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Kome Fondzenyuy S, Shingo Usami D, González-Hernández B, Brown L, Morris A, Persia L. Developing improved crash prevention approaches through in-depth investigation of motorcycle crash causation patterns. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32866. [PMID: 38975199 PMCID: PMC11225811 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in road safety, Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) remain a vulnerable group with disproportionately high crash rates. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of PTW crashes in six European countries, with a case study of Loss of Control in Curves (LoCC), to address the gap between crash causation and prevention. By examining crash causation factors and their linkage to prevention strategies, the study illustrates various approaches for connecting causes and countermeasures. These approaches, which are applicable to different crash scenarios, include looking forward in the crash causation chains, looking backward, looking at only the last cause (critical events), or the first cause, or following a systemic approach. The research introduces a set of guidelines following the safe system approach, aiming to enhance the understanding of crash prevention among policymakers. The systemic approach to countermeasures, bridges the shortcomings of traditional crash causation studies that may exhibit bias or a narrow focus on "root causes". The proposed approach emphasizes the need for a comprehensive view of crash scenarios (i.e., considering the entire crash causation chain or multiple causation chains) and ensuring that preventive measures address the full spectrum of the system. It also takes in to account external factors such as cost, benefits, and politics, leading to improved road safety outcomes. The study findings are significant for researchers, since it is a step forward in in-depth crash causation studies, as well as road practitioners and policymakers, in providing a strategic framework for more effective and efficient road safety interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Kome Fondzenyuy
- Centro di Ricerca per il Trasporto e la Logistica (CTL), Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Davide Shingo Usami
- Centro di Ricerca per il Trasporto e la Logistica (CTL), Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184, Roma, Italy
| | - Brayan González-Hernández
- Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering (DICEA), University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, P.O. 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Laurie Brown
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Andrew Morris
- Transport Safety Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Luca Persia
- Centro di Ricerca per il Trasporto e la Logistica (CTL), Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184, Roma, Italy
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Kusumastutie NS, Patria B, Kusrohmaniah S, Hastjarjo TD. Hazardous traffic scenarios for motorcyclists in Indonesia: a comprehensive insight from police accident data and self-reports. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38683671 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2024.2335495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Motorcycle safety remains a concern in low- and middle-income countries. This study addresses this issue by identifying hazardous scenarios for motorcyclists in Indonesia. We conducted a two-step cluster analysis and injury analysis to examine motorcycle accidents based on the police accident dataset (2020-2021) of Brebes Regency, Indonesia. We integrated the findings with accident self-reports from 104 young motorcyclists using a joint display to obtain a more comprehensive insight. As a result, we identified four hazardous traffic scenarios: motorcycle-to-vehicle collisions on median roads, motorcycle-to-vehicle collisions on non-median roads, motorcycle-to-pedestrian collisions, and single-motorcycle collisions. We suggest countermeasures for each scenario and propose a public transport policy as a safer mobility solution. Applying a two-step cluster analysis on accident data and integrating the findings of accident data and self-report analysis proved beneficial in this study. Therefore, we encourage the use of this novel approach in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Srie Kusumastutie
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Road Transportation System Engineering Program, Politeknik Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan, Tegal, Indonesia
| | - Bhina Patria
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Kusrohmaniah
- Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Thombre A, Ghosh I, Agarwal A. Examining factors influencing the severity of motorized two-wheeler crashes in Delhi. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2024; 31:111-124. [PMID: 37882684 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2023.2267040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Failure to meet road safety targets has necessitated urgent actions from stakeholders worldwide, especially in developing countries like India. Road safety of motorized two-wheelers (MTWs), one of India's most preferred travel modes for urban commutes, is in danger and witnessing threatening figures of fatalities and injuries. Most of the studies in the domain of MTW safety were conducted in developed countries, with very limited research in countries having a significant proportion of MTWs. The present work investigates police-reported crash data to identify the contributory factors of motorized two-wheeler crash severity. Data from MTW crash-prone areas were selected from Delhi, which is leading in road traffic fatalities among the million-plus urban cities in India. A binary logistic regression model was developed using the data for 2016-2018 period. The model results show that the odds of fatal motorized two-wheeler crashes increase when the following circumstances apply: crash occurs on underpasses; involves bus, truck, heavy motor vehicle (lorry, crane) as the striking vehicle; when hit-and-run type of crash occurs and when older age-group (> = 55) riders are involved. Finally, based on the findings, countermeasures were suggested to facilitate policymakers and traffic enforcement agencies, in improving the road safety situation of MTW users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Thombre
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Indrajit Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Amit Agarwal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Choudhary A, Garg RD, Jain SS. Drivers' liability-based comparative severity analysis of motorized two-wheeler crashes. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:407-413. [PMID: 38165399 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2292003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate comparative severity analysis of motorized two-wheeler (MTW) crashes based on drivers' liability using police-reported a crash data base. METHODS Using crash data from 2016 to 2020, this study examines and analyses the key factors affecting the severity of MTW injuries in Dehradun. For analysis, the ordinal logistic approach is used because severity levels are attributed with natural ordering. Differentiating from past studies, this research distinguished between collisions in which MTW crashes were considered as first party (crash in which MTW rider is accountable) and second person (crash in which MTW rider is a victim). RESULTS Result suggests that age, pillion passenger, type of collision, road network, and impacting vehicle increase the seriousness of a crash in both cases. However, crash day, crash time, and light condition were found to be significant in the case of second-party crashes. Similarly, crash seriousness tends to decrease in first-party crashes, whereas it increases in the context of second-party crashes. CONCLUSION The statistical results were correlated with past studies to provide proper justification in order to provide a better understanding of small-displacement MTW fatal accidents in developing countries. Additionally, this research aids in the development of mitigation strategies and future research directions to improve the safety of MTW users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Choudhary
- Centre for Transportation Systems, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Rahul Dev Garg
- Department of Civil Engineering and Associate Faculty, Centre for Transportation Systems, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Sukhvir Singh Jain
- Department of Civil Engineering and Former Associate Faculty Centre for Transportation Systems, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
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Wei T, Zhu T, Lin M, Liu H. Predicting and factor analysis of rider injury severity in two-wheeled motorcycle and vehicle crash accidents based on an interpretable machine learning framework. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2024; 25:194-201. [PMID: 38019553 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2023.2284111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As one of the vulnerable road users in accidents, how to improve the two-wheeled motorcyclist's driving safety and reduce accident injury is a public health issue. Accurate identification of the factors influencing the severity of accidents is an important prerequisite for mitigating injury from crashes. METHODS Based on a vehicle and a two-wheeled motorcycle crash accident data from the China in-depth accident study database (CIDAS), this study uses the performance evaluation indicators of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, AUC, and the ROC curve. The classification and prediction performances of the six machine learning methods on the dataset are compared, and the LightGBM algorithm with the best performance is selected to model the accident injury severity of the motorcyclists. The SHAP method is used to extend the interpretability of the LightGBM model results. Based on the SHAP method, the importance, main effect, and the interaction effect of factors under each accident injury severity are quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS The model prediction accuracy is 92.6%, the F1-Score is 92.8%, and the AUC value is 0.986. The importance of factors varies with the accident injury severity of motorcyclists. The kilometers traveled per year by the driver, the throwing distance of the motorcyclist, and the road speed limit are the three most important factors. The motorcyclist is more likely to suffer fatal injuries when the throwing distance is >1,000 cm. CONCLUSIONS The prediction model of driver injury severity based on LightGBM algorithm has a good prediction performance. It can be used to analyze the influence factors of injury severity in two-wheeled motorcyclist accident by combining the model with SHAP method. These results could help the traffic management department to take measures to reduce accident injury of motorcyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Wei
- School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Miao Lin
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Haoxue Liu
- School of Automobile, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
