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An S, Yamashita M, Iguchi S, Kihara T, Kamon E, Ishikawa K, Kobayashi M, Ishimizu T. Biochemical Characterization of Parsley Glycosyltransferases Involved in the Biosynthesis of a Flavonoid Glycoside, Apiin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17118. [PMID: 38069442 PMCID: PMC10706860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid glycoside apiin (apigenin 7-O-[β-D-apiosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucoside]) is abundant in apiaceous and asteraceous plants, including celery and parsley. Although several enzymes involved in apiin biosynthesis have been identified in celery, many of the enzymes in parsley (Petroselinum crispum) have not been identified. In this study, we identified parsley genes encoding the glucosyltransferase, PcGlcT, and the apiosyltransferase, PcApiT, that catalyze the glycosylation steps of apiin biosynthesis. Their substrate specificities showed that they were involved in the biosynthesis of some flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides, including apiin. The expression profiles of PcGlcT and PcApiT were closely correlated with the accumulation of flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides in parsley organs and developmental stages. These findings support the idea that PcGlcT and PcApiT are involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid 7-O-apiosylglucosides in parsley. The identification of these genes will elucidate the physiological significance of apiin and the development of apiin production methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song An
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Maho Yamashita
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sho Iguchi
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Taketo Kihara
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eri Kamon
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishikawa
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
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Yamashita M, Fujimori T, An S, Iguchi S, Takenaka Y, Kajiura H, Yoshizawa T, Matsumura H, Kobayashi M, Ono E, Ishimizu T. The apiosyltransferase celery UGT94AX1 catalyzes the biosynthesis of the flavone glycoside apiin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1758-1771. [PMID: 37433052 PMCID: PMC10602602 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Apiose is a unique branched-chain pentose found in plant glycosides and a key component of the cell wall polysaccharide pectin and other specialized metabolites. More than 1,200 plant-specialized metabolites contain apiose residues, represented by apiin, a distinctive flavone glycoside found in celery (Apium graveolens) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in the family Apiaceae. The physiological functions of apiin remain obscure, partly due to our lack of knowledge on apiosyltransferase during apiin biosynthesis. Here, we identified UGT94AX1 as an A. graveolens apiosyltransferase (AgApiT) responsible for catalyzing the last sugar modification step in apiin biosynthesis. AgApiT showed strict substrate specificity for the sugar donor, UDP-apiose, and moderate specificity for acceptor substrates, thereby producing various apiose-containing flavone glycosides in celery. Homology modeling of AgApiT with UDP-apiose, followed by site-directed mutagenesis experiments, identified unique Ile139, Phe140, and Leu356 residues in AgApiT, which are seemingly crucial for the recognition of UDP-apiose in the sugar donor pocket. Sequence comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis of celery glycosyltransferases suggested that AgApiT is the sole apiosyltransferase-encoding gene in the celery genome. Identification of this plant apiosyltransferase gene will enhance our understanding of the physioecological functions of apiose and apiose-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Yamashita
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tae Fujimori
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Song An
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Sho Iguchi
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuto Takenaka
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Takuya Yoshizawa
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Matsumura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Research Institute, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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3
