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Adeel M, Asif K, Alshabouna F, Canzonieri V, Rahman MM, Ansari SA, Güder F, Rizzolio F, Daniele S. Label-free electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on carbon cloth sputtered gold nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2022; 12:100256. [PMID: 36187906 PMCID: PMC9508700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or the (COVID-19) disease, has become a threat to worldwide biosecurity. Therefore, early diagnosis of COVID-19 is crucial to combat the ongoing infection spread. In this study we propose a flexible aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for the rapid, label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP). A platform made of a porous and flexible carbon cloth, coated with gold nanoparticles, to increase the conductivity and electrochemical performance of the material, was assembled with a thiol functionalized DNA aptamer via S-Au bonds, for the selective recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 SP. The various steps for the sensor preparation were followed by using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed platform displayed good mechanical stability, revealing negligible changes on voltammetric responses to bending at various angles. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 SP was performed by DPV and chronopotentiometry (CP), exploiting the changes of the electrical signals due the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox probe, when SARS-CoV-2 SP binds to the aptamer immobilized on the electrode surface. Current density, in DPV, and square root of the transition time, in CP, varied linearly with the log[ SARS-CoV-2 SP], providing lower limits of detection (LOD) of 0.11 ng/mL and 37.8 ng/mL, respectively. The sensor displayed good selectivity, repeatability, and was tested in diluted human saliva, spiked with different SARS-CoV-2 SP concentrations, providing LODs of 0.167 ng/mL and 46.2 ng/mL for DPV and CP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Fahad Alshabouna
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Sajid Ali Ansari
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
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2
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Sheen HJ, Panigrahi B, Kuo TR, Hsu WC, Chung PS, Xie QZ, Lin CY, Chang YS, Lin CT, Fan YJ. Electrochemical biosensor with electrokinetics-assisted molecular trapping for enhancing C-reactive protein detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114338. [PMID: 35550939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
C-Reactive protein (CRP) is an essential biomarker relevant to various disease prognoses. Current biosensors require a significant amount of time for detecting CRP. To address this issue, this work proposes electrokinetic flow-assisted molecule trapping integrated with an impedance biosensor, where a driving signal in terms of a gated sine wave is provided to circularly arranged electrodes which detect proteins. To verify the biosensor's efficacy, protein aggregation on the electrode surface was evaluated through a fluorescence analysis and measurement of the electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS). The fluorescence analysis with avidin showed that target samples largely accumulated on the electrode surface upon provision of the driving signal. The EIS measurement of CRP accumulation on the electrode surface further confirmed a significant electrokinetic phenomenon at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Even at the low CRP concentration of 10 pg/ml, the proposed device's sensitivity and reliability were as high as 3.92 pg/ml with a signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of ≥3, respectively. In addition, the protein detection time (without considering the preparation time) was minimized to as low as 90 s with the proposed device. This device's advantage is its minimal time consumption, and simple drop-analysis process flow; hence, it was used for monitoring clinical serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horn-Jiunn Sheen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bivas Panigrahi
- Department of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Energy Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Science and Technology, Taiping Dist., Taichung City, 41170, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Rong Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Hsu
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qiu-Zhe Xie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lin
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Shuang Ho Hospital, 291 Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ting Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Lakshmanakumar M, Nesakumar N, Sethuraman S, Rajan KS, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB. Development of an Electrodeposited Graphene Quantum Dot Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of C‐Reactive Protein (CRP) Biomarker. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiyan Lakshmanakumar
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - K. S. Rajan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- School of Arts Science & Humanities (SASH) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- School of Electrical & Electronics Engineering SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB) SASTRA Deemed to be University Thanjavur 613 401 Tamil Nadu India
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4
