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Nakken CL, Berntssen MHG, Meier S, Bijlsma L, Mjøs SA, Sørhus E, Donald CE. Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Crude Oil to Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus): A Unique Snapshot of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14855-14863. [PMID: 39101928 PMCID: PMC11340023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fish exposed to xenobiotics like petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) will immediately initiate detoxification systems through effective biotransformation reactions. Yet, there is a discrepancy between recognized metabolic pathways and the actual metabolites detected in fish following PAH exposure like oil pollution. To deepen our understanding of PAH detoxification, we conducted experiments exposing Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to individual PAHs or complex oil mixtures. Bile extracts, analyzed by using an ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, revealed novel metabolites associated with the mercapturic acid pathway. A dominant spectral feature recognized as PAH thiols set the basis for a screening strategy targeting (i) glutathione-, (ii) cysteinylglycine-, (iii) cysteine-, and (iv) mercapturic acid S-conjugates. Based on controlled single-exposure experiments, we constructed an interactive library of 33 metabolites originating from 8 PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene). By incorporation of the library in the analysis of samples from crude oil exposed fish, PAHs conjugated with glutathione and cysteinylglycine were uncovered. This qualitative study offers an exclusive glimpse into the rarely acknowledged mercapturic acid detoxification pathway in fish. Furthermore, this furnishes evidence that this metabolic pathway also succeeds for PAHs in complex pollution sources, a notable discovery not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Nakken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | | | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Svein A. Mjøs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Carey E. Donald
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
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2
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Zhang M, Bai LB, Yau LF, Tong TT, Zhang W, Jiang ZH. Identification of Cannabidivarin Metabolites in Different Mouse Organs Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:386-396. [PMID: 36342908 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: As a natural analog of cannabidiol (CBD), nonpsychoactive cannabidivarin (CBDV) has therapeutic potential. However, the precise metabolism of CBDV either in vivo or in vitro has not been fully understood. Objective and Experimental Approach: Therefore, mice were intragastrically administered CBDV, and metabolite-rich and potential target organs and tissues were collected and analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The metabolic pathways of CBDV in mice were illustrated more comprehensively for the first time. Results: Twenty-one metabolites were found, all of which, except decarbonylated CBDV, were initially identified. Compared with CBD, the newly identified metabolic pathways were single dehydrogenation, combined decarbonylation and monohydroxylation, and glutathione conjugations of CBDV and its phase I metabolite. Conclusions: According to the very low response in plasma and the extremely high response in intestinal contents 1 h later after the administration, it was assumed that the oral bioavailability of CBDV was as poor as that of CBD, and the major forms to excrete were conjugates of glutathione and glucuronic acid. In contrast to CBDV, decarbonylated CBDV in the keto form and enol form had considerable responses in plasma and preferred to target fatty tissues and organs owing to their higher lipophilicity. Whether these forms can function as genuine active substances in vivo instead of CBDV is worthy of investigation. These results and supposes contribute notable information regarding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CBDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Long-Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lee-Fong Yau
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Tian-Tian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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3
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Jung YH, Kim JH. Feature-Based Molecular Networking Combined with Multivariate Analysis for the Characterization of Glutathione Adducts as a Smoking Gun of Bioactivation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17450-17457. [PMID: 37976220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) is a powerful analytical tool for mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics data analysis. FBMN plays an important role in drug metabolism studies, enabling the visualization of complex metabolomics data to achieve metabolite characterization. In this study, we propose a strategy for the characterization of glutathione (GSH) adducts formed via in vitro metabolic activation using FBMN assisted by multivariate analysis (MVA). Acetaminophen was used as a model substrate for method development, and the practical potential of the method was investigated by its application to 2-aminophenol (2-AP) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Two 2-AP GSH adducts and one DNCB GSH adduct were successfully characterized by forming networks with GSH even though the mass spectral information obtained for the parent compound was deficient. False positives were effectively filtered out by the variable influence on projection cutoff criteria obtained from orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis. The GSH adducts formed by enzymatic or nonenzymatic reactions were intuitively distinguished by the pie chart of FBMN results. In summary, our approach effectively characterizes GSH adducts, which serve as compelling evidence of bioactivation. It can be widely utilized to enhance risk assessment in the context of drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Heun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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4
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Poborsky M, Crocoll C, Motawie MS, Halkier BA. Systematic engineering pinpoints a versatile strategy for the expression of functional cytochrome P450 enzymes in Escherichia coli cell factories. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:219. [PMID: 37880718 PMCID: PMC10601251 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of plant secondary metabolites in engineered microorganisms provides a scalable and sustainable alternative to their sourcing from nature or through chemical synthesis. However, the biosynthesis of many valuable plant-derived products relies on cytochromes P450 - enzymes notoriously difficult to express in microbes. To improve their expression in Escherichia coli, an arsenal of engineering strategies was developed, often paired with an extensive screening of enzyme variants. Here, attempting to identify a broadly applicable strategy, we systematically evaluated six common cytochrome P450 N-terminal modifications and their effect on in vivo activity of enzymes from the CYP79 and CYP83 families. We found that transmembrane domain truncation was the only modification with a significantly positive effect for all seven tested enzymes, increasing their product titres by 2- to 170-fold. Furthermore, when comparing the changes in the protein titre and product generation, we show that higher protein expression does not directly translate to higher in vivo activity, thus making the protein titre an unreliable screening target in the context of cell factories. We propose the transmembrane domain truncation as a first-line approach that enables the expression of wide range of highly active P450 enzymes in E. coli and circumvents the time-consuming screening process. Our results challenge the notion that the engineering strategy must be tailored for each individual cytochrome P450 enzyme and have the potential to simplify and accelerate the future design of E. coli cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Poborsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawie
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant Biochemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Barbara Ann Halkier
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark.
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5
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Drucker CT, Cicali AR, Roberts AMP, Hughey CA, Senger LW. Identification of alkaline-induced thiolyl-chlorogenic acid conjugates with cysteine and glutathione. Food Chem 2023; 423:136267. [PMID: 37187006 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline reactions of chlorogenic acid (CGA) yield undesirable development of brown or green pigments, limiting the utilization of alkalized CGA-rich foods. Thiols such as cysteine and glutathione mitigate pigment formation through several mechanisms, including redox coupling to reduce CGA quinones, and thiol conjugation, which forms colorless thiolyl-CGA compounds that do not readily participate in color-generating reactions. This work provided evidence of the formation of both aromatic and benzylic thiolyl-CGA conjugate species formed with cysteine and glutathione under alkaline conditions in addition to hydroxylated conjugate species hypothesized to arise from reactions with hydroxyl radicals. Formation of these conjugates proceeds more quickly than CGA dimerization and amine addition reactions mitigating pigment development. Differentiation between aromatic and benzylic conjugates is enabled by characteristic fragmentation of CS bonds. Acyl migration and hydrolysis of the quinic acid moiety of thiolyl-CGA conjugates yielded a variety of isomeric species also identified through untargeted LC-MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Drucker
- Food Science Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
| | - Amanda R Cicali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Andrew M P Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Christine A Hughey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, James Madison University, 901 Carrier Drive, Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA.
| | - Lilian W Senger
- Food Science Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA.