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Liang D, Xiang H, Li S, Wang X, Wang Y. Cloning and heterologous expression of a UDP-sugar-producing pyrophosphorylase gene from the harmful alga Phaeocystis globosa (Prymnesiophyceae) and its possible function in colony formation. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Borg AJE, Dennig A, Weber H, Nidetzky B. Mechanistic characterization of UDP-glucuronic acid 4-epimerase. FEBS J 2020; 288:1163-1178. [PMID: 32645249 PMCID: PMC7984243 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is a central precursor in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis and common substrate for C4-epimerases and decarboxylases releasing UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) and UDP-pentose products, respectively. Despite the different reactions catalyzed, the enzymes are believed to share mechanistic analogy rooted in their joint membership to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein superfamily: Oxidation at the substrate C4 by enzyme-bound NAD+ initiates the catalytic pathway. Here, we present mechanistic characterization of the C4-epimerization of UDP-GlcA, which in comparison with the corresponding decarboxylation has been largely unexplored. The UDP-GlcA 4-epimerase from Bacillus cereus functions as a homodimer and contains one NAD+ /subunit (kcat = 0.25 ± 0.01 s-1 ). The epimerization of UDP-GlcA proceeds via hydride transfer from and to the substrate's C4 while retaining the enzyme-bound cofactor in its oxidized form (≥ 97%) at steady state and without trace of decarboxylation. The kcat for UDP-GlcA conversion shows a kinetic isotope effect of 2.0 (±0.1) derived from substrate deuteration at C4. The proposed enzymatic mechanism involves a transient UDP-4-keto-hexose-uronic acid intermediate whose formation is rate-limiting overall, and is governed by a conformational step before hydride abstraction from UDP-GlcA. Precise positioning of the substrate in a kinetically slow binding step may be important for the epimerase to establish stereo-electronic constraints in which decarboxylation of the labile β-keto acid species is prevented effectively. Mutagenesis and pH studies implicate the conserved Tyr149 as the catalytic base for substrate oxidation and show its involvement in the substrate positioning step. Collectively, this study suggests that based on overall mechanistic analogy, stereo-electronic control may be a distinguishing feature of catalysis by SDR-type epimerases and decarboxylases active on UDP-GlcA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika J E Borg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria
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5
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Differences in the Formation Mechanism of Giant Colonies in Two Phaeocystis globosa Strains. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155393. [PMID: 32751329 PMCID: PMC7432625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeocystis globosa has become one of the primary causes of harmful algal bloom in coastal areas of southern China in recent years, and it poses a serious threat to the marine environment and other activities depending upon on it (e.g., aquaculture, cooling system of power plants), especially in the Beibu Gulf. We found colonies of P. globosa collected form Guangxi (China) were much larger than those obtained from Shantou cultured in lab. To better understand the causes of giant colonies formation, colonial cells collected from P. globosa GX strain (GX-C) and ST strain (ST-C) were separated by filtration. Morphological observations, phylogenetic analyses, rapid light-response curves, fatty acid profiling and transcriptome analyses of two type cells were performed in the laboratory. Although no differences in morphology and 18S rRNA sequences of these cells were observed, the colonies of GX strain (4.7 mm) are 30 times larger than those produced by the ST strain (300 μm). The rapid light-response curve of GX-C was greater than that of ST-C, consistent with the upregulated photosynthetic system, while the fatty acid content of GX-C was lower than that of ST-C, also consistent with the downregulated synthesis of fatty acids and the upregulated degradation of fatty acids. In summary, the increased energy generated by GX-C is allocated to promote the secretion of extracellular polysaccharides for colony formation. We performed a physiological and molecular assessment of the differences between the GX-C and ST-C strains, providing insights into the mechanisms of giant colonies formation in P. globosa.
