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Dicks L, Schuh-von Graevenitz K, Prehn C, Sadri H, Ghaffari MH, Häussler S. Bile acid profiles and mRNA expression of bile acid-related genes in the liver of dairy cows with high versus normal body condition. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00922-6. [PMID: 38876220 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) play a crucial role not only in lipid digestion but also in the regulation of overall energy homeostasis, including glucose and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate BA profiles and mRNA expression of BA-related genes in the liver of high versus normal body condition in dairy cows. We hypothesized that body condition and the transition from gestation to lactation affect hepatic BA concentrations as well as the mRNA abundance of BA-related receptors, regulatory enzymes, and transporters. Therefore, we analyzed BA in the liver as well as the mRNA abundance of BA-related synthesizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors in the liver during the transition period in cows with different body conditions around calving. In a previously established animal model, 38 German Holstein cows were divided into groups with high body condition score (BCS) (HBCS; n = 19) or normal BCS (NBCS; n = 19) based on BCS and backfat thickness (BFT). Cows were fed diets aimed at achieving the targeted differences in BCS and BFT (NBCS: BCS <3.5, BFT <1.2 cm; HBCS: BCS >3.75, BFT >1.4 cm) until they were dried off at wk 7 before parturition. Both groups were fed identical diets during the dry period and subsequent lactation. Liver biopsies were taken at wk -7, 1, 3, and 12 relative to parturition. For BA measurement, a targeted metabolomics approach with LC-ESI-MS/MS was used to analyze BA in the liver. The mRNA abundance of targeted genes related to BA-synthesizing enzymes, transporters, and receptors in the liver was analyzed using microfluidic quantitative PCR. In total, we could detect 14 BA in the liver: 6 primary and 8 secondary BA, with glycocholic acid (GCA) being the most abundant one. The increase of glycine-conjugated BA after parturition, in parallel to increasing serum glycine concentrations may originate from an enhanced mobilization of muscle protein to meet the high nutritional requirements in early lactating cows. Higher DMI in NBCS cows compared with HBCS cows was associated with higher liver BA concentrations such as GCA, deoxycholic acid (DCA), and cholic acid (CA). The mRNA abundance of BA-related enzymes measured herein suggests the dominance of the alternative signaling pathway in the liver of HBCS cows. Overall, BA profiles and BA metabolism in the liver depend on both, the body condition and lactation-induced effects in periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dicks
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Schuh-von Graevenitz
- Department of Life Sciences and Engineering, Animal Nutrition and Hygiene Unit, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Sadri
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 516616471 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza H Ghaffari
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute of Animal Science, Physiology Unit, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Fleishman JS, Kumar S. Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:97. [PMID: 38664391 PMCID: PMC11045871 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids, once considered mere dietary surfactants, now emerge as critical modulators of macronutrient (lipid, carbohydrate, protein) metabolism and the systemic pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory balance. Bile acid metabolism and signaling pathways play a crucial role in protecting against, or if aberrant, inducing cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions, strongly influencing health and disease. No curative treatment exists for any bile acid influenced disease, while the most promising and well-developed bile acid therapeutic was recently rejected by the FDA. Here, we provide a bottom-up approach on bile acids, mechanistically explaining their biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology at canonical and non-canonical receptors. Using this mechanistic model of bile acids, we explain how abnormal bile acid physiology drives disease pathogenesis, emphasizing how ceramide synthesis may serve as a unifying pathogenic feature for cardiometabolic diseases. We provide an in-depth summary on pre-existing bile acid receptor modulators, explain their shortcomings, and propose solutions for how they may be remedied. Lastly, we rationalize novel targets for further translational drug discovery and provide future perspectives. Rather than dismissing bile acid therapeutics due to recent setbacks, we believe that there is immense clinical potential and a high likelihood for the future success of bile acid therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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3
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Meadows V, Yang Z, Basaly V, Guo GL. FXR Friend-ChIPs in the Enterohepatic System. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:267-278. [PMID: 37442156 PMCID: PMC10620036 DOI: 10.1055/a-2128-5538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases encompass a wide spectrum of hepatic maladies that often result in cholestasis or altered bile acid secretion and regulation. Incidence and cost of care for many chronic liver diseases are rising in the United States with few Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs available for patient treatment. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master regulator of bile acid homeostasis with an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation. FXR has served as an attractive target for management of cholestasis and fibrosis; however, global FXR agonism results in adverse effects in liver disease patients, severely affecting quality of life. In this review, we highlight seminal studies and recent updates on the FXR proteome and identify gaps in knowledge that are essential for tissue-specific FXR modulation. In conclusion, one of the greatest unmet needs in the field is understanding the underlying mechanism of intestinal versus hepatic FXR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vik Meadows
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zhenning Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Veronia Basaly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Grace L. Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey
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4
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Lu ZN, He HW, Zhang N. Advances in understanding the regulatory mechanism of organic solute transporter α-β. Life Sci 2022; 310:121109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cai J, Rimal B, Jiang C, Chiang JYL, Patterson AD. Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108238. [PMID: 35792223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The diversity, composition, and function of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to host health through its role in producing energy or signaling molecules that regulate metabolic and immunologic functions. Bile acids are potent metabolic and immune signaling molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then transported to the intestine where they can undergo metabolism by gut bacteria. The combination of host- and microbiota-derived enzymatic activities contribute to the composition of the bile acid pool and thus there can be great diversity in bile acid composition that depends in part on the differences in the gut bacteria species. Bile acids can profoundly impact host metabolic and immunological functions by activating different bile acid receptors to regulate signaling pathways that control a broad range of complex symbiotic metabolic networks, including glucose, lipid, steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, and modulation of energy homeostasis. Disruption of bile acid signaling due to perturbation of the gut microbiota or dysregulation of the gut microbiota-host interaction is associated with the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic disorders. The metabolic and immunological roles of bile acids in human health have led to novel therapeutic approaches to manipulate the bile acid pool size, composition, and function by targeting one or multiple components of the microbiota-bile acid-bile acid receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Bipin Rimal
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Ma Y, Liu X, Liu D, Yin Z, Yang X, Zeng M. Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Polysaccharide Ameliorates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Liver via the Bile Acid-FXR-AMPKα Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8662-8671. [PMID: 35797440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oyster polysaccharides (OPS) have a variety of biological activities. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of OPS to ameliorate hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in mice induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The results showed that OPS reduced the HFD-induced increases in serum transaminase levels and alleviated hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, OPS regulated bile acid metabolism and increased bile acid content in the liver, serum, and feces. Serum bile acid profile results indicated that OPS reduced levels of chenodeoxycholic acid, deoxycholic acid, and lithocholic acid associated with high-affinity agonists of Farnesol X receptor (FXR). Western blot analysis showed that OPS accelerated bile acid metabolism by downregulating hepatic FXR expression and promoting its downstream CYP7A1, CYP27A1, and CYP8B1 protein expression. Meanwhile, OPS ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver by modulating FXR-AMPKα-Nrf2/NF-κB signaling to reduce p-IκBα/IκBα, p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression and increase p-Nrf2/Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1 expression. This study was the first to explore the possible mechanism of OPS in improving liver oxidative stress and inflammation from the perspective of bile acid metabolism, providing a theoretical basis for OPS as a new source of functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Defu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Zihao Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyi Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyong Zeng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Preservation Technology of Marine Foods, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