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6
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Peng D, Yang Y, Que M, Ding Y, Wu M, Deng X, He Q, Ma X, Li X, Qiu H. Partially oxidized MoS 2 nanosheets with high water-solubility to enhance the peroxidase-mimic activity for sensitive detection of glutathione. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340968. [PMID: 36898817 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface oxidation engineering is an effective strategy to construct nanomaterials with enhanced biocatalytic activity. In this study, a facile one-pot oxidation strategy was proposed to synthesize partially oxidized molybdenum disulfide nanosheets (ox-MoS2 NSs), which exhibit good water solubility and can be used as an excellent peroxidase substitute. Under the oxidation process, Mo-S bonds are partially broke and S atoms are replaced by excess oxygen atoms, and the released abundant heat and gases efficiently expended the interlayer distance and weaken the van der Waals forces between adjacent layers. Porous ox-MoS2 NSs can be easily exfoliated by further sonication, and the nanosheets exhibits excellent water dispersibility and no obvious sediment appear even after store for months. Benefiting from the desirable affinity property with enzyme substrates, optimized electronic structure and prominent electron transfer efficiency, the ox-MoS2 NSs exhibit enhanced peroxidase-mimic activity. Furthermore, the ox-MoS2 NSs catalyzed 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation reaction could be inhibited by the redox reaction that take place between glutathione (GSH) as well as the direct interaction between GSH and ox-MoS2 NSs. Thus, a colorimetric sensing platform was constructed for GSH detection with good sensitivity and stability. This work provides a facile strategy for engineering structure of nanomaterials and improving enzyme-mimic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Mingming Que
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Ying Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Mingzhu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiulong Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Qifang He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Xun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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7
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Bellamri M, Walmsley SJ, Brown C, Brandt K, Konorev D, Day A, Wu CF, Wu MT, Turesky RJ. DNA Damage and Oxidative Stress of Tobacco Smoke Condensate in Human Bladder Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1863-1880. [PMID: 35877975 PMCID: PMC9665352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC), with up to 50% of BC cases being attributed to smoking. There are 70 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke; however, the principal chemicals responsible for BC remain uncertain. The aromatic amines 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) and 2-naphthylamine (2-NA) are implicated in BC pathogenesis of smokers on the basis of the elevated BC risk in factory workers exposed to these chemicals. However, 4-ABP and 2-NA only occur at several nanograms per cigarette and may be insufficient to induce BC. In contrast, other genotoxicants, including acrolein, occur at 1000-fold or higher levels in tobacco smoke. There is limited data on the toxicological effects of tobacco smoke in human bladder cells. We have assessed the cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and DNA damage of tobacco smoke condensate (TSC) in human RT4 bladder cells. TSC was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction into an acid-neutral fraction (NF), containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs, phenols, and aldehydes, and a basic fraction (BF) containing aromatic amines, heterocyclic aromatic amines, and N-nitroso compounds. The TSC and NF induced a time- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress, lipid peroxide formation, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site formation, while the BF showed weak effects. LC/MS-based metabolomic approaches showed that TSC and NF altered GSH biosynthesis pathways and induced more than 40 GSH conjugates. GSH conjugates of several hydroquinones were among the most abundant conjugates. RT4 cell treatment with synthetic hydroquinones and cresol mixtures at levels present in tobacco smoke accounted for most of the TSC-induced cytotoxicity and the AP sites formed. GSH conjugates of acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and crotonaldehyde levels also increased owing to TSC-induced oxidative stress. Thus, TSC is a potent toxicant and DNA-damaging agent, inducing deleterious effects in human bladder cells at concentrations of <1% of a cigarette in cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Scott J. Walmsley
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Christina Brown
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Kyle Brandt
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Chia-Fang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming Tsang Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, CS Building, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, MN 55455
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Chabi K, Sleno L. Estradiol, Estrone and Ethinyl Estradiol Metabolism Studied by High Resolution LC-MS/MS Using Stable Isotope Labeling and Trapping of Reactive Metabolites. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100931. [PMID: 36295833 PMCID: PMC9611524 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation reactions that xenobiotics undergo during their metabolism are crucial for their proper excretion from the body, but can also be a source of toxicity, especially in the case of reactive metabolite formation. Unstable, reactive metabolites are capable of covalent binding to proteins, and have often been linked to liver damage and other undesired side effects. A common technique to assess the formation of reactive metabolites employs trapping them in vitro with glutathione and characterizing the resulting adducts by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Some endogenous compounds, however, can interfere with xenobiotic metabolites of interest, making the analysis more difficult. This study demonstrates the usefulness of isotope-labeled compounds to detect and elucidate the structures of both stable metabolites and trapped adducts of three estrogen analogs using an untargeted LC-MS/MS workflow. The metabolism of estradiol, estrone and ethinyl estradiol was investigated. Unlabeled and deuterated versions of these three compounds were incubated with human or rat liver microsomes in the presence of two different trapping agents, namely glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. The detection of closely eluting deuterated peaks allowed us to confirm the formation of several known metabolites, as well as many previously uncharacterized ones. The structure of each adduct was elucidated by the detailed analysis of high-resolution MS/MS spectra for elucidating fragmentation pathways with accurate mass measurements. The use of isotopic labeling was crucial in helping confirm many metabolites and adduct structures, as well as removing endogenous interferences.
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9
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Pan H, Chen L, Zhai G, Luo Q, Fang C, Shi F. Feature MS fragments-based method for identification of toxic furanoids in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115035. [PMID: 36150298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous furan-containing compounds have been reported to be toxic. The toxicity may be attributed to the metabolic activation of the furan ring to cis-enediones. Identification of unknown furans that undergo bioactivation is challenging. Here, we present a novel approach that enables non-targeted profiling of bioactivation of unknown furanoids both in vitro and in vivo. Cyclic pyrrole-glutathione conjugate was the predominant product of cis-enediones with glutathione. The shared glutathione substructure of conjugates was capable of generating four constant and signature fragments under collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the mass spectrometer, including neutral loss fragments 103.0269 Da and 146.0691 Da and product ions at m/z 130.0499 and 177.0328. The unique structure and high abundance of conjugates in combination with the consistency and specificity of CID fragmentation brought extraordinarily high selectivity and reliability for the four fragments as a fingerprint of bioactivated furanoids. The bioactivated furanoids can be identified by screening the four fragments in high-resolution MS/MS datasets using the neutral loss filtering and diagnostic fragmentation filtering of data post-acquisition software MZmine. The simultaneous formation of four individual signal points in the filtering channel with the same precursor ion and retention time was assigned to be furanoids. The method has been rigorously validated. In the pooled urine samples from nine model furanoids-treated mice, nine cis-enediones from the parent furanoids and two from furanoid metabolites were accurately detected and identified. The method showed great performance in non-targeted profiling bioactivated furanoids and their metabolites in urine samples of herbal extract-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Guohong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Fuguo Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
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10
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Ousji O, Sleno L. Structural Elucidation of Novel Stable and Reactive Metabolites of Green Tea Catechins and Alkyl Gallates by LC-MS/MS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091635. [PMID: 36139709 PMCID: PMC9495999 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic gallic acid derivatives are employed as additives in food, personal care products, and pharmaceutical formulations. Despite their widespread use, little is known about their human exposure, health effects, and metabolism. Green tea catechins are natural antioxidants, known for their health-promoting properties, and are also employed as food additives or in personal care products. The objective of this study was to establish metabolic pathways involved in the biotransformation of green tea catechins and synthetic gallate esters. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was used to elucidate oxidative and methylated metabolites, in addition to glutathione conjugates, formed in vitro using human liver microsomal incubations. The developed method was applied to 14 different parent compounds with a wide range of polarities, for the structural elucidation of many known and novel metabolites. These results serve to inform about the wide variety of possible metabolites formed upon exposure to these compounds.
