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Sadee BA, Galali Y, Zebari SMS. Recent developments in speciation and determination of arsenic in marine organisms using different analytical techniques. A review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21563-21589. [PMID: 38979458 PMCID: PMC11228943 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms play a vital role as the main providers of essential and functional food. Yet they also constitute the primary pathway through which humans are exposed to total arsenic (As) in their diets. Since it is well known that the toxicity of this metalloid ultimately depends on its chemical forms, speciation in As is an important issue. Most relevant articles about arsenic speciation have been investigated. This extended not only from general knowledge about As but also the toxicity and health related issues resulting from exposure to these As species from the food ecosystem. There can be enormous side effects originating from exposure to As species that must be measured quantitatively. Therefore, various convenient approaches have been developed to identify different species of As in marine samples. Different extraction strategies have been utilized based on the As species of interest including water, methanol and mixtures of both, and many other extraction agents have been explained in this article. Furthermore, details of hyphenated techniques which are available for detecting these As species have been documented, especially the most versatile and applied technique including inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashdar Abuzed Sadee
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
| | - Yaseen Galali
- Department of Food Technology, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
| | - Salih M S Zebari
- Department of Animal Resource, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil Erbil Iraq
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2
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Coniglio D, Ventura G, Calvano CD, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. Strategies for the analysis of arsenolipids in marine foods: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115628. [PMID: 37579719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic-containing lipids, also named arsenolipids (AsLs), are a group of organic compounds usually found in a variety of marine organisms such as fish, algae, shellfish, marine oils, and microorganisms. Numerous AsLs have been recognised so far, from simple compounds such as arsenic fatty acids (AsFAs), arsenic hydrocarbons (AsHCs), and trimethylarsenio fatty alcohols (TMAsFOHs) to more complex arsenic-containing species, of which arsenophospholipids (AsPLs) are a case in point. Mass spectrometry, both as inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) and liquid chromatography coupled by an electrospray source (LC-ESI-MS), was applied to organic arsenicals playing a key role in extending and refining the characterisation of arsenic-containing lipids in marine organisms. Herein, upon the introduction of a systematic notation for AsLs and a brief examination of their toxicity and biological role, the most relevant literature concerning the characterisation of AsLs in marine organisms, including edible ones, is reviewed. The use of both ICP-MS and ESI-MS coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has brought significant advancements in the field. In the case of ESI-MS, the employment of negative polarity and tandem MS analyses has further enhanced these advancements. One notable development is the identification of the m/z 389.0 ion ([AsC10H19O9P]-) as a diagnostic product ion of AsPLs, which is obtained from the fragmentation of the deprotonated forms of AsPLs ([M - H]-). The pinpointing product ions offer the possibility of determining the identity and regiochemistry of AsPL side chains. Advanced MS-based analytical methods may contribute remarkably to the understanding of the chemical diversity characterising the metalloid As in natural organic compounds of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Coniglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima D Calvano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilario Losito
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center SMART, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Morales-Rodríguez A, Pérez-López M, Puigpelat E, Sahuquillo À, Barrón D, López-Sánchez JF. Arsenosugar extracted from algae: Isolation by anionic exchange solid‐phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1684:463549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Coniglio D, Ventura G, Calvano CD, Losito I, Cataldi TRI. Positional Assignment of C-C Double Bonds in Fatty Acyl Chains of Intact Arsenosugar Phospholipids Occurring in Seaweed Extracts by Epoxidation Reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:823-831. [PMID: 35442668 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble diacyl arsenosugar phospholipids (As-PL) are natural products widespread in marine animals and algae, including the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida, also known as wakame. The systematic recognition of As-PL has been hampered by the lack of standard and of qualitative methods to establish the carbon-carbon double bond positions of unsaturated fatty acyl chains. Here, the epoxidation reaction of fatty acyl substituents of As-PL was carried out with high selectivity by meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and the C-C double bond localization was established by collision-induced dissociation of epoxidized species as deprotonated molecules, [epoM - H]-. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) separation and a sequential triple-stage MS (i.e., MS3) analysis of unsaturated and epoxidized As-PL were very helpful to characterize the carbon-carbon double bond locations of both sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acyl chains, starting from a diagnostic product ion pair with 16.0 Da mass difference. These results indicate that intact As-PL can be annotated in terms of fatty acyl chain composition and in terms of their C-C double bond position(s). Interestingly, hexadecenoic (16:1 Δ9) and octadecenoic (18:1 Δ9) along with octadecadienoic (18:2 Δ9,12) and octadecatrienoic (18:3 Δ9,12,15) were found to be the most abundant unsaturated fatty acyl chains of As-PL in the brown alga wakame, thus confirming it as a good source of essential fatty acids with a balanced ω6/ω3 ratio. Although the toxicity of As-including metabolites of algal As-PL is still a matter of debate and needs to be studied in more detail, the described approach can be exploited to assess if As-PL could contribute to the supply of essential fatty acids related to the use of algae as nutritious food.