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Ge YP, Chen WL, Sun M, Zhang L, Liu WB, Li XF. Molecular characterization of farnesoid X receptor alpha in Megalobrama amblycephala and its potential roles in high-carbohydrate diet-induced alterations of bile acid metabolism. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 219:106065. [PMID: 35091085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2022.106065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptorα (FXRα) plays a central role in maintaining the bile acid homeostasis in mammals, while relevant processes are still poorly interpreted in aquatic species. This study was conducted to characterize the fxrα gene in a cyprinidae species: blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala), and investigate its potential roles in bile acid metabolism. The Fxrα protein contains one DNA binding domain, one ligand binding domain, one His-Try "switch" and two modifies residues. A high degree of conservation (53.18-100.00 %) was observed in the Fxrα protein among most aquatic species and higher vertebrates. The transcription of fxrα was mainly observed in intestine, liver and kidney. Then fish (35.0 ± 0.15 g) were fed two diets containing 33 % and 45 % carbohydrate levels for 12weeks. High-carbohydrate diet significantly elevated the total cholesterol concentrations in plasma, liver and hindgut as well as the triglyceride concentrations in both liver and hindgut, but decreased the total bile acid concentrations in plasma, liver and hindgut. High dietary carbohydrate levels also significantly enhanced hepatic transcriptions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis), and those of fxrα (a bile acid receptor) and multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (a bile acid transporter) in hindgut. Furthermore, high dietary carbohydrate levels significantly decreased the transcriptions of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (a bile acid transporter) in liver as well as that of takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor in hindgut. The results demonstrated that the fxrα gene of blunt snout bream is highly conserved compared with other vertebrates. Besides, high dietary carbohydrate levels increased total cholesterol concentrations, and up-regulated the transcription of fxrα, thus decreasing the biosynthesis and reabsorption of bile acids by mediating various target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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8
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The adverse effects of hypoxia on hiHep functions via HIF-1α/PGC-1α axis are alleviated by PFDC emulsion. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Li Y, Tian Y, Cai W, Wang Q, Chang Y, Sun Y, Dong P, Wang J. Novel ι-Carrageenan Tetrasaccharide Alleviates Liver Lipid Accumulation via the Bile Acid-FXR-SHP/PXR Pathway to Regulate Cholesterol Conversion and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Insulin-Resistant Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9813-9821. [PMID: 34415766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ι-Carrageenan tetrasaccharide (ιCTs), a novel oligosaccharide, was hydrolyzed from ι-carrageenan with targeting marine tool-enzyme Cgi82A. Previously, we have found ιCTs exhibited a hypoglycemic effect, whether it could regulate lipid metabolism remains unknown. In this study, the insulin-resistant mice induced by high-fat-high-sucrose diet were orally administrated with ιCTs (30 mg/kg·bw) for 20 weeks. The results showed that the contents of triglyceride and cholesterol in both serum and liver were reduced by ιCTs, and their excretion in feces were promoted, suggesting lipid accumulation was inhibited. Intriguingly, the overall levels of bile acid in serum, liver, and feces were all raised by ιCTs. Given that bile acids are the essential signal factors for regulating lipid metabolism via the farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR), we conducted serum bile acid profile analysis and found that the levels of high-affinity agonists deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid were decreased in the ιCTs group, showing that ιCTs failed to activate FXR. Western blot analysis showed that ιCTs downregulated hepatic FXR and small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression and increased downstream CYP7A1 expression via regulating the FXR-SHP signal to accelerate liver cholesterol conversion. Meanwhile, ιCTs decreased the expression of PXR and SREBP1c and elevated the expression of PPARα and CPT1α via regulating the FXR-PXR-SREBP1c/PPARα signal to inhibit fatty acid synthesis and promote fatty acid β-oxidation. To the best of our knowledge, this study for the first time reported that ιCTs alleviated liver lipid accumulation via the bile acid-FXR-SHP/PXR signal to regulate cholesterol conversion and fatty acid metabolism, which highlighted a new idea for ameliorating insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yingying Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Weizhen Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qinghui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yaoguang Chang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuhao Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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Gertzen CGW, Gohlke H, Häussinger D, Herebian D, Keitel V, Kubitz R, Mayatepek E, Schmitt L. The many facets of bile acids in the physiology and pathophysiology of the human liver. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1047-1062. [PMID: 34049433 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids perform vital functions in the human liver and are the essential component of bile. It is therefore not surprising that the biology of bile acids is extremely complex, regulated on different levels, and involves soluble and membrane receptors as well as transporters. Hereditary disorders of these proteins manifest in different pathophysiological processes that result in liver diseases of varying severity. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of bile acids with an emphasis on recently established analytical approaches as well as the molecular mechanisms that underlie signaling and transport of bile acids. In this review, we will focus on ABC transporters of the canalicular membrane and their associated diseases. As the G protein-coupled receptor, TGR5, receives increasing attention, we have included aspects of this receptor and its interaction with bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph G W Gertzen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Structural Studies (CSS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Kubitz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sharma V, Kaur R, Sharma VL. Ameliorative potential of Adhatoda vasica against anti-tubercular drugs induced hepatic impairments in female Wistar rats in relation to oxidative stress and xeno-metabolism. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113771. [PMID: 33388427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Adhatoda vasica Nees is widely used herb of indigenous system to treat various ailments especially upper respiratory tract infections. Not only, anti-tubercular efficacy of crude extract and phytoconstituents of A. vasica has been documented but its hepatoprotective role against various drugs mediated hepatic alterations in different animal models has also been observed. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide (H-R-Z) are anti-tubercular drugs normally prescribed by health professionals for the treatment of tuberculosis, however along with their medical effectiveness these drugs also exhibit hepatotoxicity among TB patients. Unexpectedly, substantial toxicological data on the metabolism of anti-TB drugs are available but the mystery behind these xenobiotics is too complex and partly implicit. In this study, we further explored the hepatotoxic effects of these xeno-metabolic products and their amelioration by Adhatoda vasica Nees by elucidating its mechanistic action. METHODS We generated a hepatotoxic rodent model by oral administration of H, R and Z (30.85, 61.7 and 132.65 mg/kg body weight) drugs for 25 days in Wistar rats. Additionally, to achieve hepatoprotection two different doses of Adhatoda vasica Nees ethanolic leaf extract (200 and 300 mg/kg body weight) were used along with H-R-Z dosage, orally and once daily for 25 days and tried to ascertain their mechanistic action. For this, initially phytoconstituents of the extract were evaluated followed by extract standardization using RP-HPLC and FTIR methods. Furthermore, antioxidant activity of the extract was analyzed by DPPH assay. Finally, different treated groups were analyzed for hepatic oxidative stress markers, antioxidant markers, histopathological changes and gene expression study including CYP2E1, CYP7A1, NAT, NR1I2 and UGT1A1 genes involved in phase I and phase II xeno-metabolism. RESULTS Estimated content of vasicine in RP-HPLC method and free-radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay was found to be 134.519 ± 0.00269μg/10mg of leaf extract and 47.81 μg/mL respectively. In H-R-Z treated group, a significant increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid, significant reduction in the levels of GSH, and enzymatic markers and marked changes in hepatic histological architecture were observed. In addition, there was significance up-regulation of CYP7A and NAT genes, down-regulation of CYP2E1 gene and insignificant expression levels of NR1I2 and UGT1A1 genes were observed in H-R-Z group. Conversely, high dose of A. vasica extract effectively diminished these alterations by declining oxidative stress and boosting of antioxidant levels. In addition, it acted as bi-functional inducer of both phase I (CYP2E1) and phase II (NAT and UGT1A1) enzyme systems. CONCLUSION Hence, we concluded that anti-TB drugs exposure has potential to generate reactive metabolites that eventually cause hepatotoxicity by altering oxidant-antioxidant levels and their own metabolism. This study not only emphasized on xeno-metabolism mediated hepatic alterations but also explore the benefit of A. vasica on these toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Constitutive androstane receptor induced-hepatomegaly and liver regeneration is partially via yes-associated protein activation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:727-737. [PMID: 33777678 PMCID: PMC7982502 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR3I1) belongs to nuclear receptor superfamily. It was reported that CAR agonist TCPOBOP induces hepatomegaly but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Yes-associated protein (YAP) is a potent regulator of organ size. The aim of this study is to explore the role of YAP in CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly and liver regeneration. TCPOBOP-induced CAR activation on hepatomegaly and liver regeneration was evaluated in wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific YAP-deficient mice, and partial hepatectomy (PHx) mice. The results demonstrate that TCPOBOP can increase the liver-to-body weight ratio in wild-type mice and PHx mice. Hepatocytes enlargement around central vein (CV) area was observed, meanwhile hepatocytes proliferation was promoted as evidenced by the increased number of KI67+ cells around portal vein (PV) area. The protein levels of YAP and its downstream targets were upregulated in TCPOBOP-treated mice and YAP translocation can be induced by CAR activation. Co-immunoprecipitation results suggested a potential protein–protein interaction of CAR and YAP. However, CAR activation-induced hepatomegaly can still be observed in liver-specific YAP-deficient (Yap–/–) mice. In summary, CAR activation promotes hepatomegaly and liver regeneration partially by inducing YAP translocation and interaction with YAP signaling pathway, which provides new insights to further understand the physiological functions of CAR.
