SPI-I8A/B were primarily expressed in the hypodermis, intestines and gonads in the parasitic stages of H. contortus. Hc-SPI-I8A interacted with Ovis aries TSP1-containing protein (OaTSP1CP), which was determined by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), pull down and co-localization experiments. The blood clotting time contributed by the TIL domain was prolonged by Hc-SPI-I8A. Hc-SPI-I8A is most likely interfering in the extrinsic coagulation cascade by interacting with OaTSP1CP through its TIL domain and intrinsic coagulation cascade by an unknown mechanism. These findings depict a crucial point in the host-parasite interaction during H. contortus colonization, which should contribute to drug discovery and vaccine development in fighting against this important parasite worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danni Tong
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengzhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Three Small Molecule Entities (MPK18, MPK334 and YAK308) with Activity against Haemonchus contortus In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092819. [PMID: 34068691 PMCID: PMC8126080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to widespread multi-drug resistance in parasitic nematodes of livestock animals, there is an urgent need to discover new anthelmintics with distinct mechanisms of action. Extending previous work, here we screened a panel of 245 chemically-diverse small molecules for anti-parasitic activity against Haemonchus contortus—an economically important parasitic nematode of livestock. This panel was screened in vitro against exsheathed third-stage larvae (xL3) of H. contortus using an established phenotypic assay, and the potency of select compounds to inhibit larval motility and development assessed in dose-response assays. Of the 245 compounds screened, three—designated MPK18, MPK334 and YAK308—induced non-wildtype larval phenotypes and repeatedly inhibited xL3-motility, with IC50 values of 45.2 µM, 17.1 µM and 52.7 µM, respectively; two also inhibited larval development, with IC50 values of 12.3 µM (MPK334) and 6.5 µM (YAK308), and none of the three was toxic to human liver cells (HepG2). These findings suggest that these compounds deserve further evaluation as nematocidal candidates. Future work should focus on structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies of these chemical scaffolds, and assess the in vitro and in vivo efficacies and safety of optimised compounds against adults of H. contortus.
Collapse
|
35
|
The immunogenic maturation of goat monocyte-derived dendritic cells and upregulation of toll-like receptors by five antigens of Haemonchus contortus in-vitro. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:247-258. [PMID: 33721712 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was found that several proteins of Haemonchus contortus were involved in the stimulation of the host immune system. However, the information about the selection of superlative antigens with immunogenic efficacies on host DCs is lacking. In the current study, the stimulatory effects of five recombinant proteins (elongation factor-1α, arginine kinase, ES-15, ES-24, and ADP-ribosylation factor 1) of H. contortus on the maturation of goat monocyte-derived dendritic cells (md-DCs) were reported. Recombinant proteins were purified separately in E. coli expression and incubated with isolated goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) results confirmed the binding of these molecules to the md-DC's surface as compared to control groups. In the flow cytometry analysis, recombinant proteins induced md-DC stimulation via the up-regulation of the expression of the costimulatory molecule (CD80) and MHC-II. Quantitative RT-PCR data showed a significant increase in the expression of specific genes of the WNT and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways. The result of ELISA indicated the higher levels of cytokine (IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) secretion in the md-DC compared to the negative (pET-32a His-Tag) and blank (PBS) control groups. The data gives valuable support in the selection of potential antigens for future studies on the immunomodulation of the host against the infection of H. contortus.
