1
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Kumar D, Sachdeva K, Tanwar R, Devi S. Review on novel targeted enzyme drug delivery systems: enzymosomes. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4524-4543. [PMID: 38738579 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this review is to present enzymosomes as an innovative means for site-specific drug delivery. Enzymosomes make use of an enzyme's special characteristics, such as its capacity to accelerate the reaction rate and bind to a particular substrate at a regulated rate. Enzymosomes are created when an enzyme forms a covalent linkage with a liposome or lipid vesicle surface. To construct enzymosomes with specialized activities, enzymes are linked using acylation, direct conjugation, physical adsorption, and encapsulation techniques. By reducing the negative side effects of earlier treatment techniques and exhibiting efficient medication release, these cutting-edge drug delivery systems improve long-term sickness treatments. They could be a good substitute for antiplatelet medication, gout treatment, and other traditional medicines. Recently developed supramolecular vesicular delivery systems called enzymosomes have the potential to improve drug targeting, physicochemical characteristics, and ultimately bioavailability in the pharmaceutical industry. Enzymosomes have advantages over narrow-therapeutic index pharmaceuticals as focusing on their site of action enhances both their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles. Additionally, it reduces changes in normal enzymatic activity, which enhances the half-life of an enzyme and accomplishes enzyme activity on specific locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Komal Sachdeva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
| | - Rajni Tanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Starex University, Gurugram, India
| | - Sunita Devi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
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2
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Bocca B, Battistini B. Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:1-35. [PMID: 38436298 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained particular interest in nanotechnology industry. They are used in various industrial processes, in biomedical applications or to improve functional properties of several consumer products. The widescale use of MNMs in the global consumer market has resulted in increases in the likelihood of exposure and risks to human beings. Human exposure to MNMs and assessment of their potential health effects through the concomitant application of biomarkers of exposure and effect of the most commonly used MNMs were reviewed in this paper. In particular, interactions of MNMs with biological systems and the nanobiomonitoring as a prevention tool to detect the early damage caused by MNMs as well as related topics like the influence of some physicochemical features of MNMs and availability of analytical approaches for MNMs testing in human samples were summarized in this review. The studies collected and discussed seek to increase the current knowledge on the internal dose exposure and health effects of MNMs, highlighting the advantages in using biomarkers in primary prevention and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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3
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Chormey DS, Zaman BT, Borahan Kustanto T, Erarpat Bodur S, Bodur S, Tekin Z, Nejati O, Bakırdere S. Biogenic synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19423-19447. [PMID: 38018389 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the many benefits derived from the unique features and practicality of nanoparticles, the release of their toxic by-products or products from the synthesis stage into the environment could negatively impact natural resources and organisms. The physical and chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis involve high energy consumption and the use of hazardous chemicals, respectively, going against the principles of green chemistry. Biological methods of synthesis that rely on extracts from a broad range of natural plants, and microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, and yeast, have emerged as viable alternatives to the physical and chemical methods. Nanoparticles synthesized through biogenic pathways are particularly useful for biological applications that have high concerns about contamination. Herein, we review the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis and present a detailed overview of the biogenic methods used for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. The major points discussed in this study are the following: (1) the fundamentals of the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle syntheses, (2) the use of different biological precursors (microorganisms and plant extracts) to synthesize gold, silver, selenium, iron, and other metal nanoparticles, and (3) the applications of biogenic nanoparticles in diverse fields of study, including the environment, health, material science, and analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Buse Tuğba Zaman
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Tülay Borahan Kustanto
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezin Erarpat Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- İstinye University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
- İstinye University, Scientific and Technological Research Application and Research Center, 34010 İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Tekin
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Neutec Pharmaceutical, Yıldız Technical University Teknopark, 34220, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Omid Nejati