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11
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Wisnewski AV, Liu J. Glutathione reactivity with aliphatic polyisocyanates. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271471. [PMID: 35839242 PMCID: PMC9286259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocyanate chemicals known to cause adverse health effects when inhaled are essential to making important products and are used in multiple industries. Glutathione (GSH), a major antioxidant of the lower airways with a well described role in xenobiotic metabolism, is a primary reaction target for di-isocyantes. However, GSHs reactivity with poly-isocyanates which have largely replaced diisocyanates (particularly aliphatic) in most end-user settings remains uncertain. We hypothesized aliphatic polyisocyanates would readily react with glutathione under physiologic conditions and the products could be identified using liquid chromatography (LC) coupled-mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS/MS. The data identified (tris)GSH-isocyanate adducts as the major reaction product of GSH with the most commonly used contemporary polymeric (tri-isocyanate) formulations of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), the isocyanurate and biuret, as [M+H]+ ions of 1426.53 and 1400.55 m/z respectively in reverse phase LC-MS using electrospray in positive ion mode. The uretdione form of HDI, a stabilized dimer, formed two reaction products with GSH, a tris(GSH)-isocyanate reaction product recognized as a 1258.44 m/z [M+H]+ ion, and a bis(GSH)-isocyanate product identified as a 951.36 m/z [M+H]+ ion. Predicted structures for the newly described GSH-polyisocyanate reaction products, modeled based on collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation patterns in tandem MS/MS, support S-linkage of the GSH to N = C = O groups. In summary, industrially-used aliphatic polyisocyanates readily react with GSH to form primarily S-linked tris(GSH)-conjugates, a process that may play an important role in response to respiratory tract exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam V. Wisnewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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12
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Berthou M, Pallotta A, Beurton J, Chaigneau T, Athanassiou A, Marcic C, Marchioni E, Boudier A, Clarot I. Gold nanostructured membranes to concentrate low molecular weight thiols, a proof of concept study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1198:123244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bian Y, Sun M, Chen H, Ren G, Fu K, Yang N, Zhang M, Zhou N, Lu Y, Li N, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhao D. Metabolites identification and species comparison of Oroxylin A, an anti-cancer Flavonoid, in vitro and in vivo by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:165-176. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.2014080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Bian
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Mengqi Sun
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Huili Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Guanghui Ren
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Kejia Fu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
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14
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Bhaduri R, Mukherjee S, Mitra I, Ghosh S, Chatterji U, Dodda SR, Moi SC. Anticancer activity and cell death mechanism of Pt(II) complexes: Their in vitro bio-transformation to Pt(II)-DNA adduct formation and BSA binding study by spectroscopic method. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120096. [PMID: 34214741 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pt(II) complex cis-[Pt(PEA)(OH2)2] X2, C-2 (where, PEA = 2-Pyridylethylamine and X = ClO4- or NO3-) was synthesized by hydrolysis of cis-[Pt(PEA)Cl2] C-1. Glutathione (GSH) and DL-penicilamine (DL-pen) substituted complexes cis-[Pt(PEA)(GSH)],C-3 and cis-[Pt(PEA)DL-pen)]X C-4 were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic methods. Kinetic studies were traced on complex C-2 with the thiols, GSH and DL-pen. Pt(II)-Sulfur adduct formation mechanisms of the substituted products C-3 and C-4 were established from the kinetic investigation. At pH 4.0, C-2 - thiols interactions follow two consecutive steps: the first step is dependent, and the second is independent of [thiol]. The association equilibrium constant (KE), substitution rate constants for both steps (k1 & k2), and activation parameters (ΔH‡ and ΔS‡) have been assessed to propose the mechanism. Agarose gel electrophoresis mobilization pattern of DNA with complexes was performed to visualize the interaction nature. CT-DNA and BSA binding activities of the complexes have been executed by electronic, fluorescence spectroscopy, and viscometric titration methods. Evaluation of thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0) from BSA binding constants was executed to propose the driving forces of interaction between these species. A molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the binding mode of complexes with BDNA strands. Anticancer activity of the complexes C-1 to C-4 was explored on both A549 and HEp-2 cell lines, compared with approved anticancer drugs cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin. All these complexes were tested by NBT assay on normal cell line skeletal muscle cells (L6 myotubes) to observe the adverse effects compared to recognized anticancer medications. The ultimate aim is to explore the role of anticancer agents on cell death mechanism, which has been performed by flow-cytometer on HEp-2 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Ishani Mitra
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Subarna Ghosh
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, W.B., India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, W.B., India
| | - Subba Reddy Dodda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, WB, India
| | - Sankar Ch Moi
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, M.G. Avenue, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
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15
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Ousji O, Sleno L. In Vitro Metabolism of Five Bisphenol A Analogs Studied by LC-HRMS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:847-859. [PMID: 33231073 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) structural analogs are increasingly used as alternatives in many industrial applications, due to growing evidence of BPA-related toxicity. Despite their widespread use, little is known about the biotransformation of these BPA analogs in the body. In this study, the in vitro metabolism of five BPA analogs (bisphenol AF, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, cumylphenol, and tetramethylbisphenol F) were investigated, using human and rat liver fractions, to evaluate the formation of phase I and phase II metabolites. Liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was employed to separate and characterize over 50 metabolites, many of which were not previously reported. The structures of all detected oxidative metabolites, dimers, GSH adducts, glucuronide, and sulfate conjugates were elucidated. A biphenyl solid-core chromatographic column was utilized for the separation of all metabolites, with a subsequent method, on a F5 column, specifically optimized for the separation of dimers formed via oxidative metabolism. There are several examples in this work where the combination of high chromatographic resolution and tandem mass spectrometry were necessary to distinguish between isomeric metabolites and conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ons Ousji
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada
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16
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Gao J, Shi N, Guo H, Gao J, Tang X, Yuan S, Qian J, Wen B. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Approach to Reveal the Hepatotoxicity of Emodin and Detoxification of Dihydromyricetin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5348-5358. [PMID: 33681574 PMCID: PMC7931181 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), an important flavanone found in Ampelopsis grossedentata, plays a protective role in liver injury. Our previous research found that DMY protected L02 cells against hepatotoxicity caused by emodin. In this study, serum, urine, and liver samples from rats were systematically used for biochemical analysis, pathological observation, and nontargeted metabolomics to evaluate the toxicity of emodin and DMY intervention. After oral administration of DMY, DMY may alleviate liver injury by improving liver metabolism. Approximately, 8 of 15 metabolites in rat urine and serum were significantly regulated by DMY. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that glutathione metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism were the most affected pathways, and 18 proteins were predicted to be potential targets of DMY during the alleviation of liver injury induced by emodin. This research is of great significance in confirming the liver-protective effect of DMY, especially during acute liver injury caused by traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Dongfang
Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese
Medicine, Beijing 100078, P. R. China
| | - Ning Shi
- Pharmaceutical
Department of Characteristic Medical Center, Strategic Support Force, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Hongju Guo
- Pharmaceutical
Department of Characteristic Medical Center, Strategic Support Force, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Dongfang
Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese
Medicine, Beijing 100078, P. R. China
| | - Xu Tang
- Dongfang
Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese
Medicine, Beijing 100078, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Yuan
- Dongfang
Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese
Medicine, Beijing 100078, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Qian
- Beijing
University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Binyu Wen
- Dongfang
Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese
Medicine, Beijing 100078, P. R. China
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17