Collapse
|
36
|
Arsenopoulos KV, Fthenakis GC, Katsarou EI, Papadopoulos E. Haemonchosis: A Challenging Parasitic Infection of Sheep and Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020363. [PMID: 33535656 PMCID: PMC7912824 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper reviews the challenges about haemonchosis-a significant and common parasitic infection of small ruminants. Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic parasite that localises in the abomasum of affected animals and exerts its pathogenicity by blood-sucking activity, adversely affecting the health and productivity of animals. The first challenge is the uneven distribution of the infection globally, this being more prevalent in tropical and subtropical and warm temperate and summer rainfall regions than in cool and cold temperate and arid regions; hence, this leads in differences in the approaches required for its control. Another challenge is the widespread presence of Haemonchus strains resistant to the various anthelmintics available: Benzimidazoles, imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones, closantel and monepantel, which makes the control of the infection difficult. The third challenge refers to the difficulty of diagnosing the disease, given that field evidence can provide suspicion about the infection, which needs to be subsequently confirmed by laboratory tests through parasitological or molecular techniques. The final challenge relates to the difficulties in the control of the infection and the necessity to use pharmaceutical products cautiously and with a planned approach, to avoid further development of anthelmintic resistance, also given that use of a recently licenced vaccine is not widespread. In conclusion, at the moment, we should be concerned, but not worried, about this infection, and apply correctly the appropriate health management plans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Arsenopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - George C. Fthenakis
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.F.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Eleni I. Katsarou
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece; (G.C.F.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Herath HMPD, Taki AC, Sleebs BE, Hofmann A, Nguyen N, Preston S, Davis RA, Jabbar A, Gasser RB. Advances in the discovery and development of anthelmintics by harnessing natural product scaffolds. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:203-251. [PMID: 33482975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Widespread resistance to currently-used anthelmintics represents a major obstacle to controlling parasitic nematodes of livestock animals. Given the reliance on anthelmintics in many control regimens, there is a need for the continued discovery and development of new nematocides. Enabling such a focus are: (i) the major chemical diversity of natural products; (ii) the availability of curated, drug-like extract-, fraction- and/or compound-libraries from natural sources; (iii) the utility and practicality of well-established whole-worm bioassays for Haemonchus contortus-an important parasitic nematodes of livestock-to screen natural product libraries; and (iv) the availability of advanced chromatographic (HPLC), spectroscopic (NMR) and spectrometric (MS) techniques for bioassay-guided fractionation and structural elucidation. This context provides a sound basis for the identification and characterisation of anthelmintic candidates from natural sources. This chapter provides a background on the importance and impact of helminth infections/diseases, parasite control and aspects of drug discovery, and reviews recent work focused on (i) screening well-defined compound libraries to establish the methods needed for large-scale screening of natural extract libraries; (ii) discovering plant and marine extracts with nematocidal or nematostatic activity, and purifying bioactive compounds and assessing their potential for further development; and (iii) synthesising analogues of selected purified natural compounds for the identification of possible 'lead' candidates. The chapter describes some lessons learned from this work and proposes future areas of focus for drug discovery. Collectively, the findings from this recent work show potential for selected natural product scaffolds as candidates for future development. Developing such candidates via future chemical optimisation, efficacy and safety evaluations, broad spectrum activity assessments, and target identification represents an exciting prospect and, if successful, could pave the way to subsequent pre-clinical and clinical evaluations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H M P Dilrukshi Herath
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aya C Taki
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad E Sleebs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lu M, Tian X, Zhang Y, Wang W, Tian AL, Aimulajiang K, Liu L, Li C, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Protection studies of an excretory-secretory protein HcABHD against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Res 2021; 52:3. [PMID: 33407892 PMCID: PMC7786147 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the successful immunization of native H. contortus antigens that contributed to the realization of the first commercial vaccine Barbervax, not many studies revealed the encouraging protective efficacies of recombinant H. contortus antigens in laboratory trials or under field conditions. In our preliminary study, H. contortus α/β-hydrolase domain protein (HcABHD) was demonstrated to be an immunomodulatory excretory-secretory (ES) protein that interacts with goat T cells. We herein evaluated the protective capacities of two HcABHD preparations, recombinant HcABHD (rHcABHD) antigen and anti-rHcABHD IgG, against H. contortus challenge via active and