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Lakshmanakumar M, Nesakumar N, Sethuraman S, S RK, Krishnan UM, Rayappan JBB. Fabrication of GQD-Electrodeposited Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes for the Detection of the CRP Biomarker. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32528-32536. [PMID: 34901602 PMCID: PMC8655768 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The traditional three-electrode electrochemical system used in the development of biosensors for detecting various biomarkers of interest necessitates the use of bulk electrodes, which precludes the deployment of handheld electrochemical devices in clinical applications. Affordable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with functional interfaces are being developed to enhance the sensitivity of a compact sensing system as a whole. In this work, SPCEs were fabricated on an overhead projection (OHP) sheet in three different active areas of 2 × 2, 3 × 3, and 4 × 4 mm2 using a screen printing technique, and then ∼2 nm sized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were electrodeposited over the SPCE surface to add functionality for the detection of ultralow levels of one of the cardiac biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP). The proposed mediator-dependent voltammetric biosensor exhibited good sensitivity, a low detection limit, and a linear range of 2.45 μA ng-1 mL-1 cm-2, 0.036 ng mL-1, and 0.5-10 ng mL-1, respectively. The fabricated SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP biosensor could rapidly detect CRP in less than 25 s. The intra- and interassays were performed with five sensor strips, which showed a minimum standard deviation of 1.85 and 2.8%, respectively. The SPCE/GQDs/anti-CRP electrode was used to detect CRP concentrations in a ringer lactate solution. Thus, the developed biosensor has all of the characteristics such as rapidity, inexpensive disposable electrodes, miniaturization, and a lower detection limit needed to evolve as a point-of-care (PoC) application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiyan Lakshmanakumar
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Noel Nesakumar
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajan K. S
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
- Centre
for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering (SEEE), School of Chemical & Biotechnology
(SCBT), School of Arts, Science & Humanities (SASH), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Cheng YY, Zhan T, Feng XZ, Han GC. A synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles and melamine with signal amplification for C-reactive protein sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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6
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Liu W, Wang X, Tai C, Yan W, Yu R, Li Y, Zhao H, Zhou F. Four-Channel Photothermal Plate Reader for High-Throughput Nanoparticle-Amplified Immunoassay. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15705-15710. [PMID: 33270418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We enhanced the sample throughput of microplate-based photothermal detection by using a semicylindrical prism to expand a point laser source to a long beam for illuminating multiple wells. Coupled with four epoxy-coated thermocouples in alignment with wells on a 96-well microplate, four parallel immunoassays of C-reaction protein (CRP) with antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles can be simultaneously performed. The sample throughput is further increased by mounting the Styrofoam-enclosed microplate onto a translational/elevator stage so that immunoassays and thermocouple rinse/drying cycles can be implemented in a programmed fashion. The automated assay with three rinse/drying cycles takes only 34.5 min for four samples or 8.62 min/sample, whereas the manual mode with a single thermocouple and a point light source requires at least 66 min for just one sample. With careful calibration of the energy distribution of the expanded laser beam and controllable immersion of the thermocouples, excellent well-to-well (RSD = 1.3%) and cycle-to-cycle (RSD = 4.0%) reproducibility can be attained. The temperature changes can be correlated with the CRP concentration by the Langmuir isotherm, and the low limit of detection, 0.52 ng/mL or 4.33 pM, is well below the plasma CRP levels of both healthy people (<5 μg/mL) and patients (10-500 μg/mL). The serum CRP concentrations quantified by our plate reader are in excellent agreement with the immunoturbidimetric results, demonstrating that this cost-effective, robust, and high-throughput mode for microplate-based immunoassays is amenable to detecting biomarkers in many clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250353, P. R. China
| | - Chuanqi Tai
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 25001, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Yan
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Ruichuang Yu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
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7
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Kong L, Liang J, Yang L, An S, Gao C, Liao X, Zhao Y, Yang B. Reversing cytotoxicity of uric acid by supramolecular encapsulation with acyclic cucurbit[n]uril. Biomed Mater 2020; 16. [PMID: 33254150 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abcf04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular encapsulation removes harmful substances from organisms has evolved into a new strategy. In this article, we prepared three supramolecular complexes of acyclic cucurbit[n]urils (ACBs) with uric acid (UA), and studied the inclusion behaviors of ACBs and UA by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Furthermore, we characterized the effect of the complexes of UA with ACBs on the expression of inflammatory biomarkers in human hepatoma HepG2 cell lines through C-reactive protein (CRP) western blot. The results showed UA molecules can be recognized by three ACBs with different binding constants, and ACBs successfully blocked the inflammatory stimulation of uric acid on HepG2 cell lines and inhibited the expression of the major inflammatory factor CRP by formations of complexes between UA and ACBs. This article proves that ACBs can efficiently reversing cytotoxicity of UA, which provides a new method to treating hyperuricemia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingguang Kong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Jing Liang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Lei Yang