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Key Words
- ALB, albumin
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANKRD1, ankyrin repeat domain 1
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- CAR, constitutive androstane receptor
- CCNA1, cyclin A1
- CCND1, cyclin D1
- CCNE1, cyclin E1
- CITCO, 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime
- CTGF, connective tissue growth factor
- CTNNB1, β-catenin
- CV, central vein
- CYR61, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Constitutive androstane receptor
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- FOXM1, forkhead box M1
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- H&E, haematoxylin and eosin
- Hepatomegaly
- Liver enlargement
- Liver regeneration
- Nuclear receptors
- PHx, partial hepatectomy
- PPARα, peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha
- PV, portal vein
- Partial hepatectomy
- Protein–protein interaction
- TBA, total bile acid
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TCPOBOP, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene
- TEAD, TEA domain family member
- YAP, yes-associated protein
- Yes-associated protein
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13
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Li Y, Lin W, Wright WC, Chai SC, Wu J, Chen T. Building a Chemical Toolbox for Human Pregnane X Receptor Research: Discovery of Agonists, Inverse Agonists, and Antagonists Among Analogs Based on the Unique Chemical Scaffold of SPA70. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1733-1761. [PMID: 33497575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays roles in detoxification and other physiological processes. PXR activation may enhance drug metabolism (leading to adverse drug reactions) or inhibit inflammation. Therefore, PXR agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists may serve as research tools and drug candidates. However, a specific PXR modulator with an associated structure-activity relationship is lacking. Based on the scaffold of specific human PXR (hPXR) antagonist SPA70 (10), we developed 81 SPA70 analogs and evaluated their receptor-binding and cellular activities. Interestingly, analogs with subtle structural differences displayed divergent cellular activities, including agonistic, dual inverse agonistic and antagonistic, antagonistic, and partial agonistic/partial antagonistic activities (as in compounds 111, 10, 97, and 42, respectively). We generated a pharmacophore model that represents 81 SPA70 analogs, and docking models that correlate strong interactions between the compounds and residues in the AF-2 helix with agonistic activity. These compounds are novel chemical tools for studying hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, United States
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14
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Yang Y, Liu L, Xu M, Zhang X, Wang L, He Q, Xu M, Jiang X. Tanshinone ⅡA may alleviate rifampin-induced cholestasis by regulating the expression and function of NTCP. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:1003-1011. [PMID: 33307820 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120979030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) acts as the major hepatic basolateral uptake system, and plays a key role in balancing bile flow. The anti-tuberculosis drugs rifampin (RFP) can affect bile flow causing liver injury, while tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA) has the effect of protecting liver. This study aimed to investigate the effects of RFP and TAN IIA on the NTCP expression and activity, and explore the potential connections. Herein, we established sandwich-cultured primary rat hepatocytes, and quantified mRNA and protein levels of NRF2 and NTCP after treatment with RFP (10, 25, or 50 μM) or co-treatment with TAN IIA (5, 10, or 20 μM) for 12, 24, 48 h (n = 3). NTCP activity was assessed by measuring the initial uptake rates of known substrates taurocholate (TCA) (n = 3) after treatment with different concentrations of RFP, TAN ⅡA for 12, 24 and 48 h. We found that RFP had inhibition effects on NRF2, NTCP mRNA and protein expression, and co-administration of TAN IIA could reverse RFP inhibition. TCA cellular accumulation was significantly decreased by RFP (39.1%), and TAN IIA could significantly induce TCA uptake of NTCP (2.9-fold at 48 h). The TCA uptake activity was correlated with the NTCP mRNA expression, confirming the role of RFP or TAN IIA on NTCP expression and activity is synchronous, and we can predict NTCP activity by detecting its mRNA expression. In conclusion, our work will enrich the significance of NTCP in the liver protection, and provide theoretical basis for TAN IIA to prevent RFP induced cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, 535321West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, 535321West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, 575842the Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, 535321West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, 535321West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q He
- Department of Pharmacy, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, 159411The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, 535321West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Kroll T, Prescher M, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Structure and Function of Hepatobiliary ATP Binding Cassette Transporters. Chem Rev 2020; 121:5240-5288. [PMID: 33201677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is beyond any doubt the most important metabolic organ of the human body. This function requires an intensive crosstalk within liver cellular structures, but also with other organs. Membrane transport proteins are therefore of upmost importance as they represent the sensors and mediators that shuttle signals from outside to the inside of liver cells and/or vice versa. In this review, we summarize the known literature of liver transport proteins with a clear emphasis on functional and structural information on ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which are expressed in the human liver. These primary active membrane transporters form one of the largest families of membrane proteins. In the liver, they play an essential role in for example bile formation or xenobiotic export. Our review provides a state of the art and comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of hepatobiliary ABC transporters. Clearly, our knowledge has improved with a breath-taking speed over the last few years and will expand further. Thus, this review will provide the status quo and will lay the foundation for new and exciting avenues in liver membrane transporter research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kroll
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Prescher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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16
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Wu K, Zhao T, Hogstrand C, Xu YC, Ling SC, Chen GH, Luo Z. FXR-mediated inhibition of autophagy contributes to FA-induced TG accumulation and accordingly reduces FA-induced lipotoxicity. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:47. [PMID: 32192487 PMCID: PMC7082988 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive dietary fat intake induces lipid deposition and contributes to the progress of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. METHODS Yellow catfish were given two experimental diets with dietary lipid levels of 11.3 and 15.4%, respectively, for 56 days, and the contents of triglyceride (TG), nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFA) and bile acid (BA), RNA-seq, enzymatic activities and mRNA expression were deteremined in the liver tissues. Hepatocytes from yellow catfish liver tissues were isolated and cultured. Fatty acids (FA) (palmitic acid: OA, oleic acid =1:1), pathway inhibitors (MA, autophagy inhibitor; guggulsterone, FXR inhibitor) and agonist (rapamyicn, autophagy agonist; GW4064, FXR agonist) were used to incubate the cells. TG and NEFA contents, ultrastructural observation, autophagic vesicles and intracellular LD,apoptosis,western blot and Co-IP, and Immunofluorescence analysis, enzymatic activities and Q-PCR were decided. RESULTS Using RNA sequencing, we found that high fat diets induced changes in expression of many genes associated with the pathways of lipid metabolism and autophagy. The mRNA profiles of the differentially expressed genes (DEG) indicated that high dietary fat-induced lipid deposition was predominantly influenced by the inhibition of autophagy. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that fatty acids (FA) suppressed autophagy, which in turn reduced cellular free FA level by decreasing triglyceride (TG) breakdown. Moreover, our study indicated that farnesoid X receptor (FXR)-cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) axis was the pivotal physiological switch regulating FA-induced changes of autophagy and lipid metabolism, which represented cellular defenses against FA-induced lipotoxicity. CONCLUSION This discovery may provide new targets for treating pathological changes involved in the dysfunction of autophagy and metabolism, including NAFLD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Christer Hogstrand
