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Xue Q, Xie L, Cheng C, Su X, Zhao Y. Different environmental factors drive the concentrations of microcystin in particulates, dissolved water, and sediments peaked at different times in a large shallow lake. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116833. [PMID: 36435125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global distribution and health threats of microcystins (MCs) have received much more attention, but there are still significant knowledge gaps in the peak periods and driving factors of MC in different phases of freshwater ecosystems. Thus, we systematically analyzed the annual variation of different MC congeners (-LR, -RR, and -YR, where L, R, and Y respectively represent leucine, arginine, and tyrosine) in particulates, dissolved water, and sediments in three eutrophic bays of Lake Taihu, China. The results indicated that particulate MCs concentration was the highest, followed by dissolved and sediment MC, with the mean concentration of 7.58 μg/L, 1.48 μg/L, and 0.15 μg/g (DW), respectively. Except for particulate MC, the concentrations of the other two types of MC showed significant differences among the three bays. The dominant congeners of the three types of MCs were different, with the highest proportion of MC-LR being observed in sediment MCs and the lowest in particulate MCs. The peak period of the three types of MC was also different, with particulate MCs reaching their peak in July and October, dissolved MCs in May to July and October, and sediment MCs reaching their peak in September. Consistent with our hypothesis, the dynamics of different types of MCs were driven by different environmental factors. Particulate MCs were primarily related to biological parameters, followed by TP and dissolved carbon. By contrast, dissolved MCs strongly correlated with water temperature and dissolved oxygen. While sediment MCs were primarily driven by properties of sediments, followed by different forms of nitrogen in the water column. Our results suggested that particulate and dissolved MCs in northern Lake Taihu pose high health threats, especially in the peak period. Moreover, a more detailed and targeted risk management strategy should be designed to prevent the possible hazards posed by different types of MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Xue Q, Steinman AD, Xie L, Yao L, Su X, Cao Q, Zhao Y, Cai Y. Seasonal variation and potential risk assessment of microcystins in the sediments of Lake Taihu, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113884. [PMID: 31918143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of microcystins (MCs) in sediment pose a serious hazard to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Hence, we investigated the seasonal variation of dominant MCs (MC-LR, MC-RR and MC-YR) in sediments of Lake Taihu over four seasons for the first time. Sediment MCs varied seasonally (p < 0.01) with concentrations highest in August and lowest in February. The MCs were dominated by MC-LR (61.47%) with the content ranging from 0.02 to 2.37 μg/g dry weight in sediment. The three MC congeners and their proportions were significantly correlated with latitude and longitude. Meiliang Bay in the north had the highest MCs of all sites, while the eastern part of the lake had a high level especially in August. Variation of MC-LR and MC-RR concentrations was significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with water temperature, dissolved total organic carbon, cyanobacteria density, total suspended solid particles, and total organic carbon and total nitrogen in sediment, while MC-YR was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with nutrients in the water column and heavy metals in sediments. An ecological risk assessment suggested the MCs already pose significant adverse effects on Potamopyrgus antipodarum; although the adverse effects on humans were weak, children were at greater risk than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingju Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI, 49441, USA
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaomei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Han SY, Hao LL, Shi X, Niu JM, Zhang B. Development and Application of a New QuEChERS Method in UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS to Detect Seven Biogenic Amines in Chinese Wines. Foods 2019; 8:foods8110552. [PMID: 31694278 PMCID: PMC6915522 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate an improved, simple, and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of seven types (cadaverine, CAD; hexylamine, HEX; histamine, HIS; phenylethylamine, PEA; putrescine, PUT; tyramine, TYR) of biogenic amines (BAs) in wine matrices. For this reason, a modified QuEChERS combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method was investigated. The optimization of UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS separation and QuEChERS procedure was performed. Under optimum conditions, the excellent chromatographic performance of the whole separation was accomplished within 6.3 min analyzing time. Meanwhile, the recoveries ranged from 77.2% to 101.7%, while relative standard deviation (RSD) remained between 0.0% and 9.4%. The limit of detection (LOD, 0.50–1.00 µg/L) and the limit of quantification (LOQ, 1.65–3.30 µg/L) were lower than those permitted by legislation in food matrices, which demonstrated the high sensitivity and applicability of this efficient method. This validated method was also applied in a pilot study to analyze BAs in 81 wine samples from Hexi Corridor Region (Gansu Province, Northwest China), CAD, HEX, HIS, PEA, PUT, and TYR were detected to varying degrees in the samples. However, when compared with the existing standards, the BAs in all 81 wine samples did not exceed the prescribed limit value or toxic dose (2–40 mg/L). Moreover, a statistical approach was also conducted using Pearson correlation analysis, and to evaluate their concentrations in terms of wine parameters (storage time, grape variety, wine type, and basic physicochemical index). The results showed that, among the seven kinds of BAs, the concentration of HIS had a certain correlation with alcoholic degree and grape variety. In addition, the level of PEA had a certain correlation with the wine pH and wine storage time. It is worth noting that this seems to be the first report regarding the application of QuEChERS-UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS in the analysis of BAs in wine in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0931-7631-201