- Yunnan Perrrin Technology Co. Ltd.,, Yunnan Perrrin Technology Co. Ltd., Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan province , 650201, CHINA
| | - Shu An
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Chuanzhu Gao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Xiali Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Yulin Zhao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
| | - Bo Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China., Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, CHINA
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8
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Recent advances of electrochemical and optical biosensors for detection of C-reactive protein as a major inflammatory biomarker. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Balayan S, Chauhan N, Chandra R, Kuchhal NK, Jain U. Recent advances in developing biosensing based platforms for neonatal sepsis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112552. [PMID: 32931992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is a bloodstream infection primarily caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), Group B Streptococcus (GBS), Listeria monocytogenes, Haemophilus influenzae, S. aureus, Klebsiella spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteria. Neonatal Sepsis is referred as a critical response to the infection in the neonatal period that can lead to the failure of body organs and thereby causing damage to the tissues resulting in death of the neonates. Nearly 4 million deaths across the world are occurred due to neonatal sepsis infections. In order to prevent the bloodstream infections in the neonates, it is indispensable to diagnose the disease properly for appropriate treatment during the point of care. Numerous studies have been reported to identify major biomarkers associated with neonatal sepsis including Serum Amyloid A (SAA), C - reactive protein (CRP), Procalcitonin (PCT) and Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Distinct diagnostic platforms have also been developed detecting the presence of bloodstream infections including electrochemical, potentiometric, and impedimetric sensors. Recently, electrochemical biosensors with the integration of nanomaterials have emerged as a better platform for neonatal sepsis biomarkers detection. This review article summarizes the diverse screening platforms, evaluation parameters, and new advances based on implications of nanomaterials for the development of biosensors detecting neonatal sepsis infections. The review further elucidates the significance and future scope of distinctive platforms which are predominantly associated with detection of neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Balayan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | | | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Ribeiro SHD, Alves LM, Flauzino JMR, Moço ACR, Segatto MS, Silva JP, Borges LFA, Madurro JM, Madurro AGB. Reusable Immunosensor for Detection of C‐reactive Protein in Human Serum. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandro H. D. Ribeiro
- Program in Health Sciences, Medicine School Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia Brazil
| | - Lívia M. Alves
- Institute of Biotechnology Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia Brazil
| | - José M. R. Flauzino
- Institute of Biotechnology Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia Brazil
| | - Anna C. R. Moço
- Institute of Biotechnology Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia Brazil
| | - Mônica S. Segatto
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia, Brazil
| | | | | | - João M. Madurro
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - Ana G. B. Madurro
- Institute of Biotechnology Federal University of Uberlandia Uberlandia Brazil
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12
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Jarczewska M, Malinowska E. The application of antibody-aptamer hybrid biosensors in clinical diagnostics and environmental analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3183-3199. [PMID: 32930180 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of various diseases and the increase of environmental contamination are the causes for the development of novel methods for their detection. The possibility of the application of affinity-based biosensors for such purposes seems particularly promising as they provide high selectivity and low detection limits. Recently, the usage of hybrid antibody-aptamer sandwich constructs was shown to be more advantageous in terms of working parameters in comparison to aptamer-based and immune-based biosensors. This review is focused on the usage of hybrid antibody-aptamer receptor layers for the determination of clinically and environmentally important target molecules. In this work, antibodies and aptamer molecules are characterized and the methods of their immobilization as well as analytical signal generation are shown. This is followed by the critical presentation of examples of hybrid sandwich biosensors that have been elaborated in the past 12 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jarczewska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Review on electrochemical sensing strategies for C-reactive protein and cardiac troponin I detection. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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14
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Yousefi F, Movahedpour A, Shabaninejad Z, Ghasemi Y, Rabbani S, Sobnani-Nasab A, Mohammadi S, Hajimoradi B, Rezaei S, Savardashtaki A, Mazoochi M, Mirzaei H. Electrochemical-Based Biosensors: New Diagnosis Platforms for Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2550-2575. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191024114207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the major reasons for mortality throughout the world is cardiovascular diseases.
Therefore, bio-markers of cardiovascular disease are of high importance to diagnose and manage procedure.