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Kumar Tarai S, Bhaduri R, Mukherjee S, Mandal S, Pera Reddy B V, Ch. Moi S. Drug reservoir mechanism of Pt(II)-sulfur chelates based on pharmacokinetics of Pt(II) complex with thiols & thio-ethers: An experimental and theoretical approach. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Root-Bernstein R, Churchill B, Turke M. Glutathione and Glutathione-Like Sequences of Opioid and Aminergic Receptors Bind Ascorbic Acid, Adrenergic and Opioid Drugs Mediating Antioxidant Function: Relevance for Anesthesia and Abuse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6230. [PMID: 32872204 PMCID: PMC7504417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids and their antagonists alter vitamin C metabolism. Morphine binds to glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine), an intracellular ascorbic acid recycling molecule with a wide range of additional activities. The morphine metabolite morphinone reacts with glutathione to form a covalent adduct that is then excreted in urine. Morphine also binds to adrenergic and histaminergic receptors in their extracellular loop regions, enhancing aminergic agonist activity. The first and second extracellular loops of adrenergic and histaminergic receptors are, like glutathione, characterized by the presence of cysteines and/or methionines, and recycle ascorbic acid with similar efficiency. Conversely, adrenergic drugs bind to extracellular loops of opioid receptors, enhancing their activity. These observations suggest functional interactions among opioids and amines, their receptors, and glutathione. We therefore explored the relative binding affinities of ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, opioid and adrenergic compounds, as well as various control compounds, to glutathione and glutathione-like peptides derived from the extracellular loop regions of the human beta 2-adrenergic, dopamine D1, histamine H1, and mu opioid receptors, as well as controls. Some cysteine-containing peptides derived from these receptors do bind ascorbic acid and/or dehydroascorbic acid and the same peptides generally bind opioid compounds. Glutathione binds not only morphine but also naloxone, methadone, and methionine enkephalin. Some adrenergic drugs also bind to glutathione and glutathione-like receptor regions. These sets of interactions provide a novel basis for understanding some ways that adrenergic, opioid and antioxidant systems interact during anesthesia and drug abuse and may have utility for understanding drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Root-Bernstein
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Beth Churchill
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Miah Turke
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (B.C.); (M.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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19
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Ahuie GK, Gagnon H, Pace PE, Peskin AV, Wagner RJ, Naylor S, Klarskov K. Investigating protein thiol chemistry associated with dehydroascorbate, homocysteine and glutathione using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8774. [PMID: 32119756 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive free radical oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. Its consequences can lead to numerous pathologies. Regulating oxidative stress is the complex interplay between antioxidant recycling and thiol-containing regulatory proteins. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for preventing onset of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigae S-thiol protein chemistry associated with oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbate, DHA), homocysteine (HcySH) and glutathione (GSH) using mass spectrometry. METHODS Glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) was incubated with DHA, with and without GSH and HcySH. Disulfide formation was followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of intact proteins and by LC/ESI-MS/MS of peptides from protein tryptic digestions. The mechanism of DHA-mediated S-thiolation was investigated using two synthetic peptides: AcFHACAAK and AcFHACE. Three proteins, i.e. human hemoglobin (HHb), recombinant peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and Grx-1, were S-homocysteinylated followed by S-transthiolyation with GSH and investigated by ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS ESI-MS analysis reveals that DHA mediates disulfide formation and S-thiolation by HcySH as well as GSH of Grx-1. LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis allows identification of Grx-1 S-thiolated cysteine adducts. The mechanism by which DHA mediates S-thiolation of heptapeptide AcFHACAAK is shown to be via initial formation of a thiohemiketal adduct. In addition, ESI-MS of intact proteins shows that GSH can S-transthiolate S-homocysteinylated Grx-1_ HHb and Prdx2. The GS-S-protein adducts over time dominate the ESI-MS spectrum profile. CONCLUSIONS Mass spectrometry is a unique analytical technique for probing complex reaction mechanisms associated with oxidative stress. Using model proteins, ESI-MS reveals the mechanism of DHA-facilitated S-thiolation, which consists of thiohemiketal formation, disulfide formation or S-thiolation. Furthermore, protein S-thiolation by HcySH can be reversed by reversible GSH thiol exchange. The use of mass spectrometry with in vitro models of protein S-thiolation in oxidative stress may provide significant insight into possible mechanisms of action occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kouakou Ahuie
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- PhenoSwitch Bioscience, 975 Rue Léon-Trépanier, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1G 5J6, Canada
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Naylor
- ReNeuroGen LLC, 2160 San Fernando Drive, Elm Grove, WI, 53122, USA
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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20
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Balhara A, Ladumor M, Singh DK, Praneetha P, Preethi J, Pokharkar S, Deshpande AY, Giri S, Singh S. In vitro evaluation of reactive nature of E- and Z-guggulsterones and their metabolites in human liver microsomes using UHPLC-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113275. [PMID: 32247160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Guggulipid is known to be useful for hypercholesterolemia, arthritis, acne, and obesity. These activities are attributed to its two principal isomeric active constituents, viz., E- and Z-guggulsterones. There are several side effects reported for guggulipid, which include widespread erythematous papules in a morbilliform pattern and macules localized to the arms; swelling and erythema of the face with burning sensation; pruritis; and bullous lesions on the lower legs with associated headaches, myalgia and itching. We hypothesized that one probable reason for these toxic reactions could be the formation of electrophilic reactive metabolites (RMs) of guggulsterones and their subsequent reaction with cellular proteins. Unfortunately, no report exists in the literature highlighting detection of RMs of guggulsterone isomers. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to investigate the potential of E- and Z-guggulsterones to form RMs in human liver microsomes (HLM) using glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as trapping agents. The generated samples were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The analysis of incubations with trapping agents highlighted that hydroxylated metabolites of guggulsterone isomers showed adduction with GSH and NAC. Even direct adducts of guggulsterone isomers were observed with both the trapping agents. The in silico toxicity potential of E- and Z-guggulsterones and their RMs was predicted using ADMET Predictor™ software and comparison was made against reported toxicities of guggulipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Mayur Ladumor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Pammi Praneetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
| | - Jalvadi Preethi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Sunil Pokharkar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | | | - Sanjeev Giri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Aurigene Discovery Technologies Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 090, India
| | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
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21
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Li M, Guo X, Chen Y, Zhang K, Bai Q, Gao Z, Long F. The degradation of forchlorfenuron in the model kiwifruit juice by ultrasonic treatment. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghe Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Xiaodan Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Yajing Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Qiao Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
| | - Fangyu Long
- College of Food Science and Engineering Northwest A&F University Yangling P.R. China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro‐products (Yangling) Ministry of Agriculture Yangling China
- National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) Yangling China
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22
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Lee HK, Kong TY, Choi WG, Kim JH, Shin Y, Lee HS, Lee YS, Kim JH. Metabolite identification and profile of endosulfan sulfate in three human liver preparations using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1140:121996. [PMID: 32014661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we performed the metabolism of endosulfan sulfate in human liver preparations (human liver microsomes, S9 fractions and hepatocytes) to identify new metabolites using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Endosulfan sulfate is a major oxidized metabolite of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, and it exhibits a similar toxicity to endosulfan. Six metabolites, including 5 novel metabolites of endosulfan sulfate, were identified in the three different human liver reaction mixtures and metabolic pathways of endosulfan sulfate were proposed. The phase I metabolites M1 and M2 were observed in human liver microsomes, S9 fractions and hepatocytes. M1 was suggested to be an endosulfan diol monosulfate and M2 was identified as (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-3-formylbicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2-yl)methyl hydrogen sulfate through the interpretation of the HRMS spectrum. The phase II metabolite M3 was produced as an endosulfan sulfate-GSH conjugate in those three liver preparations and transformed to M5 (dipeptide) in S9 fractions and hepatocytes. M3 was the most predominant metabolite identified in the three liver preparations. M4 was only detected in microsomes as an M2-GSH conjugate and was metabolized to M6 (monopeptide) in hepatocytes. These results are different from the metabolic pathway of endosulfan and suggest the possible detoxification metabolic reaction of endosulfan sulfate in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Kyung Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Kyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Lee