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Thuret-Benoist H, Pallier V, Feuillade-Cathalifaud G. Quantification of microcystins in natural waters by HPLC-UV after a pre-concentration step: validation of the analytical performances and study of the interferences. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 72:103223. [PMID: 31401407 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of microcystins concentrations (MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR) in natural water samples was optimized using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV/PDA detection after Solid Phase Extraction. Solid Phase Extraction is needed to clean natural sample and concentrate pollutant. The method was validated by evaluation of specificity and repeatability. Average recoveries in ultra-pure grade water were better than 95% with Relative Standard Deviation values lower than 4%. Matrix interferences, as pH, conductivity and organic matter content, were tested. pH must be fixed between 6 and 8 to avoid under-estimation or over-estimation and conductivity did not interfere with the analytical method. Organic Matter content negatively impacted microcystins quantification unlike organic matter characteristics. It over-estimated the concenration by an average of 19%. Then, the developed method was applied to study the occurrence of microcystins in Pigeard pond (France). These results constitute the first report on the concentration levels and seasonal variations of microcystins in this resource water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Thuret-Benoist
- University of Limoges, PEREINE Laboratory, EA 7500, ENSIL-ENSCI, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Pallier
- University of Limoges, PEREINE Laboratory, EA 7500, ENSIL-ENSCI, 16 rue Atlantis, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France
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Subbiah S, Karnjanapiboonwong A, Maul JD, Wang D, Anderson TA. Monitoring cyanobacterial toxins in a large reservoir: relationships with water quality parameters. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7305. [PMID: 31341744 PMCID: PMC6640620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in fresh, brackish, and ocean water environments, as well as in soil and on moist surfaces. Changes in the population of cyanobacteria can be an important indicator of alterations in water quality. Metabolites produced by blooms of cyanobacteria can be harmful, so cell counts are frequently monitored to assess the potential risk from cyanobacterial toxins. A frequent uncertainty in these types of assessments is the lack of strong relationships between cell count numbers and algal toxin concentrations. In an effort to use ion concentrations and other water quality parameters to determine the existence of any relationships with cyanobacterial toxin concentrations, we monitored four cyanobacterial toxins and inorganic ions in monthly water samples from a large reservoir over a 2-year period. Toxin concentrations during the study period never exceeded safety limits. In addition, toxin concentrations at levels above the limit of quantitation were infrequent during the 2-year sampling period; non-detects were common. Microcystin-LA was the least frequently detected analyte (86 of 89 samples were ND), followed by the other microcystins (microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR). Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin were the most frequently detected analytes. Microcystin and anatoxin concentrations were inversely correlated with Cl-, SO4 - 2 , Na+, and NH4 + , and directly correlated with turbidity and total P. Cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin concentrations in water samples were inversely correlated with Mg+2 and directly correlated with water temperature. Results of our study are expected to increase the understanding of potential relationships between human activities and water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Jonathan D. Maul
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Degeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
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Detected cyanotoxins by UHPLC MS/MS technique in tropical reservoirs of northeastern Colombia. Toxicon 2019; 167:38-48. [PMID: 31185239 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the detection and quantification of eight cyanotoxins in water samples in three reservoirs located in the eastern department of Antioquia, Colombia. The reservoirs are a source of water supply and hydroelectricity, and also generate economic activities in fishing and recreation. Between May 2015 and October 2016, 8 samplings were carried out at times of high temperatures, which ranged from 20 to 29 °C. This period was selected because of a significant or strong El Niño phenomenon, according to the World Meteorological Organization. For the study, 270 integrated samples were taken from the photic zone (PZ) and the surface of the reservoirs, at each of the three sampling points. The samples were analyzed by the analytical technique of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC MS/MS). The quantification performed for six microcystins (MCs), a nodularin (NOD) and a cylindrospermopsin (CYN), showed positive results well above 1 μg L-1. In the water of the Abreo Malpaso and Peñol reservoirs, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]- microcystin-RR toxins were detected at levels of considerable concentration, especially between May and September 2015, when there was no rainfall in this region. In the Playas reservoir, positive results for [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]-MC-RR were detected from May to November 2015, with the highest concentrations being reached in dry season. The temperatures reached and the changes in climatic conditions witnessed during the monitoring period of this study were important factors in the production of cyanotoxins. This was evidenced in this work by the high concentrations of detected cyanotoxins and their absence in periods of rain, as happened from the second quarter of 2016 until the end of the study in October. This is the first study of the detection and quantification of cyanotoxins in tropical reservoirs of northeastern Colombia using the UHPLC MS/MS analytical technique, which allowed the toxins to be unequivocally detected and confirmed. A method was developed and validated, proving to be sensitive, reproducible and accurate. For each of the toxins (microcystin-LR (MC-LR), microcystin-RR (MC-RR), microcystin-YR (MC-YR), [D-Asp3,(E)-Dhb7]- microcystin-RR, microcystin-LW (MC-LW), microcystin-LF (MC-LF), nodularin (NOD) and cylindrospermopsina (CYN)) the correlation coefficients (R2) were in a range between 0.9907 and 0.9999. Verification of the accuracy of the method was performed through a calibration curve in solvent. The recovery percentages of the accuracy and precision tests of the method for low level, medium level and high level were in a range between 64% and 115% for all the cyanotoxins. The validation of the cyanotoxin method shows that it is possible to detect them individually in natural water with a quantification limit (LOQ) of approximately 0.05 μg L-1.