Detecting biomarkers provided a promising procedure in developing bio-sensors. Fast, selective,
portable, accurate, inexpensive, and sensitive biomarker sensing instruments will be necessary for
detecting and predicting diseases. One of the cardiac biomarkers may be ordered as C-reactive proteins,
lipoprotein-linked phospho-lipase, troponin I or T, myoglobin, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis
factor alpha, LDL and myeloperoxidase. The biomarkers are applied to anticipate cardio-vascular
illnesses. Initial diagnoses of these diseases are possible by several techniques; however, they are laborious
and need costly apparatus. Current researches designed various bio-sensors for resolving the respective
issues. Electrochemical instruments and the proposed bio-sensors are preferred over other
methods due to its inexpensiveness, mobility, reliability, repeatability. The present review comprehensively
dealt with detecting biomarkers of cardiovascular disease through electro-chemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Nanotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahram Rabbani
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sobnani-Nasab
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Soheila Mohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Hajimoradi
- Cardiology Department of Shohaday-e-Tajrish Hospital Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rezaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Majid Mazoochi
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Amperometric immunosensor based on covalent organic frameworks and Pt/Ru/C nanoparticles for the quantification of C-reactive protein. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:320. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Tan X, Wang X, Zhang L, Liu L, Zheng G, Li H, Zhou F. Stable and Photothermally Efficient Antibody-Covered Cu3(PO4)2@Polydopamine Nanocomposites for Sensitive and Cost-Effective Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8274-8279. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tan
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Gengxiu Zheng
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - He Li
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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17
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A folding affinity paper-based electrochemical impedance device for cardiovascular risk assessment. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:389-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Szunerits S, Mishyn V, Grabowska I, Boukherroub R. Electrochemical cardiovascular platforms: Current state of the art and beyond. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 131:287-298. [PMID: 30851492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death within industrialized nations as well as an increasing cause of mortality and morbidity in many developing countries. Smoking, alcohol consumption and increased level of blood cholesterol are the main CVD risk factors. Other factors, such as the prevalence of overweight/obesity and diabetes, have increased considerably in recent decades and are indirect causes of CVD. Among CVDs, the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) represents the most common cause of emergency hospital admission. Since the prognosis of ACS is directly associated with timely initiation of revascularization, missed, misdiagnosis or late diagnosis have unfavorable medical implications. Early ACS diagnosis can reduce complications and risk of recurrence, finally decreasing the economic burden posed on the health care system as a whole. To decrease the risk of ACS and related CVDs and to reduce associated costs to healthcare systems, a fast management of patients with chest pain has become crucial and urgent. Despite great efforts, biochemical diagnostic approaches of CVDs remain difficult and controversial medical challenges as cardiac biomarkers should be rapidly released into the blood at the time of ischemia and persistent for a sufficient length of time to allow diagnostics, with tests that should be rapid, easy to perform and relatively inexpensive. Early biomarker assessments have involved testing for the total enzyme activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), which cardiac troponins being the main accepted biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial injury and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). To allow rapid diagnosis, it is necessary to replace the traditional biochemical assays by cardiac biosensor platforms. Among the numerous of possibilities existing today, electrochemical biosensors are important players as they have many of the required characteristics for point-of-care tests. Electrochemical based cardiac biosensors are highly adapted for monitoring the onset and progress of cardiovascular diseases in a fast and accurate manner, while being cheap and scalable devices. This review outlines the state of the art in the development of cardiac electrochemical sensors for the detection of different cardiac biomarkers ranging from troponin to BNP, N-terminal proBNP, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Vladyslav Mishyn
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520-IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
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19
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Boonkaew S, Chaiyo S, Jampasa S, Rengpipat S, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O. An origami paper-based electrochemical immunoassay for the C-reactive protein using a screen-printed carbon electrode modified with graphene and gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:153. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3245-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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20
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Bakirhan NK, Ozcelikay G, Ozkan SA. Recent progress on the sensitive detection of cardiovascular disease markers by electrochemical-based biosensors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:406-424. [PMID: 30036704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most reason for deaths in all over the world. Hence, biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases are very crucial for diagnosis and management process. Biomarker detection demand is opened the important way in biosensor development field. Rapid, cheap, portable, precise, selective and sensitive biomarker sensing devices are needed at this point to detect and predict disease. A cardiac biomarker can be orderable as C-reactive protein, troponin I or T, myoglobin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase, low-density lipoprotein and myeloperoxidase. They are used for prediction of cardiovascular diseases. There are many methods for early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, but these have long time process and expensive devices. In recent studies, different biosensors have been developed to remove the problems in this field. Electrochemical devices and developed biosensors have many superiorities than others such as low cost, mobile, reliable, repeatable, need a little amount of solution. In this review, recent studies were presented as details for cardiovascular disease biomarkers detection using electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurgul K Bakirhan