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Ezeme C, Oladeji EO, Baiyewu LA, Okunola MO, Ogunlade SO. Motorcycle Road Traffic Injuries in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Reflection of the Trauma Care Crisis. Cureus 2023; 15:e51141. [PMID: 38152296 PMCID: PMC10751461 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motorcycle is a popular and growing form of intracity transportation in many Nigerian cities owing mainly to poorly developed transport systems. It contributes significantly to road traffic injuries (RTIs), which are a leading cause of death and disabilities in low- and middle-income countries. There is a lack of information on the quality of care received and the treatment outcome in patients with motorcycle RTIs in Ibadan and many cities in Nigeria. This study evaluated the characteristics of motorcycle-related RTIs, the quality of care received, and the outcome of the patients managed in a trauma reference center in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS This is a prospective cohort study. All patients involved in motorcycle road traffic crashes who presented to the emergency department of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, between August 2020 and May 2021, were included in the study. Data on patients' demographics, history of the crash, injuries sustained, definitive care, and the outcome of in-hospital care were obtained from patients (and/or their carers) and the medical records. RESULTS A total of 156 patients were seen, out of which 74.4% were males. About 76.2% were less than 45 years with a mean age of 35.7 ± 16.3 years, and the peak age group was 18-44 years. About 37 (23.7%) patients were involved in motorcycle/motorcycle collisions, whereas 67 (42.9%) were involved in motorcycle/car collisions. Riders accounted for 59.6% (93), and although 62% (97) of the patients presented within six hours of the crash, only 10.9% (17) presented within one hour. About 48% received some form of prehospital care rendered by officials of the Federal Road Safety Corps, police officers, or passers-by, and none was attended by a dedicated emergency ambulance team. The head and the limbs were the most affected anatomical areas, while orthopedic and neurosurgical procedures were the most required emergency surgical interventions. About 66.7% were discharged home with only 21.2% of them fit to return to pre-trauma function at discharge, and the mortality rate was 17.3%. Patients who presented at 7-24 hours (AOR = 2.99; 95% CI = 1.04-8.62; p-value = 0.043) and >24 hours after the accident (AOR = 5.65; 95% CI = 1.64-19.53; p-value = 0.006) were 2.99 and 5.65 times, respectively, more likely to die from motorcycle-related accident compared to those who presented within the first six hours. CONCLUSION This study identified the growing burden of disabilities and mortalities related to motorcycle RTIs. It highlights the lack of prehospital trauma care, which is a reflection of the deficiency of a national, regional, or jurisdictional trauma system and the critical need to develop a functional trauma system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Ezeme
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, NGA
- Department of Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, GBR
| | - Emmanuel O Oladeji
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, NGA
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St. Richard's Hospital, Chichester, GBR
| | | | - Michael O Okunola
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, NGA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NGA
| | - Samuel O Ogunlade
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, NGA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NGA
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Prajongkha P, Kanitpong K, Jensupakarn A. Factors contributing to the severity of motorcycle rear-end crashes in Thailand. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 24:89-93. [PMID: 36223540 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2127320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motorcycle (MC) rear-end collisions cause many serious injuries and deaths for MC riders. In Thailand, the MC crash investigation data revealed that 18% of all MC crashes were rear-end collisions, which accounted for 18% of all fatalities as well. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of injuries and deaths from MC rear-end collisions and factors that contribute to their severity level. Between 2016 and 2020, 141 MC rear-end crashes were thoroughly investigated throughout Thailand. METHOD The ordinal logistic analysis was conducted to analyze factors contributing to severe injuries. The analysis to rear-end collision models comprised four categories: M1 (n = 141) is all types of rear-end collisions to MC, and M2 (n = 114) is the rear-end collision due to other vehicles (OV) collided by MC, M3 (n = 72) is the rear-end collisions for traveling OV collided by MC, and M4 (n = 42) is the rear-end collision for MC hitting the parked OV. The outcomes are verified by the likelihood and Pseudo R2. RESULT When a MC collides with the rear of another vehicle, there are more fatalities than when other vehicles collide with the rear of a MC. Furthermore, the probability of death is higher if MCs collide with the rear-end of parking vehicles. As for the primary crash contributing factor, motorcyclists' perception failure was the most frequent. Experience, license status, driving conditions, speed, the time of the crash, the areas of the crash, and types of other vehicles involved significantly influence the severity of rear-end crashes. CONCLUSION In severe crashes, riders with perception failure are more likely to be involved. Based on the findings of this study, some policies and countermeasures can be drawn to prevent MC rear-end crashes and reduce their severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunnawee Kanitpong
- School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
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Miller L, Franklin RC, Watt K, Leggat PA. Travel-weary to travel-worry: the epidemiology of injury-related traveller deaths in Australia, 2006-2017. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:407-414. [PMID: 35298075 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore injury deaths in international and domestic interstate travellers, together with those newly arrived to Australia. METHODS A population-based cohort study of all injury-related deaths between 1January 2006 and 31 December 2017 registered with Births Death and Marriages in Australia was conducted using Australian Bureau of Statistics' (ABS) Cause of Death information. Population data on travellers were obtained from Tourism Research Australia. RESULTS There were 4,503 injury-related traveller deaths (domestic interstate:3,055; international:934; new arrivals:514). The average annual age-standardised mortality rates in domestic interstate travellers was 0.75 per 100,000, compared with 2.22 per 100,000 in international travellers. Leading causes of injury-related death were land transport incidents (n=1495, 33.2%), self-harm (n=786, 17.5%) and falls (n=513, 11.4%), with differences in mechanism by state/territory, traveller type and age group. Intentional self-harm was common amongst all visitor types, however, it was the primary cause of death in new arrivals Conclusion: Age-standardised mortality rates were almost three-fold higher in international than domestic travellers. New arrivals, international and domestic travellers have different injury profiles, and each require specific prevention strategies. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH While COVID has restricted travel to and within Australia, this has provided an opportunity for exploration, reflection, and consideration of risk factors for travellers, and to develop targeted injury prevention strategies for visitor types, so travel experience can be optimised and the magnitude of harm can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland
| | - Richard C Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland
| | - Kerrianne Watt
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland
| | - Peter A Leggat
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland
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Chung Y. An application of in-vehicle recording technologies to analyze injury severity in crashes between taxis and two-wheelers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2022; 166:106541. [PMID: 34958978 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventionally, the crash data used in traffic safety analysis have been collected by the police dispatched to the crash scene. Therefore, crash information inevitably includes errors that influence traffic safety analysis. Such errors can include the crash speed, crash time, crash location, and other crash characteristics. The advances in in-vehicle video recording (IVVR) technologies have recently enabled traffic safety professionals to use more accurate crash information based on crash data reconstruction methods. Although a few studies have been conducted to identify the factors affecting the crash injury severity using such detailed crash data, there was no effort to analyze the factors affecting the injury severity in crashes between taxis and two-wheelers (TWs), including bicycles and motorcycles. Therefore, this study analyzes the injury severity of TW riders in taxi-TW crashes with the accurate crash data collected by taxis equipped with IVVR devices in Incheon, Korea. Two hundred and forty-eight crash data from two years (2010-2011) were used to perform this objective. The factors affecting the injury severity to TW riders were identified based on a partial proportional odds model for these data. Seven variables were found to affect the injury severity significantly: crash speed, second collision, third collision, Delta-V, crashes that occurred with a non-helmeted motorcycle rider, crashes where the collision type was sideswipe, and crashes under rainy or snowy weather conditions. On the other hand, two variables regarding crashes, where the taxi driver behavior helped reduce visible and severe injuries, were changing lanes and the young TW riders (<18 years).
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Chen CF, Mu PJ. Multilevel analysis of injury severity of elderly motorcycle riders: The role of regional transport development. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2022; 23:102-106. [PMID: 35119323 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2022.2027925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research specifically focusing on the elderly segment of motorcycle riders remains largely scarce, which represents a serious lack in understanding given the fast-growing trend of aging societies around the world. This article examines factors affecting the injury severity of elderly motorcycle riders in Taiwan using a multilevel model consisting of both individual and municipality levels. In particular, this study emphasized the role of municipality-level factors closely related to the municipality characteristics and policy considerations in directing local governments' policies and implementing crash-prevention strategies and measures. METHODS A multilevel logistic regression model was specified and estimated by using crash data of elderly motorcycle riders across 20 municipalities in Taiwan between 2012 and 2018. Principal component analysis was employed to identify the municipality-level factors. RESULTS Individual-level factors such as being male, old age, no valid license, drunk driving, not wearing a helmet, turning or overtaking others, early morning and evening riding, errors in traffic signaling, and exceeding the speed limit have significant effects on injury severity. The highlighted municipality-level factor, the transport development index, demonstrates its significant effect on mitigating injury severity across municipalities. CONCLUSIONS Apart from considering individual factors such as driver-related, vehicle-related and road-side-related variables, this paper shed light on the role of transport development level of a municipality in analyzing the injury severity of elderly motorcycle riders. Policy implications in directing local governments' policies and implementing crash-prevention strategies and measures are discussed and provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fu Chen
- Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jen Mu
- Department of Transportation and Communication Management Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Santos K, Dias JP, Amado C, Sousa J, Francisco P. Risk factors associated with the increase of injury severity of powered two wheelers road accidents victims in Portugal. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2021; 22:646-650. [PMID: 34709936 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2021.1987421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with the increase of the injury severity of powered two wheelers (PTW) riders when involved in a road accident in Portugal. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 37769 PTW accidents that occurred in Portugal between 2010 and 2015 was performed. Injury severity was classified into 3 levels: minor injury, severe injury and fatal injury. An ordered logistic regression was applied to identify the potential risk factors that can affect PTW accidents severity. RESULTS The following factors increase the chances of more severe injuries: motorcycle in PTW category, rest days, 20 h to 5h59, clean and dry roads, Braga and Viana do Castelo regions, rural areas, bended roads, national roads, male rider, no helmet worn, blood alcohol content between 0.5 g/L and 0.8 g/L, truck involvement and other vehicle driver injured. CONCLUSIONS Special attention should be given to PTW accidents as they represent a large safety problem in Portugal. Understanding the risk factors that influence PTW accident severity is essential to develop safety countermeasures to improve road safety. Prevention plans should be promoted to improve the PTW riders safety. More control of the speed and of the alcohol blood content should be done by the authorities. PTW occupants should be alerted as well to use protective clothing and helmet. These results are important for the consideration of further measures to reduce the injury severity of PTW accidents in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Santos