passive immunization trials, respectively. Parasitological parameter, antibody responses, hematological pathology and cytokine profiling in unchallenged and challenged goats were monitored and determined throughout both trials. Subcutaneous administration of rHcABHD with Freund adjuvants elicited protective immune responses in challenged goats, diminishing cumulative fecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm burden by 54.0% and 74.2%, respectively, whereas passive immunization with anti-rHcABHD IgG conferred substantial protection to challenged goats by generating a 51.5% reduction of cumulative FEC and a 73.8% reduction of total worm burden. Additionally, comparable changes of mucosal IgA levels, circulating IgG levels, hemoglobin levels, and serum interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17A levels were observed in rHcABHD protein/anti-rHcABHD IgG immunized goats in both trials. Taken together, the recombinant version of HcABHD might have further application under field conditions in protecting goats against H. contortus infection, and the integrated immunological pipeline of ES antigen identification, screening and characterization may provide new clues for further development of recombinant subunit vaccines to control H. contortus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lianrui Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Risk Factors and Severity of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Selected Small Ruminants from Malaysia. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040208. [PMID: 33353135 PMCID: PMC7766997 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of smallholder sheep and goat flocks is constrained by high morbidity and mortality of young stock due to helminthosis and coccidiosis. We hypothesized that gastrointestinal parasites are prevalent and may cause severe infections amongst small ruminants in Malaysia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between March and December 2019 to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and levels of infection with gastrointestinal strongyle and coccidia in selected smallholder goat flocks in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A total of 257 blood and fecal samples and management data were collected from four farms in Negeri Sembilan. Gastrointestinal parasites were detected by routine sodium chloride floatation, and the McMaster technique was used to quantify the fecal eggs/oocysts per gram outputs (EPG/OPG). The severity of infection was classified as mild (50–799), moderate (800–1200), or severe (>1200). The packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by microhematocrit centrifugation and classified as anemic or non-anemic. Coprological examination revealed an overall prevalence of 78.6% (CI = 72.74–83.44) and 100% flock level prevalence of strongyle and coccidia infection among goats from Negeri Sembilan with a higher infection in flock A-Lenggeng (95.6%) than B-Senawang (87.3%), D-Mendom (80.6%), or C-Seremban (60.0%). The co-infections of strongyle + Eimeria (50.6; CI = 44.50 to 56.64) were more common than single infections of either strongyle (16.7%; CI = 12.66 to 21.78) or Eimeria (4.3%; CI = 2.41 to 7.50). Quantitative analysis has revealed different (p < 0.05) patterns of EPG/OPG in various categories of goats. In total, there were 49.8% mild, 8.6% moderate, and 13.6% severe infections of strongyle and 40.1% mild, 6.6% moderate, and 19.8% severe infections of coccidia among goats. The mean PCV of goats with severe strongyle infection (24.60 ± 0.85) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the moderate (26.90 ± 1.15), or mild (28.23 ± 0.50) infections and the uninfected (30.4 ± 0.71). There were increased odds of infection with strongyle and coccidia among female (OR = 3.2) and adult (OR = 11.0) goats from smallholder flocks in Negeri Sembilan. In conclusion, gastrointestinal strongyles and coccidia occur at high frequency among smallholder goats, and there is a higher risk of infection amongst the adult and female stock.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) infection persists all over the world particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Various review articles have been published to substantially cover one or more aspects of its morphology, prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, immune response, drug resistance, treatment, and control measure. The objective of this paper is to briefly review past and present information available in the aforementioned areas in one place to enable the readers to fully understand the problem from a broader perspective. H. contortus parasite harbours in abomasum of affected animal and feeds on its blood, producing mild to severe symptoms and even death in acute form. The parasite thus inflicts heavy production losses and is of economic importance. H. contortus has developed diverse characters over the years leading to limited success in the production of vaccines. Indiscriminate use of the anthelmintics has produced drug resistance against almost all conventional products. Efficacy of medicinal plants and non-conventional chemicals has been reported under controlled experiments; however, research on their adverse effects on growth and fertility is yet to be studied. Research on molecular tools for identification and introduction of resistant genes into the flock is also underway but still a long journey to find its field application. Crossbreeding may compromise the production traits of the existing flock. In given circumstances, a targeted selective treatment approach along with selective breeding, culling of more susceptible animals, and maintaining a good body condition score through the provision of a balanced diet remains a workable strategy to control haemonchosis in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Nabila Roohi
- Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aimulajiang K, Wen Z, Tian X, Lakho SA, Zhang Y, Naqvi MAUH, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. Unveiling the Immunomodulatory Characteristics of Haemonchus contortus Ephrin Domain Containing Protein in the Parasite-Host Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112137. [PMID: 33213045 PMCID: PMC7698521 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory products (HcESPs) contain many proteins that can perform various functions including modulating the host immune response. Recent studies indicate that IL-9 can be secreted by a specialized population of T cells called Th9 cells, which mediate anti-parasite immunity. Furthermore, HcESPs could enhance goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived Th9 cells production. Ephrin domain containing protein (EPH) was identified as one of the HcESPs that can be isolated from different stages of this helminth. Nonetheless, the understanding of immunomodulatory roles of EPH on Th9 and other immune cells remains limited. In this study, the correlation between recombinant H. contortus Ephrin domain containing protein(rHcEPH)and goat PBMCs significantly enhanced Th9 cells differentiation, IL-9 expression, cell apoptosis efficiency, and cell migration, whereas cell proliferation was suppressed significantly depending on the concentration. Our findings illustrated that rHcEPH protein is linked to modulate the host immune cells and could enhance protective immunity by inducing Th9 cells secreted IL-9 in vitro. Abstract Ephrin domain containing protein (EPH), a significant excreted and secreted product (ESPs) of Haemonchus contortus, has been identified to have antigenic functions. Over the past years, a new subset of CD4 + T named as T helper 9 cells that secrete interleukin-9 (IL-9) as a signature cytokine is associated with tumor immunity and allergy. Nonetheless, the understanding of immunomodulatory roles of EPH on goat Th9 and other immune cells remains limited. Herein, EPH from H. contortus (HcEPH) was cloned and expressed in pET-28a. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was carried-out to localize rHcEPH within H. contortus adult worms and to bind with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Besides, the impact of rHcEPH on signature cytokine IL-9 expression in goat PBMCs was evaluated. Flow cytometry was employed to examine Th9 cells production and cell apoptosis. The results revealed success in the expression and localization of rHcEPH in surface of adult H. contortus gut sections. According to IFA analysis, the rHcEPH protein was capable to react precisely with anti-H. contortus antibodies. Further functional analysis showed that correlation between rHcEPH and host PBMCs significantly enhanced Th9 cell differentiation, IL-9 expression, cell apoptosis efficiency, and cell migration, whereas cell proliferation was suppressed significantly depending on the concentration. Our observations indicated that rHcEPH protein is linked to modulate the host immune cells and could enhance protective immunity by inducing Th9 responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruofeng Yan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395904; Fax: +86-25-84399000
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Castilla-Gómez de Agüero V, González JF, Hernández JN, Valderas-García E, Rojo Vázquez FA, Arranz JJ, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Martínez-Valladares M. Differences within Churra breed sheep in the early immune response to the infection by Teladorsagia circumcincta. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:1115-1120. [PMID: 33179152 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study describes early immunological mechanisms that underlie resistance to Teladorsagia circumcincta infection in adult Churra sheep. After a first experimental infection, 6 animals were classified as resistant (RG) and 6 as susceptible (SG) to T. circumcincta infection based on their cumulative faecal egg count (cFEC) at the end of the infection. RG showed higher IgA levels against somatic antigen of T. circumcincta fourth-larvae stage (L4) in serum at day 3 post-infection (pi) (p < 0.05) and close to significance at day 21 pi (p = 0.06). Moreover, a strong negative correlation between cFEC and specific IgA was only significant in RG at day 3 pi (r = - 0.870; p < 0.05), but absent in SG. At the end of this infection, sheep were treated with moxidectin and infected again 3 weeks later to be slaughtered at day 7 pi. At necropsy, the specific IgA levels in gastric mucosa were similar between groups; the absence differences at day 7 pi could be due to a previous increase in the IgA response, probably around day 3 pi, as described during the first infection. L4 burden, 68% lower in RG than in SG, was influenced by the specific IgA in gastric mucus and the number of γδ T cells. RG group showed a positive correlation between γδ T cells and eosinophils (r = 0.900; p = 0.037); however, this correlation was not found in SG. These results show that these two phenotypes show different early immune response pattern to T. circumcincta infection in Churra sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castilla-Gómez de Agüero
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, Leon, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - Jorge F González
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Julia N Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Elora Valderas-García
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, Leon, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - Francisco A Rojo Vázquez
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, Leon, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan José Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain
| | | | - María Martínez-Valladares
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de León, Grulleros, Leon, Spain.