- Hitit University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Corum, Turkey
| | - Goksu Ozcelikay
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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21
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Label-Free Electrochemical Immunoassay for C-Reactive Protein. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020034. [PMID: 29601504 PMCID: PMC6022967 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the most expressed proteins in blood during acute phase inflammation, and its minute level increase has also been recognized for the clinical diagnosis of cardio vascular diseases. Unfortunately, the available commercial immunoassays are labour intensive, require large sample volumes, and have practical limitations, such as low stability and high production costs. Hence, we have developed a simple, cost effective, and label-free electrochemical immunoassay for the measurement of CRP in a drop of serum sample using an immunosensor strip made up of a screen printed carbon electrode (SPE) modified with anti-CRP functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The measurement relies on the decrease of the oxidation current of the redox indicator Fe3+/Fe2+, resulting from the immunoreaction between CRP and anti-CRP. Under optimal conditions, the present immunoassay measures CRP in a linear range from 0.4–200 nM (0.047–23.6 µg mL−1), with a detection limit of 0.15 nM (17 ng mL−1, S/N = 3) and sensitivity of 90.7 nA nM−1, in addition to a good reproducibility and storage stability. The analytical applicability of the presented immunoassay is verified by CRP measurements in human blood serum samples. This work provides the basis for a low-priced, safe, and easy-to-use point-of-care immunosensor assay to measure CRP at clinically relevant concentrations.
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22
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Sensors and Biosensors for C-Reactive Protein, Temperature and pH, and Their Applications for Monitoring Wound Healing: A Review. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122952. [PMID: 29257113 PMCID: PMC5750823 DOI: 10.3390/s17122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.
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24
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Bueno PR, Bedatty Fernandes FC, Davis JJ. Quantum capacitance as a reagentless molecular sensing element. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:15362-15370. [PMID: 28972213 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06160a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoscale capacitance as a transduction of molecular recognition relevant to molecular diagnostics is demonstrated. The energy-related signal relates directly to the electron occupation of quantized states present in readily fabricated molecular junctions such as those presented by redox switchable self-assembled molecular monolayers, reduced graphene oxide or redox-active graphene composite films, assembled on standard metallic or micro-fabricated electrodes. Sensor design is thus based on the response of a confined and resolved electronic density of states to target binding and the associated change in interfacial chemical potential. Demonstrated herein with a number of clinically important markers, this represents a new potent and ultrasensitive molecular detection enabling energy transducer principle capable of quantifying, in a single step and reagentless manner, markers within biological fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R Bueno
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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25
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Rodovalho VR, Araujo GR, Vaz ER, Ueira-Vieira C, Goulart LR, Madurro JM, Brito-Madurro AG. Peptide-based electrochemical biosensor for juvenile idiopathic arthritis detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 100:577-582. [PMID: 29031228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a wide group of diseases, characterized by synovial inflammation and joint tissue damage. Due to the delay in the implementation of biomarkers into clinical practice and the association with severe sequels, there is an imperative need for new JIA diagnosis strategies. Electrochemical biosensors based on screen-printed electrodes and peptides are promising alternatives for molecular diagnosis. In this work, a novel biosensor for detecting juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) was developed based on the immobilization of the PRF+1 mimetic peptide, as recognition biological element, on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode. This biosensor was able to discriminate the JIA positive and negative serum samples from different individuals using differential pulse voltammetry, presenting limits of detection and quantification in diluted samples of 1:784 (v/v) and 1:235 (v/v), respectively. Evaluation by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed RCT 3 times higher for JIA positive sample than for a pool of human serum samples from healthy individuals. Surface analysis of the biosensor by atomic force microscopy, after contact with JIA positive serum, presented great globular clusters irregularly distributed. The long-term stability of the biosensor was evaluated, remaining functional for over 40 days of storage (after storage at 8°C). Therefore, a simple, miniaturized and selective biosensor was developed, being the first one based on mimetic peptide and screen-printed carbon electrode, aiming at the diagnosis of the juvenile idiopathic arthritis in real serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Rodovalho
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - G R Araujo
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - E R Vaz
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - C Ueira-Vieira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - L R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - J M Madurro
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - A G Brito-Madurro
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil.