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Matos WO, da Silva FLF, Sinaviwat S, Menzies EJ, Raab A, Krupp EM, Feldmann J. Wild shrimp have an order of magnitude higher arsenic concentrations than farmed shrimp from Brazil illustrating the need for a regulation based on inorganic arsenic. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126968. [PMID: 35259617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shrimp is a worldwide food commodity, it is a source of several nutrients and vitamins; however, this food is one of the major sources of arsenic for humans. Legislation around the world set limits for the concentration of this element in crustaceans but is mainly concerned with total analysis. Although, arsenic species have different toxicities and total analysis could be ineffective for making decisions about food security. METHODS Samples of wild (Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis) and farmed shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) from NE Brazil were fractionated in subsamples of carapace, muscle tissue and viscera. The whole shrimp as well as the animal tissue fractions were decomposed using microwave digestion and total arsenic was analyzed by mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasm (ICP-MS). The water-soluble arsenic species were extracted, and the extract was carried for speciation analysis using HPLC-ICP-MS with an anionic and cationic column. RESULTS Total As in wild shrimp samples exceeded Brazilian and USA food legislation by one order of magnitude, with concentrations of 11.5 ± 0.5 mg kg-1, while farmed shrimp had significantly lower total arsenic levels (0.53 ± 0.09 mg kg-1). More than 60% of the As was in the edible fraction in the wild shrimp, while in farmed shrimp this was less than 50%. The speciation analysis showed that arsenobetaine (AsB) was the predominant As form and iAs was below the Chinese legislation levels (iAs <0.50 mg kg-1) for shrimp in both species. CONCLUSION The arsenic uptake in wild and farmed shrimp was discussed and some differences were found related to feed and salinity. About legislation, it has been concluded that most food legislations that consider only tAs are not appropriate to assess the toxicity of As in seafood. It is necessary to update the legislation of food control agencies to insert As speciation analysis in their protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladiana O Matos
- Laboratório de Estudos em Química Aplicada (LEQA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Francisco L F da Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos em Química Aplicada (LEQA), Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Centro de Ciências, Campus do Pici, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60455-760, Brazil
| | - Savarin Sinaviwat
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Emma J Menzies
- TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva M Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; TESLA - Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Lin Y, Huang Z, Wu L, Zhao P, Wang X, Ma X, Chen W, Bi R, Jia Y. Influence of phosphorus on the uptake and biotransformation of arsenic in Porphyra haitanensis at environmental relevant concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149534. [PMID: 34392210 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Edible seaweeds are rich in essential vitamins and minerals, which made them a popular food worldwide. Porphyra haitanensis is one of the most commonly consumed seaweeds with the known ability to accumulate a high level of total arsenic (As). A large number of articles have shown arsenic and phosphorus (P) interactions in microalgae due to the plant's inability to differentiate arsenate from phosphate. However, very limited information is available for edible seaweed at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, P. haitanensis was treated with arsenic as AsV (As1: 0.06 μM, As2: 0.4 μM, As3: 1.2 μM) and phosphorous (P1: 3.2 μM, P2: 13 μM) in a filtered seawater matrix under laboratory condition for six days. A better growth rate was found in seaweeds grown in P2 treatments. Moreover, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content measurements revealed that a higher P concentration prevent seaweeds from lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Transcriptome studies indicated the As replacement to P has the ability to target seaweed cell membrane composition, transmembrane transport, DNA and ATP binding. The inorganic As (iAs) had a concentration of 0.54 to 4.45 mg/kg in P. haitanensis on Day 6 with As1, As2, and As3 treatments under low P regime (P1), which exceeds the limits of iAs concentration (0.1-0.5 mg/kg) in National Food Safety Standard-Limits of Pollutants in Food (GB 2762-2017). High P regime (P2) not only reduced the total As but also iAs effectively, even in the highest As treatment (As3), the iAs concentration was less than 0.5 mg/kg on Day 6. These findings provide a good insight for seafood safety guarantees and are important for the management of coastal artificial seaweed farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Lin
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Zhangxun Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Puhui Zhao
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xinjie Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Weizhou Chen
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ran Bi
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Yongfeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Rodríguez PF, Martín-Aranda RM, López Colón JL, de Mendoza JH. Ammonium acetate as a novel buffer for highly selective robust urinary HPLC-ICP-MS arsenic speciation methodology. Talanta 2021; 221:121494. [PMID: 33076099 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium acetate is employed in order to develop a novel HPLC-ICP-MS arsenic speciation methodology applicable to six arsenic species, i.e, AC, AB, AsIII, AsV, DMA and MMA. The most predominant species in the toxicological field are covered in a 30-min chromatogram with reproducible and repeatability peak area ratio. Moreover, typical problems from traditional methods are sorted out by using a robust, high-selective and 75ArCl+ interference-free methodology. Chromatographic and detector optimization ensures low LOQs for each species with acceptable precision and accuracy values obtained using four urinary arsenic speciation PTS enabling to be useful for sub ng mL-1 arsenic exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Paseo Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Espectroscopía Atómica de Emisión, Instituto de Toxicología de La Defensa (ITOXDEF), Glorieta Del Ejército 1, 28047, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R M Martín-Aranda
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Paseo Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J L López Colón
- Departamento de Espectroscopía Atómica de Emisión, Instituto de Toxicología de La Defensa (ITOXDEF), Glorieta Del Ejército 1, 28047, Madrid, Spain
| | - J H de Mendoza
- Departamento de Espectroscopía Atómica de Emisión, Instituto de Toxicología de La Defensa (ITOXDEF), Glorieta Del Ejército 1, 28047, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Lorenc W, Kruszka D, Kachlicki P, Kozłowska J, Barałkiewicz D. Arsenic species and their transformation pathways in marine plants. Usefulness of advanced hyphenated techniques HPLC/ICP-MS and UPLC/ESI-MS/MS in arsenic species analysis. Talanta 2020; 220:121384. [PMID: 32928408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The growing popularity of algae as a foodstuff around the world raises concern for the safety of this food type with respect to arsenic content in algae. The need for determination of total arsenic content and arsenic speciation in algae food has become an important issue. In this paper we have developed a complete analytical procedure for arsenic determination in algae products comprised of 1) total arsenic (tAs) determination in native algae samples after digestion, 2) extraction of As species with the use of two extraction methods with three extracting agents, 3) extracted total arsenic (extracted tAs) determination in algae extracts, 4) bespoke As speciation, 4) mass balance estimation based on extracted tAs and bespoke As speciation results, 5) unknown arsenic (uAs) species identification. Two advanced hyphenated techniques, HPLC/ICP-MS and UPLC/ESI-MS/MS, were employed along with the HPLC/ICP-MS method validation. Total As content in edible algae samples was found to range from (19.28 ± 0.45) mg kg-1 up to (72.6 ± 2.7) mg kg-1. Bespoke arsenic speciation of edible algae samples has revealed the presence of some known inorganic and simple organic As compounds such as As(III) from <LOD to (8.97 ± 0.59) mg kg-1, As(V) from <LOD to (5.95 ± 0.29) mg kg-1 and DMA from <LOD to (0.766 ± 0.040) mg kg-1. Mass balance calculation carried out on the basis of tAs and bespoke As speciation results has shown that the amount of unknown As species in edible algae samples varied from 28% to 100% of extracted tAs. Identification of uAs species in edible algae samples has shown the presence of a high variety of As-sugars (12 compounds) and confirmed the presence of simple inorganic and organic As species such as As(V) and DMA along with 8 more simple organic As compounds. The results obtained in this study have confirmed that the high amounts of tAs do not correspond to the toxicity of algae based food due to the lack of the inorganic As in the tested samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Lorenc
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kruszka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszynska, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Kozłowska
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Danuta Barałkiewicz