- Research Institute, Enbio Co., Ltd., Gyeonggi-do 15880, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Al-Shakliah NS, Attwa MW, Kadi AA, AlRabiah H. Identification and characterization of in silico, in vivo, in vitro, and reactive metabolites of infigratinib using LC-ITMS: bioactivation pathway elucidation and in silico toxicity studies of its metabolites. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16231-16244. [PMID: 35498820 PMCID: PMC9052791 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib (INF) is a novel, small molecule that is orally administered to inhibit human fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases that may be upregulated in different tumor cell types. On 6 January 2020, the FDA granted fast track designation to INF for first-line treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Prediction of susceptible sites of metabolism and reactivity pathways (cyanide and GSH) for INF was performed by the Xenosite web predictor tool. Then, we report the characterization and identification of in vitro, in vivo, and reactive intermediates of INF using liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-ITMS). Finally, an in silico toxicity assessment of INF metabolites was carried out using the StarDrop DEREK module showing structural alerts. Rat liver microsomes (RLMs) and isolated perfused rat liver hepatocytes were incubated with INF in vitro and the generated metabolites were collected by protein precipitation. In vivo metabolism was evaluated by time-course urine sampling from Sprague-Dawley rats administered a single INF oral dose. A similar volume of acetonitrile was added to each collected urine sample and both organic and aqueous layers were analyzed by LC-ITMS to detect in vivo INF metabolites. N-Ethyl piperazine rings and benzene at part A of the INF structure are metabolized to form iminium and 1,4-benzoquinone, respectively, which are very reactive toward nucleophilic macromolecules. Incubation of INF with RLMs in the presence of 1.0 mM KCN and 1.0 mM glutathione was used to evaluate reactive metabolites potentially responsible for toxicities associated with INF. There were seven in vitro phase I metabolites, three in vitro phase II metabolites, three cyano adducts, and three GSH conjugate metabolites of INF detected by LC-ITMS. In vivo INF metabolites identified included four in vivo phase I and three in vivo phase II metabolites. In vitro and in vivo phase I metabolic pathways included N-dealkylation, N-demethylation, O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and dechlorination, while the in vivo phase II metabolic reaction was a direct conjugation of INF with glucuronic acid and sulphate. An in silico web designer tool was utilized to guide laboratory work for infigratinib metabolism. Sixteen metabolites of infigratinib and seven reactive intermediates (three iminium ions and four 1,4 benzoquinones) were characterized using LC-ITMS.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser S. Al-Shakliah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Mohamed W. Attwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
- Students' University Hospital
| | - Adnan A. Kadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham AlRabiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Pharmacy
- King Saud University
- Saudi Arabia
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24
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Liening S, Romp E, Werz O, Scriba GK, Garscha U. Liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry analysis of glutathione conjugates of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Dionisio G, Gautam M, Fomsgaard IS. Identification of Azoxystrobin Glutathione Conjugate Metabolites in Maize Roots by LC-MS. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132473. [PMID: 31284429 PMCID: PMC6651014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic detoxification in plant as well as in animals has mostly been studied in relationship to the deactivation of the toxic residues of the compound that, surely for azoxystrobin, is represented by its β-methoxyacrylate portion. In maize roots treated for 96 h with azoxystrobin, the fungicide accumulated over time and detoxification compounds or conjugates appeared timewise. The main detoxified compound was the methyl ester hydrolysis product (azoxystrobin free acid, 390.14 m/z) thought to be inactive followed by the glutathione conjugated compounds identified as glutathione conjugate (711.21 m/z) and its derivative lacking the glycine residue from the GSH (654.19 m/z). The glycosylated form of azoxystrobin was also found (552.19 m/z) in a minor amount. The identification of these analytes was done by differential untargeted metabolomics analysis using Progenesis QI for label free spectral counting quantification and MS/MS confirmation of the compounds was carried out by either Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) and Data Dependent Acquisition (DDA) using high resolution LC-MS methods. Neutral loss scanning and comparison with MS/MS spectra of azoxystrobin by DDA and MSe confirmed the structures of these new azoxystrobin GSH conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Maheswor Gautam
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
| | - Inge Sindbjerg Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark.
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26
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Okombo J, Brunschwig C, Singh K, Dziwornu GA, Barnard L, Njoroge M, Wittlin S, Chibale K. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazole Derivatives with Mannich Base Side Chains: Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Reactive Metabolite Trapping Studies. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:372-384. [PMID: 30608648 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles bearing Mannich base side chains and their metabolites were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodium activity, microsomal metabolic stability, reactive metabolite (RM) formation, and in vivo antimalarial efficacy in a mouse model. Oral administration of one of the derivatives at 4 × 50 mg/kg reduced parasitemia by 95% in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, with a mean survival period of 16 days post-treatment. The in vivo efficacy of these derivatives is likely a consequence of their active metabolites, two of which showed potent in vitro antiplasmodium activity against chloroquine-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ( P. falciparum) strains. Rapid metabolism was observed for all the analogues with <40% of parent compound remaining after 30 min of incubation in liver microsomes. RM trapping studies detected glutathione adducts only in derivatives bearing 4-aminophenol moiety, with fragmentation signatures showing that this conjugation occurred on the phenyl ring of the Mannich base side chain. As with amodiaquine (AQ), interchanging the positions of the 4-hydroxyl and Mannich base side group or substituting the 4-hydroxyl with fluorine appeared to block bioactivation of the AQ-like derivatives though at the expense of antiplasmodium activity, which was significantly lowered.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kawaljit Singh
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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27
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Molecular and biochemical characterization of All0580 as a methylglyoxal detoxifying glyoxalase II of Anabaena sp. PCC7120 that confers abiotic stress tolerance in E. coli. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 124:981-993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Lu E, Wolfreys FD, Muppidi JR, Xu Y, Cyster JG. S-Geranylgeranyl-L-glutathione is a ligand for human B cell-confinement receptor P2RY8. Nature 2019; 567:244-248. [PMID: 30842656 PMCID: PMC6640153 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centres are important sites for antibody diversification and affinity maturation, and are also a common origin of B cell malignancies. Despite being made up of motile cells, germinal centres are tightly confined within B cell follicles. The cues that promote this confinement are incompletely understood. P2RY8 is a Gα13-coupled receptor that mediates the inhibition of migration and regulates the growth of B cells in lymphoid tissues1,2. P2RY8 is frequently mutated in germinal-centre B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma (GCB-DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma1,3-6, and the ligand for this receptor has not yet been identified. Here we perform a search for P2RY8 ligands and find P2RY8 bioactivity in bile and in culture supernatants of several mouse and human cell lines. Using a seven-step biochemical fractionation procedure and a drop-out mass spectrometry approach, we show that a previously undescribed biomolecule, S-geranylgeranyl-L-glutathione (GGG), is a potent P2RY8 ligand that is detectable in lymphoid tissues at the nanomolar level. GGG inhibited the chemokine-mediated migration of human germinal-centre B cells and T follicular helper cells, and antagonized the induction of phosphorylated AKT in germinal-centre B cells. We also found that the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase-5 (GGT5), which was highly expressed by follicular dendritic cells, metabolized GGG to a form that did not activate the receptor. Overexpression of GGT5 disrupted the ability of P2RY8 to promote B cell confinement to germinal centres, which indicates that GGT5 establishes a GGG gradient in lymphoid tissues. This work defines GGG as an intercellular signalling molecule that is involved in organizing and controlling germinal-centre responses. As the P2RY8 locus is modified in several other types of cancer in addition to GCB-DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma, we speculate that GGG might have organizing and growth-regulatory roles in multiple human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Finn D Wolfreys
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jagan R Muppidi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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29
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Gilliland RA, Möller C, DeCaprio AP. LC-MS/MS based detection and characterization of covalent glutathione modifications formed by reactive drug of abuse metabolites. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:778-790. [PMID: 30070591 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1504256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation with the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is a common mechanism of detoxification of many endogenous and exogenous compounds. This phenomenon typically occurs through the formation of a covalent bond between the nucleophilic free thiol moiety of GSH and an electrophilic site on the compound of interest. While GSH adducts have been identified for many licit drugs, there is a lack of information on the ability of drugs of abuse to adduct GSH. The present study utilized a metabolic assay with GSH as a nucleophilic trapping agent to bind reactive drug metabolites formed in situ. Extracted ion MS spectra were collected via LC-QqQ-MS/MS for all potentially significant ions and examined for fragmentation common to GSH-containing compounds, followed by confirmation of adduction and structural characterization performed by LC-QTOF-MS/MS. In addition to the two positive controls, of the 14 drugs of abuse tested, 10 exhibited GSH adduction, with several forming multiple adducts, resulting in a total of 22 individual identified adducts. A number of these are previously unreported in the literature, including those for diazepam, naltrexone, oxycodone and Δ9-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Allen Gilliland
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Carolina Möller
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- a Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute , Florida International University , Miami , FL , USA
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30