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad de León, Leon, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Huang Y, Li H, Wang C, Xu X, Yu H, Meng J, Qi X, Wang B, Pan B. De novo assembly and discovery of genes related to blood digestion in the transcriptome of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109246. [PMID: 32992158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae is an economically important blood-feeding ectoparasite affecting layer chicken farms in many countries. Similar to other blood-feeding arthropods, the blood-meal digestion plays a key role in the survival and reproduction of D. gallinae. The knowledge of the genes involved in blood digestion processes may provide new targets for drug and vaccine against the red mites. In the present study, we sequenced and de novo assembled the transcriptomes of unfed and fed adult red mites using Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology. Up to 40,506 unigenes were assembled, and 13,018 unigenes were identified and annotated. GO analysis of the annotated unigenes clustered into three main GO terms. The dominant GO terms of biological processes were cellular process and metabolic process, the prevailing GO terms of the cellular component were cell part and membrane part, and the dominant GO terms of molecular functions were catalytic and binding activities. Up to 6,443 annotated sequences were assigned to 246 active pathways by KEGG analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis identified 2,877 unigenes with upregulated 2,094 and downregulated 783 in fed female mites compared with unfed female mites. The biological function of these DEGs was further investigated using the KEGG and GO databases. The upregulated DEGs were potentially involved in nutrient metabolism, highlighting their importance in red mite biology. Quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) validated that the expression levels of the selected six upregulated DEGs were consistent with those in RNA-seq, indicating that the transcriptomic data are reliable. The present study provides valuable and fundamental knowledge that improves our understanding of the physiology of D. gallinae digestion at a molecular level. Moreover, these transcriptomic data will facilitate the identification of novel function genes and candidate antigens for the development of effective vaccines or drug targets to control D. gallinae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuanwen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - He Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jali Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bohan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ehsan M, Hu RS, Liang QL, Hou JL, Song X, Yan R, Zhu XQ, Li X. Advances in the Development of Anti- Haemonchus contortus Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030555. [PMID: 32971770 PMCID: PMC7565421 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a resident of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide that imposes significant production losses, economic losses, and animal health issues in the small ruminant industry, particularly sheep and goats. Considerable efforts have been made to understand how immunity is elicited against H. contortus infection. Various potential vaccine antigens have been tested by different methods and strategies applied in animal models, and significant progress has been made in the development of vaccines against H. contortus. This review highlighted and shared the knowledge about the current understanding of host immune responses to H. contortus and ongoing challenges in the development of a protective, effective, and long-lasting vaccine against H. contortus infection. We have also pinpointed some achievements and failures in the development and testing of vaccines, which will establish a road map for future research directions to explore new effective vaccine candidates for controlling and preventing H. contortus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-354-628-8993
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cortés A, Rooney J, Bartley DJ, Nisbet AJ, Cantacessi C. Helminths, hosts, and their microbiota: new avenues for managing gastrointestinal helminthiases in ruminants. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:977-985. [PMID: 32530331 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence is emerging of complex interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of ruminants and the resident gut flora, with likely implications for the pathophysiology of worm infection and disease. Similarly, recent data point toward the occurrence of a GI nematode (GIN)-specific microbiota, with potential roles in worm fundamental physiology and reproduction. Parasite-microbiota relationships might represent potential targets for the development of novel parasiticides. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review current knowledge of the role(s) that host- and helminth-associated microbiota play in ruminant host-parasite relationships, and outline potential avenues for the control of GIN of farmed ruminants via the manipulation of resident microbial species with putative functions in infection establishment, host-immune modulation, and/or parasite fitness and survival. EXPERT OPINION In order for this knowledge to be translated into practical applications, we argue that several aspects of the nematode-microbiota cross-talk must be addressed, including (i) the causality of interactions between the parasite, the gut microbiota, and the host immune system, (ii) the modes of action of dietary prebiotics and probiotics, (iii) the mechanisms by which diet supplementation aids the development of resistance/tolerance to GI helminth infections and (iv) the composition of the GIN microbiome and its role(s) in parasite biology and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasotologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València , València, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | - James Rooney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bu Y, Cao M, Tian X, Lu M, Li J, Mao D, Yu L, Memon MA, Li C, Xu L, Song X, Yan R, Li X. HcFAR, a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 identified from excretory and secretory products of Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109236. [PMID: 32961509 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus has developed complexed and multifaceted mechanisms of immune evasion to enable the survival in the host. Generating excretion and secretion products (ESPs) to subvert or suppress the functions of host cytokines is a newly immune regulatory pattern found during recent years. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has critical immune regulatory functions in nematode infections. In this study, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay was used to identify the goat TGF-β1 binding proteins from HcESPs. The interaction between TGF-β1 and nematode fatty acid retinoid binding domain containing protein of H. contortus (HcFAR) was analyzed by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-pull down assay. The suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion was observed by co-incubation of rHcFAR and TGF-β1 with goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The IgA concentrations were determined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Meanwhile, the suppressive effect of rHcFAR on TGF-β1-induced T helper (Th) 9 differentiation was investigated by co-incubation of rHcFAR, TGF-β1 and interleukin (IL)-4 with goats PBMCs. In parallel, IL-4 was replaced by IL-6 to determine the effects on the Th17 differentiation. The transcriptions of IL-9 and IL-17 in PBMCs were then evaluated by real-time PCR. Finally, we found that HcFAR from HcESPs could bind to goat TGF-β1 in vitro. The ELISA results of IgA showed that 40 μg/mL rHcFAR could suppress the IgA secretion of PBMCs induced by TGF-β1. Additionally, rHcFAR (at 10 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL) could inhibit the mRNA transcription of IL-9 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-4. Meanwhile, rHcFAR could also downregulate the transcription of IL-17 induced by TGF-β1 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that HcFAR was a functional inhibitor of goat TGF-β1 and this information may help contribute to understanding of the relationship between the ESPs and host cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Bu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Man Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Mingmin Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Junjie Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Dingyi Mao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Lin Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Ali Memon
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States; Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Atcheson E, Skuce PJ, Oliver NAM, McNeilly TN, Robinson MW. Calicophoron daubneyi-The Path Toward Understanding Its Pathogenicity and Host Interactions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:606. [PMID: 33088831 PMCID: PMC7500092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Atcheson
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A M Oliver
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Robinson
- Microbes and Pathogen Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yang X, Khan S, Zhao X, Zhang J, Nisar A, Feng X. Suppression of hyaluronidase reduces invasion and establishment of Haemonchus contortus larvae in sheep. Vet Res 2020; 51:106. [PMID: 32854758 PMCID: PMC7534805 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a hematophagous endoparasite of small ruminants, which is responsible for huge economic losses in livestock sector. Hyaluronidase produced by infective larvae of H. contortus can degrade hyaluronic acid present in the host’s abomasal tissue. Thus, it facilitates larval tissue invasion and early establishment. We herein explored this ability of hyaluronidase in H. contortus, and tested whether hyaluronidase is utilized as a virulence factor by H. contortus while establishing the infection. We first successfully blocked the hyaluronidase gene in L3 larvae