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Nilsson MG, Santana Cordeiro MDC, Gonçalves ACA, Dos Santos Conzentino M, Huergo LF, Vicentini F, Reis JBL, Biondo AW, Kmetiuk LB, da Silva AV. High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs: Age as risk factor for infection in shelter and foster home animals. Prev Vet Med 2024; 222:106094. [PMID: 38103433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused 775 outbreaks in 29 animal species across 36 countries, including dogs, cats, ferrets, minks, non-human primates, white-tailed deer, and lions. Although transmission from owners to dogs has been extensively described, no study to date has also compared sheltered, foster home and owner dogs and associated risk factors. This study aimed to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from sheltered, fostered, and owned dogs, associated with environmental and management risk factors. Serum samples and swabs were collected from each dog, and an epidemiological questionnaire was completed by the shelter manager, foster care, and owner. A total of 111 dogs, including 222 oropharyngeal and rectal swabs, tested negative by RT-qPCR. Overall, 18/89 (20.22%) dogs presented IgG antibodies against the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 by magnetic ELISA, while none showed a reaction to the Spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies showed an age-related association, with 4.16 chance of positivity in adult dogs when compared with young ones. High population density among dogs and humans, coupled with repeated COVID-19 exposure, emerged as potential risk factors in canine virus epidemiology. Dogs exhibited higher seropositivity rates in these contexts. Thus, we propose expanded seroepidemiological and molecular studies across species and scenarios, including shelter dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guimarães Nilsson
- Graduate College of Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Fernando Vicentini
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of the Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), 44430-622 Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jeiza Botelho Leal Reis
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of the Recôncavo of Bahia (UFRB), 44430-622 Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), 81531-970 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Aristeu Vieira da Silva
- Zoonosis and Public Health Research Group, Earth and Environmental Science Modelling Graduate, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), 44036-900 Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil.
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Uskoković V. Lessons from the history of inorganic nanoparticles for inhalable diagnostics and therapeutics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 315:102903. [PMID: 37084546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory tract is one of the most accessible ones to exogenous nanoparticles, yet drug delivery by their means to it is made extraordinarily challenging because of the plexus of aerodynamic, hemodynamic and biomolecular factors at cellular and extracellular levels that synergistically define the safety and efficacy of this process. Here, the use of inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) for inhalable diagnostics and therapies of the lung is viewed through the prism of the history of studies on the interaction of INPs with the lower respiratory tract. The most conceptually and methodologically innovative and illuminative studies are referred to in the chronological order, as they were reported in the literature, and the trends in the progress of understanding this interaction of immense therapeutic and toxicological significance are being deduced from it. The most outstanding actual trends delineated include the diminishment of toxicity via surface functionalization, cell targeting, tagging and tracking via controlled binding and uptake, hybrid INP treatments, magnetic guidance, combined drug and gene delivery, use as adjuvants in inhalable vaccines, and other. Many of the understudied research directions, which have been accomplished by the nanostructured organic polymers in the pulmonary niche, are discussed. The progress in the use of INPs as inhalable diagnostics or therapeutics has been hampered by their well-recognized inflammatory potential and toxicity in the respiratory tract. However, the annual numbers of methodologically innovative studies have been on the rise throughout the past two decades, suggesting that this is a prolific direction of research, its comparatively poor commercial takings notwithstanding. Still, the lack of consensus on the effects of many INP compositions at low but therapeutically effective doses, the plethora of contradictory reports on ostensibly identical chemical compositions and NP properties, and the many cases of antagonism in combinatorial NP treatments imply that the rational design of inhalable medical devices based on INPs must rely on qualitative principles for the most part and embrace a partially stochastic approach as well. At the same time, the fact that the most studied INPs for pulmonary applications have been those with some of the thickest records of pulmonary toxicity, e.g., carbon, silver, gold, silica and iron oxide, is a silent call for the expansion of the search for new inorganic compositions for use in inhalable therapies to new territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, TardigradeNano LLC, 7 Park Vista, Irvine, CA 92604, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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de Souza Barbosa AB, Kmetiuk LB, de Carvalho OV, Brandão APD, Doline FR, Lopes SRRS, Meira DA, de Souza EM, da Silva Trindade E, Baura V, Barbosa DS, Brandespim DF, Galhardo JA, Pettan-Brewer C, de Sá Guimarães AM, Dutra V, de Morais HA, Huergo L, Dos Santos AP, Biondo AW. Infection of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic dogs associated with owner viral load. Res Vet Sci 2022; 153:61-65. [PMID: 36327620 PMCID: PMC9556808 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive pet owners are reported to be a risk factor for infection of their pets; however, the influence of the viral load and associated risks has not been fully established. This study aimed to assess potential association of viral load in owners with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in their dogs. Of 20 SARS-CoV-2-positive pet owners from 13 families in Curitiba, Brazil, 5 of 22 (22.7%) dogs were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Viral presence was detected in oropharyngeal samples for 2 of 5 (40.0%) dogs at 8 and 9 days after the first positive sample. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in these dogs was associated with higher viral loads in the owners and close owner contact. All 5 RT-qPCR-positive dogs had antibodies to at least one viral protein tested in the serological assay. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs was statistically associated with clinical signs in owners such as cold, cough, or diarrhea (P = 0.039), number of positive persons in the household (P = 0.002), and higher viral load (P = 0.039). Such findings serve as a warning for risks of human to dog infection, mainly due to sharing beds and other close interactions without protection. In conclusion, people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in households with multiple residents and high viral load, should take the same preventive measures when interacting with their dogs during self-isolation as they do with people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altina Bruna de Souza Barbosa
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil
| | - Otávio Valério de Carvalho
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil; TECSA Laboratories, Belo Horizonte, MG 30110-042, Brazil
| | - Ana Pérola Drulla Brandão
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rodrigo Doline
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Adamoski Meira
- Departments of Genetic and of Cellular Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Maltempi de Souza
- Departments of Genetic and of Cellular Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo da Silva Trindade
- Departments of Genetic and of Cellular Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - Valter Baura
- Departments of Genetic and of Cellular Biology and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81530-000, Brazil
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Graduate College of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Friguglietti Brandespim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Arena Galhardo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Christina Pettan-Brewer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana Marcia de Sá Guimarães
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dutra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT 78060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Huergo
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Seashore Campus, Matinhos, PR 83260-000, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Graduate College of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR 81531-970, Brazil; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
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Population-Based Analysis of the Immunoglobulin G Response to Different COVID-19 Vaccines in Brazil. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010021. [PMID: 36679871 PMCID: PMC9862407 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil has been performed mostly with CoronaVac (Sinovac), ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca-University of Oxford) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccines. The titers of IgG antibodies reactive to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein correlate with vaccine efficacy. Studies comparing vaccine immunogenicity in a real-world scenario are lacking. (2) Methods: We performed a population-based study to analyze the immunoglobulin G response to different COVID-19 vaccines. Citizens older than 18 years (n = 2376) provided personal data, a self-declaration of any previous COVID-19 positive tests and information regarding COVID-19 vaccination: the vaccine popular name and the date of each dose. Blood samples were collected and the levels of IgG reactive to SARS-CoV-2 antigens were determined and compared between different vaccine groups. (3) Results: The seroconversion for anti-spike IgG achieved > 95% by February 2022 and maintained stable until June 2022. Higher anti-spike IgG titers were detected in individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2, followed by ChAdOx1-S and CoronaVac. The anti-spike IgG response was negatively correlated with age and interval after the second dose for the BNT162b2 vaccine. Natural infections boosted anti-spike IgG in those individuals who completed primary vaccination with ChAdOx1-S and CoronaVac, but not with BNT162b2. The levels of anti-spike IgG increased with the number of vaccine doses administered. The application of BNT162b2 as a 3rd booster dose resulted in high anti-spike IgG antibody titers, despite the type of vaccine used during primary vaccination. (4) Conclusions: Our data confirmed the effectiveness of the Brazilian vaccination program. Of the vaccines used in Brazil, BNT162b2 performed better to elicit anti-spike protein IgG after primary vaccination and as a booster dose and thus should be recommended as a booster whenever available. A continuous COVID-19 vaccination program will be required to sustain anti-spike IgG antibodies in the population.