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Bjarnholt N, Neilson EHJ, Crocoll C, Jørgensen K, Motawia MS, Olsen CE, Dixon DP, Edwards R, Møller BL. Glutathione transferases catalyze recycling of auto-toxic cyanogenic glucosides in sorghum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:1109-1125. [PMID: 29659075 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides are nitrogen-containing specialized metabolites that provide chemical defense against herbivores and pathogens via the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide. It has been suggested that cyanogenic glucosides are also a store of nitrogen that can be remobilized for general metabolism via a previously unknown pathway. Here we reveal a recycling pathway for the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that avoids hydrogen cyanide formation. As demonstrated in vitro, the pathway proceeds via spontaneous formation of a dhurrin-derived glutathione conjugate, which undergoes reductive cleavage by glutathione transferases of the plant-specific lambda class (GSTLs) to produce p-hydroxyphenyl acetonitrile. This is further metabolized to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and free ammonia by nitrilases, and then glucosylated to form p-glucosyloxyphenylacetic acid. Two of the four GSTLs in sorghum exhibited high stereospecific catalytic activity towards the glutathione conjugate, and form a subclade in a phylogenetic tree of GSTLs in higher plants. The expression of the corresponding two GSTLs co-localized with expression of the genes encoding the p-hydroxyphenyl acetonitrile-metabolizing nitrilases at the cellular level. The elucidation of this pathway places GSTs as key players in a remarkable scheme for metabolic plasticity allowing plants to reverse the resource flow between general and specialized metabolism in actively growing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Bjarnholt
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth H J Neilson
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- DynaMo Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Mohammed Saddik Motawia
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
| | - David P Dixon
- Center for Bioactive Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Robert Edwards
- Center for Bioactive Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, 1871, Denmark
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31
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Driscoll JP, Yadav AS, Shah NR. Role of Glucuronidation and P450 Oxidation in the Bioactivation of Bromfenac. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:223-230. [PMID: 29569911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was approved in the United States in 1997. It was withdrawn from clinical use less than one year later, in 1998, due to hepatotoxicity. We investigate the potential of bromfenac to be metabolized to reactive intermediates to further the current understanding of bromfenac bioactivation. Incubations were conducted with hepatocytes and human, rat, and cynomolgus liver microsomes fortified with cofactors and N-acetylcysteine. One thioether adduct of hydroxylated bromfenac and three thioether adducts of hydroxylated bromfenac indolinone were detected in extracts following incubations in liver microsomes fortified with NADPH and UDPGA. These findings demonstrate a bioactivation pathway for bromfenac and contribute to the body of evidence that could advance the understanding of the toxicity associated with bromfenac.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Driscoll
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Aprajita S Yadav
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Nina R Shah
- MyoKardia Inc , 333 Allerton Avenue , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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32
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Wang L, Hai Y, Huang N, Gao X, Liu W, He X. Human cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibition profile of three flavonoids isolated from Psoralea corylifolia: in silico predictions and experimental validation. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00884h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP)-associated metabolic studies in vitro have been considered cost-effective for predicting potential clinical drug/herb–drug interactions (DDI/HDI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
| | - Yue Hai
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Nannan Huang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xue Gao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
- P. R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine
- Tianjin
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33
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Wang Z, Fang Y, Rock D, Ma J. Rapid screening and characterization of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites using a polarity switch-based approach on a high-resolution quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometer. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1595-1606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Schroer HW, Li X, Lehmler HJ, Just CL. Metabolism and Photolysis of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Arabidopsis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13714-13722. [PMID: 29131608 PMCID: PMC5839145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
New insensitive munitions explosives, including 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), are replacing traditional explosive compounds to protect soldiers and simplify transport logistics. Despite the occupational safety benefits of these new explosives, feasible strategies for cleaning up DNAN from soil and water have not been developed. Here, we evaluate the metabolism of DNAN by the model plant Arabidopsis to determine whether phytoremediation can be used to clean up contaminated sites. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of photodegradation of DNAN and its plant metabolites within Arabidopsis leaves to determine the potential impact of photolysis on the phytoremediation of contaminants. When exposed to DNAN for three days, Arabidopsis took up and metabolized 67% of the DNAN in hydroponic solution. We used high resolution and tandem mass spectrometry in combination with stable-isotope labeled DNAN to confirm ten phase II DNAN metabolites in Arabidopsis. The plants separately reduced both the para- and ortho-nitro groups and produced glycosylated products that accumulated within plant tissues. Both DNAN and a glycosylated metabolite were subsequently photolyzed within leaf tissue under simulated sunlight, and [15N2]DNAN yielded 15NO2- in leaves. Therefore, photolysis inside leaves may be an important, yet under-explored, phytoremediation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter W. Schroer
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xueshu Li
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, United States
| | - Craig L. Just
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: 319-335-5051. Fax: 319-335-5660
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35
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Yang AH, Zhang L, Zhi DX, Liu WL, Gao X, He X. Identification and analysis of the reactive metabolites related to the hepatotoxicity of safrole. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1164-1172. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1399227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, and
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - De-Xian Zhi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- School of Biotechnology Food Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Li Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - Xin He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, and
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36
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Steingass CB, Glock MP, Lieb VM, Carle R. Light-induced alterations of pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) juice volatiles during accelerated ageing and mass spectrometric studies into their precursors. Food Res Int 2017; 100:366-374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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37
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Wang L, Hai Y, An L, Chen J, Liang R, He X. Rapid screening the potential mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP3A4 from Tripterygium wilfordi based on computer approaches combined with in vitro bioassay. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2689-2700. [PMID: 28372934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CYP3A4 is the main human metabolizing enzyme, and many clinically relevant drug/herb-drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs) involving CYP3A4 are due to mechanism-based inhibition. In this study, pharmacophore model together with molecular docking (MD) are used to rapidly screen the potential CYP3A4 mechanism-based inhibitors from Tripterygium wilfordii, and in vitro experiments are conducted to validate the computational data. The results showed that the rate of computational prediction could be improved based on a combination of pharmacophore model and MD, and a combination of computational approaches might be a useful tool to identify potential mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP3A4 from herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Yue Hai
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Lijun An
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Junxiu Chen
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Rongjia Liang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China
| | - Xin He
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nankai District, Tianjin 300193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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38
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Loss of Merlin induces metabolomic adaptation that engages dependence on Hedgehog signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40773. [PMID: 28112165 PMCID: PMC5256100 DOI: 10.1038/srep40773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein Merlin is proteasomally degraded in breast cancer. We undertook an untargeted metabolomics approach to discern the global metabolomics profile impacted by Merlin in breast cancer cells. We discerned specific changes in glutathione metabolites that uncovered novel facets of Merlin in impacting the cancer cell metabolome. Concordantly, Merlin loss increased oxidative stress causing aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling. Abrogation of GLI-mediated transcription activity compromised the aggressive phenotype of Merlin-deficient cells indicating a clear dependence of cells on Hedgehog signaling. In breast tumor tissues, GLI1 expression enhanced tissue identification and discriminatory power of Merlin, cumulatively presenting a powerful substantiation of the relationship between these two proteins. We have uncovered, for the first time, details of the tumor cell metabolomic portrait modulated by Merlin, leading to activation of Hedgehog signaling. Importantly, inhibition of Hedgehog signaling offers an avenue to target the vulnerability of tumor cells with loss of Merlin.