- Department of Trace Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, 8 Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego Street, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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Nieto-Domínguez M, Nikel PI. Intersecting Xenobiology and Neometabolism To Bring Novel Chemistries to Life. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2551-2571. [PMID: 32274875 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of life relies on a handful of chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus) as part of essential building blocks; some other atoms are needed to a lesser extent, but most of the remaining elements are excluded from biology. This circumstance limits the scope of biochemical reactions in extant metabolism - yet it offers a phenomenal playground for synthetic biology. Xenobiology aims to bring novel bricks to life that could be exploited for (xeno)metabolite synthesis. In particular, the assembly of novel pathways engineered to handle nonbiological elements (neometabolism) will broaden chemical space beyond the reach of natural evolution. In this review, xeno-elements that could be blended into nature's biosynthetic portfolio are discussed together with their physicochemical properties and tools and strategies to incorporate them into biochemistry. We argue that current bioproduction methods can be revolutionized by bridging xenobiology and neometabolism for the synthesis of new-to-nature molecules, such as organohalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Organoarsenicals in Edible Marine Species: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:1910-1934. [PMID: 31999115 PMCID: PMC7250003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is complicated, owing to the enormous diversity of arsenic metabolism in humans, lack of knowledge about the toxicity of these chemicals, and lack of accurate arsenic speciation data on foodstuffs. Identification and quantification of the toxic arsenic compounds are imperative to understanding the risk associated with exposure to arsenic from dietary intake, which, in turn, underscores the need for speciation analysis of the food. Arsenic speciation in seafood is challenging, owing to its existence in myriads of chemical forms and oxidation states. Interconversions occurring between chemical forms, matrix complexity, lack of standards and certified reference materials, and lack of widely accepted measurement protocols present additional challenges. This review covers the current analytical techniques for diverse arsenic species. The requirement for high-quality arsenic speciation data that is essential for establishing legislation and setting regulatory limits for arsenic in food is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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11
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Luvonga C, Rimmer CA, Yu LL, Lee SB. Organoarsenicals in Seafood: Occurrence, Dietary Exposure, Toxicity, and Risk Assessment Considerations - A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:943-960. [PMID: 31913614 PMCID: PMC7250045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diet, especially seafood, is the main source of arsenic exposure for humans. The total arsenic content of a diet offers inadequate information for assessment of the toxicological consequences of arsenic intake, which has impeded progress in the establishment of regulatory limits for arsenic in food. Toxicity assessments are mainly based on inorganic arsenic, a well-characterized carcinogen, and arsenobetaine, the main organoarsenical in seafood. Scarcity of toxicity data for organoarsenicals, and the predominance of arsenobetaine as an organic arsenic species in seafood, has led to the assumption of their nontoxicity. Recent toxicokinetic studies show that some organoarsenicals are bioaccessible and cytotoxic with demonstrated toxicities like that of pernicious trivalent inorganic arsenic, underpinning the need for speciation analysis. The need to investigate and compare the bioavailability, metabolic transformation, and elimination from the body of organoarsenicals to the well-established physiological consequences of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine exposure is apparent. This review provides an overview of the occurrence and assessment of human exposure to arsenic toxicity associated with the consumption of seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Luvonga
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Catherine A Rimmer
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Lee L Yu
- Analytical Chemistry Division , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , 100 Bureau Drive , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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12
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Yu Y, Navarro AV, Sahuquillo À, Zhou G, López-Sánchez JF. Arsenosugar standards extracted from algae: Isolation, characterization and use for identification and quantification purposes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460459. [PMID: 31445800 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate (SO4-sug) and sulfonate (SO3-sug) arsenosugar standard solutions were obtained using preparative liquid chromatography. Several commercial algae samples were characterized (total contents and speciation) to select the most appropriate in relation to their arsenosugar contents. Water extracts from the selected sample (Fucus vesiculosus) were fractionated using a Hamilton PRP-X100 preparative column, and the presence of arsenic species in the isolated fractions was ascertained by IC-ICP-MS. Two of the fractions successfully presented only one arsenic species corresponding to sulfate and sulfonate arsenosugars at suitable concentrations. To unequivocally confirm the presence of both compounds, high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) was used and the exact mass determined with errors lower than 0.5 ppm. The standard solutions obtained were successfully used to identify and quantify SO4-sug and SO3-sug in several edible algae samples purchased in local market. Total arsenic content for analyzed samples ranged from 34 to 57 mg kg-1, concentration values found for SO3-sug ranged from 5 to 36 mg As kg-1 and SO4-sug was only found in fucus with a concentration of 9.3 mg As kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University. Chongqing, China; Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vivó Navarro
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Sahuquillo
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University. Chongqing, China
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13
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Wolle MM, Stadig S, Conklin SD. Market Basket Survey of Arsenic Species in the Top Ten Most Consumed Seafoods in the United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8253-8267. [PMID: 31294564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The study focused on the determination of arsenic species in the top ten most consumed seafoods in the United States. Fifty-four samples were collected from local supermarkets, and their species identities were confirmed by DNA barcoding. The total arsenic in the samples varied greatly in the range of 8-22200 ng/g (wet mass). Speciation analysis based on extraction of water-soluble and nonpolar arsenic showed that inorganic arsenic (iAs) was found only in clams and crabs, while arsenobetaine (AsB) predominates in most samples. Among the other arsenicals, trimethylarsoniopropionate (TMAP) was found in most matrices with higher concentrations in crabs, and arsenosugars existed in most clams and crabs. Nonpolar arsenic accounted for 1-46% of the total arsenic in the samples. The accuracy of the analytical results was evaluated using standard reference materials and spike recovery tests. The survey showed that the iAs concentrations in America's most consumed seafood products are much lower than the tolerable intake set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee, even at the highest levels found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesay Mulugeta Wolle
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Sarah Stadig
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
| | - Sean D Conklin
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5001 Campus Drive , College Park , Maryland 20740 , United States
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14
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Arsenic biotransformation potential of six marine diatom species: effect of temperature and salinity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10226. [PMID: 31308398 PMCID: PMC6629621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature and salinity effects on marine diatom species growth has been studied extensively; however, their effect on arsenic (As) biotransformation has been imprecise. This study reports the growth, and As biotransformation and speciation patterns at various temperatures and salinities of six marine diatom species: Asteroplanus karianus, Thalassionema nitzschioides, Nitzschia longissima, Skeletonema sp., Ditylum brightwellii, and Chaetoceros didymus. The growth rate and As biotransformation potentials of these species during three weeks of culture in f/2 based medium were significantly affected by wide temperature (0–35 °C) and salinity (0.3–50‰) ranges. Growth and As biotransformation were higher at optimum temperatures of 10–25 °C, and salinity of 10–35‰, whereas growth and arsenic biotransformation were lower at <5 °C and 5‰ and >25 °C and 35‰, respectively. The results showed that As(V) to As(III) biotransformation differed significantly (p < 0.05) between day 10 and 17. At optimum temperature and salinity levels, the cell size and As biotransformation were higher for all the species. A conceptual model on temperature and salinity effects on growth and As uptake and biotransformation mechanisms by these species has been proposed based on the findings of this study.