by RNA interference (RNAi), which was subsequently confirmed by qPCR, enzymatic activity, and immunohistochemistry assays. Using these larvae we then conducted in vivo and in vitro assays on sheep to assess the effects of hyaluronidase suppression on larval invasion and establishment of infection. The in vivo assay showed a significant drop in worm burden in siRNA treated group in comparison to control group. During in vitro assay we applied an ovine ex vivo model where siRNA treated group of larvae showed significantly reduced invasion of the abomasal tissue explants as compared to control group. These findings indicate that hyaluronidase plays a key role in host’s tissue invasion and larval establishment, and it is used as a virulence factor by H. contortus while establishing the infection. As an invasive virulence molecule, its functional research is thus conducive to the prevention of haemonchosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshu Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochao Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayesha Nisar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sakthivel D, Preston S, Gasser RB, Costa TPSD, Hernandez JN, Shahine A, Shakif-Azam MD, Lock P, Rossjohn J, Perugini MA, González JF, Meeusen E, Piedrafita D, Beddoe T. The oligomeric assembly of galectin-11 is critical for anti-parasitic activity in sheep (Ovis aries). Commun Biol 2020; 3:464. [PMID: 32826940 PMCID: PMC7442640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of glycan-binding molecules with a characteristic affinity for ß-D-glycosides that mediate a variety of important cellular functions, including immune and inflammatory responses. Galectin-11 (LGALS-11) has been recently identified as a mediator induced specifically in animals against gastrointestinal nematodes and can interfere with parasite growth and development. Here, we report that at least two natural genetic variants of LGALS-11 exist in sheep, and demonstrate fundamental differences in anti-parasitic activity, correlated with their ability to dimerise. This study improves our understanding of the role of galectins in the host immune and inflammatory responses against parasitic nematodes and provides a basis for genetic studies toward selective breeding of animals for resistance to parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- School of Science, Psychology and, Sport, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for Agri Bioscience (Agri Bio), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah Preston
- School of Science, Psychology and, Sport, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tatiana P Soares da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Julia N Hernandez
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Adam Shahine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - M D Shakif-Azam
- School of Science, Psychology and, Sport, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- Bioimaging Platform, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Jorge Francisco González
- Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas, Spain
| | - Els Meeusen
- School of Science, Psychology and, Sport, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- School of Science, Psychology and, Sport, Federation University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia.
| | - Travis Beddoe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science and Centre for Agri Bioscience (Agri Bio), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ma G, Gasser RB, Wang T, Korhonen PK, Young ND. Toward integrative 'omics of the barber's pole worm and related parasitic nematodes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104500. [PMID: 32795511 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry and computational biology have facilitated the identification, annotation and analysis of genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites in model nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus) and socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes (Clades I, III, IV and V). Significant progress has been made in genomics and transcriptomics as well as in the proteomics and lipidomics of Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm) - one of the most pathogenic representatives of the order Strongylida. Here, we review salient aspects of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, glycomics and functional genomics, and discuss the rise of integrative 'omics of this economically important parasite. Although our knowledge of the molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry of H. contortus and related species has progressed significantly, much remains to be explored, particularly in areas such as drug resistance, unique/unknown genes, host-parasite interactions, parasitism and the pathogenesis of disease, by integrating the use of multiple 'omics methods. This approach should lead to a better understanding of H. contortus and its relatives at a 'systems biology' level, and should assist in developing new interventions against these parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|