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Chuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Ling
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture of P.R.C., Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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17
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Gulamhusein AF, Hirschfield GM, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic D, Arsenijevic N, Milovanovic M. Primary biliary cholangitis: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:93-110. [PMID: 31819247 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis is a chronic, seropositive and female-predominant inflammatory and cholestatic liver disease, which has a variable rate of progression towards biliary cirrhosis. Substantial progress has been made in patient risk stratification with the goal of personalized care, including early adoption of next-generation therapy with licensed use of obeticholic acid or off-label fibrate derivatives for those with insufficient benefit from ursodeoxycholic acid, the current first-line drug. The disease biology spans genetic risk, epigenetic changes, dysregulated mucosal immunity and altered biliary epithelial cell function, all of which interact and arise in the context of ill-defined environmental triggers. A current focus of research on nuclear receptor pathway modulation that specifically and potently improves biliary excretion, reduces inflammation and attenuates fibrosis is redefining therapy. Patients are benefiting from pharmacological agonists of farnesoid X receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Immunotherapy remains a challenge, with a lack of target definition, pleiotropic immune pathways and an interplay between hepatic immune responses and cholestasis, wherein bile acid-induced inflammation and fibrosis are dominant clinically. The management of patient symptoms, particularly pruritus, is a notable goal reflected in the development of rational therapy with apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya F Gulamhusein
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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18
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Li TT, An JX, Xu JY, Tuo BG. Overview of organic anion transporters and organic anion transporter polypeptides and their roles in the liver. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:3915-3933. [PMID: 31832394 PMCID: PMC6906560 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i23.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporter polypeptides (OATPs) are classified within two SLC superfamilies, namely, the SLC22A superfamily and the SLCO superfamily (formerly the SLC21A family), respectively. They are expressed in many tissues, such as the liver and kidney, and mediate the absorption and excretion of many endogenous and exogenous substances, including various drugs. Most are composed of 12 transmembrane polypeptide chains with the C-terminus and the N-terminus located in the cell cytoplasm. OATs and OATPs are abundantly expressed in the liver, where they mainly promote the uptake of various endogenous substrates such as bile acids and various exogenous drugs such as antifibrotic and anticancer drugs. However, differences in the locations of glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, and amino acids in the OAT and OATP structures lead to different substrates being transported to the liver, which ultimately results in their different roles in the liver. To date, few articles have addressed these aspects of OAT and OATP structures, and we study further the similarities and differences in their structures, tissue distribution, substrates, and roles in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jia-Xing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Jing-Yu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bi-Guang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563100, Guizhou Province, China
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19
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Fan L, Joseph JF, Durairaj P, Parr MK, Bureik M. Conversion of chenodeoxycholic acid to cholic acid by human CYP8B1. Biol Chem 2019; 400:625-628. [PMID: 30465713 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP8B1 is a crucial regulator of the balance of cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) in the liver. It was previously shown to catalyze the conversion of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, a CDCA precursor, to 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which is an intermediate of CA biosynthesis. In this study we demonstrate that CYP8B1 can also convert CDCA itself to CA. We also show that five derivatives of luciferin are metabolized by CYP8B1 and established a rapid and convenient inhibitor test system. In this way we were able to identify four new CYP8B1 inhibitors, which are aminobenzotriazole, exemestane, ketoconazole and letrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbing Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Berlin, Germany
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Core Facility BioSupraMol, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pradeepraj Durairaj
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (Pharmaceutical Analyses), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Sciences Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 30072, China
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20
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Zhai Q, Liu Y, Wang C, Zhao J, Zhang H, Tian F, Lee YK, Chen W. Increased Cadmium Excretion Due to Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum Strains by Regulating Enterohepatic Circulation in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3956-3965. [PMID: 30905157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium (Cd) is a contaminant widely distributed in the food chain. In the present study, 8-week oral administration of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8610, markedly decreased blood Cd levels in volunteers. Further animal study showed that three L. plantarum strains administered orally exhibited significantly different effects on the regulation of bile acid (BA) metabolism and Cd excretion in mice. Among the strains, L. plantarum CCFM8610 showed the most significant effects on enhancing hepatic BA synthesis, biliary glutathione output, and fecal BA excretion. Biliary Cd output and fecal Cd excretion were markedly increased after L. plantarum CCFM8610 administration, resulting in a marked reduction in tissue Cd levels. The regulation of BA homeostasis and Cd excretion was due to the suppression of the enterohepatic farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 (FXR-FGF15) axis by L. plantarum CCFM8610 and could be abolished by treatment with the FXR agonist GW4064. The regulatory effects were also related to the gut microbiota, as antibiotic pretreatment reversed L. plantarum CCFM8610-induced effects in BA and Cd metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
| | | | - Yuan-Kun Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- National Engineering Research Centre for Functional Food , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , P. R. China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , P. R. China
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21
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Wang J, Fu T, Dong R, Wang C, Liu K, Sun H, Huo X, Ma X, Yang X, Meng Q. Hepatoprotection of auraptene from the peels of citrus fruits against 17α-ethinylestradiol-induced cholestasis in mice by activating farnesoid X receptor. Food Funct 2019; 10:3839-3850. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Auraptene protects against estrogen-induced cholestasis in mice.