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Takenaka Y, Kato K, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Tsuruhama K, Kajiura H, Yagyu K, Takeda A, Takeda Y, Kunieda T, Hara-Nishimura I, Kuroha T, Nishitani K, Matsubayashi Y, Ishimizu T. Pectin RG-I rhamnosyltransferases represent a novel plant-specific glycosyltransferase family. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:669-676. [PMID: 30082766 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is one of the three key cell wall polysaccharides in land plants and consists of three major structural domains: homogalacturonan, rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) and RG-II. Although the glycosyltransferase required for the synthesis of the homogalacturonan and RG-II backbone was identified a decade ago, those for the synthesis of the RG-I backbone, which consists of the repeating disaccharide unit [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1 → 4)-α-D-GalUA-(1→], have remained unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of Arabidopsis RG-I:rhamnosyltransferases (RRTs), which transfer the rhamnose residue from UDP-β-L-rhamnose to RG-I oligosaccharides. RRT1, which is one of the four Arabidopsis RRTs, is a single-spanning transmembrane protein, localized to the Golgi apparatus. RRT1 was highly expressed during formation of the seed coat mucilage, which is a specialized cell wall with abundant RG-I. Loss-of-function mutation in RRT1 caused a reduction in the level of RG-I in the seed coat mucilage. The RRTs belong to a novel glycosyltransferase family, now designated GT106. This is a large plant-specific family, and glycosyltransferases in this family seem to have plant-specific roles, such as biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takenaka
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kohei Kato
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | | | - Kana Tsuruhama
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kenta Yagyu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kunieda
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
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7
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Enzyme and microbial technology for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides: an update. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3017-3026. [PMID: 29476402 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, in either free or bound forms, play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes. Increasing appreciation of their roles in cellular communication, interaction, pathogenesis, and prebiotic functions has stimulated tremendous interests in their synthesis. Pure and structurally defined oligosaccharides are essential for fundamental studies. On the other hand, for those with near term medical and nutraceutical applications, their large-scale synthesis is necessary. Unfortunately, oligosaccharides are notoriously difficult in their synthesis, and their enormous diverse structures leave a vast gap between what have been synthesized in laboratory and those present in various biological systems. While enzymes and microbes are nature's catalysts for oligosaccharides, their effective use is not without challenges. Using examples of galactose-containing oligosaccharides, this review analyzes the pros and cons of these two forms of biocatalysts and provides an updated view on the status of biocatalysis in this important field. Over the past few years, a large number of novel galactosidases were discovered and/or engineered for improved synthesis via transglycosylation. The use of salvage pathway for regeneration of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose has made the use of Leloir glycosyltransferases simpler and more efficient. The recent success of large-scale synthesis of 2' fucosyllactose heralded the power of whole-cell biocatalysis as a scalable technology. While it still lags behind enzyme catalysis in terms of the number of oligosaccharides synthesized, an acceleration in the use of this form of biocatalyst is expected as rapid advances in synthetic biology have made the engineering of whole cell biocatalysts less arduous and less time consuming.
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8
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Ohashi T, Jinno J, Inoue Y, Ito S, Fujiyama K, Ishimizu T. A polygalacturonase localized in the Golgi apparatus in Pisum sativum. J Biochem 2017; 162:193-201. [PMID: 28338792 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectin is a plant cell wall constituent that is mainly composed of polygalacturonic acid (PGA), a linear α1,4-d-galacturonic acid (GalUA) backbone. Polygalacturonase (PG) hydrolyzes the α1,4-linkages in PGA. Nearly all plant PGs identified thus far are secreted as soluble proteins. Here we describe the microsomal PG activity in pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyls and present biochemical evidence that it was localized to the Golgi apparatus, where pectins are biosynthesized. The microsomal PG was purified, and it was enzymatically characterized. The purified enzyme showed maximum activity towards pyridylaminated oligogalacturonic acids with six degrees of polymerization (PA-GalUA6), with a Km value of 11 μM for PA-GalUA6. The substrate preference of the enzyme was complementary to that of PGA synthase. The main PG activity in microsomes was detected in the Golgi fraction by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The activity of the microsomal PG was lower in rapidly growing epicotyls, in contrast to the high expression of PGA synthase. The role of this PG in the regulation of pectin biosynthesis or plant growth is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Jun Jinno
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Shoko Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishimizu
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Kulmer ST, Gutmann A, Lemmerer M, Nidetzky B. Biocatalytic Cascade of Polyphosphate Kinase and Sucrose Synthase for Synthesis of Nucleotide-Activated Derivatives of Glucose. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra T. Kulmer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Lemmerer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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10