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Guo LX, Zhang GW, Li QQ, Xu XM, Wang JH. Novel Arsenic Markers for Discriminating Wild and Cultivated Cordyceps. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112804. [PMID: 30380635 PMCID: PMC6278644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been utilized in China and adjacent countries for thousands of years as a rare functional food to promote health and treat diverse chronic diseases. In recent years, adulterants are usually identified in the processed products of wild O. sinensis. However, the effective adulteration examination has to be additionally performed except their routine test, and accordingly is time- and money-consuming. Recently, arsenic determination has become a necessary test for confirming whether the concentrations of inorganic arsenic are over the O. sinensis limit. In this work, the contents of total arsenic and As species in cultivated O. sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, and other edible fungi were determined by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS. The results suggest that the As speciation exhibits a species-specific behavior, and accompanies the effect of the As background. The proportions of unknown organic As and contents of total As may be considered as sensitive markers for discriminating wild O. sinensis. This result provides a novel clue for discriminating wild and artificially cultivated mushrooms/their products, with emphasis on arsenic markers for authenticating wild O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Gui-Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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16
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Monagail MM, Cummins E, Bermejo R, Daly E, Costello D, Morrison L. Quantification and feed to food transfer of total and inorganic arsenic from a commercial seaweed feed. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 118:314-324. [PMID: 29935490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seaweed has a long-associated history of use as a supplemented livestock feed, providing nutrients and vitamins essential to maintaining animal health. Some species of seaweed, particularly the fucoids, are well-known accumulators of the metalloid arsenic (As). Arsenic toxicity to humans is well established even at low exposure levels and is considered a class 1 human carcinogen. As mankind's appetite for livestock produce continues to grow unabated, there is a concern that consumption of livestock produce reared on a diet supplemented with seaweed animal feed (SAF) may pose a threat to the human population due to potentially high levels of As present in seaweed. To address this concern and provide end users, including industry, consumers, policymakers and regulators with information on the exposure associated with As in commercial seaweed animal feed, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of As was calculated to evaluate potential human exposure levels. Using As data from a commercially available seaweed meal over a five-year period (2012-2017) a population exposure assessment was carried out. A Monte Carlo simulation model was developed to characterise the feed to food transfer of As from animal feed to animal produce such as beef, milk, chicken, and eggs. The model examined initial levels in seaweed, inclusion rate in animal feed, animal feeding rates and potential transfer to food produced from a supplemented diet of SAF. The analysis of seaweed animal feed showed that inorganic As was a small fraction of the total As found in seaweed meal (80:1). Statistical analysis found significant differences in the concentration of As in seaweed animal feed depending on the grain size (p < 0.001), with higher As concentrations in smaller sized grain fractions. Due to several detoxification steps and subsequent rapid excretion from the bodies of livestock, a very low carryover rate of As compounds from seaweed animal feed into livestock produce was observed. The EDI calculated in this study for the livestock produce evaluated at the 95th confidence interval was <0.01% of suggested safe levels of inorganic As intake. The threat to the general population as a result of consumption of livestock products reared on a diet consisting of SAF is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michéal Mac Monagail
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture, and Food Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ricardo Bermejo
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eve Daly
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan Costello
- Public Analyst's Laboratory, University Hospital Galway, Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Beutner A, Piendl SK, Wert S, Matysik FM. Methodical studies of the simultaneous determination of anions and cations by IC×CE–MS using arsenic species as model analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6321-6330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Kofroňová M, Mašková P, Lipavská H. Two facets of world arsenic problem solution: crop poisoning restriction and enforcement of phytoremediation. PLANTA 2018; 248:19-35. [PMID: 29736625 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review provides insights into As toxicity in plants with focus on photosynthesis and sugar metabolism as important arsenic targets and simultaneously defence tools against accompanying oxidative stress. Heavy metal contamination is a great problem all over the world. Arsenic, a metalloid occurring naturally in the Earth's crust, also massively spreads out in the environment by human activities. Its accumulation in crops poses a severe health risk to humans and animals. Besides the restriction of human-caused contamination, there are two basic ways how to cope with the problem: first, to limit arsenic accumulation in harvestable parts of the crops; second, to make use of some arsenic hyperaccumulating plants for phytoremediation of contaminated soils and waters. Progress in the use of both strategies depends strongly on the level of our knowledge on the physiological and morphological processes resulting from arsenic exposure. Arsenic uptake is mediated preferentially by P and Si transporters and its accumulation substantially impairs plant metabolism at numerous levels including damages through oxidative stress. Rice is a predominantly studied crop where substantial progress has been made in understanding of the mechanisms of arsenic uptake, distribution, and detoxification, though many questions still remain. Full exploitation of plant potential for soil and water phytoremediations also requires deep understanding of the plant response to this toxic metalloid. The aim of this review is to summarize data regarding the effect of arsenic on plant physiology with a focus on mechanisms providing increased arsenic tolerance and/or hyperaccumulation. The emphasis is placed on the topic unjustifiably neglected in the previous reviews - i.e., carbohydrate metabolism, tightly connected to photosynthesis, and beside others involved in plant ability to cope with arsenic-induced oxidative and nitrosative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kofroňová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Mašková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Lipavská