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Jia X, Liu Z, Lu X, Tang J, Wu Y, Du Q, He J, Zhang X, Jiang J, Liu W, Zheng Y, Ding Y, Zhu W, Zhang H. Effects of MCLR exposure on sex hormone synthesis and reproduction-related genes expression of testis in male Rana nigromaculata. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:12-20. [PMID: 29414332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine-arginine (MCLR) is the most popular and toxic variant among microcystins, which can cause severe reproductive toxicity to animals. However, the mechanisms of reproductive toxicity induced by MCLR in amphibians are still not entirely clear. In the current study, toxicity mechanisms of MCLR on the reproductive system of male Rana nigromaculata followed by low concentration (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) and short-term (0, 7, and 14 days) MCLR exposure were shown. It was observed that MCLR could be bioaccumulated in the testes of male frogs, and the theoretical bioaccumulation factor values were 0.24 and 0.19 exposed to 1 μg/L and 10 μg/L MCLR for 14 days, respectively. MCLR exposure significantly decreased testosterone (T) concentrations and increased estradiol (E2) concentrations exposed to 1 and 10 μg/L MCLR for 14 days. The mRNA levels of HSD17B3 were downregulated, and HSD17B1 and CYP19A1 mRNA expression levels were upregulated, respectively. Only 10 μg/L MCLR group showed significant induction of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content. Moreover, AR and ESR1 mRNA expression levels were significantly upregulated exposed to 1 and 10 μg/L MCLR for 14 days, respectively. Our results suggested that low-concentration MCLR induced transcription changes of CYP19A1, HSD17B3, and HSD17B1 led to endocrine disorders, and caused interference of spermatogenesis by the decrease of T and abnormal gene expressions of AR and ESR1 in the testes of R. nigromaculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Jia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xiangjun Lu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Juan Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Yingzhu Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Qiongxia Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jianbo He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Xinyun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Jinxiao Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China
| | - Ying Ding
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Weiqin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Xuelin Road 16#, Xiasha Gaojiao Dongqu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310036, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China.
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Edmiston PL, Carter KA, Graham AL, Gleason EJ. Chemisorption of microcystins to a thiol and amine functionalized organosilica. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zervou SK, Christophoridis C, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. New SPE-LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:56-66. [PMID: 27453259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial and algal toxins comprise a large group of harmful metabolites, belonging to different chemical classes, with a variety of chemical structures, physicochemical properties and toxic activities. In this study, a fast, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of multi-class cyanobacterial and algal toxins in water. The target compounds were: Cylindrospermopsin, Anatoxin-a, Nodularin, 12 Microcystins ([D-Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, [D-Asp3]MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), Okadaic acid and Domoic acid. Analytes were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A dual Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridge assembly was applied for the extraction of target compounds from water. Optimized SPE parameters included cartridge material, initial sample pH, sequence of the cartridges in the SPE assembly as well as composition and volume of the elution solvent. The method was validated, providing acceptable mean recoveries and reproducibility for most analytes. Limits of detection were at the ngL-1 level. The method was successfully applied in real lake water samples from Greece, where a wide range of Microcystins were detected for the first time, at concentrations ranging from 0.034 to 63μgL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Water Quality Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company-EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, 15341 Athens, Greece.