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João P Dias
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Conceição Amado
- Department of Mathematics and CEMAT, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Sousa
- Department of Mathematics, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Francisco
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Bahardoust M, Karimi Behnagh A, Bagherifard A, Khodabandeh M, Emami SA, Ghasemi Assl S, Najd Mazhar F. Comparing the Severity of Injury and Trauma Pattern between Scooter and Street Motorcycle Riders; a Prospective Cohort Study. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2021; 9:e43. [PMID: 34223188 PMCID: PMC8221545 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v9i1.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The popularity of motorcycle riding in Iran is increasing. However, there is a lack of information about the safety of different motorcycle types. This study aimed to compare the severity of injury and trauma pattern between scooter (vespa) and street (standard) motorcycle riders. Method: In a prospective cohort study, a comparison of demographics, injury severity, trauma pattern, and clinical characteristics between 324 riders (162 Vespa and 162 standard motorcycles) admitted to emergency departments was undertaken. The risk factors associated with severe injuries in the two groups were also determined. An emergency medicine specialist determined the severity of trauma based on the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). Results: The Odds Ratio (OR) of severe injuries was significantly higher in the standard motorcycle riders’ group (OR: 3.09; 95% CI: 1.9-4.21; p: 0.013). The frequency of lower extremity fractures was significantly lower in the Vespa group (OR: 4.11; 95% CI: 2.01-6.25; p = 0.012). The frequency of admission to the intensive care unit was significantly higher in the standard motorbike riders’ group (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.11-2.51; p = 0.033). The multivariate analysis indicated that motorcycle type, the speed at the time of the accident, use of helmet, and age of riders are the most important predictors of trauma severity in riders (p<0.05). Conclusion: The pattern of injury varies between standard and Vespa motorcycles. The standard motorcycle riders were prone to a higher risk of adverse outcomes such as severe injuries. Due to the particular structure of scooters, the rate of lower limb injuries was significantly lower than standard motorcycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Bahardoust
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abolfazl Bagherifard
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khodabandeh
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Seyed Ali Emami
- Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Farid Najd Mazhar
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Damani J, Vedagiri P. Safety of motorised two wheelers in mixed traffic conditions: Literature review of risk factors. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rahman MH, Zafri NM, Akter T, Pervaz S. Identification of factors influencing severity of motorcycle crashes in Dhaka, Bangladesh using binary logistic regression model. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2021; 28:141-152. [PMID: 33506738 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2021.1878230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dhaka, the capital and megacity of the developing country Bangladesh, has experienced a sharp rise in motorcycle users in the last decade, especially after the introduction of ridesharing services. Therefore, the morbidity and mortality rates of motorcycle crash injuries have also increased and become one of the major safety concerns. However, there is scant empirical evidence on motorcycle crash severity in the context of developing countries. Hence, this study was conducted to identify the factors that influenced the severity of motorcycle crashes in Dhaka. A binary logistic regression model was developed using motorcycle crash data of Dhaka over the period of 2006-2015 to identify the contributing factors of motorcycle crash severity. The model output showed that eleven factors significantly increased the probability of fatal motorcycle crashes. These factors were crashes occurring on weekends, during the rainy season, during dawn and night period, at non-intersections, on straight and flat roads, on highways, hit pedestrian type crashes, crashes involving motorcycles with no defect, crashes with heavier vehicles, crashes involving motorcyclists not wearing helmets, and drivers with alcohol suspicion. These findings would help to formulate prevention strategies to reduce the injury severity of motorcycle crashes in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hamidur Rahman
- Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Niaz Mahmud Zafri
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Akter
- Environmental Economics, Dhaka School of Economics, affiliated with University of Dhaka (DU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahrior Pervaz
- Accident Research Institute (ARI), Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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15
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Gao X, Zhao J, Gao H. Red-light running behavior of delivery-service E-cyclists based on survival analysis. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2020; 21:558-562. [PMID: 33026838 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1819989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to explore the red-light running behavior of delivery-service E-cyclists, including differences with regular E-cyclists and influencing factors. METHODS A total of 2173 E-cyclists in Shanghai were observed, with a mix of 51.8% regular E-cyclists and 48.2% delivery-service E-cyclists. Survival analysis was used to establish the model to resolve the issue of censored data of the waiting time of E-cyclists at an intersection. The Kaplan-Meier estimator was adopted to examine the significance of the difference between regular E-cyclists and delivery-service E-cyclists on red-light running behavior. A Cox proportional hazards model with six potential influencing factors was developed to estimate the red-light running probability of delivery-service E-cyclists. RESULTS The violation rate of the red-light running behavior is almost 40% higher for delivery-service E-cyclists when compared to that for regular E-cyclists. The results show four factors that increase the hazard rate of red-light violation for delivery-service E-cyclists: being male, visual search (i.e., head movement), waiting beyond the stop line, and existence of red-light running of other (E-)cyclists. Additionally, they show one factor decreases the hazard rate of red-light violation: group size. CONCLUSIONS Waiting position, violation of the law by other cyclists, and group size play an important role in red-right running behavior. The hazard rates of running red-light by delivery-service E-cyclists increased by 62% and 33% when they wait near motorized lanes and when other individuals violate traffic rules, respectively. The hazard rates reduced by 50% when there are more than five waiting cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Department of Traffic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Traffic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hang Gao
- Department of Traffic Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
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16
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Robbins CJ, Fotios S. Motorcycle safety after-dark: The factors associated with greater risk of road-traffic collisions. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 146:105731. [PMID: 32827843 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ambient light level on road traffic collisions (RTCs) involving a motorcycle was investigated. Data were drawn from the STATS19 database of UK reported RTCs for the period 2005-2015. To isolate the effect of ambient light (daylight vs darkness) an odds ratio was used to compare RTCs at specific times of day in the weeks either side of the Spring and Autumn clock changes. This work extended previous studies by using a more precise method for distinguishing between RTCs in daylight and after dark, thus avoiding the ambiguity of twilight. Data for four-wheel motor vehicle (FWMV) RTCs were also investigated to provide a datum. As expected, the risk of an RTC occurring was significantly higher after dark compared to daylight for both motorcycles and FWMVs. Investigation of contextual factors suggests that risk after dark is significantly higher for motorcycles compared to FWMVs for RTCs with two-vehicles, on roads with low speed limits (≤30 mph), at T-junctions, and junctions controlled by a give way sign. These are the situations where visual aids for increasing conspicuity after dark have the greater potential for reducing motorcycle RTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Robbins
- School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Steve Fotios
- School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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17
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O'Hern S, Stephens AN, Young KL, Koppel S. Personality traits as predictors of cyclist behaviour. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2020; 145:105704. [PMID: 32771694 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Road user behaviour and personality traits are important determinants of driver crash risk. While a great deal of research has been undertaken to understand the relationships between crash involvement, behaviours and personality traits for motor vehicle drivers, comparatively few studies have considered these factors for cyclists. This manuscript presents the findings of a study conducted amongst a sample of six hundred and fifteen (615) Australian cyclists, investigating these issues. The aim of this research was to establish a structure for a cycling behaviour questionnaire applicable to a cohort of Australian cyclists. Using the dimensions identified from the questionnaire, the research investigated the relationship between self-reported crashes, behaviours and personality traits, in order to further develop our understanding of risk factors associated with cycling. Personality traits (agreeableness, extroversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience) were measured using the Big Five Inventory. While cyclist behaviour was measured using a modified version of the cyclist behaviour questionnaire developed by the Dutch national road safety research centre (SWOV). Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed on the cycling behaviour questionnaire to identify underlying subscales of behaviour. The PCA identified a two dimension model representing violations (α = 0.74) and errors (α = 0.65), consisting of 16 items from the original 22 item cyclist behaviour questionnaire. Linear regressions for each of the cyclist behaviour factors identified that age was negatively associated with errors and violations, indicating that older cyclists report fewer errors or violations. Similarly, there was a negative association with average weekly kilometres travelled. Gender was a significant predictor of errors, but not violations, with male cyclists reporting fewer errors than females. When considering personality traits, there was a positive association between extroversion and both errors and violations. Significant negative associations were identified for agreeableness and conscientiousness. Neither neuroticism nor openness to experience were associated with the frequency of errors or violations. The research identified that demographics, travel characteristics and personality traits provide insight into engagement in aberrant cycling behaviours and these behaviours are associated with self-reported crash involvement. The research provides insight into behaviours that could be targeted with appropriate education and enforcement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve O'Hern
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Institute of Transport Studies, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Amanda N Stephens
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristie L Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sjaan Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
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18