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26
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27
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Bioanalytical advances in assays for C-reactive protein. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:272-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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28
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Araujo GR, Fujimura PT, Vaz ER, Silva TA, Rodovalho VR, Britto-Madurro AG, Madurro JM, Fonseca JE, Silva CHM, Santos PS, Mourão AF, Canhão H, Goulart LR, Gonçalves J, Ueira-Vieira C. A novel reactive epitope-based antigen targeted by serum autoantibodies in oligoarticular and polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis and development of an electrochemical biosensor. Immunobiology 2016; 221:634-40. [PMID: 26806845 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are no specific markers for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) diagnosis, which is based on clinical symptoms and some blood tests for diseases' exclusion. Aiming to select new epitope-based antigens (mimotopes) that could recognize circulating autoantibodies in most JIA forms, we screened a phage displayed random peptide library against IgG antibodies purified from serum of JIA patients. ELISA assay was carried out to confirm immunoreactivity of selected peptides against sera IgG antibodies from JIA patients, healthy children and patients with other autoimmune diseases. The mimotope PRF+1 fused to phage particles was able to efficiently discriminate JIA patients from controls, and for this reason was chosen to be chemically synthesized for validation in a larger sample size. The synthetic peptide was immobilized onto bioelectrodes' surface for antibody detection by electrochemical analyses through differential pulse voltammetry. The PRF+1 synthetic peptide has efficiently discriminated JIA patients from control groups (p<0.0001) with a very good accuracy (AUC>0.84; sensitivity=61%; specificity=91%). The electrochemical platform proved to be fast, low cost and effective in detecting anti-PRF+1 antibodies from JIA patients compared to healthy controls (p=0.0049). Our study describes a novel and promising epitope-based biomarker for JIA diagnosis that can become a useful tool for screening tests, which was successfully incorporated onto an electrochemical biosensor and could be promptly used in field diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galber R Araujo
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Patricia T Fujimura
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília R Vaz
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tamiris A Silva
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius R Rodovalho
- Laboratório de Biomateriais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Graci Britto-Madurro
- Laboratório de Biomateriais, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João M Madurro
- Laboratório de Filmes Poliméricos e Nanotecnologia, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. João Naves de Ávila 2121, Uberlândia 38408-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João E Fonseca
- Unidade de Investigação em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Carlos H M Silva
- Unidade de Reumatologia Pediátrica, Hospital de Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará 1720, Bloco 2U, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Paula S Santos
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana F Mourão
- Unidade de Investigação em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Helena Canhão
- Unidade de Investigação em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall, Rm. 3146, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - João Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, sala 248, Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kazimierczak B, Pijanowska D, Baraniecka A, Dawgul M, Kruk J, Torbicz W. Immunosensors for human cardiac troponins and CRP, in particular amperometric cTnI immunosensor. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Influence of Surface Charge/Potential of a Gold Electrode on the Adsorptive/Desorptive Behaviour of Fibrinogen. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for propyl gallate based on PtAu bimetallic nanoparticles modified graphene–carbon nanotube composites. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:563-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Babakhanian A, Ehzari H, Kaki S, Hamidi Z. RETRACTED: A novel modified electrode as GC/PPy–AuNPs–rGO/l-Cys/Ag@MUA nanostructure configuration for determination of CCP and CRP antibodies in human blood serum samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 63:490-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Gupta RK, Periyakaruppan A, Meyyappan M, Koehne JE. Label-free detection of C-reactive protein using a carbon nanofiber based biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:112-9. [PMID: 24709327 PMCID: PMC4103195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the sensitive detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker for cardiac disease, using a carbon nanofiber based biosensor platform. Vertically aligned carbon nanofibers were grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to fabricate nanoelectrode arrays in a 3×3 configuration. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used for the CRP detection. The CV responses show a 25% reduction in redox current upon the immobilization of anti-CRP on the electrode where as a 30% increase in charge transfer resistance is seen from EIS. Further reduction in redox current and increase in charge transfer resistance result from binding of CRP on anti-CRP immobilized surface, proportional to the concentration of the CRP target. The detection limit of the sensor is found to be ~90 pM or ~11 ng/ml, which is in the clinically relevant range. Control tests using non-specific myoglobin antigen confirmed the specificity of the present approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Gupta
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; Department of Electronics, G. G. M. Science College, Jammu Tawi, 18004, J&K, India
| | - Adaikkappan Periyakaruppan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA; NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA
| | - M Meyyappan
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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34