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22
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Efremov YR, Proskurina AS, Potter EA, Dolgova EV, Efremova OV, Taranov OS, Ostanin AA, Chernykh ER, Kolchanov NA, Bogachev SS. Cancer Stem Cells: Emergent Nature of Tumor Emergency. Front Genet 2018; 9:544. [PMID: 30505319 PMCID: PMC6250818 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional analysis of 167 genes overexpressed in Krebs-2 tumor initiating cells was performed. In the first part of the study, the genes were analyzed for their belonging to one or more of the three groups, which represent the three major phenotypic manifestation of malignancy of cancer cells, namely (1) proliferative self-sufficiency, (2) invasive growth and metastasis, and (3) multiple drug resistance. 96 genes out of 167 were identified as possible contributors to at least one of these fundamental properties. It was also found that substantial part of these genes are also known as genes responsible for formation and/or maintenance of the stemness of normal pluri-/multipotent stem cells. These results suggest that the malignancy is simply the ability to maintain the stem cell specific genes expression profile, and, as a consequence, the stemness itself regardless of the controlling effect of stem niches. In the second part of the study, three stress factors combined into the single concept of "generalized cellular stress," which are assumed to activate the expression of these genes, were defined. In addition, possible mechanisms for such activation were identified. The data obtained suggest the existence of a mechanism for the de novo formation of a pluripotent/stem phenotype in the subpopulation of "committed" tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav R Efremov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia S Proskurina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Potter
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia V Dolgova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oksana V Efremova
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg S Taranov
- The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Ostanin
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Bogachev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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23
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Tegge AN, Rodrigues RR, Larkin AL, Vu L, Murali TM, Rajagopalan P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Hepatic Cells in Multicellular Organotypic Liver Models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11306. [PMID: 30054499 PMCID: PMC6063915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver homeostasis requires the presence of both parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs). However, systems biology studies of the liver have primarily focused on hepatocytes. Using an organotypic three-dimensional (3D) hepatic culture, we report the first transcriptomic study of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) cultured with hepatocytes. Through computational pathway and interaction network analyses, we demonstrate that hepatocytes, LSECs and KCs have distinct expression profiles and functional characteristics. Our results show that LSECs in the presence of KCs exhibit decreased expression of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling, a pathway linked to LSEC dedifferentiation. We report the novel result that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is transcribed in LSECs. The expression of downstream processes corroborates active PPARα signaling in LSECs. We uncover transcriptional evidence in LSECs for a feedback mechanism between PPARα and farnesoid X-activated receptor (FXR) that maintains bile acid homeostasis; previously, this feedback was known occur only in HepG2 cells. We demonstrate that KCs in 3D liver models display expression patterns consistent with an anti-inflammatory phenotype when compared to monocultures. These results highlight the distinct roles of LSECs and KCs in maintaining liver function and emphasize the need for additional mechanistic studies of NPCs in addition to hepatocytes in liver-mimetic microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Tegge
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Richard R Rodrigues
- Genetics, Bioinformatics, and Computational Biology Ph.D. Program, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Adam L Larkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - Lucas Vu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA
| | - T M Murali
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA.
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24
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Xie C, Gao X, Sun D, Zhang Y, Krausz KW, Qin X, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic Profiling of the Novel Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 α Inhibitor PT2385 In Vivo and In Vitro. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:336-345. [PMID: 29363499 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PT2385 is a first-in-class, selective small-molecule inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) developed for the treatment of advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Preclinical results demonstrated that PT2385 has potent antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft models of kidney cancer. It also has activity toward metabolic disease in a mouse model. However, no metabolism data are currently publically available. It is of great importance to characterize the metabolism of PT2385 and identify its effect on systemic homeostasis in mice. High-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed to profile the biotransformation of PT2385 and PT2385-induced changes in endogenous metabolites. Liver microsomes and recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were used to determine the mechanism of PT2385 metabolism. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to investigate the reason for the PT2385-induced bile acid dysregulation. A total of 12 metabolites of PT2385 was characterized, generated from hydroxylation (M1, M2), dihydroxylation and desaturation (M3, M4), oxidative-defluorination (M7), glucuronidation (M8), N-acetylcysteine conjugation (M9), and secondary methylation (M5, M6) and glucuronidation (M10, M11, and M12). CYP2C19 was the major contributor to the formation of M1, M2, and M7, UGT2B17 to M8, and UGT1A1/3 to M10-M12. The bile acid metabolites taurocholic acid and tauro-β-muricholic acid were elevated in serum and liver of mice after PT2385 treatment. Gene expression analysis further revealed that intestinal HIF-2α inhibition by PT2385 treatment upregulated the hepatic expression of CYP7A1, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis. This study provides metabolic data and an important reference basis for the safety evaluation and rational clinical application of PT2385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Dongxue Sun
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Youbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (C.X., X.G., D.S., Y.Z., K.W.K., F.J.G.); and Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China (X.G., X.Q.)
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Li R, Kimoto E, Niosi M, Tess DA, Lin J, Tremaine LM, Di L. A Study on Pharmacokinetics of Bosentan with Systems Modeling, Part 2: Prospectively Predicting Systemic and Liver Exposure in Healthy Subjects. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:357-366. [PMID: 29330219 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.078808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predicting human pharmacokinetics of novel compounds is a critical step in drug discovery and clinical study design but continues to be a challenging task for hepatic transporter substrates, particularly in predicting their liver exposures. In this study, using bosentan as an example, we prospectively predicted systemic exposure and the (pseudo) steady-state unbound liver-to-unbound plasma ratio (Kpuu) in healthy subjects using 1) a mechanistic approach solely based on in vitro hepatocyte assays and 2) an approach based on hepatic process rates from monkey in vivo data but Michaelis-Menten constants from in vitro data. Both methods reasonably match the observed human systemic time course data, but the second method leads to better prediction accuracy. In addition, the second method can predict a human Kpuu value that is close to the value deduced using clinical data. We also generated rat and monkey liver Kpuu values in terminal studies. However, these directly measured animal values are different from the deduced human value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - Mark Niosi
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - David A Tess
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - Jian Lin
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
| | - Li Di
- Systems Modeling and Simulation, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts (R.L.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut (E.K., M.N., D.A.T., J.L., L.M.T., L.D.)
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Howard JT, Ashwell MS, Baynes RE, Brooks JD, Yeatts JL, Maltecca C. Gene co-expression network analysis identifies porcine genes associated with variation in metabolizing fenbendazole and flunixin meglumine in the liver. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1357. [PMID: 28465592 PMCID: PMC5430975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying individual genetic variation in drug metabolism pathways is of importance not only in livestock, but also in humans in order to provide the ultimate goal of giving the right drug at the right dose at the right time. Our objective was to identify individual genes and gene networks involved in metabolizing fenbendazole (FBZ) and flunixin meglumine (FLU) in swine liver. The population consisted of female and castrated male pigs that were sired by boars represented by 4 breeds. Progeny were randomly placed into groups: no drug (UNT), FLU or FBZ administered. Liver transcriptome profiles from 60 animals with extreme (i.e. fast or slow drug metabolism) pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were generated from RNA sequencing. Multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP2A19 and CYP2C36) genes displayed different transcript levels across treated versus UNT. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified 5 and 3 modules of genes correlated with PK parameters and a portion of these were enriched for biological processes relevant to drug metabolism for FBZ and FLU, respectively. Genes within identified modules were shown to have a higher transcript level relationship (i.e. connectivity) in treated versus UNT animals. Investigation into the identified genes would allow for greater insight into FBZ and FLU metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Howard
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - Melissa S Ashwell
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - James L Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Center for Chemical Toxicology and Research Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough Road, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27606, USA
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA.