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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19
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20
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Marschner K, Musil S, Mikšík I, Dědina J. Investigation of hydride generation from arsenosugars - Is it feasible for speciation analysis? Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1008:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Guo LX, Zhang GW, Wang JT, Zhong YP, Huang ZG. Determination of Arsenic Species in Ophiocordyceps sinensis from Major Habitats in China by HPLC-ICP-MS and the Edible Hazard Assessment. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051012. [PMID: 29701658 PMCID: PMC6100492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine the concentration and distribution of arsenic (As) species in Ophiocordyceps sinensis (O. sinensis), and to assess its edible hazard for long term consumption. The total arsenic concentrations, measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), ranged from 4.00 mg/kg to 5.25 mg/kg. As determined by HPLC-ICP-MS, the most concerning arsenic species—AsB, MMAV, DMAV, AsV, and AsШ—were either not detected (MMAV and DMAV) or were detected as minor As species (AsB: 1.4⁻2.9%; AsV: 1.3⁻3.2%, and AsШ: 4.1⁻6.0%). The major components were a cluster of unknown organic As (uAs) compounds with AsШ, which accounted for 91.7⁻94.0% of the As content. Based on the H₂O₂ test and the chromatography behavior, it can be inferred that, the uAs might not be toxic organic As. Estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR) caused by the total As content; the sum of inorganic As (iAs) and uAs, namely i+uAs; and iAs exposure from long term O. sinensis consumption were calculated and evaluated through equations from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the uncertainties were analyzed by Monte-Carlo Simulation (MCS). EDItotal As and EDIi+uAs are approximately ten times more than EDIiAs; HQtotalAs and HQi+uAs > 1 while HQiAs < 1; and CRtotal As and CRi+uAs > 1 × 10−4 while CRiAs < 1 × 10−4. Thus, if the uAs is non-toxic, there is no particular risk to local consumers and the carcinogenic risk is acceptable for consumption of O. sinensis because the concentration of toxic iAs is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Gui-Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Jia-Ting Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Yue-Ping Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
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22
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Speciation analysis of arsenic in seafood and seaweed: Part I-evaluation and optimization of methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5675-5687. [PMID: 29455284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0906-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several extraction and chromatographic methods were evaluated to identify optimum conditions for arsenic speciation analysis in seafood and seaweed. The extraction systems, which include aqueous, aqueous-organic, acidic, basic, and enzymatic solutions, were examined for their efficiency in extracting arsenic from finfish, crustaceans, molluscs, and seaweed keeping the chemical forms of the native arsenicals intact. While dilute solutions of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) extract high fractions of arsenic from most of the matrices, the extractants oxidized arsenite (As3+) to arsenate (As5+) and converted some arsenosugars and non-polar arsenicals to known and/or unknown forms. Hot water (90 °C) effectively maintained the integrity of the native arsenic species and enabled analysis of the extracts with no further manipulation than filtration and dilution. Stepwise extraction of water-soluble and non-polar arsenic with hot water and a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol, respectively, resulted in sufficiently quantitative (> 75%) arsenic extraction from seafood and seaweed. Anion and cation exchange chromatographic methods were optimized for separation and quantitation of the arsenicals extracted into hot water. The non-polar arsenicals were collectively determined after digesting the extract in acid. The application of the optimum extraction and chromatographic conditions was demonstrated by analyzing certified reference materials of tuna fish tissue (BCR 627), lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2) and oyster tissue (SRM 1566b), and a sample of hijiki seaweed. For all the matrices, good agreement (80-92%) was found between the total water-soluble arsenic and the sum of the concentrations of the chromatographed species. Limits of quantification (LOQ) were in the range 4-11 ng g-1 for 16 arsenicals.
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23
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Leese E, Clench M, Morton J, Gardiner PHE, Carolan VA. The Investigation of Unexpected Arsenic Compounds Observed in Routine Biological Monitoring Urinary Speciation Analysis. TOXICS 2017; 5:E12. [PMID: 29051444 PMCID: PMC5606668 DOI: 10.3390/toxics5020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the identity of two unexpected arsenic species found separately in a number of urine samples sent to the Health and Safety Executive's Health and Safety Laboratory for arsenic speciation (arsenobetaine, AB; arsenite, As3+; arsenate, As5+; monomethylarsonic acid, MMA5+; and dimethylarsinic acid, DMA5+). Micro liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (µLC-ICP-MS) and electrospray time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS) were used to identify the two arsenic peaks by comparison to several characterized arsenicals: arsenocholine, AC; trimethyl arsine oxide, TMAO; dimethylarsenoacetate, DMAA; dimethylarsenoethanol, DMAE; thio-dimethylarsinate, thio-DMA; thio-dimethylarsenoacetate, thio-DMAA and thio-dimethylarsenoethanol, thio-DMAE. The results from both the ICP-MS and ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS investigations indicate that the unexpected arsenic species termed peak 1 was thio-DMA. While the unexpected arsenic species termed peak 2 has yet to be identified, this investigation shows that it was not AC, TMAO, DMAA, DMAE, thio-DMA, thio-DMAA or thio-DMAE. This study demonstrates the incidence of unexpected arsenic species in both routine and non-routine urine samples from both workers and hospital patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Leese
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Malcolm Clench
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Jackie Morton
- Health and Safety Executive, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK.
| | - Philip H E Gardiner
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Vikki A Carolan
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK.