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Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Pt Nanoparticle–Graphene Composite. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:971-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Dargahi M, Omanovic S. A comparative PM-IRRAS and ellipsometry study of the adsorptive behaviour of bovine serum albumin on a gold surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:383-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Lehr J, Fernandes FCB, Bueno PR, Davis JJ. Label-free Capacitive Diagnostics: Exploiting Local Redox Probe State Occupancy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2559-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403727h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Flávio C. Bedatty Fernandes
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University), CP 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Bueno
- Physical
Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University), CP 355, 14800-900 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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37
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Ali I, Omanovic S. Thermodynamics and kinetics of NAD+ adsorption on a glassy carbon electrode. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Supported protein G on gold electrode: characterization and immunosensor application. Talanta 2013; 116:84-90. [PMID: 24148377 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we study the electrochemical properties of protein layer grafted on gold electrode for C-reactive protein detection. Two CRP-antibody immobilization methods were used: the first method is based on direct physisorption of CRP-antibody onto the gold surface and the second method is based on oriented CRP-antibody with protein G intermediate layer. The two developed immunosensors were tested against CRP antigen in phosphate buffer saline solution and in human plasma. The electrochemical characterization of each immobilized layers was achieved by cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The morphology of the deposited biomolecules was observed by Atomic Force Microscopy and the roughness was measured. Moreover, contact angle measurement was used for wettability studies. The response of the developed immunosensors was reproducible, rapid, and highly stable and a detection limit of 100 fg/mL and 10 pg/mL antigen was observed with and without protein G respectively. The developed immunosensors was used for CRP detection in human plasma.
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German N, Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Kirlyte J, Makaraviciute A, Ramanavicius A, Mikoliunaite L, Ramanaviciene A. Determination of antibodies against human growth hormone using a direct immunoassay format and different electrochemical methods. Analyst 2013; 138:1427-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36682g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Algarra M, Gomes D, Esteves da Silva JCG. Current analytical strategies for C-reactive protein quantification in blood. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 415:1-9. [PMID: 22975530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels has been given particular interest as a marker of inflammation associated with cardiovascular diseases. CRP belongs to the pentraxin family of proteins and the routine clinical analysis of CRP in blood samples is used as an important factor in primary prevention programmes together with causative and predisposing factors. This review focuses on the most representative methodologies and strategies for CRP detection and quantification that have been recently proposed, as well as reviewing those that are currently being developed for the specific, sensitive, inexpensive and high-throughput blood analysis of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Algarra
- Centro de Geologia, Departamento de Geociências, Ambiente e Ordenamento do Território do Porto, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Johnson A, Song Q, Ko Ferrigno P, Bueno PR, Davis JJ. Sensitive Affimer and Antibody Based Impedimetric Label-Free Assays for C-Reactive Protein. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6553-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300835b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1
3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Qifeng Song
- Wellcome
Trust/EPSRC/Leeds Medical
Engineering Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome
Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ko Ferrigno
- Wellcome
Trust/EPSRC/Leeds Medical
Engineering Centre, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome
Trust Brenner Building, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Paulo R. Bueno
- Instituto de Química (Institute
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Department), Universidade Estadual Paulista (São Paulo State University, UNESP), CP 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason J. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1
3TA, United Kingdom
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An optimised electrochemical biosensor for the label-free detection of C-reactive protein in blood. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 39:94-8. [PMID: 22809521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein whose levels are increased in many disorders. There exists, in particular, a great deal of interest in the correlation between blood serum levels and the severity of risk for cardiovascular disease. A sensitive, label-free, non-amplified and reusable electrochemical impedimetric biosensor for the detection of CRP in blood serum was developed herein based on controlled and coverage optimised antibody immobilization on standard polycrystalline gold electrodes. Charge transfer resistance changes were highly target specific, linear with log CRP concentration across a 0.5-50nM range and associated with a limit of detection of 176pM. Significantly, the detection limits are better than those of current CRP clinical methods and the assays are potentially cheap, relatively automated, reusable, multiplexed and highly portable. The generated interfaces were capable not only of comfortably quantifying CRP across a clinically relevant range of concentrations but also of doing this in whole blood serum with interfaces that were, subsequently, reusable. The importance of optimising receptor layer resistance in maximising assay sensitivity is also detailed.