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Li T, Bi Y, Liu J, Wu C. Effects of laser irradiation on a bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:20297-20306. [PMID: 27448813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Effects of laser irradiation on photosystem II (PS II) photochemical efficiencies, growth, and other physiological responses of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated in this study. Results indicate that laser irradiation (wavelengths 405, 450, 532, and 650 nm) could effectively inhibit maximal PS II quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and maximal electron transport rates (ETRmax) of M. aeruginosa, while saturating light levels (Ek) of M. aeruginosa did not change significantly. Among the four tested wavelengths, 650 nm laser (red light) showed the highest inhibitory efficiency. Following 650 nm laser irradiation, the growth of M. aeruginosa was significantly suppressed, and contents of cellular photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, carotenoid, phycocyanin, and allophycocyanin) decreased as irradiation dose increased. Meanwhile, laser irradiation enhanced the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in M. aeruginosa cells. Lower irradiation doses did not change the intracellular microcystin contents, but higher dose irradiation (>1284 J cm-2) caused the release of microcystin into the culture medium. Transmission electron microscope examination showed that the ultrastructure of M. aeruginosa cells was destructed progressively following laser irradiation. Effects of laser irradiation on M. aeruginosa may be a combination of photochemical, electromagnetic, and thermal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 43001284, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiantong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 43001284, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Donghu South Road #7, Wuhan, 43001284, People's Republic of China.
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Li H, Pan G. Simultaneous removal of harmful algal blooms and microcystins using microorganism- and chitosan-modified local soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6249-6256. [PMID: 25901393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyano-HAB) and microcystins (MCs) can cause a potential threat to public health. Here, a method for simultaneous removal of cyano-HAB and MCs was developed using chitosan-modified local soil (MLS) flocculation plus microorganism-modified soil capping. The experiment was conducted in simulated columns containing algal water collected from Lake Taihu (China). More than 90% of algal cells and intracellular MCs were flocculated and removed from water using chitosan-MLS and the sunken flocs were treated by different capping materials including Pseudomonas sp. An18 modified local soil. During 40 days of incubation, dissolved MC-LR and MC-RR showed 10-fold increase in the flocculation-only system. The increase of MC-LR and MC-RR in water was reduced by 30 and 70% in soil capping treatments; however, the total content of MCs in the sediment-water column remained similar to that in the control and flocculation only systems. In contrast, both dissolved MCs and total MCs were reduced by 90% in Pseudomonas sp. An18 modified soil capping treatment. The high performance of toxin decomposition was due to the combined effects of flocculation and MC-degrading bacteria that embedded in the capping material, which prevents dilution of bacteria biomass, concentrates algal cells, confines released toxins, and enhances toxin biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- †Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
- ‡Institute of Biology, Guizhou Academy of Science, Guiyang 550009, China
| | - Gang Pan
- †Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China
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Rivetti C, Gómez-Canela C, Lacorte S, Barata C. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to characterise trace levels of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellate toxins in suspended solids and sediments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:1451-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ma J, Yan F, Chen F, Jiang L, Li J, Chen L. C18-Functionalized Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles for Solid Phase Extraction of Microcystin-LR in Reservoir Water Samples Followed by HPLC-DAD Determination. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.936611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering in Shandong Province, School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengli Yan
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering in Shandong Province, School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengxi Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianhua Jiang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering in Shandong Province, School of Environment & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
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Milman BL, Zhurkovich IK. Tandem mass spectral library of microcystins and related compounds. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934813140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Kaloudis T, Zervou SK, Tsimeli K, Triantis TM, Fotiou T, Hiskia A. Determination of microcystins and nodularin (cyanobacterial toxins) in water by LC-MS/MS. Monitoring of Lake Marathonas, a water reservoir of Athens, Greece. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 263 Pt 1:105-115. [PMID: 23958137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of the hepatotoxic cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs, i.e. MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-LA) and nodularin (NOD) in water was developed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) after solid phase extraction (SPE). New patterns of fragmentation of MC-LA were observed under the experimental conditions used. The method was fully validated to meet accreditation criteria. Mean recoveries at three concentration levels (0.006, 0.1 and 1 μg L(-1)) ranged between 70 and 114% with %RSD values generally below 20%. Detection limits were 2 ng L(-1) for all hepatotoxins. The method was applied to study the occurrence of MCs and NOD in Lake Marathonas, a water reservoir of Athens, over a period from July 2007 to December 2010. The protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) was additionally used for fast screening of samples. MC-YR, MC-LR and MC-RR were detected and found to vary seasonally with consistent peaks during early autumn, having maximum concentrations of 717, 451 and 174 ng L(-1), respectively. The results of this study constitute the first report on the presence, concentration levels and seasonal variations of MCs in Lake Marathonas. None of the target cyanotoxins were detected in treated drinking water samples during the period of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (EYDAP SA), Oropou 156, 11146 Galatsi, Athens, Greece