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Aoki MN, Nardin JM, Huergo LF, Blanes L, Morales HMP, Fornazari B, Conzentino MS, Migliorini MEA, Zanette DL. Dynamics of the Immune response in Hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cancer Patients. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:750-759. [PMID: 35950647 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Seroconversion rates were compared between oncological and non-oncological patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 during a 14-day hospitalization time. All COVID-19 non-oncological and solid malignancies patients reached 100% seroconversion at day 14, while less than half of the hematological patients were seroconverted at the same time point. Despite the limited number and variability of the patient's cohort, we conclude that there is a delayed seroconversion in the hematological malignancies group, which may be linked to changes in the hematological parameters, immune suppression and/or oncological treatments that are typically associated with these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Nóbrega Aoki
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Marie Nardin
- Erasto Gaertner Hospital, Dr. Ovande do Amaral 201 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81520-060, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Blanes
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Hugo Manuel Paz Morales
- Erasto Gaertner Hospital, Dr. Ovande do Amaral 201 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81520-060, Brazil
| | - Bruna Fornazari
- Erasto Gaertner Hospital, Dr. Ovande do Amaral 201 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81520-060, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dalila Lucíola Zanette
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba, Paraná, 81350-010, Brazil
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SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion in Response to Infection and Vaccination: a Time Series Local Study in Brazil. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0102622. [PMID: 35770982 PMCID: PMC9430992 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01026-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigation of antibodies raised against different severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) antigens can help to determine the extent of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population and track the humoral response to vaccination. Therefore, serological surveys can provide key information to better manage the pandemic and/or to implement the most effective vaccination program. Here we describe a time series anti-nucleocapsid, anti-spike IgG serological survey analysis in the city of Matinhos, PR, Brazil during the year of 2021. Seroconversion rates to the nucleocapsid antigen were not influenced by gender or age. The serological data support that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection rate is ~50% higher than official numbers. Furthermore, by applying serological data, the corrected infection fatality rate was estimated to be lower than 2.4% in contrast with the official estimative of 3.6%. The rates of IgG reactive to spike antigen resembled the curve of the fraction the population that had taken the second vaccine dose. Up to 82% of spike seroconversion was detected in the end of 2021, confirming the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination program in the city. This SARS-CoV-2 serological study unraveled the SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and the response to vaccination in the city of Matinhos. IMPORTANCE The investigation of antibodies raised against SARS-CoV-2 can help to determine the extent of previous SARS-CoV-2 infections and track the humoral response to vaccination. Here we describe a time series anti-nucleocapsid, anti-spike IgG serological survey in the city of Matinhos, PR, Brazil during the year of 2021. The data depicted the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the city allowing the correction of the number of citizens who experienced COVID-19 and the disease fatality rate. The seroconversion rates to the spike antigen resembled the curve of the fraction of the population that had taken the second vaccine dose, thereby confirming the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination program in the city.
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Conzentino MS, Gonçalves ACA, Paula NM, Rego FGM, Zanette DL, Aoki MN, Nardin JM, Huergo LF. A magnetic bead immunoassay to detect high affinity human IgG reactive to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 RBD produced in Escherichia coli. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1263-1269. [PMID: 35426068 PMCID: PMC9009495 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) antigen seroconversion in humans are important tools to monitor the levels of protecting antibodies in the population in response to infection and/or immunization. Here we describe a simple, low cost, and high throughput Ni2+ magnetic bead immunoassay to detect human IgG reactive to Spike S1 RBD Receptor Binding Domain produced in Escherichia coli. A 6xHis-tagged Spike S1 RBD was expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The protein was mobilized on the surface of Ni2+ magnetic beads and used to investigate the presence of reactive IgG in the serum obtained from pre-pandemic and COVID-19 confirmed cases. The method was validated with a cohort of 290 samples and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 was obtained. The method was operated with > 82% sensitivity at 98% specificity and was also able to track human IgG raised in response to vaccination with Comirnaty at > 85% sensitivity. The IgG signal obtained with the described method was well-correlated with the signal obtained when pre fusion Spike produced in HEK cell lines was used as antigen. This novel low-cost and high throughput immunoassay may act as an important tool to investigate protecting IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo S Conzentino
- Setor Litoral, UFPR Matinhos, Rua Jaguariaíva, Tv. Caiobá, 512, Matinhos, 83260-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana C A Gonçalves
- Setor Litoral, UFPR Matinhos, Rua Jaguariaíva, Tv. Caiobá, 512, Matinhos, 83260-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Nigella M Paula
- Setor Litoral, UFPR Matinhos, Rua Jaguariaíva, Tv. Caiobá, 512, Matinhos, 83260-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabiane G M Rego
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Mateus N Aoki
- Instituto Carlos Chagas - FioCruz, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Luciano Fernandes Huergo
- Setor Litoral, UFPR Matinhos, Rua Jaguariaíva, Tv. Caiobá, 512, Matinhos, 83260-000, PR, Brazil.
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