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Kanno Y, Yatsu T, Yamashita N, Zhao S, Li W, Imai M, Kashima M, Inouye Y, Nemoto K, Koike K. Alisol B 23-acetate from the rhizomes of Alisma orientale is a natural agonist of the human pregnane X receptor. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 26:22-27. [PMID: 28257661 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a key regulator of the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. PXR has been studied for its importance in drug-drug or herb-drug interactions, and it is also a molecular target for the treatment of inflammatory and metabolic diseases. PURPOSE This study aims to determine new natural PXR-ligands from traditional plant medicines. METHODS The PXR activation activity was measured by a mammalian one hybrid assay of PXR. Identification of the active compound from Alisma rhizome (the rhizomes of Alisma orientale) was carried out by bioassay-guided fractionation method. The transcriptional activity of the liver-enriched nuclear receptors was measured by the luciferase reporter assay. The interaction between the SRC-1 and PXR was measured by a mammalian 2-hybrid assay. The expression of endogenous CYP3A4 mRNA in both cultured hPXR-overexpressing hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes were measured by quantitative RT-PCR method. RESULTS The extract of Alisma rhizome showed the most potent activation activity by screening of a library of medicinal plant extracts. Alisol B 23-acetate (ABA) was identified to be the active compound of Alisma rhizome. ABA caused a concentration-dependent increase on the PXR-dependent transactivation of a luciferase reporter gene, but did not affect the ligand binding activity of the liver-enriched nuclear receptors, such as CAR, LXR, FXR, PPARα, PPARδ and PPARγ, emphasizing that ABA is a potent and specific agonist of PXR. With ABA treatment, the direct interaction between the ligand-binding domain of PXR and the receptor interaction domain of SRC1 was observed. ABA also induced the expression of endogenous CYP3A4 mRNA in both cultured hPXR-overexpressing hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes. CONCLUSION Since the rhizomes of Alisma orientale are used for a wide range of ailments in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese Kampo medicine, this study could possibly extend into the clinical usage of these medicines via the mechanism of PXR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Tomofumi Yatsu
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Manami Kashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inouye
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kiyomitsu Nemoto
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Abstract
Bile acids are potent signaling molecules that regulate glucose, lipid and energy homeostasis predominantly via the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). The sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) and the apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) ensure an effective circulation of (conjugated) bile acids. The modulation of these transport proteins affects bile acid localization, dynamics and signaling. The NTCP-specific pharmacological inhibitor myrcludex B inhibits hepatic uptake of conjugated bile acids. Multiple ASBT-inhibitors are already in clinical trials to inhibit intestinal bile acid uptake. Here, we discuss current insights into the consequences of targeting bile acid uptake transporters on systemic and intestinal bile acid dynamics and discuss the possible therapeutic applications that evolve as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stan F.J. van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,*Stan F.J. van de Graaf, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, NL-1105 BK Amsterdam (The Netherlands), E-Mail
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Kanaki M, Kardassis D. Regulation of the human lipoprotein lipase gene by the forkhead box transcription factor FOXA2/HNF-3β in hepatic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2017; 1860:327-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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JUŘICA J, DOVRTĚLOVÁ G, NOSKOVÁ K, ZENDULKA O. Bile Acids, Nuclear Receptors and Cytochrome P450. Physiol Res 2016; 65:S427-S440. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the importance of bile acids (BA) as important regulators of various homeostatic mechanisms with detailed focus on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the first part, synthesis, metabolism and circulation of BA is summarized and BA are reviewed as physiological ligands of nuclear receptors which regulate transcription of genes involved in their metabolism, transport and excretion. Notably, PXR, FXR and VDR are the most important nuclear receptors through which BA regulate transcription of CYP genes involved in the metabolism of both BA and xenobiotics. Therapeutic use of BA and their derivatives is also briefly reviewed. The physiological role of BA interaction with nuclear receptors is basically to decrease production of toxic non-polar BA and increase their metabolic turnover towards polar BA and thus decrease their toxicity. By this, the activity of some drug-metabolizing CYPs is also influenced what could have clinically relevant consequences in cholestatic diseases or during the treatment with BA or their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - O. ZENDULKA
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno. Czech Republic
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Yu L, Liu X, Li X, Yuan Z, Yang H, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Protective effects of SRT1720 via the HNF1α/FXR signalling pathway and anti-inflammatory mechanisms in mice with estrogen-induced cholestatic liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2016; 264:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The antiandrogen flutamide is a novel aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand that disrupts bile acid homeostasis in mice through induction of Abcc4. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 119:93-104. [PMID: 27569425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Flutamide (FLU), an oral, nonsteroidal antiandrogen drug used in the treatment of prostate cancer, is associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity that sometimes causes severe liver damage, including cholestasis, jaundice, and liver necrosis. To understand the mechanism of toxicity, a combination of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-deficient (Ahr-/-) mice, primary hepatocytes, luciferase reporter gene assays, in silico ligand docking and ultra-performance chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was used. A significant increase of liver weights, and liver and serum bile acid levels was observed after FLU treatment, indicating hepatomegaly and disrupted bile acid homeostasis. Expression of the AhR gene battery was markedly increased in livers of wild-type mice Ahr+/+ treated with FLU, while no change was noted in Ahr-/- mice. Messenger RNAs encoded by AhR target genes were induced in primary mouse hepatocytes cultured with FLU, which confirmed the in vivo results. Ligand-docking analysis further predicted that FLU is an AhR agonist ligand which was confirmed by luciferase reporter gene assays. Multivariate data analysis showed that bile acids were responsible for the separation of vehicle- and FLU-treated Ahr+/+ mice, while there was no separation in Ahr-/- mice. Expression of mRNA encoding the bile acid transporter ABCC4 was increased and farnesoid X receptor signaling was inhibited in the livers of Ahr+/+ mice, but not in Ahr-/- mice treated with FLU, in agreement with the observed downstream metabolic alterations. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism of liver injury caused by FLU treatment involving activation of AhR and the alterations of bile acid homeostasis, which could guide clinical application.
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Clinical Pharmacogenetics of the Major Adenosine Triphosphate−Binding Cassette and Solute Carrier Drug Transporters. J Pharm Pract 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0897190007304823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Interindividual variability in drug response is a significant problem in clinical practice, and it is likely that genetic variation among the drug transport genes are major contributors to such variability. Numerous genetic alterations affecting the members of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) families of transporters have been identified. Considerable data exist regarding how mutations in the ABCB1 gene that encodes p-glycoprotein impact drug disposition and response in vivo, but many study reports are conflicting on both the direction of any effect as well as the significance of any alteration. Many possible reasons for such discrepant study results have been identified, and efforts to improve the quality of such pharmacogenetic clinical association studies are ongoing. For most other clinically important transporters relatively, little clinical data exist regarding the significance of known genetic variants despite in vitro evidence of altered function for many of these transporters. What clinical data do exist suggest that certain mutations in ABCG2 and SLCO1B1 may be of importance clinically. Until the current uncertainties regarding the importance of genetic variants in drug transporter genes are clarified, the clinical application of existing pharmacogenetic data should be done with caution.
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Naito H, Jia X, Yetti H, Yanagiba Y, Tamada H, Kitamori K, Hayashi Y, Wang D, Kato M, Ishii A, Nakajima T. Importance of detoxifying enzymes in differentiating fibrotic development between SHRSP5/Dmcr and SHRSP rats. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:368-381. [PMID: 27209494 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-fat and -cholesterol diet (HFC) induced fibrotic steatohepatitis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) 5/Dmcr, the fifth substrain from SHRSP, by dysregulating bile acid (BA) kinetics. This study aimed to clarify the histopathological and BA kinetic differences in HFC-induced fibrosis between SHRSP5/Dmcr and SHRSP. METHODS Ten-week-old male SHRSP5/Dmcr and SHRSP were randomly allocated to groups and fed with either control diet or HFC for 2 and 8 weeks. The liver histopathology, biochemical features, and molecular signaling involved in BA kinetics were measured. RESULTS HFC caused more severe hepatocyte ballooning, macrovesicular steatosis and fibrosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr than in SHRSP. It was noted that fibrosis was disproportionately formed in retroperitoneal side of both strains. As for BA kinetics, HFC greatly increased the level of Cyp7a1 and Cyp7b1 to the same degree in both strains at 8 weeks, while multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 was greater in SHRSP5/Dmcr than SHRSP. The diet decreased the level of bile salt export pump by the same degree in both strains, while constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity more prominent in SHRSP5/Dmcr than SHRSP at 8 weeks. In the fibrosis-related genes, only expression of collagen, type I, alpha 1 mRNA was greater in SHRSP5/Dmcr than SHRSP. CONCLUSIONS The greater progression of fibrosis in SHRSP5/Dmcr induced by HFC may be due to greater suppression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity detoxifying toxicants, such as hydrophobic BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Naito
- Department of Public Health, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan. .,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Husna Yetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hazuki Tamada
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kitamori
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,College of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tamie Nakajima
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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Defective Cytochrome P450-Catalysed Drug Metabolism in Niemann-Pick Type C Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152007. [PMID: 27019000 PMCID: PMC4809520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. NPC is characterised by storage of multiple lipids in the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment, resulting in cellular and organ system dysfunction. The underlying molecular mechanisms that lead to the range of clinical presentations in NPC are not fully understood. While evaluating potential small molecule therapies in Npc1-/- mice, we observed a consistent pattern of toxicity associated with drugs metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system, suggesting a potential drug metabolism defect in NPC1 disease. Investigation of the P450 system in the context of NPC1 dysfunction revealed significant changes in the gene expression of many P450 associated genes across the full lifespan of Npc1-/- mice, decreased activity of cytochrome P450 reductase, and a global decrease of multiple cytochrome P450 catalysed dealkylation reactions. In vivo drug metabolism studies using a prototypic P450 metabolised drug, midazolam, confirmed dysfunction in drug clearance in the Npc1-/- mouse. Expression of the Phase II enzyme uridinediphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) was also significantly reduced in Npc1-/- mice. Interestingly, reduced activity within the P450 system was also observed in heterozygous Npc1+/- mice. The reduced activity of P450 enzymes may be the result of bile acid deficiency/imbalance in Npc1-/- mice, as bile acid treatment significantly rescued P450 enzyme activity in Npc1-/- mice and has the potential to be an adjunctive therapy for NPC disease patients. The dysfunction in the cytochrome P450 system were recapitulated in the NPC1 feline model. Additionally, we present the first evidence that there are alterations in the P450 system in NPC1 patients.