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Dada OT, Fasina SO, Agbabiaka HI, Salisu UO, Ogunseye NO, Olawale OA. Occupational hazards and risks among commercial motorcyclists in the peri-urban city of Lagos, Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:96-106. [PMID: 32552616 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1785168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although a significant proportion of road hazards and their associated health risks in Nigeria involve motorcycles, relatively little research explores whether commercial motorcyclists have unique seasonal accident experiences. This article analyses survey data from 241 commercial motorcyclists in selected terminals in Ifo, Nigeria, to explore how road hazards and health risks experienced differ from one season to another. The study established that seasonality of motorcycle hazards and health risks cannot be assumed across the terminals and routes as some were dominant in either rainy or dry seasons or both. In particular, most motorcycle hazards and health risks were less likely caused by seasonal variation but by human errors and road conditions. The results underscore the importance of collecting commercial motorcyclists' perceptual data because many experience hazards and health risks that are burdensome to them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Umar Obafemi Salisu
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Nigeria
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19
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Rahman NHNA, Naing NN. Geoclinical analyses for areas at high risk for motorcycle-related road traffic injury in a district in Malaysia. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1024907918823452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of this prospective cross-sectional study was particularly to collect data on the epidemiology, the pattern of injury among motorcyclists and to relate with spatial data in a local district. Methods: It involved data collection from prehospital care and inhospital care record. In addition, it utilized geospatial ARCGIS® version 10.1 software in the identification of hotspot location of road traffic injury. Written informed consent was obtained from patient(s) or relatives for their anonymized information to be published in any article. Results: A total of 439 cases were recruited over 10 months. The mean age (standard deviation) of the motorvehicle crash victims was 26.04 (15.26) years. Male comprised 302 (73.3%) of the cases. A total of 176 (42.7%) of the victims were between the ages of 20–40 years. A total of 176 (42.7%) of the motorcyclists admitted were wearing the safety helmets either from the history taking or from the witness. A total of 117 (28.4%) and 28 (6.8%) of the victims were admitted to the general wards and critical care units, respectively for further management. The mean (standard deviation) length of hospital stays was 7.19 (6.94) days. Based on hotspot mapping using ARCGIS 10.1, most of the motorvehicle crash cases occurred mainly within the specific borough. This finding concurred with the locations of the state roads involved that traversed mainly within the same borough. Further geospatial and temporal analysis showed that most of the motorvehicle crash that occurred during the weekend were located within the suburban areas. Conclusion: Motorcyclists, being male and young age are the vulnerable group of road users commonly injured on our road. The initial geospatial analysis of injury-related motorvehicle crash cases has shown common hotspot trending along certain roads and borough within the district. This new knowledge can be used in the future for preventive and road safety programs in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Hisamuddin NA Rahman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Nyi Nyi Naing
- Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terenggnau, Malaysia
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20
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Hu L, Hu X, Wan J, Lin M, Huang J. The injury epidemiology of adult riders in vehicle-two-wheeler crashes in China, Ningbo, 2011-2015. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2020; 72:21-28. [PMID: 32199565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We used road crashes between vehicles and two-wheelers from Yinzhou District Ningbo in 2011-2015 from the China In-depth Accident Study (CIDAS) as sample cases. The risk factors of different injury severity grades were analyzed. METHOD The classification tree model was used to screen the possible interaction items, and the corresponding regression model was constructed according to the results of the tree model to explore the influencing factors of cyclist injury. RESULTS The road types, weather types, gender, age of the riders, and vehicle speed were significantly correlated with the dependent variables. The interaction effect of gender*road type, weather*age, weather*speed and speed*age were obtained through a tree model. CONCLUSIONS The risk of male casualties at the crossroads was 3.31 times higher than that of female casualties at the straight roads. On sunny days, the risk of crash casualties in Ningbo was low, and the fatality risk when the speed reached 38 km/h was 10%. Under the interaction effect of weather and age, the fatality risk in cloudy/foggy and rainy days was almost coincident, and the serious risk in cloudy/foggy conditions was the highest. Practical applications: Through factor analysis, it is confirmed that there is interaction effect among the factors, and it can provide reference for relevant departments to formulate more targeted and effective governance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Hu
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Xinting Hu
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Jing Wan
- School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Miao Lin
- China Automotive Technology and Research Center, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, 410082, China.
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21
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Savino G, Lot R, Massaro M, Rizzi M, Symeonidis I, Will S, Brown J. Active safety systems for powered two-wheelers: A systematic review. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2020; 21:78-86. [PMID: 31914321 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1700408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts.Methods: A broad search using "safety" as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings.Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness.Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Savino
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DIEF), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Lot
- University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matteo Massaro
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Rizzi
- Swedish Transport Administration, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sebastian Will
- Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (WIVW), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julie Brown
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Johnson NK, Johnson BM, Denning GM, Jennissen CA. Adult moped-related injuries treated in U.S. emergency departments. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:813-819. [PMID: 31697571 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1665650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Few studies have investigated U.S. emergency department (ED) moped-related injuries. Our objective was to determine the characteristics of moped crashes among adult riders and to identify associations between key variables.Methods: Data were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) for 2002-2014. Descriptive and comparative analyses of the identified cases were performed.Results: Based on a probability sample of 2,453 cases, an estimated 108,229 U.S. adult moped-related ED visits occurred during the study period. Injuries increased 2.7-fold over time. Summer months and weekdays were the most common crash times. Three-fourths of injured riders were male, two-thirds were ages 23-59 years, and 77% were Caucasian. Among cases documented, one-half were helmeted, and almost two-thirds of crashes occurred at ≤20 mph. The predominant mechanism was a non-collision crash (60%). Skin-related and musculoskeletal diagnoses were most common. Almost one-fifth of patients were admitted or transferred. Regression analyses showed that males were less likely than females to be in crashes with multiple riders, and more likely to have used alcohol/drugs and to be in a crash with another motor vehicle (MVC). Older riders (≥40 years) were more likely than those younger to have used alcohol/drugs and to suffer torso injuries, and less likely to be in an MVC. As compared to other crash mechanisms, MVCs were more likely to involve injuries to the head/neck/face and torso. The likelihood of being admitted/transferred was higher for males, with increasing age, and for collision-related crashes. The higher likelihood of being admitted/transferred was also characterized by alcohol/drug use, by lower limb and torso injuries, and almost 8 times more likely for riders with serious head injuries.Conclusions: Moped injuries increased in all adult age groups during the study period. However, there were significant differences in contributing factors, crash mechanism, and outcomes by sex, race, and age. These findings suggest the need for targeted injury prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel K Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brandon M Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gerene M Denning
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Charles A Jennissen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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23
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Wali B, Khattak AJ, Ahmad N. Examining correlations between motorcyclist's conspicuity, apparel related factors and injury severity score: Evidence from new motorcycle crash causation study. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 131:45-62. [PMID: 31233995 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Motorcyclists are vulnerable road users at a particularly high risk of serious injury or death when involved in a crash. In order to evaluate key risk factors in motorcycle crashes, this study quantifies how different "policy-sensitive" factors correlate with injury severity, while controlling for rider and crash specific factors as well as other observed/unobserved factors. The study analyzes data from 321 motorcycle injury crashes from a comprehensive US DOT FHWA's Motorcycle Crash Causation Study (MCCS). These were all non-fatal injury crashes that are representative of the vast majority (82%) of motorcycle crashes. An anatomical injury severity scoring system, termed as Injury Severity Score (ISS), is analyzed providing an overall score by accounting for the possibility of multiple injuries to different body parts of a rider. An ISS ranges from 1 to 75, averaging at 10.32 for this sample (above 9 is considered serious injury), with a spike at 1 (very minor injury). Preliminary cross-tabulation analysis mapped ISS to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) injury classification and examined the strength of associations between the two. While the study finds a strong correlation between AIS and ISS classification (Kendall's tau of 0.911), significant contrasts are observed in that, when compared to ISS, AIS tends to underestimate the severity of an injury sustained by a rider. For modeling, fixed and random parameter Tobit modeling frameworks were used in a corner-solution setting to account for the left-tail spike in the distribution of ISS and to account for unobserved heterogeneity. The developed random parameters Tobit framework additionally accounts for the interactive effects of key risk factors, allowing for possible correlations among random parameters. A correlated random parameter Tobit model significantly out-performed the uncorrelated random parameter Tobit and fixed parameter Tobit models. While controlling for various other factors, we found that motorcycle-specific shoes and retroreflective upper body clothing correlate with lower ISS on-average by 5.94 and 1.88 units respectively. Riders with only partial helmet coverage on-average sustained more severe injuries, whereas, riders with acceptable helmet fit had lower ISS Methodologically, not only do the individual effects of several key risk factors vary significantly across observations in the form of random parameters, but the interactions between unobserved factors characterizing random parameters significantly influence the injury severity score as well. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Numan Ahmad
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, USA.