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39
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Shi J, Xie C, Liu H, Krausz KW, Bewley CA, Zhang S, Tang L, Zhou Z, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolism and Bioactivation of Fluorochloridone, a Novel Selective Herbicide, in Vivo and in Vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9652-60. [PMID: 27443216 PMCID: PMC6169518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorochloridone (FLC) is a herbicide used worldwide that is thought to be safe. However, due to its potential genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and even systematic toxicity, there are increasing concerns about human exposure to this compound. Thus, the metabolism and bioactivation of FLC was investigated. After oral administration to mice, 27 metabolites were identified by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry and with further structural identification by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hydroxylation and oxidative dechlorination were the major phase I pathways, while glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine conjugations were two major phase II pathways, indicating the formation of a reactive intermediate. In vitro microsomal and cytosolic studies revealed that a GSH conjugate (M13) was the predominant metabolite of FLC formed through a nucleophilic SN2 substitution of 3-Cl by GSH; this pathway is NADPH independent and accelerated by glutathione S-transferase (GST). Further, a kinetic study showed that M13 formation in both human liver microsomes and cytosols obeyed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The maximum clearance (Vmax/Km) of GSH conjugation in human liver microsomes was approximately 5.5-fold higher than human liver cytosol, thus implying that microsomal GST was mainly responsible for M13 formation. These findings are important for understanding the potential hazard of human exposure to FLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Shi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department/Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kristopher W. Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Suhui Zhang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department/Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Liming Tang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department/Center for Drug Safety Evaluation, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China
- Corresponding Authors: (F.J.G.)., (L.T.)
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Corresponding Authors: (F.J.G.)., (L.T.)
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Masaki Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshioka T, Feng F, Zhao S, Higashino K, Numata Y, Kuge Y. Imaging Mass Spectrometry Revealed the Accumulation Characteristics of the 2-Nitroimidazole-Based Agent "Pimonidazole" in Hypoxia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161639. [PMID: 27580239 PMCID: PMC5007049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, or low oxygen concentration, is a key factor promoting tumor progression and angiogenesis and resistance of cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 2-Nitroimidazole-based agents have been widely used in pathological and nuclear medicine examinations to detect hypoxic regions in tumors; in particular, pimonidazole is used for histochemical staining of hypoxic regions. It is considered to accumulate in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules or by forming reductive metabolites after reduction of its nitro group. However, the detailed mechanism of its accumulation remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the accumulation mechanism of pimonidazole in hypoxic tumor tissues in a mouse model by mass spectrometric analyses including imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Pimonidazole and its reductive metabolites were observed in the tumor tissues. However, their locations in the tumor sections were not similar to the positively stained areas in pimonidazole-immunohistochemistry, an area considered hypoxic. The glutathione conjugate of reduced pimonidazole, a low-molecular-weight metabolite of pimonidazole, was found in tumor tissues by LC-MS analysis, and our IMS study determined that the intratumor localization of the glutathione conjugate was consistent with the area positively immunostained for pimonidazole. We also found complementary localization of the glutathione conjugate and reduced glutathione (GSH), implying that formation of the glutathione conjugate occurred in the tumor tissue. These results suggest that in hypoxic tumor cells, pimonidazole is reduced at its nitro group, followed by conjugation with GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Masaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fei Feng
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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41
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Lassila T, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Pelkonen O, Tolonen A. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of S- and N-linked glutathione conjugates of pulegone and menthofuran and identification of P450 enzymes mediating their formation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:917-926. [PMID: 26969934 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Menthofuran is a hepatotoxin and a major metabolite of pulegone, a monoterpene found in the essential oils of many mint species. It is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to reactive metabolites, which may further react with glutathione to form S-linked and N-linked conjugates. The tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation pathways of rarely observed N-linked conjugates, and the differences to fragmentation of S-linked conjugates, have not been reported in the literature previously, although this information is essential to enable comprehensive MS/MS-based screening methods covering the both types of conjugates. METHODS (R)-(+)-Pulegone, (S)-(-)-pulegone, and menthofuran were incubated with a human liver S9 fraction with glutathione (GSH) as the trapping agent. Conjugates were searched with ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)/orbitrap MS and their MS/MS spectra were measured both in the negative and positive ionization polarities. Menthofuran was also incubated with recombinant human CYP enzymes and GSH to elucidate the CYPs responsible for the formation of the reactive metabolites. RESULTS Four GSH conjugates of menthofuran were detected and identified as S- and N-linked conjugates based on MS/MS spectra. N-linked conjugates lacked the characteristic fragments of S-linked conjugates and commonly produced fragments that retained parts of glutamic acid. CYP1A2, 2B6 and 3A4 were observed to produce more GSH conjugates than other CYP isoforms. CONLUSIONS Furans can form reactive aldehydes that react in Schiff-base fashion with the free glutamyl-amine of GSH to form N-linked conjugates that have distinct MS/MS spectra from S-linked adducts. This should be taken into account when setting up LC/MS/MS-based detection of glutathione conjugates to screen for reactive metabolites, at least for compounds with a furan moiety. Neutral loss scanning of 178.0412 Da and 290.0573 Da in the positive ionization mode, or neutral loss scanning of 256.0695 Da and 290.0573 Da and precursor ion scanning of m/z 143.0462 in the negative ionization mode, is recommended. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, 90029, OYS, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620, Oulu, Finland
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42
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Chi M, Peng Y, Zheng J. Characterization of glutathione conjugates derived from reactive metabolites of bakuchiol. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 244:178-86. [PMID: 26712081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bakuchiol belongs to a family of monoterpene phenols occurring in plant Psoralea corylifolia L., a traditional herbal medicine. Bakuchiol has also demonstrated multiple pharmacologic activities. However, metabolism of bakuchiol had never been investigated. The major objective of the present study was to study the metabolic pathways of bakuchiol in order to identify potential reactive metabolites. A total of five glutathione (GSH) conjugates (M1-M5) were detected in rat/human liver microsomes containing NADPH, GSH, and bakuchiol. M1 and M2 resulted from GSH conjugated on the phenol ring. M3, M4, and M5 were derived from GSH adducted on the side chain. The results displayed that bakuchiol can be bioactivated by oxidation of the phenol moiety to the corresponding ortho-quinone and by epoxidation of the aliphatic side chain to epoxide metabolites. No bakuchiol-derived GSH conjugates were detected in urine of rats given bakuchiol, but six corresponding cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly) conjugates and mercapturic acids were observed instead. A 2'-iodoxybenzoic acid-mediated oxidation reaction of bakuchiol in the presence of GSH produced M1 and M2, and m-chloroperoxybenzoicacid-mediated oxidation of bakuchiol trapped with GSH generated M3 and M4. The four synthetic metabolites were detected in microsomal incubations. In addition, recombinant P450 enzyme incubations showed that CYP 1A2 was the predominant P450 responsible for the metabolism of bakuchiol. In summary, our results demonstrated that bakuchiol can be bioactivated to quinone and epoxide metabolites. These findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of bakuchiol-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Chi
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China; Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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43
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Masaki Y, Shimizu Y, Yoshioka T, Tanaka Y, Nishijima KI, Zhao S, Higashino K, Sakamoto S, Numata Y, Yamaguchi Y, Tamaki N, Kuge Y. The accumulation mechanism of the hypoxia imaging probe "FMISO" by imaging mass spectrometry: possible involvement of low-molecular metabolites. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16802. [PMID: 26582591 PMCID: PMC4652161 DOI: 10.1038/srep16802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