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Qiu X, Zhang Y, Liu T, Shen H, Xiao Y, Bourner MJ, Pratt JR, Thompson DC, Marathe P, Humphreys WG, Lai Y. Disruption of BSEP Function in HepaRG Cells Alters Bile Acid Disposition and Is a Susceptive Factor to Drug-Induced Cholestatic Injury. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1206-16. [PMID: 26910619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we characterized in vitro biosynthesis and disposition of bile acids (BAs) as well as hepatic transporter expression followed by ABCB11 (BSEP) gene knockout in HepaRG cells (HepaRG-KO cells). BSEP KO in HepaRG cells led to time-dependent BA accumulation, resulting in reduced biosynthesis of BAs and altered BA disposition. In HepaRG-KO cells, the expression of NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP2B1, BCRP, P-gp, and MRP2 were reduced, whereas MRP3 and OCT1 were up-regulated. As a result, BSEP KO altered the disposition of BAs and subsequently underwent adaptive regulations of BA synthesis and homeostasis to enable healthy growth of the cells. Although BSEP inhibitors caused no or slight increase of BAs in HepaRG wild type cells (HepaRG-WT cells), excessive intracellular accumulation of BAs was observed in HepaRG-KO cells exposed to bosentan and troglitazone, but not dipyridamole. LDH release in the medium was remarkably increased in HepaRG-KO cultures exposed to troglitazone (50 μM), suggesting drug-induced cellular injury. The results revealed that functional impairment of BSEP predisposes the cells to altered BA disposition and is a susceptive factor to drug-induced cholestatic injury. In total, BSEP inhibition might trigger the processes but is not a sole determinant of cholestatic cellular injury. As intracellular BA accumulation is determined by BSEP function and the subsequent adaptive gene regulation, assessment of intracellular BA accumulation in HepaRG-KO cells could be a useful approach to evaluate drug-induced liver injury (DILI) potentials of drugs that could disrupt other BA homeostasis pathways beyond BSEP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yongling Xiao
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Maureen J Bourner
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Jennifer R Pratt
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - David C Thompson
- Life Science and Technology Center, Sigma-Aldrich , St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
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Wooton-Kee CR, Jain AK, Wagner M, Grusak MA, Finegold MJ, Lutsenko S, Moore DD. Elevated copper impairs hepatic nuclear receptor function in Wilson's disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3449-60. [PMID: 26241054 DOI: 10.1172/jci78991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in accumulation of copper in the liver as a consequence of mutations in the gene encoding the copper-transporting P-type ATPase (ATP7B). WD is a chronic liver disorder, and individuals with the disease present with a variety of complications, including steatosis, cholestasis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. Similar to patients with WD, Atp7b⁻/⁻ mice have markedly elevated levels of hepatic copper and liver pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that replacement of zinc in the DNA-binding domain of the estrogen receptor (ER) with copper disrupts specific binding to DNA response elements. Here, we found decreased binding of the nuclear receptors FXR, RXR, HNF4α, and LRH-1 to promoter response elements and decreased mRNA expression of nuclear receptor target genes in Atp7b⁻/⁻ mice, as well as in adult and pediatric WD patients. Excessive hepatic copper has been described in progressive familial cholestasis (PFIC), and we found that similar to individuals with WD, patients with PFIC2 or PFIC3 who have clinically elevated hepatic copper levels exhibit impaired nuclear receptor activity. Together, these data demonstrate that copper-mediated nuclear receptor dysfunction disrupts liver function in WD and potentially in other disorders associated with increased hepatic copper levels.
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Zaloga GP. Phytosterols, Lipid Administration, and Liver Disease During Parenteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2015; 39:39S-60S. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607115595978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Beuers U, Trauner M, Jansen P, Poupon R. New paradigms in the treatment of hepatic cholestasis: from UDCA to FXR, PXR and beyond. J Hepatol 2015; 62:S25-37. [PMID: 25920087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is an impairment of bile formation/flow at the level of the hepatocyte and/or cholangiocyte. The first, and for the moment, most established medical treatment is the natural bile acid (BA) ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). This secretagogue improves, e.g. in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy or early stage primary biliary cirrhosis, impaired hepatocellular and cholangiocellular bile formation mainly by complex post-transcriptional mechanisms. The limited efficacy of UDCA in various cholestatic conditions urges for development of novel therapeutic approaches. These include nuclear and membrane receptor agonists and BA derivatives. The nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), and pregnane X receptor (PXR) are transcriptional modifiers of bile formation and at present are under investigation as promising targets for therapeutic interventions in cholestatic disorders. The membrane receptors fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and apical sodium BA transporter (ASBT) deserve attention as additional therapeutic targets, as does the potential therapeutic agent norUDCA, a 23-C homologue of UDCA. Here, we provide an overview on established and future promising therapeutic agents and their potential molecular mechanisms and sites of action in cholestatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul Poupon
- UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Hépatologie, F-75012 Paris, France
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Jennings P, Schwarz M, Landesmann B, Maggioni S, Goumenou M, Bower D, Leonard MO, Wiseman JS. SEURAT-1 liver gold reference compounds: a mechanism-based review. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2099-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Arya N, Kharjul MD, Shishoo CJ, Thakare VN, Jain KS. Some molecular targets for antihyperlipidemic drug research. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:535-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Penno CA, Morgan SA, Rose AJ, Herzig S, Lavery GG, Odermatt A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is involved in bile acid homeostasis by modulating fatty acid transport protein-5 in the liver of mice. Mol Metab 2014; 3:554-64. [PMID: 25061560 PMCID: PMC4099504 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1) plays a key role in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation. Besides, it metabolizes some oxysterols and bile acids (BAs). The GR regulates BA homeostasis; however, the impact of impaired 11β-HSD1 activity remained unknown. We profiled plasma and liver BAs in liver-specific and global 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. 11β-HSD1-deficiency resulted in elevated circulating unconjugated BAs, an effect more pronounced in global than liver-specific knockout mice. Gene expression analyses revealed decreased expression of the BA-CoA ligase Fatp5, suggesting impaired BA amidation. Reduced organic anion-transporting polypeptide-1A1 (Oatp1a1) and enhanced organic solute-transporter-β (Ostb) mRNA expression were observed in livers from global 11β-HSD1-deficient mice. The impact of 11β-HSD1-deficiency on BA homeostasis seems to be GR-independent because intrahepatic corticosterone and GR target gene expression were not substantially decreased in livers from global knockout mice. Moreover, Fatp5 expression in livers from hepatocyte-specific GR knockout mice was unchanged. The results revealed a role for 11β-HSD1 in BA homeostasis.