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24
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Voinov A, Morales J, Hogenkamp H. Analyzing the social impacts of scooters with geo-spatial methods. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 242:529-538. [PMID: 31075647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Scooters, or gasoline powered two-wheelers, are becoming increasingly popular in the Netherlands. They provide fast, independent and affordable transportation, especially in urban congested areas. Unfortunately, they also have considerable adverse impacts on the environment and human health. The three most prominent impacts are associated with air pollution, noise pollution and traffic accidents. While the total contribution of emissions by scooters is relatively small compared to total traffic related emissions, they have a disproportionally large impact on their direct environment, especially when sharing roads with bicycles as in the Netherlands, where they are characterized as super-polluters. A scoping GIS based assessment, using theoretical and available secondary data, could identify routes with highest likelihood of scooter presence to estimate exhaust and noise impacts and related traffic accidents. Estimated are provided for the total population, and the number of childcare facilities within the impact areas. For future projections four different scenarios are analyzed. For the case study of the town of Enschede in the Netherlands the present noise/exhaust environmental impact of scooters is affecting at least 30% of the population and in the future this number can increase to 38%-53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Voinov
- University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; PERSWADE Center, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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25
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Wahab L, Jiang H. A multinomial logit analysis of factors associated with severity of motorcycle crashes in Ghana. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2019; 20:521-527. [PMID: 31194580 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2019.1616699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the factors affecting motorcycle crash severity in Ghana. Methods: A retrospective analysis of motorcycle crash data between 2011 and 2015 was conducted using a motorcycle crash data set extracted from the National Road Traffic Crash Database at the Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) in Ghana. Injury severity was classified into 4 categories: Fatal, hospitalized, injured, and damage only. A multinomial logit modeling framework was used to identify the possible determinants of motorcycle crash severity. Results: During the study period, a total of 8,516 motorcycle crashes were recorded, of which 22.9% were classified as fatal, 42.1% were classified as hospitalized injuries, 29.4% were classified as slight injuries, and 5.6% were classified as damage-only crashes. The estimation results indicate that the following factors increase the probability of fatal injuries: At a junction; weekend; signage; poor road shoulder; village settlement; tarred and good road surface; and collision between motorcycle and heavy goods vehicle (HGV). Motorcycle crashes occurring during the daytime and on the weekend increases the probability of hospitalized injury. The results also suggest that motorcycle crashes occurring during the daytime, in curves or inclined portions of roads, or in unclear weather conditions decrease the probability of fatal injury. Conclusions: This study provides further empirical evidence to support motorcycle crash modeling research, which is lacking in developing countries. The ability to understand the various factors that influence motorcycle crash severity is a step forward in providing an appropriate basis upon which informed motorcycle crash policies can be developed. Particular attention should be given to the provision of road signage at junctions and speed humps and controlling traffic during the weekend. In addition, road maintenance should be carried out periodically to address motorcycle safety in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukuman Wahab
- a School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
- b School of Engineering , Tamale Technical University , Tamale , Ghana
| | - Haobin Jiang
- a School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
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26
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Analysis of the Relationship between Turning Signal Detection and Motorcycle Driver's Characteristics on Urban Roads; A Case Study. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19081802. [PMID: 30991732 PMCID: PMC6514794 DOI: 10.3390/s19081802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The investigations on the effectiveness of the turn signal in motorcyclists understanding of motorists’ potential intentions in potentially dangerous car–motorcycle interactions and on the relationships among some variables that could influence the perception of rear and front turn signal status are examined in this paper. The investigations have been based on data pooled from the answers of a survey of 136 motorcycle riders, with special regards to the correct detection of turning indicators. Experimental videos have been realized during in-situ simulations, both in urban and suburban areas, recording vehicular interactions in three-leg road intersections, able to potentially generate crash risks, through a 360-camera mounted on a motorcyclist’s helmet. The blinkers detection rate has been combined with other factors related to motorcyclist’s characteristics and test context (e.g., age, gender, location of the test site, presence of a car behind tester vehicles and if the motorcyclist are also habitual car or bicycle drivers) in a stepwise logistic regression that modelled the odds of detecting the turn signal turned on as a function of significant factors. Within the limits of the proposed methodology, the results highlight the low percentage of correct sighting of the turn indicators and confirm the existence of a relation between the detection of the turn indicators aspect and some of the variables considered (e.g., age, being habitual cyclist or car driver and the presence of a car occluding the views), suggesting the opportunity to further investigate the phenomenon through the use of ad-hoc simulations, in order to highlight connections among the factors that can influence the perception of turning indicators in potentially dangerous contexts for cars and motorcycles.
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Wahab L, Jiang H. A comparative study on machine learning based algorithms for prediction of motorcycle crash severity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214966. [PMID: 30947250 PMCID: PMC6448880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motorcycle crash severity is under-researched in Ghana. Thus, the probable risk factors and association between these factors and motorcycle crash severity outcomes is not known. Traditional statistical models have intrinsic assumptions and pre-defined correlations that, if flouted, can generate inaccurate results. In this study, machine learning based algorithms were employed to predict and classify motorcycle crash severity. Machine learning based techniques are non-parametric models without the presumption of relationships between endogenous and exogenous variables. The main aim of this research is to evaluate and compare different approaches to modeling motorcycle crash severity as well as investigating the effect of risk factors on the injury outcomes of motorcycle crashes. Motorcycle crash dataset between 2011 and 2015 was extracted from the National Road Traffic Crash Database at the Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) in Ghana. The dataset was classified into four injury severity categories: fatal, hospitalized, injured, and damage-only. Three machine learning based models were developed: J48 Decision Tree Classifier, Random Forest (RF) and Instance-Based learning with parameter k (IBk) were employed to model the severity of injury in a motorcycle crash. These machine learning algorithms were validated using 10-fold cross-validation technique. The three machine learning based algorithms were compared with one another and the statistical model: multinomial logit model (MNLM). Also, the relative importance analysis of the attribute was conducted to determine the impact of these attributes on injury severity outcomes. The results of the study reveal that the predictions of machine learning algorithms are superior to the MNLM in accuracy and effectiveness, and the RF-based algorithms show the overall best agreement with the experimental data out of the three machine learning algorithms, for its global optimization and extrapolation ability. Location type, time of the crash, settlement type, collision partner, collision type, road separation, road surface type, the day of the week, and road shoulder condition were found as the critical determinants of motorcycle crash injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukuman Wahab
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Engineering, Tamale Technical University, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Haobin Jiang
- School of Automotive and Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Lucidi F, Mallia L, Giannini AM, Sgalla R, Lazuras L, Chirico A, Alivernini F, Girelli L, Violani C. Riding the Adolescence: Personality Subtypes in Young Moped Riders and Their Association With Risky Driving Attitudes and Behaviors. Front Psychol 2019; 10:300. [PMID: 30833922 PMCID: PMC6387963 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify sub-types of moped riders based on a cluster analysis of specific personality characteristics (i.e., driving anger, anxiety, angry hostility, excitement-seeking, altruism, normlessness, and driving locus of control) within a large sample of Italian adolescents. The study had also the aim to compare the emerged sub-types of moped riders on measures of attitudes toward safe driving, risky driving behaviors (e.g., rule's violations and speeding, not using helmet, drinking and driving, etc.), and self-reported tickets and accident involvement. One thousand two hundred seventy-three Italian high school students aged from 13 to 19 years (meanage = 15.43, SD = 0.98) with a valid driving license for moped participated to the study. Results revealed three sub-types of moped riders (namely risky, worried and careful moped riders), which differ significantly for risky driving behaviors, attitudes toward traffic safety, risk perception, and self-reported accident involvement. Importantly, the results of the present study showed that the personality and behavioral characteristics of the three sub-groups of moped riders substantially resembled those identified by previous studies with vehicle drivers of different ages; thus, empirically supporting the notion that certain combinations of personality characteristics are associated with risk driving tendencies and behaviors in both young moped riders and car drivers. Safe driving interventions can tackle risky driving beliefs and behavioral tendencies in young moped riders and car drivers by tailoring their messages according to the personality sub-types of the target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lucidi
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Mallia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Sgalla
- Department of Public Security, Ministry of Interior, Rome, Italy
| | - Lambros Lazuras
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Chirico
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Alivernini
- National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Girelli
- Department of Human, Philosophical, and Educational Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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Ding C, Rizzi M, Strandroth J, Sander U, Lubbe N. Motorcyclist injury risk as a function of real-life crash speed and other contributing factors. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 123:374-386. [PMID: 30597331 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Vision Zero approach advocates for a road transport system designed with human injury tolerance and human fallibility as its basis. While biomechanical limits and the relationship between speed and injury outcome has been extensively investigated for car occupants and pedestrians, research analyzing this relationship for motorcyclists remains limited. The aim of this study was to address this issue by developing multivariate injury risk models for motorcyclists that estimate the relationship between speed and injury severity. For that purpose, motorcycle injury crashes from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) database for the period 1999-2017 (n = 1037) were extracted. Different models were tested using logistic regression and backwards elimination of non-significant variables. The best fitting model in the current study included relative speed, type of crash opponent, impact location on the motorcycle and impact mechanism of the rider during the crash. A strong and significant relationship between relative speed and injury severity in motorcycle crashes was demonstrated. At 70 km/h, the risk for at least serious injuries in collisions with wide objects, crash barriers and narrow objects was 20%, 51%, and 64%, respectively. Further, it was found that head-on collisions between motorcycles and passenger cars, with both vehicles traveling at 60 km/h (a relative speed at 120 km/h), present 55% risk of at least serious injury to the motorcycle rider. More research is needed to fully understand the boundary conditions needed to design a safe road transport system for motorcyclists. However, this study provides important insights into the relationship between speed and injury severity for riders in various crash situations. The results may be useful in the discussion of appropriate speed limits and in determining the benefits of countermeasures which aim to reduce crash speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Ding
- Autoliv Vehicle Safety System Technical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Matteo Rizzi
- Swedish Transport Administration, Borlänge, Sweden
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Safety Analysis of Motorcycle Crashes in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea: An Application of Nonlinear Optimal Scaling Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122702. [PMID: 30513577 PMCID: PMC6313547 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study identifies the critical factors that affect motorcycle crash severity based on Korean motorcycle crash data in 2009. Motorcyclists, the environment, roadways, other vehicles involved in the crashes, and traffic flow characteristics were used as variables for identifying critical factors. Multivariable statistical methods were used to analyze the data, including categorical principal components analysis (CatPCA) and nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA). The results indicate that the following factors are the most critical in increasing motorcycle crash severity: age (motorcyclists in their teens and over fifty years old), motorcycle speed over 30 km/h, speed over 50 km/h for other vehicles involved in the crash, crashes with heavy vehicles such as buses and trucks, crashes on roadways less than six meters wide, crashes at curved sections, crashes at basic roadway segments without any speed control facilities, and head-on crashes. These findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference for formulating remedial policy measures to decrease the severity of motorcycle crashes on roadways in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea.