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Taylor V, Goodale B, Raab A, Schwerdtle T, Reimer K, Conklin S, Karagas MR, Francesconi KA. Human exposure to organic arsenic species from seafood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:266-282. [PMID: 28024743 PMCID: PMC5326596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Seafood, including finfish, shellfish, and seaweed, is the largest contributor to arsenic (As) exposure in many human populations. In contrast to the predominance of inorganic As in water and many terrestrial foods, As in marine-derived foods is present primarily in the form of organic compounds. To date, human exposure and toxicological assessments have focused on inorganic As, while organic As has generally been considered to be non-toxic. However, the high concentrations of organic As in seafood, as well as the often complex As speciation, can lead to complications in assessing As exposure from diet. In this report, we evaluate the presence and distribution of organic As species in seafood, and combined with consumption data, address the current capabilities and needs for determining human exposure to these compounds. The analytical approaches and shortcomings for assessing these compounds are reviewed, with a focus on the best practices for characterization and quantitation. Metabolic pathways and toxicology of two important classes of organic arsenicals, arsenolipids and arsenosugars, are examined, as well as individual variability in absorption of these compounds. Although determining health outcomes or assessing a need for regulatory policies for organic As exposure is premature, the extensive consumption of seafood globally, along with the preliminary toxicological profiles of these compounds and their confounding effect on assessing exposure to inorganic As, suggests further investigations and process-level studies on organic As are needed to fill the current gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ken Reimer
- Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Lee KJ, Jeon BG, Seo MJ, Cho MJ, Yoon HJ, Kim DS, Park KS, Kim KS, Yang JY, Yang JS, Lee GH. Speciation Analysis of 6 Arsenic Species in Sea Mustard Using IC-ICP-MS. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2016. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2016.60.6.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Ebert F, Meyer S, Leffers L, Raber G, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. Toxicological characterisation of a thio-arsenosugar-glycerol in human cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2016; 38:150-156. [PMID: 27160015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arsenosugars are water-soluble arsenic species predominant in marine algae and other seafood including mussels and oysters. They typically occur at levels ranging from 2 to 50mg arsenic/kg dry weight. Most of the arsenosugars contain arsenic as a dimethylarsinoyl group (Me2As(O)-), commonly referred to as the oxo forms, but thio analogues have also been identified in marine organisms and as metabolic products of oxo-arsenosugars. So far, no data regarding toxicity and toxicokinetics of thio-arsenosugars are available. This in vitro-based study indicates that thio-dimethylarsenosugar-glycerol exerts neither pronounced cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity even though this arsenical was bioavailable to human hepatic (HepG2) and urothelial (UROtsa) cells. Experiments with the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model mimicking human absorption indicate for the thio-arsenosugar-glycerol higher intestinal bioavailability as compared to the oxo-arsenosugars. Nevertheless, absorption estimates were much lower in comparison to other arsenicals including arsenite and arsenic-containing hydrocarbons. Arsenic speciation in cell lysates revealed that HepG2 cells are able to metabolise the thio-arsenosugar-glycerol to some extent to dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). These first in vitro data cannot fully exclude risks to human health related to the presence of thio-arsenosugars in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sören Meyer
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Larissa Leffers
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Raber
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry-Analytical Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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Liu Q, Peng H, Lu X, Le XC. Enzyme-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenic species in chicken meat. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 888:1-9. [PMID: 26320952 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chicken is the most consumed meat in North America. Concentrations of arsenic in chicken range from μg kg(-1) to mg kg(-1). However, little is known about the speciation of arsenic in chicken meat. The objective of this research was to develop a method enabling determination of arsenic species in chicken breast muscle. We report here enzyme-enhanced extraction of arsenic species from chicken meat, separation using anion exchange chromatography (HPLC), and simultaneous detection with both inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESIMS). We compared the extraction of arsenic species using several proteolytic enzymes: bromelain, papain, pepsin, proteinase K, and trypsin. With the use of papain-assisted extraction, 10 arsenic species were extracted and detected, as compared to 8 detectable arsenic species in the water/methanol extract. The overall extraction efficiency was also improved using a combination of ultrasonication and papain digestion, as compared to the conventional water/methanol extraction. Detection limits were in the range of 1.0-1.8 μg arsenic per kg chicken breast meat (dry weight) for seven arsenic species: arsenobetaine (AsB), inorganic arsenite (As(III)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), inorganic arsenate (As(V)), 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (Roxarsone), and N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-m-arsanilic acid (NAHAA). Analysis of breast meat samples from six chickens receiving feed containing Roxarsone showed the presence of (mean±standard deviation μg kg(-1)) AsB (107±4), As(III) (113±7), As(V) (7±2), MMA (51±5), DMA (64±6), Roxarsone (18±1), and four unidentified arsenic species (approximate concentration 1-10 μg kg(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Hanyong Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Xiufen Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada.