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Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Rossi S, Cairns WRL, Piazza R, Corami F, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Domoic acid at trace levels in lagoon waters: assessment of a method using internal standard quantification. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9113-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Srivastava A, Singh S, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Asthana RK. Monitoring approaches for a toxic cyanobacterial bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:8999-9013. [PMID: 23865979 DOI: 10.1021/es401245k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms, dominated by Microcystis sp. and associated microcystin variants, have been implicated in illnesses of humans and animals. Little is known regarding the formation of blooms and the presence of cyanotoxin variants in water bodies. Furthermore, the role played by ecological parameters, in regulating Microcystis blooms is complicate and diverse. Local authorities responsible for water management are often faced with the challenging task of dealing with cyanobacterial blooms. Therefore, the development of suitable monitoring approaches to characterize cyanobacterial blooms is an important goal. Currently, various biological, biochemical and physicochemical methods/approaches are being used to monitor cyanobacterial blooms and detect microcystins in freshwater bodies. Because these methods can vary as to the information they provide, no single approach seemed to be sufficient to accurately monitor blooms. For example, immunosensors are more suited for monitoring the presence of toxins in clear water bodies while molecular methods are more suited to detect potentially toxic strains. Thus, monitoring approaches should be tailored for specific water bodies using methods based on economic feasibility, speed, sensitivity and field applicability. This review critically evaluates monitoring approaches that are applicable to cyanobacterial blooms, especially those that focus on the presence of Microcystis, in freshwater bodies. Further, they were characterized and ranked according to their cost, speed, sensitivity and selectivity. Suggested improvements were offered as well as future research endeavors to accommodate anticipated environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Srivastava
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221 005, India
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Aqel A, ALOthman ZA, Yusuf K, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Alwarthan AA. Preparation and Evaluation of Benzyl Methacrylate Monoliths for Capillary Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:201-10. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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20
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Determination of six microcystins and nodularin in surface and drinking waters by on-line solid phase extraction–ultra high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1266:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Gambaro A, Barbaro E, Zangrando R, Barbante C. Simultaneous quantification of microcystins and nodularin in aerosol samples using high-performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1497-1506. [PMID: 22592994 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cyanobacteria are a small group of photosynthetic planktonic bacteria, producing a large group of strong hepatotoxins called microcystins (MCs). Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the presence of MCs and nodularin (NOD) in water or in marine organisms, but little research has been done on the atmospheric environment. Waterborne toxins can be found in the aerosol phase due to bubble-bursting processes. METHODS The aim of this study was to obtain a sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of trace concentrations of individual cyanotoxins in aerosol samples, using liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole (HPLC/MS/MS). During method development improved electrospray ionization was found in negative ion mode. In contrast with other authors, we have developed a chromatographic separation using alkaline conditions, thus achieving good resolution, improved electrospray ionization and therefore better sensitivity. RESULTS A sensitive analytical method was set up to simultaneously measure trace concentrations of cyanotoxins in aerosol samples in a single chromatographic analysis using the internal standard method. The limit of detection for all the toxins was determined to be between 1 fg/μL (MC LA and LF) and 9 fg/μL (NOD). CONCLUSIONS The method was applied to ten aerosol samples from the Venice Lagoon. In these samples, trace concentrations of MC-LA ranging between 90 fg m(-3) and 706 fg m(-3), MC-LF between n.d. and 369 fg m(-3) and MC-LW between n.d. and 262 fg m(-3). This is the first study to quantify the cyanotoxins in Venetian aerosol samples using the HPLC/(-)ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), University of Venice, Ca' Foscari, Calle Larga Santa Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy
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Chen J, Yan T, Xu J, He S, Zhao P, Yan X. Simultaneous determination of toxins in algae and water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1094-101. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Covaci OI, Sassolas A, Alonso GA, Muñoz R, Radu GL, Bucur B, Marty JL. Highly sensitive detection and discrimination of LR and YR microcystins based on protein phosphatases and an artificial neural network. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:711-20. [PMID: 22648166 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition characteristics of three different protein phosphatases by three microcystin (MC) variants--LR, YR, and RR--were studied. The corresponding K (I) for each enzyme-MC couple was calculated. The toxicity of MC varies in the following order: MC-LR > MC-YR > MC-RR. The sensitivity of the enzymes increased in the following order: mutant PP2A < mutant PP1 < natural PP2A. The best limit of detection obtained was 21.2 pM MC-LR using the most sensible enzyme. Methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile up to 2 % (v/v) may be used in inhibition measurements. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to discriminate two MC variants--LR and YR--using the differences in inhibition percentages measured with mutant PP1 and natural PP2A. The ANN is able to analyze mixtures with concentrations ranging from 8 to 98 pM MC-LR and 31 to 373 pM MC-YR.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Covaci