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Wali B, Khattak AJ, Khattak AJ. A heterogeneity based case-control analysis of motorcyclist's injury crashes: Evidence from motorcycle crash causation study. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 119:202-214. [PMID: 30048842 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to quantify how different "policy-sensitive" factors are associated with risk of motorcycle injury crashes, while controlling for rider-specific, psycho-physiological, and other observed/unobserved factors. The analysis utilizes data from a matched case-control design collected through the FHWA's Motorcycle Crash Causation Study. In particular, 351 cases (motorcyclists involved in injury crashes) are analyzed vis-à-vis similarly-at-risk 702 matched controls (motorcyclists not involved in crashes). Unlike traditional conditional estimation of relative risks, the paper presents heterogeneity based statistical analysis that accounts for the possibility of both within and between matched case-control variations. Overall, the correlations between key risk factors and injury crash propensity exhibit significant observed and unobserved heterogeneity. The results of best-fit random parameters logit model with heterogeneity-in-means show that riders with partial helmet coverage (U.S. DOT compliant helmets with partial coverage, least intrusive covering only the top half of the cranium) have a significantly lower risk of injury crash involvement. Lack of motorcycle rider conspicuity captured by dark (red) upper body clothing is associated with significantly higher injury crash risk (odds ratio 3.87, 95% CI: 1.63, 9.61). Importantly, a rider's motorcycle-oriented lower clothing (e.g., cannot easily get stuck in the machinery) significantly lowers the odds of injury crash involvement. Regarding the effectiveness of training, formal motorcycle driving training in recent years was associated with lower injury crash propensity. Finally, riders with less sleep prior to crash/interview exhibited 1.97 times higher odds of crash involvement compared to riders who had more than 5 h of sleep. Methodologically, the conclusion is that the correlations of several rider, exposure, apparel, and riding history related factors with crash risk are not homogeneous and in fact vary in magnitude as well as direction. The study results indicate the need to develop appropriate countermeasures, such as refresher motorcycle training courses, prevention of sleep-deprived/fatigued riding, and riding under the influence of alcohol and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behram Wali
- Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Asad J Khattak
- Beaman Distinguished Professor & Transportation Program Coordinator, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Aemal J Khattak
- Professor and Associate Chair, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, USA.
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Hidalgo-Fuentes S, Sospedra-Baeza MJ. Gender and age distribution of motorcycle crashes in Spain. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2018; 26:108-114. [DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2018.1482927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Hidalgo-Fuentes
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ma Josefa Sospedra-Baeza
- Teaching and Scholastic Organization, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Sciences, University Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Ode G, Sing R, Hsu J, Seymour R, Bosse M. MOPEDS: The high cost of cheap and poorly legislated transportation for negligent drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2018; 117:121-127. [PMID: 29698865 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluates the impact of moped crashes in North Carolina, a state with lenient moped legislation by(1) describing the characteristics of moped crashes and (2) estimating the cost burden of moped-related injuries. METHODS Health and public records of moped crash subjects treated at our hospital were reviewed. Direct costs were billed hospital charges. Indirect costs based on age and outcomes were calculated. RESULTS Between 2008-2013, 368 subjects were involved in 373 moped crashes. 52% of drivers were intoxicated. 38% of drivers had prior DWIs and 26% had prior revoked licenses. Hospitalized subjects (n = 305) had a combined 2687 hospital days, 695 ICU days and 449 trips to the operating room for treatment of their injuries. Average hospital charges were $70,561 per subject. Total direct and indirect costs of moped injuries were over $26 million and $81 million respectively. Medicaid absorbed most of the direct cost ($13.7 M). Estimated direct cost of moped crashes across the state totaled $133 million. CONCLUSION Healthcare and financial ramifications of moped collisions are substantial. Laws governing moped drivers and stricter penalties for intoxicated drivers are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ode
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States.
| | - Ronald Sing
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Hsu
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Seymour
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Michael Bosse
- Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, NC, United States
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Weaver JL, Miller KR, Benns M, Harbrecht BG. Moped Crashes are Just as Dangerous as Motorcycle Crashes. Am Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481808400626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mopeds’ (MP) limited speed gives the impression that they are safer than motorcycles (MCs), but factors other than speed may contribute to crash outcome. Records of patients involved in MC or MP crashes evaluated at the University of Louisville Hospital emergency department between 2010 and 2014 were reviewed. Among patients who required hospital admission, the frequency of rib fractures, hemo- or pneumothorax, abdominal injury, extremity injury, and vertebral body fractures were greater in the MC group, whereas head and facial injuries were more common in the MP group. Positive toxicology screens were equivalent (MC 51.8% vs MP 56.8%, P = 0.25), and fewer MP riders wore helmets (33.8% vs 9.2%, P < 0.01). The injury severity score for MC was higher (15.2 vs 13.9, P = 0.039), but mortality was equivalent between groups (7.5 vs 7.6%, P = 0.98). Among patients discharged from the emergency department with minor injuries, frequency of all injury types were equivalent. Although MC patients had a statistically higher injury severity score, differences were clinically similar with equal mortality rate. Moped riders are just as likely to suffer death or serious injury after a crash compared with MC riders, and injury prevention efforts should be aimed at both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Weaver
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Keith R. Miller
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Matthew Benns
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Brian G. Harbrecht
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Boone EM, Rossheim ME, Krall JR, Weiler RM. State helmet laws and helmet use among fatally injured moped riders in the United States, 2011-2015. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:270-273. [PMID: 28952791 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1383604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research has found that mandatory motorcycle helmet laws increase helmet use and reduce motorcycle-related fatalities. However, the association between state moped helmet laws and helmet use in the United States has not been examined. This study investigated this association among a census of fatally injured moped riders in the United States. METHODS A logistic regression model was constructed to analyze data extracted from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) to examine risk factors for helmet nonuse among 572 moped riders fatally injured between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS Fatally injured moped riders in states with universal helmet laws had 69 times the odds of wearing a helmet (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that universal moped helmet laws increase helmet use. However, additional research is needed to examine helmet laws and use among nonfatally injured moped riders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Boone
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia
| | - Matthew E Rossheim
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia
| | - Jenna R Krall
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia
| | - Robert M Weiler
- a Department of Global and Community Health , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia
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Glaser YG, Guo F, Fang Y, Deng B, Hankey J. Investigate moped-car conflicts in China using a naturalistic driving study approach. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2017; 63:171-175. [PMID: 29203016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM Mopeds are a popular transportation mode in Europe and Asia. Moped-related traffic accidents account for a large proportion of crash fatalities. To develop moped-related crash countermeasures, it is important to understand the characteristics of moped-related conflicts. METHOD Naturalistic driving study data were collected in Shanghai, China from 36 car drivers. The data included 2,878h and 78,296km driven from 13,149 trips. Moped-car conflicts were identified and examined from the passenger car driver's perspective using kinematic trigger algorithms and manual video reduction. RESULTS A total of 119 moped-car conflicts were identified, including 74 high g-force conflicts and 45 low g-force events. These conflicts were classified into 22 on-road configurations where both similarities and differences were found as compared to Western Countries. The majority of the conflicts occurred on secondary main roads and branch roads. Hard braking was the primary response that the car drivers made to these conflicts rather than hard steering. DISCUSSIONS The identified on-road vehicle-moped conflict configurations in Shanghai, China may be attributed to the complicated traffic environment and risky behavior of moped riders. The lower prevalence of hard steering in Shanghai as compared to the United States may be due to the lower speeds at event onsets or less available steering space, e.g., less available shoulder area on Chinese urban roads. CONCLUSIONS The characteristics of moped-car conflicts may impact the design of active safety countermeasures on passenger cars. The pilot data from Shanghai urban areas suggest that countermeasures developed for China may require some modifications to those developed for the United States and European countries, although this recommendation may not be conclusive given the small sample size of the study. Future studies with large samples may help better understand the characteristics of moped-car conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi G Glaser
- General Motors Company, Warren, MI 48093, USA.
| | - Feng Guo
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Youjia Fang
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bing Deng
- General Motors Company, Warren, MI 48093, USA
| | - Jonathan Hankey
- Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Pediatric moped-related injuries in the United States from 2002 to 2014: Age-related comparisons of mechanisms and outcomes. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:S201-S209. [PMID: 28609379 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mopeds are a popular means of transportation, especially in urban areas. However, few studies have investigated moped-related injuries in the United States. This study's goal was to compare the crash mechanisms and injuries suffered in moped-related crashes involving youth versus adults, as well as between younger and older children. INTRODUCTION Mopeds are a popular means of transportation, especially in urban areas. However, few studies have investigated moped-related injuries in the United States. This study's goal was to compare the crash mechanisms and injuries suffered in moped-related crashes involving youth versus adults, as well as between younger and older children. METHODS Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data and additional variables coded from injury narratives. Multivariate regression analyses were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for categorical outcomes, controlling for significant covariates. RESULTS From 2003 to 2014, there were 779 youth (17 years or younger) and 2,453 adult moped-related emergency department visits in the database. The number of youth injured remained relatively constant over time, while the number of adult victims doubled. Relative to 14- to 17-year olds, victims younger than 14 years were more commonly female (p = 0.037) and non-Caucasian (p = 0.008). Victims 14 to 17 years of age had a higher proportion of brain injuries (p = 0.012) and were more commonly in motor vehicle collisions (p = 0.02), as compared to younger victims. Relative to adults, youth crashes occurred more commonly in the summer (p < 0.0001), and off the street/road (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis showed crashes on streets/roads were two and a half times more likely to involve victims who were 14 to 17 years of age as compared to those younger (aOR, 2.55; CI, 1.64-3.97). Additionally, male youths were twice as likely as females to have a motor vehicle collision (aOR, 1.97; CI, 1.19-3.24), and pediatric crashes were approximately twice as likely to result in extremity injuries as compared to adult crashes (aOR, 1.95; CI, 1.19-3.20). CONCLUSION Differences in crash mechanism and injuries sustained between two youth age groups and between youths and adults indicate the importance of targeted injury prevention efforts. This would include improved operator training and standardized, evidence-based, well-enforced safety legislation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Epidemiologic study, level III.