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Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. Substrate Specificity and Inhibitor Sensitivity of Plant UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1610. [PMID: 28970843 PMCID: PMC5609113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-sugars are essential precursors for glycosylation reactions producing cell wall polysaccharides, sucrose, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. Primary mechanisms of UDP sugar formation involve the action of at least three distinct pyrophosphorylases using UTP and sugar-1-P as substrates. Here, substrate specificities of barley and Arabidopsis (two isozymes) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (UGPase), Arabidopsis UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase) and Arabidopsis UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase2 (UAGPase2) were investigated using a range of sugar-1-phosphates and nucleoside-triphosphates as substrates. Whereas all the enzymes preferentially used UTP as nucleotide donor, they differed in their specificity for sugar-1-P. UGPases had high activity with D-Glc-1-P, but could also react with Fru-1-P and Fru-2-P (Km values over 10 mM). Contrary to an earlier report, their activity with Gal-1-P was extremely low. USPase reacted with a range of sugar-1-phosphates, including D-Glc-1-P, D-Gal-1-P, D-GalA-1-P (Km of 1.3 mM), β-L-Ara-1-P and α-D-Fuc-1-P (Km of 3.4 mM), but not β-L-Fuc-1-P. In contrast, UAGPase2 reacted only with D-GlcNAc-1-P, D-GalNAc-1-P (Km of 1 mM) and, to some extent, D-Glc-1-P (Km of 3.2 mM). Generally, different conformations/substituents at C2, C4, and C5 of the pyranose ring of a sugar were crucial determinants of substrate specificity of a given pyrophosphorylase. Homology models of UDP-sugar binding to UGPase, USPase and UAGPase2 revealed more common amino acids for UDP binding than for sugar binding, reflecting differences in substrate specificity of these proteins. UAGPase2 was inhibited by a salicylate derivative that was earlier shown to affect UGPase and USPase activities, consistent with a common structural architecture of the three pyrophosphorylases. The results are discussed with respect to the role of the pyrophosphorylases in sugar activation for glycosylated end-products.
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Muthana MM, Qu J, Xue M, Klyuchnik T, Siu A, Li Y, Zhang L, Yu H, Li L, Wang PG, Chen X. Improved one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems for synthesizing UDP-uronic acids and glucuronides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:4595-8. [PMID: 25686901 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc10306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana glucuronokinase (AtGlcAK) was cloned and shown to be able to use various uronic acids as substrates to produce the corresponding uronic acid-1-phosphates. AtGlcAK or Bifidobacterium infantis galactokinase (BiGalK) was used with a UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, an inorganic pyrophosphatase, with or without a glycosyltransferase for highly efficient synthesis of UDP-uronic acids and glucuronides. These improved cost-effective one-pot multienzyme (OPME) systems avoid the use of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-cofactor in dehydrogenase-dependent UDP-glucuronic acid production processes and can be broadly applied for synthesizing various glucuronic acid-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musleh M Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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12
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Schmölzer K, Gutmann A, Diricks M, Desmet T, Nidetzky B. Sucrose synthase: A unique glycosyltransferase for biocatalytic glycosylation process development. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 34:88-111. [PMID: 26657050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a glycosyltransferase (GT) long known from plants and more recently discovered in bacteria. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a glucosyl moiety between fructose and a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) (sucrose+NDP↔NDP-glucose+fructose). The equilibrium for sucrose conversion is pH dependent, and pH values between 5.5 and 7.5 promote NDP-glucose formation. The conversion of a bulk chemical to high-priced NDP-glucose in a one-step reaction provides the key aspect for industrial interest. NDP-sugars are important as such and as key intermediates for glycosylation reactions by highly selective Leloir GTs. SuSy has gained renewed interest as industrially attractive biocatalyst, due to substantial scientific progresses achieved in the last few years. These include biochemical characterization of bacterial SuSys, overproduction of recombinant SuSys, structural information useful for design of tailor-made catalysts, and development of one-pot SuSy-GT cascade reactions for production of several relevant glycosides. These advances could pave the way for the application of Leloir GTs to be used in cost-effective processes. This review provides a framework for application requirements, focusing on catalytic properties, heterologous enzyme production and reaction engineering. The potential of SuSy biocatalysis will be presented based on various biotechnological applications: NDP-sugar synthesis; sucrose analog synthesis; glycoside synthesis by SuSy-GT cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmölzer
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Alexander Gutmann
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margo Diricks
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Industrial Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Comparing substrate specificity of two UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases and efficient one-pot enzymatic synthesis of UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalA. Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:1-5. [PMID: 25942062 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA), the unique carboxylic acid-formed sugar nucleotides, are key precursors involved in the biosynthesis of numerous cell components. Limited availability of those components has been hindering the development of efficient ways towards facile synthesis of bioactive glycans such as glycosaminoglycans. In current study, we biochemically characterized two UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUSP) and Bifidobacterium infantis ATCC15697 (BiUSP), and compared their activities towards a panel of sugar-1-phosphates and derivatives. Both enzymes showed significant pyrophosphorylation activities towards GlcA-1-phosphate, and AtUSP also exhibited comparable activity towards GalA-1-phosphate. By combining with monosaccharide-1-phosphate kinases, we have developed an efficient and facile one-pot three-enzyme approach to quickly obtain hundreds milligrams of UDP-GlcA and UDP-GalA.