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Ma J, Sengupta MK, Yuan D, Dasgupta PK. Speciation and detection of arsenic in aqueous samples: A review of recent progress in non-atomic spectrometric methods. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 831:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ebert F, Leffers L, Weber T, Berndt S, Mangerich A, Beneke S, Bürkle A, Schwerdtle T. Toxicological properties of the thiolated inorganic arsenic and arsenosugar metabolite thio-dimethylarsinic acid in human bladder cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:138-146. [PMID: 23994116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V)) has recently been identified as human metabolite after exposure toward both the human carcinogen inorganic arsenic and arsenosugars, which are the major arsenical constituents of marine algae. This study aims to get further insight in the toxic modes of action of thio-DMA(V) in cultured human urothelial cells. Among others effects of thio-DMA(V) on eight cell death related endpoints, cell cycle distribution, genotoxicity, cellular bioavailability as well as for the first time its impact on DNA damage induced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation were investigated and compared to effects induced by arsenite. The data indicate that thio-DMA(V) exerts its cellular toxicity in a similar or even lower concentration range, however most likely via different mechanisms, than arsenite. Most interestingly, thio-DMA(V) decreased damage-induced cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by 35,000-fold lower concentrations than arsenite. The inhibition of this essential DNA-damage induced and DNA-repair related signaling reaction might contribute to inorganic arsenic induced toxicity, at least in the bladder. Therefore, and also because thio-DMA(V) is to date by far the most toxic human metabolite identified after arsenosugar intake, thio-DMA(V) should contemporary be fully (also in vivo) toxicologically characterized, to assess risks to human health related to inorganic arsenic but especially arsenosugar dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Larissa Leffers
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Till Weber
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Svenia Berndt
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sascha Beneke
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149 Muenster, Germany; Graduate School of Chemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Arsenic Species in Edible Seaweeds Using In Vitro Biomimetic Digestion Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2014; 2014:436347. [PMID: 26904630 PMCID: PMC4745547 DOI: 10.1155/2014/436347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite [As (III)], arsenate [As (V)], methylarsonate (MMA), and dimethylarsinate (DMA) in five edible seaweeds (the brown algae Laminaria japonica, red algae Porphyra yezoensis, brown algae Undaria pinnatifida, brown algae Hizikia fusiformis, and green algae Enteromorpha prolifera) were analyzed using in vitro digestion method determined by high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results showed that DMA was found in the water extracts of all samples; As (III) were detected in L. japonica and U. pinnatifida and about 23.0 and 0.15 mg/kg of As (V) were found in H. fusiformis and E. prolifera respectively. However, after the gastrointestinal digestion, As (V) was not detected in any of the five seaweeds. About 0.19 and 1.47 mg/kg of As (III) was detected in the gastric extracts of L. japonica and H. fusiformis, respectively, and about 0.31 and 0.10 mg/kg of As (III) were extracted from the intestinal extracts of Porphyra yezoensis and U. pinnatifida, respectively. The present results successfully reveal the differences of As species and levels in the water and biomimetic extracts of five edible seaweeds. The risk assessment of the inorganic arsenic in the five edible seaweeds based on present data showed almost no hazards to human health.
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Leffers L, Ebert F, Taleshi MS, Francesconi KA, Schwerdtle T. In vitro toxicological characterization of two arsenosugars and their metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1270-82. [PMID: 23564523 PMCID: PMC3739928 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE In their recently published Scientific Opinion on Arsenic in Food, the European Food Safety Authority concluded that a risk assessment for arsenosugars is currently not possible, largely because of the lack of relevant toxicological data. To address this issue, we carried out a toxicological in vitro characterization of two arsenosugars and six arsenosugar metabolites. METHODS AND RESULTS The highly pure synthesized arsenosugars, DMA(V) -sugar-glycerol and DMA(V) -sugar-sulfate, investigated in this study, as well as four metabolites, oxo-dimethylarsenoacetic acid (oxo-DMAA(V) ), oxo-dimethylarsenoethanol (oxo-DMAE(V) ), thio-DMAA(V) and thio-DMAE(V) , exerted neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity up to 500 μM exposure in cultured human bladder cells. However, two arsenosugar metabolites, namely dimethyl-arsinic acid (DMA(V) ) and thio-dimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMA(V) ), were toxic to the cells; thio-DMA(V) was even slightly more cytotoxic than arsenite. Additionally, intestinal bioavailability of the arsenosugars was assessed applying the Caco-2 intestinal barrier model. The observed low, but significant transfer rates of the arsenosugars across the barrier model provide further evidence that arsenosugars are intestinally bioavailable. CONCLUSION In a cellular system that metabolizes arsenosugars, cellular toxicity likely arises. Thus, in strong contrast to arsenobetaine, arsenosugars cannot be categorized as nontoxic for humans and a risk to human health cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Leffers
- Graduate School of Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Franziska Ebert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Mojtaba S Taleshi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Kevin A Francesconi
- Institute of Chemistry – Analytical Chemistry, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of MünsterMünster, Germany
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Maher W, Krikowa F, Ellwood M, Foster S, Jagtap R, Raber G. Overview of hyphenated techniques using an ICP-MS detector with an emphasis on extraction techniques for measurement of metalloids by HPLC–ICPMS. Microchem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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34
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Yin Y, Liu J, Jiang G. Recent advances in speciation analysis of mercury, arsenic and selenium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-012-5497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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High temperature liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the determination of arsenosugars in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:70-6. [PMID: 22995196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential of high temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the determination of arsenosugars in marine organisms was examined for the first time. The retention behavior of four naturally occurring dimethylarsinoylribosides was studied on a graphite column using plain water as mobile phase. An aqueous solution of pH 8, ionic strength 13.8mM and containing 2% (v/v) of methanol, along with a column temperature of 120°C and a liquid flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, were selected as the optimal conditions, as they allowed the separation of the four arsenosugars in less than 18 min, without any interferences due to other common arsenic species (arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinate, methylarsonate and arsenobetaine). The run time could be further decreased to 12 min by working at 1.5 mL/min, although with a 3-4 times loss of sensitivity. The procedural limits of detection were 0.03-0.04 μg As/g dry mass, and the precision of the procedure ranged from 4% for arsenosugar glycerol to 18% for arsenosugar sulfate (RSD%, n=5). The developed method was applied to a number of representative biological samples, such as algae and crustaceans, providing results consistent with previous studies. In the red algae samples, the most of extracted arsenic was as arsenosugars (81-97%), mainly arsenosugar phosphate (56-94%). On the other hand, lower concentrations of these compounds were found in the crustacean, accounting for about 15% of the extracted arsenic.