- Laboratoire IMAGES EA 4218, University of Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Herranz S, Marazuela M, Moreno-Bondi M. Automated portable array biosensor for multisample microcystin analysis in freshwater samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 33:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chen P, Zhu L, Fang S, Wang C, Shan G. Photocatalytic degradation efficiency and mechanism of microcystin-RR by mesoporous Bi₂WO₆ under near ultraviolet light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2345-2351. [PMID: 22250846 DOI: 10.1021/es2036338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-RR (MC-RR) is one of the most common cyanotoxin microcystins in fresh water and is of great concern due to its potential hepatotoxicity. In the present study, Bi(2)WO(6) was synthesized with a hydrothermal method by varying the pH of the reaction solution in the range of 1-11. The surface area of the catalysts decreased, but the crystallinity and crystal size increased with the pH. The adsorption and degradation capacities of the catalysts decreased with increasing the preparation solution pH. The Bi(2)WO(6) prepared at pH 1 (Bi(2)WO(6)-pH1) displayed the highest adsorption and degradation capacity to MC-RR even though it consisted of randomly aggregated particles. Nearly 100% of MC-RR at 10 mg L(-1) was removed after 30 min of irradiation of near-ultraviolet light (300-400 nm) in a solution with Bi(2)WO(6) concentration of 0.2 g L(-1). The photodegradation efficiency of Bi(2)WO(6)-pH1 was greater in acid medium than in basic solutions. Several intermediate products were observed and identified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and a unique photodegradation pathway was proposed. It was assumed that a photo-Kolbe process happened at the site carboxyl acid group of the d-Glu residue by the photogenerated holes, producing a hydroperoxyl product at m/z 513.8. This intermediate could be further decomposed to an alcohol product at m/z 505.8 and a ketone product at m/z 504.8. The aromatic ring and diene bond of the Adda chain could also be attacked by the holes and form phenol and diol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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Aqel A, Yusuf K, Al-Othman ZA, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Alwarthan AA. Effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes incorporation into benzyl methacrylate monolithic columns in capillary liquid chromatography. Analyst 2012; 137:4309-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35518c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Yen HK, Lin TF, Liao PC. Simultaneous detection of nine cyanotoxins in drinking water using dual solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Toxicon 2011; 58:209-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Preparation and Evaluation of Long Chain Alkyl Methacrylate Monoliths for Capillary Chromatography. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang Y, Park Y, Cassada DA, Snow DD, Rogers DG, Lee J. In vitro and in vivo safety assessment of edible blue-green algae, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing and Spirulina plantensis. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1560-4. [PMID: 21473896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blue-green algae (BGA) have been consumed as food and herbal medicine for centuries. However, safety for their consumption has not been well investigated. This study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro and in vivo toxicity of cultivated Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP). Neither NO nor SP contained detectable levels of microcystin (MC)-LA, MC-RR, MC-LW and MC-LR by LC/MS/MS. Cell viability remained ∼70-80% when HepG2 cells were incubated with 0-500 μg/ml of hexane, chloroform, methanol and water-extractable fractions of NO and SP. Four-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93G/M diet supplemented with 0%, 2.5% or 5% of NO and SP (wt/wt) for 6 months. For both genders, BGA-rich diets did not induce noticeable abnormality in weight gain and plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations except a significant increase in plasma ALT levels by 2.5% NO supplementation in male mice at 6 month. Histopathological analysis of livers, however, indicated that BGA did not cause significant liver damage compared with controls. In conclusion, our results suggest that NO and SP are free of MC and the long-term dietary supplementation of up to 5% of the BGA may be consumed without evident toxic side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Shan Y, Shi X, Dou A, Zou C, He H, Yang Q, Zhao S, Lu X, Xu G. A fully automated system with on-line micro solid-phase extraction combined with capillary liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for high throughput analysis of microcystins and nodularin-R in tap water and lake water. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1743-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Application of ionic-liquid supported cloud point extraction for the determination of microcystin-leucine–arginine in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 686:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dörr FA, Pinto E, Soares RM, Feliciano de Oliveira e Azevedo SM. Microcystins in South American aquatic ecosystems: Occurrence, toxicity and toxicological assays. Toxicon 2010; 56:1247-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Graham JL, Loftin KA, Meyer MT, Ziegler AC. Cyanotoxin mixtures and taste-and-odor compounds in cyanobacterial blooms from the Midwestern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7361-8. [PMID: 20831209 DOI: 10.1021/es1008938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The mixtures of toxins and taste-and-odor compounds present during cyanobacterial blooms are not well characterized and of particular concern when evaluating potential human health risks. Cyanobacterial blooms were sampled in twenty-three Midwestern United States lakes and analyzed for community composition, thirteen cyanotoxins by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay, and two taste-and-odor compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Aphanizomenon, Cylindrospermopsis and/or Microcystis were dominant in most (96%) blooms, but community composition was not strongly correlated with toxin and taste-and-odor occurrence. Microcystins occurred in all blooms. Total microcystin concentrations measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and immunoassay were linearly related (r(s) = 0.76, p < 0.01) and LC/MS/MS concentrations were lower than or similar to ELISA in most (85%) samples. Geosmin (87%), 2-methylisoborneol (39%), anatoxin-a (30%), saxitoxins (17%), cylindrospermopsins (9%), and nodularin-R (9%) also were present in these blooms. Multiple classes of cyanotoxins occurred in 48% of blooms and 95% had multiple microcystin variants. Toxins and taste-and-odor compounds frequently co-occurred (91% of blooms), indicating odor may serve as a warning that cyanotoxins likely are present. However, toxins occurred more frequently than taste-and-odor compounds, so odor alone does not provide sufficient warning to ensure human-health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Graham
- United States Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, USA.