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Eixelsberger T, Nidetzky B. Enzymatic Redox Cascade for One-Pot Synthesis of Uridine 5'-Diphosphate Xylose from Uridine 5'-Diphosphate Glucose. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:3575-3584. [PMID: 26190959 PMCID: PMC4498474 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic ways towards uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP)-xylose are scarce and not well established, although this compound plays an important role in the glycobiology of various organisms and cell types. We show here how UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (hUGDH) and UDP-xylose synthase 1 (hUXS) from Homo sapiens can be used for the efficient production of pure UDP-α-xylose from UDP-glucose. In a mimic of the natural biosynthetic route, UDP-glucose is converted to UDP-glucuronic acid by hUGDH, followed by subsequent formation of UDP-xylose by hUXS. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) required in the hUGDH reaction is continuously regenerated in a three-step chemo-enzymatic cascade. In the first step, reduced NAD+ (NADH) is recycled by xylose reductase from Candida tenuis via reduction of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ). Radical chemical re-oxidation of this mediator in the second step reduces molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that is cleaved by bovine liver catalase in the last step. A comprehensive analysis of the coupled chemo-enzymatic reactions revealed pronounced inhibition of hUGDH by NADH and UDP-xylose as well as an adequate oxygen supply for PQ re-oxidation as major bottlenecks of effective performance of the overall multi-step reaction system. Net oxidation of UDP-glucose to UDP-xylose by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could thus be achieved when using an in situ oxygen supply through periodic external feed of H2O2 during the reaction. Engineering of the interrelated reaction parameters finally enabled production of 19.5 mM (10.5 g l−1) UDP-α-xylose. After two-step chromatographic purification the compound was obtained in high purity (>98%) and good overall yield (46%). The results provide a strong case for application of multi-step redox cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eixelsberger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria ; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria, ; phone: (+43)-316-873-8400 ; e-mail:
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15
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Geserick C, Tenhaken R. UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase controls the activity of proceeding sugar-1-kinases enzymes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:25478. [PMID: 23857351 PMCID: PMC4002622 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall synthesis requires a number of different nucleotide sugars which provide the building blocks of the different polymers. These nucleotide sugars are mainly provided by de novo synthesis but recycling pathways also contribute to the pools. The last enzyme of the recycling pathway is UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USP), a single copy gene in Arabidopsis, of which a knockout is lethal for pollen development. Here we analyze the dependency between USP enzyme activity and the upstream glucuronokinase. Gene silencing of USP by miRNA cause a concomitant reduction of USP and of glucuronokinase activity presumably to prevent the accumulation of sugar-1-phosphates interfering with normal metabolism and depleting the phosphate pool of the cell.