18F-fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) has been widely used as a hypoxia imaging probe for diagnostic positron emission tomography (PET). FMISO is believed to accumulate in hypoxic cells via covalent binding with macromolecules after reduction of its nitro group. However, its detailed accumulation mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the chemical forms of FMISO and their distributions in tumours using imaging mass spectrometry (IMS), which visualises spatial distribution of chemical compositions based on molecular masses in tissue sections. Our radiochemical analysis revealed that most of the radioactivity in tumours existed as low-molecular-weight compounds with unknown chemical formulas, unlike observations made with conventional views, suggesting that the radioactivity distribution primarily reflected that of these unknown substances. The IMS analysis indicated that FMISO and its reductive metabolites were nonspecifically distributed in the tumour in patterns not corresponding to the radioactivity distribution. Our IMS search found an unknown low-molecular-weight metabolite whose distribution pattern corresponded to that of both the radioactivity and the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. This metabolite was identified as the glutathione conjugate of amino-FMISO. We showed that the glutathione conjugate of amino-FMISO is involved in FMISO accumulation in hypoxic tumour tissues, in addition to the conventional mechanism of FMISO covalent binding to macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Masaki
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshioka
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yukari Tanaka
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nishijima
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Songji Zhao
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery, Discovery Research Laboratory for Innovative Frontier Medicines, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamaguchi
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi &Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Zhou L, Pang X, Xie C, Zhong D, Chen X. Chemical and Enzymatic Transformations of Nimesulide to GSH Conjugates through Reductive and Oxidative Mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2267-77. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Pang
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Cen Xie
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai
Institute of Materia
Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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45
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Scian M, Atkins WM. The busulfan metabolite EdAG irreversibly glutathionylates glutaredoxins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 583:96-104. [PMID: 26278353 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The DNA alkylating agent busulfan is used to 'precondition' patients with leukemia, lymphomas and other hematological disorders prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Busulfan is metabolized via conjugation with glutathione (GSH) followed by intramolecular rearrangement to the GSH analog γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl -glycine (EdAG). EdAG contains the electrophilic dehydroalanine, which is expected to react with protein nucleophiles, particularly proteins with GSH binding sites such as glutaredoxins (Grx's). Incubation of EdAG with human Grx-1 or Grx-2 results in facile adduction of cys-23 and cys-77, respectively, as determined by ESI-MS/MS. The resulting modified proteins are catalytically inactive. In contrast, the glutathione transferase A1-1 includes a GSH binding site with a potentially reactive tyrosinate (Tyr-9) but it does not react with EdAG. Similarly, Cys-112 of GSTA1-1, which lies outside the active site and is known to form disulfides with GSH, does not react with EdAG. The results provide the first demonstration of the reactivity of any busulfan metabolites with intact proteins, and they suggest that GSH-binding sites containing thiolates are most susceptible. The adduction of Grx's by EdAG suggests the possible alteration of proteins that are normally regulated via Grx-dependent reversible glutathionylation or deglutathionylation. Dysregulation of Grx-dependent processes could contribute to cellular toxicity of busulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scian
- The Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Box 357610, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA
| | - William M Atkins
- The Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Box 357610, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA.
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46
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Identification and characterization of reactive metabolites in myristicin-mediated mechanism-based inhibition of CYP1A2. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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47
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Facile and controllable one-step fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymer membrane by magnetic field directed self-assembly for electrochemical sensing of glutathione. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 886:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Moschini R, Peroni E, Rotondo R, Renzone G, Melck D, Cappiello M, Srebot M, Napolitano E, Motta A, Scaloni A, Mura U, Del-Corso A. NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase activity of carbonyl reductase on glutathionylhydroxynonanal as a new pathway for hydroxynonenal detoxification. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:66-76. [PMID: 25680283 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An NADP(+)-dependent dehydrogenase activity on 3-glutathionyl-4-hydroxynonanal (GSHNE) was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from a line of human astrocytoma cells (ADF). Proteomic analysis identified this enzymatic activity as associated with carbonyl reductase 1 (EC 1.1.1.184). The enzyme is highly efficient at catalyzing the oxidation of GSHNE (KM 33 µM, kcat 405 min(-1)), as it is practically inactive toward trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and other HNE-adducted thiol-containing amino acid derivatives. Combined mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis of the reaction products revealed that carbonyl reductase oxidizes the hydroxyl group of GSHNE in its hemiacetal form, with the formation of the corresponding 3-glutathionylnonanoic-δ-lactone. The relevance of this new reaction catalyzed by carbonyl reductase 1 is discussed in terms of HNE detoxification and the recovery of reducing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Peroni
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Rotondo
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, I-80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dominique Melck
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, ICB-CNR, I-80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Srebot
- Health Unit 5 Pisa, Gynecology and Obstetric Unit, Pontedera Hospital, 56025 Pontedera, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Motta
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, ICB-CNR, I-80078 Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM-CNR, I-80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, I-56123 Pisa, Italy.
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49
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Duerr MA, Aurora R, Ford DA. Identification of glutathione adducts of α-chlorofatty aldehydes produced in activated neutrophils. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1014-24. [PMID: 25814023 PMCID: PMC4409278 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes (α-ClFALDs) are produced by hypochlorous acid targeting plasmalogens during neutrophil activation. This study investigated the reaction of the α-chlorinated carbon of α-ClFALD with the nucleophile, GSH. Utilizing ESI/MS/MS, the reaction product of GSH and the 16-carbon α-ClFALD, 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), was characterized. The resulting conjugate of 2-ClHDA and GSH (HDA-GSH) has an intact free aldehyde, and the chlorine at the α-carbon is ejected. Stable isotope-labeled [d4]HDA-GSH was synthesized, which further confirmed the structure, and was used to quantify natural α-ClFALD conjugates of GSH (FALD-GSH) using reverse-phase LC with detection by ESI/MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring. HDA-GSH is elevated in RAW 264.7 cells treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of exogenous 2-ClHDA. Furthermore, PMA-treated primary human neutrophils have elevated levels of HDA-GSH and the conjugate of 2-chlorooctadecanal (2-ClODA) and GSH (ODA-GSH), as well as elevated levels of 2-ClHDA and 2-ClODA. Production of both conjugates in PMA-stimulated neutrophils was reduced by 3-aminotriazole pretreatment, which also blocks endogenous α-ClFALD production. Additionally, plasma FALD-GSH levels were elevated in the K/BxN mouse arthritis model. Taken together, these studies demonstrate novel peptidoaldehydes derived from GSH and α-ClFALD in activated human neutrophils and in vivo in K/BxN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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50
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Pfeiffer E, Fleck SC, Metzler M. Catechol formation: a novel pathway in the metabolism of sterigmatocystin and 11-methoxysterigmatocystin. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2093-9. [PMID: 25380456 DOI: 10.1021/tx500308k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (STC) has an aflatoxin-like structure including a furofuran ring system. Like aflatoxin B1, STC is a liver carcinogen and forms DNA adducts after metabolic activation to an epoxide at the furofuran ring. In incubations of STC with human P450 isoforms, one monooxygenated and one dioxygenated STC metabolite were recently reported, and a GSH adduct was formed when GSH was added to the incubations. However, the chemical structures of these metabolites were not unambiguously elucidated. We now report that hepatic microsomes from humans and rats predominantly form the catechol 9-hydroxy-STC via hydroxylation of the aromatic ring. No STC-1,2-oxide and only small amounts of STC-1,2-dihydrodiol were detected in microsomal incubations, suggesting that epoxidation is a minor pathway compared to catechol formation. Catechol formation was also much more pronounced than furofuran epoxidation in the microsomal metabolism of 11-methoxysterigmatocystin (MSTC). In support of the preference of catechol formation, only trace amounts of the thiol adduct of the 1,2-oxides but large amounts of the thiol adducts of the 9-hydroxy-8,9-quinones were obtained when N-acetyl-l-cysteine was added to the microsomal incubations of STC and MSTC. In addition to hydroxylation at C-9, smaller amounts of 12c-hydroxylated, 9,12c-dihydroxylated, and 9,11-dihydroxylated metabolites were formed. Our study suggests that hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, yielding a catechol, represents a major and novel pathway in the oxidative metabolism of STC and MSTC, which may contribute to the toxic and genotoxic effects of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pfeiffer
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Unit of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany
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