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Analysis of microcystins by capillary zone electrophoresis coupling with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 82:1101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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An SPR biosensor for the detection of microcystins in drinking water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2625-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Triantis T, Tsimeli K, Kaloudis T, Thanassoulias N, Lytras E, Hiskia A. Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters. Toxicon 2010; 55:979-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gu C, He J, Jia J, Fang N, Shamsi SA. Surfactant-bound monolithic columns for CEC. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3814-27. [PMID: 19885887 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel anionic surfactant bound monolithic stationary phase based on 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid is designed for CEC. The monolith possessing bonded undecanoyl groups (hydrophobic sites) and carboxyl groups (weak cationic ion-exchange sites) were evaluated as a mixed-mode stationary phase in CEC for the separation of neutral and polar solutes. Using a multivariate D-optimal design the composition of the polymerization mixture was modeled and optimized with five alkylbenzenes and seven alkyl phenyl ketones as test solutes. The D-optimal design indicates a strong dependence of electrochromatographic parameters on the concentration of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid monomer and porogen (water) in the polymerization mixture. A difference of 6, 8 and 13% RSD between the predicted and the experimental values in terms of efficiency, resolution and retention time, respectively, indeed confirmed that the proposed approach is practical. The physical (i.e. morphology, porosity and permeability) and chromatographic properties of the monolithic columns were thoroughly investigated. With the optimized monolithic column, high efficiency separation of N-methylcarbamates pesticides and positional isomers was successfully achieved. It appears that this type of mixed-mode monolith (containing both chargeable and hydrophobic sites) may have a great potential as a new generation of CEC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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38
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Trojanowicz M. Chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic determination of microcystins. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:359-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gu C, He J, Jia J, Fang N, Simmons R, Shamsi SA. Surfactant-bound monolithic columns for separation of proteins in capillary high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:530-9. [PMID: 20031139 PMCID: PMC3098612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-bound monolithic stationary phase based on the co-polymerization of 11-acrylamino-undecanoic acid (AAUA) is designed for capillary high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using D-optimal design, the effect of the polymerization mixture (concentrations of monomer, crosslinker and porogens) on the chromatographic performance (resolution and analysis time) of the AAUA-EDMA monolithic column was evaluated. The polymerization mixture was optimized using three proteins as model test solutes. The D-optimal design indicates a strong dependence of chromatographic parameters on the concentration of porogens (1,4-butanediol and water) in the polymerization mixture. Optimized solutions for fast separation and high resolution separation, respectively, were obtained using the proposed multivariate optimization. Differences less than 6.8% between the predicted and the experimental values in terms of resolution and retention time indeed confirmed that the proposed approach is practical. Using the optimized column, fast separation of proteins could be obtained in 2.5 min, and a tryptic digest of myoglobin was successfully separated on the high resolution column. The physical properties (i.e., morphology, porosity and permeability) of the optimized monolithic column were thoroughly investigated. It appears that this surfactant-bound monolith may have a great potential as a new generation of capillary HPLC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jinping Jia
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Nenghu Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Robert Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shahab A. Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Yang B, Xu JZ, Ding T, Wu B, Jing S, Ding SJ, Chen HL, Sheng CY, Jiang Y. A novel method to detect seven microcystins in hard clam and corbicula fluminea by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3522-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Merel S, LeBot B, Clément M, Seux R, Thomas O. Ms identification of microcystin-LR chlorination by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 74:832-839. [PMID: 19042006 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water disinfection by chlorine is known to reduce concentration of microcystin, but compounds formed are rarely considered. In this work the chlorination of microcystin-LR has been studied by monitoring reactants consumption and reaction products using the linear trap quad-Orbitrap (LTQ-Orbitrap) technology. Microcystin-LR was totally transformed within 2 min, meanwhile chlorine was consumed until 30 min with a rate of 12 mol per mol of toxin. Four new by-products of microcystin-LR were identified as well as their isomers: monochloro-microcystin, monochloro-dihydroxy-microcystin, dichloro-dihydroxy-microcystin and trichloro-hydroxy-microcystin. In addition, four new isomers were also observed, corresponding to the dihydroxy-microcystin already known. Besides, another compound previously observed was identified as monochloro-hydroxy-microcystin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Environment and Health Laboratory (LERES), School of Public Health (EHESP), Avenue Professeur Léon-Bernard, CS 74312, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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Dai M, Xie P, Chen J, Liang G, Liu Y, Qiu T. Quantitative Determination of Microcystins in Rat Plasma by LC–ESI Tandem MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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43