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Ramanaviciene A, German N, Kausaite-Minkstimiene A, Voronovic J, Kirlyte J, Ramanavicius A. Comparative study of surface plasmon resonance, electrochemical and electroassisted chemiluminescence methods based immunosensor for the determination of antibodies against human growth hormone. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 36:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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44
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Selective electronalysis of peracetic acid in the presence of a large excess of H2O2 at Au(111)-like gold electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 730:60-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Bryan T, Luo X, Forsgren L, Morozova-Roche LA, Davis JJ. The robust electrochemical detection of a Parkinson's disease marker in whole blood sera. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21221h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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46
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Ciani I, Schulze H, Corrigan DK, Henihan G, Giraud G, Terry JG, Walton AJ, Pethig R, Ghazal P, Crain J, Campbell CJ, Bachmann TT, Mount AR. Development of immunosensors for direct detection of three wound infection biomarkers at point of care using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 31:413-8. [PMID: 22137369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A method for label-free, electrochemical impedance immunosensing for the detection and quantification of three infection biomarkers in both buffer and directly in the defined model matrix of mock wound fluid is demonstrated. Triggering Receptor-1 Expressed on Myeloid cells (TREM-1) and Matrix MetalloPeptidase 9 (MMP-9) are detected via direct assay and N-3-oxo-dodecanoyl-l-HomoSerineLactone (HSL), relevant in bacterial quorum sensing, is detected using a competition assay. Detection is performed with gold screen-printed electrodes modified with a specific thiolated antibody. Detection is achieved in less than 1h straight from mock wound fluid without any extensive sample preparation steps. The limits of detection of 3.3 pM for TREM-1, 1.1 nM for MMP-9 and 1.4 nM for HSL are either near or below the threshold required to indicate infection. A relatively large dynamic range for sensor response is also found, consistent with interaction between neighbouring antibody-antigen complexes in the close-packed surface layer. Together, these three novel electrochemical immunosensors demonstrate viable multi-parameter sensing with the required sensitivity for rapid wound infection detection directly from a clinically relevant specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Ciani
- School of Chemistry & EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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47
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Cowles CL, Zhu X. Sensitive detection of cardiac biomarker using ZnS nanoparticles as novel signal transducers. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30:342-6. [PMID: 22014622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), a 115 kDa pentameric protein, is one of the important cardiac biomarkers that are indicative of coronary heart events. Sensitive detection of CRP in human serum is critical for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. This work presents a sensitive sandwich immunoassay for the detection of CRP in human serum using zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles as novel fluorescence signal transducers. In this assay, monoclonal anti-CRP antibodies are used to capture CRP in human serum, and then the captured CRPs are incubated with biotinylated monoclonal anti-CRP and Neutravidin coated ZnS nanoparticle to form sandwich immunocomplexes. Quantification of CRP occurs when zinc ions released from ZnS nanoparticle labels are mixed with zinc-ion sensitive fluorescence indicator Fluozin-3 for fluorescence generation. The developed assay presents a detection limit around 10 pM and a detection range with more than two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad L Cowles
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0260, USA
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48
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Ramanaviciene A, Virzonis D, Vanagas G, Ramanavicius A. Capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (cMUT) for immunosensor design. Analyst 2010; 135:1531-4. [PMID: 20414486 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An affinity sensor based on a capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (cMUT) is reported by this Communication. The cMUT micromembrane arrays modified with adsorbed bovine leukemia virus protein gp51 were applied as a biological recognition part. The cMUT-based sensor is shown to be sensitive to the antibodies against bovine leukemia virus protein gp51 (anti-gp51). Two different concentrations of anti-gp51-containing samples and one blank sample without anti-gp51 were tested. The sensitivity of cMUT-based immunosensor is comparable with the sensitivity of a quartz microbalance-based immunosensor. The cMUT array provides a multi-channel system for the measurement of analytical signal. Moreover, two different characteristics--the resonance frequency shift (Deltaf) and the shift of the real part of the electromechanical impedance (DeltaRe)--could have been evaluated simultaneously. Both analytical signals are informative and can be applied for the estimation of immune complex formation. We found the performance of such a system being potentially superior over some other immunosensing techniques. It is more rapid than electrochemical techniques and provides two different informative parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas-Centre of Nanotechnology and Material Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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