- İstinye University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, 34010, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), Vedat Dalokay Street, No: 112, 06670, Çankaya, 06670, Ankara, Türkiye
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Qu H, Smith WC, Feng X, Wang J, Pinto J, Xu X, Faustino PJ. Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation for Molar Mass Characterization of Polyethylene Oxide in Abuse-Deterrent Formulations. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464186. [PMID: 37453175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
High molar mass polyethylene oxide (HM-PEO) is commonly used to enhance the mechanical strength of solid oral opioid drug products to deter abuse. Because the properties of PEO depend on molar mass distribution, accurately determining the molar mass distribution is a necessary part of understanding PEO's role in abuse-deterrent formulations (ADF). In this study, an asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) analytical procedure was developed to characterize PEO polymers with nominal molar masses of 1, 4 or 7 MDa as well as those from in-house prepared placebo ADF. The placebo ADF were manufactured using direct compress or hot-melt-extrusion methods, and subjected to physical manipulation, such as heating and grinding before measurement by AF4 were performed. The molar mass distribution characterized by AF4 revealed that PEO was sensitive to thermal stress, exhibiting decreased molar mass with increased heat exposure. The optimized AF4 method was deemed suitable for characterizing HM-PEO, offering adequate dynamic separation range for PEO with molar mass from 100 kDa to approximately 10 MDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Qu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
| | - William C Smith
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Jiang Wang
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Julia Pinto
- Division of New Drug Product II, Office of New Drug Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
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5
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Bian J, Gobalasingham N, Purchel A, Lin J. The Power of Field-Flow Fractionation in Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104169. [PMID: 37241911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a gentle, flexible, and powerful separation technique that is widely utilized for fractionating nanometer-sized analytes, which extend to many emerging nanocarriers for drug delivery, including lipid-, virus-, and polymer-based nanoparticles. To ascertain quality attributes and suitability of these nanostructures as drug delivery systems, including particle size distributions, shape, morphology, composition, and stability, it is imperative that comprehensive analytical tools be used to characterize the native properties of these nanoparticles. The capacity for AF4 to be readily coupled to multiple online detectors (MD-AF4) or non-destructively fractionated and analyzed offline make this technique broadly compatible with a multitude of characterization strategies, which can provide insight on size, mass, shape, dispersity, and many other critical quality attributes. This review will critically investigate MD-AF4 reports for characterizing nanoparticles in drug delivery, especially those reported in the last 10-15 years that characterize multiple attributes simultaneously downstream from fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bian
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nemal Gobalasingham
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Anatolii Purchel
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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6
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Sajid A, Castronovo M, Goycoolea FM. On the Fractionation and Physicochemical Characterisation of Self-Assembled Chitosan-DNA Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092115. [PMID: 37177260 PMCID: PMC10180698 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is extensively studied as a carrier for gene delivery and is an attractive non-viral gene vector owing to its polycationic, biodegradable, and biocompatible nature. Thus, it is essential to understand the chemistry of self-assembled chitosan-DNA complexation and their structural and functional properties, enabling the formation of an effective non-viral gene delivery system. In this study, two parent chitosans (samples NAS-032 and NAS-075; Mw range ~118-164 kDa) and their depolymerised derivatives (deploy nas-032 and deploy nas-075; Mw range 6-14 kDa) with degrees of acetylation 43.4 and 4.7%, respectively, were used to form polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) with DNA at varying [-NH3+]/[-PO4-] (N/P) molar charge ratios. We investigated the formation of the PECs using ζ-potential, asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with multiangle light scattering (MALS), refractive index (RI), ultraviolet (UV) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors, and TEM imaging. PEC formation was confirmed by ζ-potential measurements that shifted from negative to positive values at N/P ratio ~2. The radius of gyration (Rg) was determined for the eluting fractions by AF4-MALS-RI-UV, while the corresponding hydrodynamic radius (Rh), by the DLS data. We studied the influence of different cross-flow rates on AF4 elution patterns for PECs obtained at N/P ratios 5, 10, and 20. The determined rho shape factor (ρ = Rg/Rh) values for the various PECs corresponded with a sphere morphology (ρ ~0.77-0.85), which was consistent with TEM images. The results of this study represent a further step towards the characterisation of chitosan-DNA PECs by the use of multi-detection AF4 as an important tool to fractionate and infer aspects of their morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sajid