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Development and validation of an SPE HG-AAS method for determination of inorganic arsenic in samples of marine origin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2825-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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37
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García-Salgado S, Quijano MA, Bonilla MM. Arsenic speciation in edible alga samples by microwave-assisted extraction and high performance liquid chromatography coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 714:38-46. [PMID: 22244135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twelve commercially available edible marine algae from France, Japan and Spain and the certified reference material (CRM) NIES No. 9 Sargassum fulvellum were analyzed for total arsenic and arsenic species. Total arsenic concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) after microwave digestion and ranged from 23 to 126 μg g(-1). Arsenic species in alga samples were extracted with deionized water by microwave-assisted extraction and showed extraction efficiencies from 49 to 98%, in terms of total arsenic. The presence of eleven arsenic species was studied by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet photo-oxidation-hydride generation atomic-fluorescence spectrometry (HPLC-(UV)-HG-AFS) developed methods, using both anion and cation exchange chromatography. Glycerol and phosphate sugars were found in all alga samples analyzed, at concentrations between 0.11 and 22 μg g(-1), whereas sulfonate and sulfate sugars were only detected in three of them (0.6-7.2 μg g(-1)). Regarding arsenic toxic species, low concentration levels of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (<0.9 μg g(-1)) and generally high arsenate (As(V)) concentrations (up to 77 μg g(-1)) were found in most of the algae studied. The results obtained are of interest to highlight the need to perform speciation analysis and to introduce appropriate legislation to limit toxic arsenic species content in these food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García-Salgado
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Tecnología Hidráulica y Energética, Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica de Obras Públicas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Niegel C, Pfeiffer SA, Grundmann M, Arroyo-Abad U, Mattusch J, Matysik FM. Fast separations by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a tool for arsenic speciation analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:1956-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15944a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Llorente-Mirandes T, Ruiz-Chancho MJ, Barbero M, Rubio R, López-Sánchez JF. Determination of water-soluble arsenic compounds in commercial edible seaweed by LC-ICPMS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12963-8. [PMID: 22082352 DOI: 10.1021/jf2040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports arsenic speciation in edible seaweed (from the Galician coast, northwestern Spain) produced for human consumption. Chondrus crispus , Porphyra purpurea , Ulva rigida , Laminaria ochroleuca , Laminaria saccharina , and Undaria pinnatifida were analyzed. The study focused on arsenosugars, the most frequently occurring arsenic species in algae. As(III) and As(V) were also determined in aqueous extracts. Total arsenic in the samples was determined by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). For arsenic speciation, a water extraction especially suitable for arsenosugars was used, and the arsenic species were analyzed by liquid chromatography with both anionic and cationic exchange and ICPMS detection (LC-ICPMS). The total arsenic content of the alga samples ranged from 5.8 to 56.8 mg As kg(-1). The mass budgets obtained in the extracts (column recovery × extraction efficiency) ranged from 38 to 92% except for U. pinnatifida (4%). The following compounds were detected in the extracts: arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), sulfonate sugar (SO(3)-sug), phosphate sugar (PO(4)-sug), arsenobetaine (AB), and glycerol sugar (Gly-sug). The highest concentrations corresponded to the arsenosugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Llorente-Mirandes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Garcia-Sartal C, Taebunpakul S, Stokes E, Barciela-Alonso MDC, Bermejo-Barrera P, Goenaga-Infante H. Two-dimensional HPLC coupled to ICP-MS and electrospray ionisation (ESI)-MS/MS for investigating the bioavailability in vitro of arsenic species from edible seaweed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:3359-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Arslan Y, Yildirim E, Gholami M, Bakirdere S. Lower limits of detection in speciation analysis by coupling high-performance liquid chromatography and chemical-vapor generation. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Todolí JL, Grotti M. Fast determination of arsenosugars in algal extracts by narrow bore high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7428-33. [PMID: 20965508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of narrow bore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for fast determination of arsenosugars in algal extracts was explored. The retention behavior of four naturally occurring dimethylarsinoylribosides on an anion-exchange microbore column was investigated, with the mobile phase flow rate ranging from 60 to 200μLmin(-1). A low sample consumption system consisting of a micronebulizer and a low inner volume cyclonic spray chamber was used as the interface between the micro-column and the ICP mass spectrometer. Both the high efficiency nebulizer, HEN, and the PFA micronebulizer were tested, with the former providing 20-50% greater sensitivity than PFA (depending on the liquid flow rate), but comparable limits of detection and slightly lower chromatographic resolution. With the setup employed and under the optimal conditions, a satisfactory separation of the arsenosugars was achieved in less than 5min. The instrumental limit of detection was 0.20μgAsL(-1) and the precision was better than 3% (RSD%, n=5). The accuracy of the determination was verified by the analysis of a reference algal extract, obtaining values in good agreement with the reference ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Todolí
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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Llorente-Mirandes T, Ruiz-Chancho MJ, Barbero M, Rubio R, López-Sánchez JF. Measurement of arsenic compounds in littoral zone algae from the Western Mediterranean Sea. Occurrence of arsenobetaine. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 81:867-75. [PMID: 20880567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The determination of arsenic compounds in algae collected on the Catalan coast (Western Mediterranean) is reported. Ten algae species and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica were analyzed. Total arsenic in the samples was determined by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Arsenic speciation in water extracts of samples was analyzed by liquid chromatography with both anionic and cationic exchange with ICPMS detection (LC-ICPMS). The total arsenic content of the algae samples ranged from 2.96 to 39.0mg As kg(-1). The following compounds were detected: arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), sulfonate sugar (SO3-sug), sulfate sugar (SO4-sug), phosphate sugar (PO4-sug), arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) and glycerol sugar (Gly-sug). The main arsenic species found were arsenosugars. Significant percentages of arsenobetaine (0.54 mg As kg(-1), 28% of the extractable arsenic and 0.39 mg As kg(-1), 18% of the extractable arsenic) were found in Ulva rigida and Enteromorpha compressa. These results are discussed in relation to the presence of epiphytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Llorente-Mirandes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Critical review or scientific opinion paper: arsenosugars--a class of benign arsenic species or justification for developing partly speciated arsenic fractionation in foodstuffs? Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1735-41. [PMID: 20972554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this opinion paper the toxicokinetic behaviour of arsenosugars is reviewed and compared with that of inorganic arsenic and arsenobetaine. It is concluded that the arsenosugars are similar to inorganic arsenic in terms of metabolite formation and tissue accumulation. As a pragmatic means of generating uniform data sets which adequately represent the toxicity of arsenic in food we recommend reporting partly speciated arsenic concentrations in food commodities in three fractions: i) toxic inorganic arsenic as arsenate (after oxidation); ii) arsenobetaine as established non-toxic arsenic; and iii) potentially toxic arsenic, which includes arsenosugars and other organoarsenicals.
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