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Rahman NH, Rainis R, Noor SH, Mohamad SMS. The Buffering analysis to identify common geographical factors within the vicinity of severe injury related to motor vehicle crash in Malaysia. World J Emerg Med 2016; 7:278-284. [PMID: 27942345 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective was to identify common geographical buildup within the 100-meter buffer of severely injured based on injury severity score (ISS) among the motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims in Malaysia. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study from July 2011 until June 2013 and involved all MVC patients attending emergency departments (ED) of two tertiary centers in a district in Malaysia. A set of digital maps was obtained from the Town Planning Unit of the district Municipal Office (local district map). Vector spaces were spanned over these maps using GIS software (ARCGIS 10.1 licensed to the study center), and data from the identified severe injured cases based on ISS of 16 or more were added. Buffer analysis was performed and included all events occurring within a 100 -meter perimeter around a reference point. RESULTS A total of 439 cases were recruited over the ten-month data collection period. Fifty two (11%) of the cases were categorized as severe cased based on ISS scoring of 16 and more. Further buffer analysis looking at the buildup areas within the vicinity of the severely injured locations showed that most of the severe injuries occurred at locations on municipal roads (15, 29%), straight roads (16, 30%) and within villages buildup (suburban) areas (18, 35%). CONCLUSION This study has successfully achieved its objective in identifying common geographical factors and buildup areas within the vicinity of severely injured road traffic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Hisamuddin Rahman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
| | - Ruslan Rainis
- School of Humanity, University Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Syed Hatim Noor
- Unit of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
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Rahman NH, Rainis R, Noor SH, Syed Mohamad SM. Geospatial and clinical analyses on pediatric related road traffic injury in Malaysia. World J Emerg Med 2016; 7:213-20. [PMID: 27547282 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main aim of this study is to utilize the geographical information system (GIS) software and perform the spatial analysis in relation to clinical data for road traffic injury (RTI) pediatric cases attending the emergency department. METHODS The study sample included pediatric patients (age less than 18 years) with road-related injuries within a district in Malaysia who attended emergency departments of two tertiary hospitals within the district. In addition to injury, pre-hospital care and outcome data, the coordinate of the locations were obtained by the ambulance paramedics by using portable handheld GPS unit brand Garmin(®) model GPS 72 H. The data was transferred into the excel format which in turn underwent GIS analysis by using ARCGIS(®) (by ESRI) software version 10.1 licensed to the study institution. RESULTS A total of 102 (24.8%) of all motor vehicle crash (MVC) victims involved the pediatric age group (age 18 years and below). The mean (SD) age of the pediatric victims was 14.30 years (SD 3.830). Male comprised of 68 (66.7%) of the cases. Motorcyclists [88 (88.0%)] were the most common type of victims involved. Interestingly, the majority of the severely injured victims [75 (73%)] sustained the RTI on roads with maximum speed limit of 60 km/hour. The mean (SD) length of hospital stay was 7.83 days (5.59). CONCLUSION The pediatric related road traffic injury in Malaysia causes significant health and social burden in the country. This study showed both important clinical and geographical factors that need to be taken into consideration for future preventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nik Hisamuddin Rahman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, USM, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Hatim Noor
- Unit of Biostatistics, School of Medical Sciences, USM, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
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Xu J, Shang S, Qi H, Yu G, Wang Y, Chen P. Simulative investigation on head injuries of electric self-balancing scooter riders subject to ground impact. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 89:128-141. [PMID: 26866282 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The safety performance of an electric self-balancing scooter (ESS) has recently become a main concern in preventing its further wide application as a major candidate for green transportation. Scooter riders may suffer severe brain injuries in possible vehicle crash accidents not only from contact with a windshield or bonnet but also from secondary contact with the ground. In this paper, virtual vehicle-ESS crash scenarios combined with finite element (FE) car models and multi-body scooter/human models are set up. Post-impact kinematic gestures of scooter riders under various contact conditions, such as different vehicle impact speeds, ESS moving speeds, impact angles or positions, and different human sizes, are classified and analyzed. Furthermore, head-ground impact processes are reconstructed using validated FE head models, and important parameters of contusion and laceration (e.g., coup or contrecoup pressures and Von Mises stress and the maximum shear stress) are extracted and analyzed to assess the severity of regional contusion from head-ground contact. Results show that the brain injury risk increases with vehicle speeds and ESS moving speeds and may provide fundamental knowledge to popularize the use of a helmet and the vehicle-fitted safety systems, and lay a strong foundation for the reconstruction of ESS-involved accidents. There is scope to improve safety for the use of ESS in public roads according to the analysis and conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Advanced Vehicle Research Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for High-efficient Power Transmission and System Control of New Energy Resource Vehicle, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shi Shang
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Advanced Vehicle Research Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Qi
- Institute of Transportation Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Guizhen Yu
- Department of Transportation, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Transportation, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Transportation, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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Møller M, Haustein S. Factors contributing to young moped rider accidents in Denmark. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 87:1-7. [PMID: 26619285 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Young road users still constitute a high-risk group with regard to road traffic accidents. The crash rate of a moped is four times greater than that of a motorcycle, and the likelihood of being injured in a road traffic accident is 10-20 times higher among moped riders compared to car drivers. Nevertheless, research on the behaviour and accident involvement of young moped riders remains sparse. Based on analysis of 128 accident protocols, the purpose of this study was to increase knowledge about moped accidents. The study was performed in Denmark involving riders aged 16 or 17. A distinction was made between accident factors related to (1) the road and its surroundings, (2) the vehicle, and (3) the reported behaviour and condition of the road user. Thirteen accident factors were identified with the majority concerning the reported behaviour and condition of the road user. The average number of accident factors assigned per accident was 2.7. Riding speed was assigned in 45% of the accidents which made it the most frequently assigned factor on the part of the moped rider followed by attention errors (42%), a tuned up moped (29%) and position on the road (14%). For the other parties involved, attention error (52%) was the most frequently assigned accident factor. The majority (78%) of the accidents involved road rule breaching on the part of the moped rider. The results indicate that preventive measures should aim to eliminate violations and increase anticipatory skills among moped riders and awareness of mopeds among other road users. Due to their young age the effect of such measures could be enhanced by infrastructural measures facilitating safe interaction between mopeds and other road users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Møller
- Department of Transport, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sonja Haustein
- Department of Transport, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 116B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Xu J, Shang S, Yu G, Qi H, Wang Y, Xu S. Are electric self-balancing scooters safe in vehicle crash accidents? ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2016; 87:102-116. [PMID: 26656151 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the pressing demand of environmentally friendly personal transportation vehicles, mobility scooters become more and more popular for the short-distance transportation. Similar to pedestrians and bicyclists, scooter riders are vulnerable road users and are expected to receive severe injuries during traffic accidents. In this research, a MADYMO model of vehicle-scooter crash scenarios is numerically set up. The model of the vehicle with the scenario is validated in pedestrian-vehicle accident investigation with previous literatures in terms of throwing distance and HIC15 value. HIC15 values gained at systematic parametric studies. Injury information from various vehicle crashing speeds (i.e. from 10m/s to 24m/s), angles (i.e. from 0 to 360°), scooter's speeds (i.e. from 0m/s to 4m/s), contact positions (i.e. left, middle and right bumper positions) are extracted, analyzed and then compared with those from widely studied pedestrian-vehicle and bicycle-vehicle accidents. Results show that the ESS provides better impact protection for the riders. Riding ESS would not increase the risk higher than walking at the same impact conditions in terms of head injury. The responsible reasons should be the smaller friction coefficient between the wheel-road than the heel-road interactions, different body gestures leading to different contact positions, forces and timing. Results may shed lights upon the future research of mobility scooter safety analysis and also the safety design guidance for the scooters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Advanced Vehicle Research Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for High-efficient Power Transmission and System Control of New Energy Resource Vehicle, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Shi Shang
- Department of Automotive Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Advanced Vehicle Research Center, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Guizhen Yu
- Department of Transportation, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Hongsheng Qi
- Institute of Transportation Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Department of Transportation, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Shucai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
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Kosola S, Salminen P, Kallio P. Driver's education may reduce annual incidence and severity of moped and scooter accidents. A population-based study. Injury 2016; 47:239-43. [PMID: 26606989 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In our previous study, the annual number of adolescents treated at Helsinki Children's Hospital and Töölö Trauma Centre for injuries from moped and scooter accidents increased five-fold between 2002 and 2007. In June 2011, the requirements for a moped/scooter license changed to include driver's education and a vehicle handling evaluation. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the influence of legislative changes on moped and scooter related serious injuries in adolescents. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 520 patients (age 15-16) treated for trauma from moped and scooter accidents at our institutions between January 2008 and December 2013 were included. Case numbers were compared with population data from national databases. Overall incidence, trauma mechanism, injury profile, and proportion of patients requiring hospital admission were calculated for time periods before and after the law amendment. RESULTS After the law change in 2011, the annual incidence of moped/scooter injuries among 15-year-olds in our area decreased from 0.8% in 2011 to 0.3% in 2013 (p<0.001), and estimated incidence of injuries per new moped/scooter license declined from 1.8% in 2011 to 1.0% in 2013 (p=0.001). Simultaneously, proportions of patients injured in collisions, diagnosed with multiple trauma or requiring in-patient care reduced. CONCLUSIONS A change in moped/scooter license requirements may have a causal relationship with both reduced number and severity of moped/scooter related injuries in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Kosola