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16
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Arakawa J, Uegaki M, Ishimizu T. Effects of l-arginine on solubilization and purification of plant membrane proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Park JI, Ishimizu T, Suwabe K, Sudo K, Masuko H, Hakozaki H, Nou IS, Suzuki G, Watanabe M. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is rate limiting in vegetative and reproductive phases in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:981-96. [PMID: 20435647 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) is an important enzyme in the metabolism of UDP-glucose, a precursor for the synthesis of carbohydrate cell wall components, such as cellulose and callose. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains two putative genes encoding UGPase, AtUGP1 and AtUGP2. These genes are expressed in all organs. In order to determine the role of UGPase in vegetative and reproductive organs, we employed a reverse genetic approach using the T-DNA insertion mutants, atugp1 and atugp2. Despite a significant decrease in UGPase activity in both the atugp1 and atugp2 single mutants, no decrease in normal growth and reproduction was observed. In contrast, the atugp1/atugp2 double mutant displayed drastic growth defects and male sterility. At the reproductive phase, in the anthers of atugp1/atugp2, pollen mother cells developed normally, but callose deposition around microspores was absent. Genes coding for enzymes at the subsequent steps in the cellulose and callose synthesis pathway were also down-regulated in the double mutant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the AtUGP1 and AtUGP2 genes are functionally redundant and UGPase activity is essential for both vegetative and reproductive phases in Arabidopsis. Importantly, male fertility was not restored in the double knockout mutant by an application of external sucrose, whereas vegetative growth was comparable in size with that of the wild type. In contrast, an application of external UDP-glucose recovered male fertility in the double mutant, suggesting that control of UGPase in carbohydrate metabolism is different in the vegetative phase as compared with the reproductive phase in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-In Park
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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18
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Yasui K, Uegaki M, Shiraki K, Ishimizu T. Enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins by alkylamines and polyamines. Protein Sci 2010; 19:486-93. [PMID: 20054831 DOI: 10.1002/pro.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Around 25% of proteins in living organisms are membrane proteins that perform many critical functions such as synthesis of biomolecules and signal transduction. Membrane proteins are extracted from the lipid bilayer and solubilized with a detergent for biochemical characterization; however, their solubilization is an empirical technique and sometimes insufficient quantities of proteins are solubilized in aqueous buffer to allow characterization. We found that addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer containing a detergent enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins from microsomes. The solubilization of polygalacturonic acid synthase localized at the plant Golgi membrane was enhanced by up to 9.9-fold upon addition of spermidine to the solubilization buffer. These additives also enhanced the solubilization of other plant membrane proteins localized in other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane as well as that of an animal Golgi-localized membrane protein. Thus, addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer is a generally applicable method for effective solubilization of membrane proteins. The mechanism of the enhancement of solubilization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Yasui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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19
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Damerow S, Lamerz AC, Haselhorst T, Führing J, Zarnovican P, von Itzstein M, Routier FH. Leishmania UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase: the missing link in galactose salvage? J Biol Chem 2009; 285:878-87. [PMID: 19906649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.067223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Leishmania parasite glycocalyx is rich in galactose-containing glycoconjugates that are synthesized by specific glycosyltransferases that use UDP-galactose as a glycosyl donor. UDP-galactose biosynthesis is thought to be predominantly a de novo process involving epimerization of the abundant nucleotide sugar UDP-glucose by the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase, although galactose salvage from the environment has been demonstrated for Leishmania major. Here, we present the characterization of an L. major UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase able to reversibly activate galactose 1-phosphate into UDP-galactose thus proving the existence of the Isselbacher salvage pathway in this parasite. The ordered bisubstrate mechanism and high affinity of the enzyme for UTP seem to favor the synthesis of nucleotide sugar rather than their pyrophosphorolysis. Although L. major UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase preferentially activates galactose 1-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate, the enzyme is able to act on a variety of hexose 1-phosphates as well as pentose 1-phosphates but not hexosamine 1-phosphates and hence presents a broad in vitro specificity. The newly identified enzyme exhibits a low but significant homology with UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases and conserved in particular is the pyrophosphorylase consensus sequence and residues involved in nucleotide and phosphate binding. Saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy experiments confirm the importance of these moieties for substrate binding. The described leishmanial enzyme is closely related to plant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases and presents a similar substrate specificity suggesting their common origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Damerow