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Xu W, Chen Q, Zhang T, Cai Z, Jia X, Xie Q, Ren Y. Development and application of ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for determination of seven microcystins in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 626:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Revised: 07/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Simultaneous determination of microcystin-LR and its glutathione conjugate in fish tissues by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 862:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gu C, Lin L, Chen X, Jia J, Wu D, Fang N. Analysis of microcystins by capillary high performance liquid chromatography using a polymethacrylate-based monolithic column. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2866-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gu C, Lin L, Chen X, Jia J, Ren J, Fang N. Effects of inner diameter of monolithic column on separation of proteins in capillary-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:15-22. [PMID: 17915238 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer monolithic columns with I.D. between 100 and 320 microm were prepared by in-situ polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene in fused silica capillaries. The effects of monolithic column I.D. on the separation of proteins in reversed-phase capillary-liquid chromatography under gradient elution were systemically studied. The loading capacity was positively proportional to the volume of the stationary phase. It was found that the smaller diameter columns showed better performance for protein separation. The minimum plate height decreases from 34.99 microm (320 microm I.D. column) to 5.39 microm (100 microm I.D. column) for a retained protein. After studying the three parameters of the Van Deemter equation, it was interpreted that the smaller diameter can provide less flow resistance and the better performance may also be improved by the increasing of the effective diffusion. This conclusion was also supported by the data of separation permeability and breakthrough curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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Allis O, Dauphard J, Hamilton B, Shuilleabhain AN, Lehane M, James KJ, Furey A. Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry Application, for the Determination of Extracellular Hepatotoxins in Irish Lake and Drinking Waters. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3436-47. [PMID: 17402708 DOI: 10.1021/ac062088q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of hepatotoxins; microcystins (MCs), and nodularin (Nod) in lake water and domestic chlorinated tap water has been developed using liquid chromatography hyphenated with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Optimization of the mass spectrometer parameters and mobile-phase composition was performed to maximize the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method. Detection of the hepatotoxins was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring experiments, thus improving the selectivity of the method. A total ion chromatogram and a precursor ion scan on ion m/z 135 was also applied to all samples to detect unknown microcystins or microcystins for which there are no standards available. A comprehensive validation of the LC-ESI-MS/MS method was completed that took into account matrix effects, specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Good linear calibrations were obtained for MC-LR (1-200 microg/L; R2=0.9994) in spiked lake and tap water samples (1-50 microg/L; R2=0.9974). Acceptable interday repeatability was achieved for MC-LR in lake water with RSD values (n=9) ranging from 9.9 (10 microg/L) to 5.1% (100 microg/L). Excellent limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were achieved with spiked MCs and Nod samples; LOD=0.27 microg/L and LOQ=0.90 microg/L for MC-LR in the "normal linear range" and LOD=0.08 microg/L and LOQ=0.25 microg/L in the "low linear range" in both lake and chlorinated tap water. Similar results were obtained for a suite of microcystins and nodularin. This sensitive and rapid method does not require any sample preconcentration, including the elimination of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the effective screening of hepatotoxins in water below the 1 microg/L WHO provisional guideline limit for MC-LR. Furthermore, SPE techniques are time-consuming, nonreproducible at trace levels, and offer poor recoveries with chlorinated water. The application of this LC-ESI-MS/MS method for routine screening of hepatotoxins in lake and chlorinated tap water (average Cl2=0.23 mg/L) is achieved and this study represents the first direct method for the screening of hepatotoxins in chlorinated tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Allis
- PROTEOBIO, Mass Spectrometry Centre for Proteomics and Biotoxin Research, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:407-418. [PMID: 17326037 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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49
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Sangolkar LN, Maske SS, Chakrabarti T. Methods for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:3485-96. [PMID: 17014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/20/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Episodes of cyanobacterial toxic blooms and fatalities to animals and humans due to cyanobacterial toxins (CBT) are known worldwide. The hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (cyanotoxins) produced by bloom-forming cyanobacteria have been the cause of human and animal health hazards and even death. Prevailing concentration of cell bound endotoxin, exotoxin and the toxin variants depend on developmental stages of the bloom and the cyanobacterial (CB) species involved. Toxic and non-toxic strains do not show any predictable morphological difference. The current instrumental, immunological and molecular methods applied for determining microcystins (peptide hepatotoxins) and microcystin-producing cyanobacteria are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita N Sangolkar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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