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matteo Castronovo
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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7
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Gopalakrishnan A, Bouby M, Schäfer AI. Membrane-organic solute interactions in asymmetric flow field flow fractionation: Interplay of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158891. [PMID: 36411600 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure and size characterization of organic matter (OM) using flow field-flow fractionation (FFFF) is interesting due to the numerous interactions of OM in aquatic systems and water treatment processes. The estimation of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces involved in the fractionation of OM over different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) membranes is vital for a better understanding of the FFFF process. This work aims to understand the membrane-OM interactive forces with respect to membrane MWCO, solute molecular weight, flow rates, solution pH and ionic strength. Polystyrene sulfonate sodium salt (PSS) of molecular weights 10, 30 and 65 kDa were used as model organic solutes for fractionation over ultrafiltration (UF) membranes of MWCO 1-30 kDa. Maximum fractionation of PSS was achieved by using a tight membrane of 1 kDa MWCO at the conditions of high permeate flow rate (1.5-2.0 mL·min-1), low concentrate flow rate (0.2-0.3 mL·min-1) and low ionic strength (10 mM). The better fractionation corresponds to high permeate drag force and low concentrate drag force. A low membrane-solute DLVO interaction is favourable for the retention of a small solute. This study illustrated that FFFF characteristics can be analyzed based on membrane-solute interactive forces controlled by selected flow, size and charge parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Gopalakrishnan
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muriel Bouby
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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8
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Electrical asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation with a multi-detector array platform for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles with different coatings. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2113-2120. [PMID: 36604335 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrical asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (EAF4) is a new and interesting analytical technique recently proposed for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles (NPs). It has the potential to simultaneously provide relevant information about size and electrical parameters, such as electrophoretic mobility (μ) and zeta-potential (ζ), of individual NP populations in an online instrumental setup with an array of detectors. However, several chemical and instrumental conditions involved in this technique are definitely influential, and only few applications have been proposed until now. In the present work, an EAF4 system has been used with different detectors, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and inductively coupled plasma with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-TQ-MS) for the characterization of gold, silver, and platinum NPs with both citrate and phosphate coatings. The behavior of NPs has been studied in terms of retention time and signal intensity under both positive and negative current with results depending on the coating. Carrier composition, particularly ionic strength, was found to be critical to achieve satisfactory recoveries and a reliable measurement of electrical parameters. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) has been used as a comparative technique for these parameters. The NovaChem surfactant mix (0.01%) showed a quantitative recovery (93 ± 1%) of the membrane, but the carrier had to be modified by increasing the ionic strength with 200 μM of Na2CO3 to achieve consistent μ values. However, ζ was one order of magnitude lower in EAF4-UV-vis-MALS than in DLS, probably due to different electric processes in the channel. From a practical point of view, EAF4 technique is still in its infancy and further studies are necessary for a robust implementation in the characterization of NPs.
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9
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Analysis and purification of ssRNA and dsRNA molecules using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Xie H, Wei X, Zhao J, He L, Wang L, Wang M, Cui L, Yu YL, Li B, Li YF. Size characterization of nanomaterials in environmental and biological matrices through non-electron microscopic techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155399. [PMID: 35472343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENs) can enter the environment, and accumulate in food chains, thereby causing environmental and health problems. Size characterization of ENs is critical for further evaluating the interactions among ENs in biological and ecological systems. Although electron microscope is a powerful tool in obtaining the size information, it has limitations when studying nanomaterials in complex matrices. In this review, we summarized non-electron microscope-based techniques, including chromatography-based, mass spectrometry-based, synchrotron radiation- and neutron-based techniques for detecting the size of ENs in environmental and biological matrices. The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were highlighted. The perspectives on size characterization of ENs in complex matrices were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina He
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China.