- School and Student Health Care, City of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Helsinki Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Päivi Salminen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Helsinki Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti Kallio
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Helsinki Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
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Airaksinen N, Nurmi-Lüthje I, Lüthje P. Comparison of Injury Severity Between Moped and Motorcycle Crashes: A Finnish Two-Year Prospective Hospital-Based Study. Scand J Surg 2015; 105:49-55. [PMID: 25663150 DOI: 10.1177/1457496915571401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The coverage of the official statistics is poor in motorcycle and moped accidents. The aim of this study was to analyze the severity of motorcycle and moped crashes, and to define the degree of under-reporting in official statistics. MATERIAL AND METHODS All first attendances due to an acute motorcyclist or moped driver injury registered in the emergency department between June 2004 and May 2006 were analyzed. The severity of the injuries was classified using the Abbreviated Injury Scale score and the New Injury Severity Score. The hospital injury data were compared to the traffic accident statistics reported by the police and compiled and maintained by Statistics Finland. RESULTS A total of 49 motorcyclists and 61 moped drivers were involved in crashes, leading to a total of 94 and 109 injuries, respectively. There were slightly more vertebral and midfoot fractures among motorcyclists than among moped drivers (p = 0.038 and 0.016, respectively). No significant differences were found between the severity (maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale and median New Injury Severity Scores) of the motorcycle and moped crashes. There was no in-hospital mortality. The degree of agreement (overlap) between the hospital dataset and the official statistics was 32%. The rate of under-reporting was 68%. CONCLUSIONS According to the maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale and New Injury Severity Scores, the injury severity was equal for motorcycle and moped crashes. The degree of agreement between the hospital dataset and the official statistics was 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Airaksinen
- Department of Business Information Management and Logistics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - I Nurmi-Lüthje
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P Lüthje
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, North Kymi Hospital, Kuusankoski, Finland
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Bouaoun L, Haddak MM, Amoros E. Road crash fatality rates in France: a comparison of road user types, taking account of travel practices. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 75:217-225. [PMID: 25496915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Travel practices are changing: bicycle and motorized two-wheeler (MTW) use are rising in some of France's large cities. These are cheaper modes of transport and therefore attractive at a time of economic crisis, but they also allow their users to avoid traffic congestion. At the same time, active transport modes such as walking and cycling are encouraged because they are beneficial to health and reduce pollution. It is therefore important to find out more about the road crash risks of the different modes of transport. To do this, we need to take account of the number of individuals who use each, and, even better, their travel levels. METHOD We estimated the exposure-based fatality rates for road traffic crashes in France, on the basis of the ratio between the number of fatalities and exposure to road accident risk. Fatality data were obtained from the French national police database of road traffic casualties in the period 2007-2008. Exposure data was estimated from the latest national household travel survey (ENTD) which was conducted from April 2007 to April 2008. Three quantities of travel were computed for each mode of transport: (1) the number of trips, (2) the distance traveled and (3) the time spent traveling. Annual fatality rates were assessed by road user type, age and sex. RESULTS The overall annual fatality rates were 6.3 per 100 million trips, 5.8 per billion kilometers traveled and 0.20 per million hours spent traveling. The fatality rates differed according to road user type, age and sex. The risk of being killed was 20 to 32 times higher for motorized two-wheeler users than for car occupants. For cyclists, the risk of being killed, both on the basis of time spent traveling and the number of trips was about 1.5 times higher than for car occupants. Risk for pedestrians compared to car occupants was similar according to time spent traveling, lower according to the number of trips and higher according to the distance traveled. People from the 17-20 and 21-29 age groups and those aged 70 and over had the highest rates. Males had higher rates than females, by a factor of between 2 and 3. CONCLUSION When exposure is taken into account, the risks for motorized two-wheeler users are extremely high compared to other types of road user. This disparity can be explained by the combination of speed and a lack of protection (except for helmets). The differential is so great that prevention measures could probably not eliminate it. The question that arises is as follows: with regard to public health, should not the use of MTW, or at least of motorcycles, be deterred? The difference between the fatality risk of cyclists and of car occupants is much smaller (1.5 times higher); besides, there is much room for improvements in cyclist safety, for instance by increasing the use of helmets and conspicuity equipment. Traffic calming could also benefit cyclists, pedestrians and perhaps moped users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liacine Bouaoun
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France; Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Cité des Mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, F-69675 Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Mouloud Haddak
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France; Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Cité des Mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, F-69675 Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE, F-69373 Lyon, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Amoros
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Lyon, France; Epidemiological Research and Surveillance Unit in Transport, Occupation and Environment (UMRESTTE), French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), Cité des Mobilités, 25 Avenue François Mitterrand, F-69675 Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, UMRESTTE, F-69373 Lyon, France
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Jevtić V, Vujanić M, Lipovac К, Jovanović D, Pešić D. The relationship between the travelling speed and motorcycle styles in urban settings: a case study in Belgrade. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2015; 75:77-85. [PMID: 25460094 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This report examines the difference in the distribution of the speeds of different motorcycle styles and the difference in the distribution of speeds of particular motorcycle styles and cars. The relationship between the speed of motorcycles that possess and those that do not possess vehicle registration plates was also explored. The speed was measured at six different locations on main roads in the city of Belgrade, Serbia. The study confirmed that, on average, motorcyclists drive faster than drivers of cars, but extreme speeding is recorded 2.3 times more often by motorcyclists than by car drivers. In this research, the styles of motorcycles were divided into three different groups according to their average speeds. The first group consists of sport motorcycles, which were faster than the other styles. The second group consists of scooter motorcycles, which were slower. The third group consists of conventional, touring, enduro, and chopper motorcycles with speeds that were statistically not significantly different. According to the differences of the mean speed of motorcyclists who use and do not use vehicle registration plates, the use of the registration plates can be considered a significant indicator of traffic safety. By classifying motorcycles in the three different groups, the issue of "generalizing" motorcyclists as a unique group is avoided and can be taken into consideration for future studies of motorcyclist safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jevtić
- Secretariat for Transport, Department for Traffic Safety, 27. Marta 43-45, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milan Vujanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Кrsto Lipovac
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Jovanović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Department of Transport Engineering, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 6, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dalibor Pešić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Transport and Traffic Engineering, Vojvode Stepe 305, Belgrade, Serbia
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Clabaux N, Fournier JY, Michel JE. Powered two-wheeler drivers' risk of hitting a pedestrian in towns. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2014; 51:1-5. [PMID: 25453170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The risk of collision between pedestrians and powered two-wheelers is poorly understood today. The objective of this research is to determine the risk for powered two-wheeler drivers of hitting and injuring a pedestrian per kilometer driven in towns and to compare this risk with that run by four-wheeled vehicle drivers. METHOD Using the bodily injury accidents recorded by the police on nine roads in the city of Marseille in 2011 and a campaign of observations of powered two-wheeler traffic, we estimated the risk per kilometer driven by powered two-wheeler drivers of hitting a pedestrian and compared it with the risk run by four-wheeled vehicle drivers. RESULTS The results show that the risk for powered two-wheeler drivers of hitting and injuring a pedestrian is significantly higher than the risk run by four-wheeled vehicle drivers. On the nine roads studied, it is on average 3.33 times higher (95% CI: 1.63; 6.78). Taking four more years into account made it possible to consolidate these results and to tighten the confidence interval. CONCLUSION There does indeed seem to be problems in the interactions between pedestrians and powered two-wheeler users in urban traffic. These interaction problems lead to a higher risk of hitting and injuring a pedestrian for powered two-wheeler drivers than for four-wheeled vehicle drivers. The analysis of the police reports suggests that part of this increased risk comes from filtering maneuvers by powered two-wheelers. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Possible countermeasures deal with the urban street layout. Measures consisting in reducing the width and the number of traffic lanes to a strict minimum and installing medians or pedestrian islands could be an effective way for the prevention of urban accidents between pedestrians and powered two-wheelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Clabaux
- IFSTTAR, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Laboratory of Accident Mechanism Analysis, 304 chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Fournier
- IFSTTAR, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Laboratory of Accident Mechanism Analysis, 304 chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Michel
- IFSTTAR, French Institute of Science and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks, Laboratory of Accident Mechanism Analysis, 304 chemin de la Croix Blanche, F-13300 Salon de Provence, France
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