- Department of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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20
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Pieslinger AM, Hoepflinger MC, Tenhaken R. Nonradioactive enzyme measurement by high-performance liquid chromatography of partially purified sugar-1-kinase (glucuronokinase) from pollen of Lilium longiflorum. Anal Biochem 2009; 388:254-9. [PMID: 19272347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a highly sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that enables specific quantification of glucuronokinase activity in partially purified extracts from pollen of Lilium longiflorum without radioactive labeled substrates. This assay uses a recombinant UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase with broad substrate specificity from Pisum sativum (PsUSP) or Arabidopsis thaliana (AtUSP) as a coupling enzyme. Glucuronokinase was partially purified on a DEAE-sepharose column. Kinase activity was measured by a nonradioactive coupled enzyme assay in which glucuronic acid-1-phosphate, produced in this reaction, is used by UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase and further converted to UDP-glucuronic acid. This UDP-sugar, as well as different by-products, is detected by HPLC with either a strong anion exchange column or a reversed phase C18 column at a wavelength of 260 nm. This assay is adaptive to different kinases and sugars because of the broad substrate specificity of USP. The HPLC method is highly sensitive and allows measurement of kinase activity in the range of pmol min(-1). Furthermore, it can be used for determination of pure kinases as well as crude or partially purified enzyme solutions without any interfering background from ATPases or NADH oxidizing enzymes, known to cause trouble in different photometric assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Maria Pieslinger
- Department of Cell Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, Salzburg, Austria
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Gronwald JW, Miller SS, Vance CP. Arabidopsis UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase: evidence for two isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2008; 46:1101-5. [PMID: 18768324 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (AtUSP, EC 2.7.7.64) is a broad substrate pyrophosphorylase that exhibits activity with GlcA-1-P, Gal-1-P and Glc-1-P. Immunoblots using polyclonal antibodies raised to recombinant AtUSP demonstrated the presence of two USP isoforms of approximately 70 kDa (USP1) and 66 kDa (USP2) in crude extracts of Arabidopsis tissues. The 66 kDa isoform was not the result of proteolytic cleavage of USP1 during extraction. Trypsin digestion of bands on SDS gels corresponding to the location of the two isoforms followed by tandem mass spectrometry confirmed that USP peptides were present in both bands. Both USP isoforms were detected in the cytosol as determined by immunoblots of cellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation. However, some USP1 was also detected in the microsomal fraction. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that AtUSP antibodies removed USP activity (UDP-GlcA-->GlcA-1-P) measured in floret extracts. These results indicate that USP is the only pyrophosphorylase that utilizes UDP-GlcA as a substrate and suggest that it serves as the terminal enzyme of the myo-inositol oxidation pathway.
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Kotake T, Hojo S, Tajima N, Matsuoka K, Koyama T, Tsumuraya Y. A Bifunctional Enzyme with L-Fucokinase and GDP-L-fucose Pyrophosphorylase Activities Salvages Free L-Fucose in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8125-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Kotake T, Hojo S, Yamaguchi D, Aohara T, Konishi T, Tsumuraya Y. Properties and physiological functions of UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase in Arabidopsis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:761-71. [PMID: 17341835 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase catalyzes the conversion of various monosaccharide 1-phosphates to the respective UDP-sugars in the salvage pathway. Using the genomic database, we cloned a putative gene for UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase from Arabidopsis. Although relatively stronger expression was detected in the vascular tissue of leaves and the pollen, AtUSP is expressed in most cell types of Arabidopsis, indicating a housekeeping function in nucleotide sugar metabolism. Recombinant AtUSP expressed in Escherichia coli exhibited broad specificity toward monosaccharide 1-phosphates, resulting in the formation of various UDP-sugars such as UDP-glucose, -galactose, -glucuronic acid, -xylose and -L-arabinose. A loss-of-function mutation in the AtUSP gene caused by T-DNA insertion completely abolished male fertility. These results indicate that AtUSP functions as a UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase in the salvage pathway, and that the generation of UDP-sugars from monosaccharide 1-phosphates catalyzed by AtUSP is essential for pollen development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Saitama, Japan
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