| | - Bai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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11
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Ventouri IK, Loeber S, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ, Astefanei A. Field-flow fractionation for molecular-interaction studies of labile and complex systems: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1193:339396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Eskelin K, Oksanen HM. Archaeal Viruses: Production of Virus Particles and Vesicle-like Viruses and Purification Using Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2522:449-465. [PMID: 36125770 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2445-6_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a separation method based on hydrodynamic size of the sample components. It can separate a broad size range of components (~103 to 109 Da; particle diameter from ~1 nm to ~1 μm), but is especially well suited for high molecular weight samples such as virus-sized particles and extracellular vesicles. Separation takes place in an open channel where the flows control sample elution. Separation does not involve stationary phase, allowing gentle separation and good recoveries. The method is compatible with a wide variety of buffers. Coupling to various analytical detectors enables rapid assays on the molecular weight and size and their distribution, degradation, and aggregation of the sample components giving information on the sample quality. In addition to being an advanced analytical method, AF4 can be used in a semipreparative mode for purification. Here, we summarize archaeal virus production methods and virus purification by AF4 and provide examples on the steps that need optimization for obtaining good separation with the focus on halophilic archaeal viruses. Importantly, AF4 method is suitable for a variety of viruses and extracellular vesicles regardless of their host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Eskelin
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M Oksanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Mowla M, Shakiba S, Louie SM. Selective quantification of nanoplastics in environmental matrices by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation with total organic carbon detection. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12940-12943. [PMID: 34761754 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04852j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics are of rapidly emerging concern as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. However, fate and transport assessments are currently hindered by a need for new analytical methods that can selectively quantify nanoplastics in environmental matrices. This study presents the first proof of principle to hyphenate asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) with total organic carbon (TOC) detection for nanoplastics analysis, as evaluated on mixtures of multimodal polystyrene nanoplastics in the presence of dissolved organic matter and clay colloids. The AF4-TOC method enables more robust, size-resolved quantification of nanoplastics over other AF4 detection modes, including UV-vis, refractive index, and fluorescence tagging. This method development can fill a critical gap in analytical methodology for environmental nanoplastics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfua Mowla
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
| | - Sheyda Shakiba
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
| | - Stacey M Louie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4003, USA.
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14
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Monitoring anthropogenic particles in the environment: Recent developments and remaining challenges at the forefront of analytical methods. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Geißler F, Martínez-Cabanas M, Lodeiro P, Achterberg EP. Optimization of hyphenated asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation for the analysis of silver nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6889-6904. [PMID: 34537865 PMCID: PMC8449749 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in consumer products, medicine, and industry leads to their release into the environment. Thus, a characterization of the concentration, size, fate, and toxicity of AgNPs under environmental conditions is required. In this study, we present the characterization and optimization of an asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) system coupled with UV/Vis spectrophotometer and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detector as a powerful tool for the size separation and multi-parameter characterization of AgNPs in complex matrices. The hyphenated AF4-UV/Vis-DLS system was first characterized using individual injections of the different size fractions. We used electrostatically stabilized AgNPs of 20-, 50-, and 80-nm nominal diameters coated with lipoic acid. We investigated the effect of applied cross-flows, carrier solutions, focus times, and quantity of injected particles on the nature of the AF4 fractograms and on the integrity of the AgNPs. Best size separation of a 1:1 mixture of 20- and 80-nm AgNPs was achieved using cross-flows of 0.5 and 0.7 mL/min with 1 mM NaCl and 0.05% v/v Mucasol as carrier solutions. We also researched the behavior of AgNPs in natural waters using the hyphenated AF4-UV/Vis-DLS system, under determined optimal conditions. Schematic and photograph of the AF4 setup with numbered hardware devices. Dashed lines represent electrical connections; continuous lines represent fluidic connections. For a better overview, not all fluidic connections between pump/6-way valve (2) and the Eclipse AF4 device (3) are shown in the schematic. The fluorescence detector (FL (7)) was not used in the study presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Geißler
- Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - María Martínez-Cabanas
- Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Pablo Lodeiro
- Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lleida - AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- Chemical Oceanography, Marine Biogeochemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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16