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Key Words
- 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, 11β-HSD1
- BA coenzyme A: amino acid N-acyltransferase, Baat
- Bile acid conjugation
- Bile acid transport
- Bile acids
- Glucocorticoids
- Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, Ntcp
- Organic anion-transporting polypeptide, Oatp
- Organic solute transporter, Ost
- bile acids, BAs
- cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, Cyp7a1
- farnesoid X receptor, Fxr
- fatty acid transport protein, Fatp
- glucocorticoid receptor, GR
- short heterodimer partner, Shp
- sterol-regulatory element-binding protein 1C, Srebp1c
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Penno
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart A. Morgan
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School Building, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Adam J. Rose
- Joint Research Division, Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Network Aging Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Joint Research Division, Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Network Aging Research, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- Centre for Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Institute of Biomedical Research, Medical School Building, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Thymiakou E, Kardassis D. Novel mechanism of transcriptional repression of the human ATP binding cassette transporter A1 gene in hepatic cells by the winged helix/forkhead box transcription factor A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:526-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Pinne M, Raucy JL. Advantages of cell-based high-volume screening assays to assess nuclear receptor activation during drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:669-86. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.913019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ramayo-Caldas Y, Fortes MRS, Hudson NJ, Porto-Neto LR, Bolormaa S, Barendse W, Kelly M, Moore SS, Goddard ME, Lehnert SA, Reverter A. A marker-derived gene network reveals the regulatory role of PPARGC1A, HNF4G, and FOXP3 in intramuscular fat deposition of beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2832-45. [PMID: 24778332 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High intramuscular fat (IMF) awards price premiums to beef producers and is associated with meat quality and flavor. Studying gene interactions and pathways that affect IMF might unveil causative physiological mechanisms and inform genomic selection, leading to increased accuracy of predictions of breeding value. To study gene interactions and pathways, a gene network was derived from genetic markers associated with direct measures of IMF, other fat phenotypes, feedlot performance, and a number of meat quality traits relating to body conformation, development, and metabolism that might be plausibly expected to interact with IMF biology. Marker associations were inferred from genomewide association studies (GWAS) based on high density genotypes and 29 traits measured on 10,181 beef cattle animals from 3 breed types. For the network inference, SNP pairs were assessed according to the strength of the correlation between their additive association effects across the 29 traits. The co-association inferred network was formed by 2,434 genes connected by 28,283 edges. Topological network parameters suggested a highly cohesive network, in which the genes are strongly functionally interconnected. Pathway and network analyses pointed towards a trio of transcription factors (TF) as key regulators of carcass IMF: PPARGC1A, HNF4G, and FOXP3. Importantly, none of these genes would have been deemed as significantly associated with IMF from the GWAS. Instead, a total of 313 network genes show significant co-association with the 3 TF. These genes belong to a wide variety of biological functions, canonical pathways, and genetic networks linked to IMF-related phenotypes. In summary, our GWAS and network predictions are supported by the current literature and suggest a cooperative role for the 3 TF and other interacting genes including CAPN6, STC2, MAP2K4, EYA1, COPS5, XKR4, NR2E1, TOX, ATF1, ASPH, TGS1, and TTPA as modulators of carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ramayo-Caldas
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia Departament de Ciencia Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain INRA, UMR1313 Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative (GABI), Domaine de Vilvert, Bâtiment GABI-320, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M R S Fortes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - N J Hudson
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - L R Porto-Neto
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - S Bolormaa
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - W Barendse
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - M Kelly
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - S S Moore
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Center for Animal Science, QLD 4062, Australia
| | - M E Goddard
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - S A Lehnert
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - A Reverter
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship and CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
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de Lima Toccafondo Vieira M, Tagliati CA. Hepatobiliary transporters in drug-induced cholestasis: a perspective on the current identifying tools. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:581-97. [PMID: 24588537 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.884069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired bile formation leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic bile salts in hepatocytes and, consequently, cholestasis and severe liver disease. Knowledge of the role of hepatobiliary transporters, especially the bile salt export pump (BSEP), in the pathogenesis of cholestasis is continuously increasing. AREAS COVERED This review provides an introduction into the role of these transport proteins in bile formation. It addresses the clinical relevance and pathophysiologic consequences of altered functions of these transporters by genetic mutations and drugs. In particular, the current practical aspects of identification and mitigation of drug candidates with liver liabilities employed during drug development, with an emphasis on preclinical screening for BSEP interaction, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Within the potential pathogenetic mechanisms of acquired cholestasis, the inhibition of BSEP by drugs is well established. Interference of a new compound with BSEP transport activity should raise a warning sign to conduct follow-up experiments and to monitor liver function during clinical development. A combination of in vitro screening for transport interaction, in silico predicting models, and consideration of physicochemical and metabolic properties should lead to a more efficient screening of potential liver liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela de Lima Toccafondo Vieira
- Faculdade de Farmácia - UFMG, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6.627 - Pampulha, 31270-901 - Belo Horizonte - MG , Brazil +55 31 3547 3462 ;
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Shoda LKM, Woodhead JL, Siler SQ, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Linking physiology to toxicity using DILIsym®, a mechanistic mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:33-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisl K. M. Shoda
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Woodhead
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Scott Q. Siler
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Paul B. Watkins
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
| | - Brett A. Howell
- The Hamner-UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences; The Hamner Institutes; Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
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49
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Tong X, Yin L. Circadian rhythms in liver physiology and liver diseases. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:917-40. [PMID: 23720334 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, circadian rhythms function to coordinate a diverse panel of physiological processes with environmental conditions such as food and light. As the driving force for circadian rhythmicity, the molecular clock is a self-sustained transcription-translational feedback loop system consisting of transcription factors, epigenetic modulators, kinases/phosphatases, and ubiquitin E3 ligases. The molecular clock exists not only in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus but also in the peripheral tissues to regulate cellular and physiological function in a tissue-specific manner. The circadian clock system in the liver plays important roles in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. Clock gene mutant animals display impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and are susceptible to diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction, providing strong evidence for the connection between the circadian clock and metabolic homeostasis. Circadian-controlled hepatic metabolism is partially achieved by controlling the expression and/or activity of key metabolic enzymes, transcription factors, signaling molecules, and transporters. Reciprocally, intracellular metabolites modulate the molecular clock activity in response to the energy status. Although still at the early stage, circadian clock dysfunction has been implicated in common chronic liver diseases. Circadian dysregulation of lipid metabolism, detoxification, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell-cycle control might contribute to the onset and progression of liver steatosis, fibrosis, and even carcinogenesis. In summary, these findings call for a comprehensive study of the function and mechanisms of hepatic circadian clock to gain better understanding of liver physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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50
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Vinken M, Landesmann B, Goumenou M, Vinken S, Shah I, Jaeschke H, Willett C, Whelan M, Rogiers V. Development of an Adverse Outcome Pathway From Drug-Mediated Bile Salt Export Pump Inhibition to Cholestatic Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2013; 136:97-106. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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