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Shakiba S, Astete CE, Cueto R, Rodrigues DF, Sabliov CM, Louie SM. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) with fluorescence and multi-detector analysis for direct, real-time, size-resolved measurements of drug release from polymeric nanoparticles. J Control Release 2021; 338:410-421. [PMID: 34453956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are typically designed to enhance the efficiency of drug delivery by controlling the drug release rate. Hence, it is critical to obtain an accurate drug release profile. This study presents the first application of asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) with fluorescence detection (FLD) to quantify release profiles of fluorescent drugs from polymeric NPs, specifically poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs loaded with enrofloxacin (PLGA-Enro NPs). In contrast to conventional measurements requiring separation of the NPs and dissolved drugs (typically by dialysis) prior to quantification, AF4 provides in situ removal of unincorporated drugs, while the judicious combination of online FLD and UV detection selectively provides the entrapped drug and PLGA NP concentrations, respectively, and hence the drug loading. NP size and shape factors are simultaneously obtained by online dynamic and multi-angle light scattering (DLS, MALS) detectors. The AF4 and dialysis approaches were compared to evaluate drug release from PLGA-Enro NPs containing a high proportion (≈ 94%) of unincorporated (burst release) drug at three temperatures spanning the glass transition temperature (Tg ≈ 33 °C) of the NPs. The AF4 method clearly captured the temperature dependence of the drug release relative to Tg (from no release at 20 °C to rapid release at 37 °C). In contrast, dialysis was not able to distinguish differences in the extent or rate of release of the entrapped drug because of interferences from the burst release, as well as the dialysis lag time, as supported through a diffusion model and validation experiments on purified NPs with low burst release. Finally, the multi-detector AF4 analysis yielded unique size-dependent release profiles across the entire NP size distribution, with smaller NPs showing faster release consistent with radial diffusion from the NPs. Overall, this study demonstrates the novel application and advantages of multi-detector AF4 methods, particularly AF4-FLD, to obtain direct, size-resolved release profiles of fluorescent drugs from polymeric NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Shakiba
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Carlos E Astete
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Rafael Cueto
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Debora F Rodrigues
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States
| | - Cristina M Sabliov
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Stacey M Louie
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, United States.
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17
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Taboada-López MV, Bartczak D, Cuello-Núñez S, Goenaga-Infante H, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. AF4-UV-ICP-MS for detection and quantification of silver nanoparticles in seafood after enzymatic hydrolysis. Talanta 2021; 232:122504. [PMID: 34074453 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method based on asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) detection and quantification in bivalve molluscs. Samples were pre-treated using a conventional enzymatic (pancreatin and lipase) hydrolysis procedure (37 °C, 12 h). AF4 was performed using a regenerated cellulose (RC) membrane (10 kDa, 350 μm spacer) and aqueous 5 mM Tris-HCl pH = 7.4 as carrier. AF4 separation was achieved with a program that included a focusing step with tip and focus flows of 0.20 and 3.0 mL min-1, respectively, and an injection time of 4.0 min. Elution of different size fractions was performed using a cross flow of 3.0 mL min-1 for 15 min, followed by linear cross flow decrease for 7.5 min, and a washing step for 9.4 min with no cross flow. Several bivalve molluscs (clams, oysters and variegated scallops) were analysed for total Ag content (ICP-MS after microwave assisted acid digestion), and for Ag NPs by the method presented here. Results show that Ag NPs are detected at the same elution time than proteins (UV monitoring at 280 and 405 nm), which suggests a certain interaction occurred between Ag NPs with proteins in the enzymatic extracts. AF4-UV-ICP-MS fractograms also suggest different Ag NPs size distributions for selected samples. Membrane recoveries, determined by peak area comparison of fractograms with and without application of cross flow, were within the 49-121% range. Confirmation of the presence Ag NPs in the investigated enzymatic extracts was demonstrated by SEM after an oxidative pre-treatment based on hydrogen peroxide and microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vanesa Taboada-López
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Strategic Grouping in Materials (AEMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology. Faculty of Chemistry. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Avenida Das Ciencias, S/n. 15782, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Dorota Bartczak
- LGC Limited. Queen's Road, TW11 0LY, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pilar Bermejo-Barrera
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Strategic Grouping in Materials (AEMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology. Faculty of Chemistry. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Avenida Das Ciencias, S/n. 15782, Santiago de Compostela. Spain
| | - Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro
- Trace Element, Spectroscopy and Speciation Group (GETEE), Strategic Grouping in Materials (AEMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology. Faculty of Chemistry. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Avenida Das Ciencias, S/n. 15782, Santiago de Compostela. Spain.
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18
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Plavchak CL, Smith WC, Bria CRM, Williams SKR. New Advances and Applications in Field-Flow Fractionation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:257-279. [PMID: 33770457 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-052742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of techniques that was created especially for separating and characterizing macromolecules, nanoparticles, and micrometer-sized analytes. It is coming of age as new nanomaterials, polymers, composites, and biohybrids with remarkable properties are introduced and new analytical challenges arise due to synthesis heterogeneities and the motivation to correlate analyte properties with observed performance. Appreciation of the complexity of biological, pharmaceutical, and food systems and the need to monitor multiple components across many size scales have also contributed to FFF's growth. This review highlights recent advances in FFF capabilities, instrumentation, and applications that feature the unique characteristics of different FFF techniques in determining a variety of information, such as averages and distributions in size, composition, shape, architecture, and microstructure and in investigating transformations and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Plavchak
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | - William C Smith
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
| | | | - S Kim Ratanathanawongs Williams
- Laboratory for Advanced Separation Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA;
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19
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Quattrini F, Berrecoso G, Crecente-Campo J, Alonso MJ. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation as a multifunctional technique for the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:373-395. [PMID: 33521866 PMCID: PMC7987708 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00918-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The importance of polymeric nanocarriers in the field of drug delivery is ever-increasing, and the accurate characterization of their properties is paramount to understand and predict their behavior. Asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a fractionation technique that has gained considerable attention for its gentle separation conditions, broad working range, and versatility. AF4 can be hyphenated to a plurality of concentration and size detectors, thus permitting the analysis of the multifunctionality of nanomaterials. Despite this potential, the practical information that can be retrieved by AF4 and its possible applications are still rather unfamiliar to the pharmaceutical scientist. This review was conceived as a primer that clearly states the "do's and don'ts" about AF4 applied to the characterization of polymeric nanocarriers. Aside from size characterization, AF4 can be beneficial during formulation optimization, for drug loading and drug release determination and for the study of interactions among biomaterials. It will focus mainly on the advances made in the last 5 years, as well as indicating the problematics on the consensus, which have not been reached yet. Methodological recommendations for several case studies will be also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Quattrini
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Germán Berrecoso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Crecente-Campo
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María José Alonso
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Singular Research Centers, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), IDIS Research Institute, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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20
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Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation: Current Status, Possibilities, Analytical Limitations and Future Trends. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Marine Exopolysaccharide Complexed With Scandium Aimed as Theranostic Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041143. [PMID: 33672781 PMCID: PMC7924592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Exopolysaccharide (EPS) derivatives, produced by Alteromonas infernus bacterium, showed anti-metastatic properties. They may represent a new class of ligands to be combined with theranostic radionuclides, such as 47Sc/44Sc. The goal of this work was to investigate the feasibility of such coupling. (2) Methods: EPSs, as well as heparin used as a drug reference, were characterized in terms of molar mass and dispersity using Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled to Multi-Angle Light Scattering (AF4-MALS). The intrinsic viscosity of EPSs at different ionic strengths were measured in order to establish the conformation. To determine the stability constants of Sc with EPS and heparin, a Free-ion selective radiotracer extraction (FISRE) method has been used. (3) Results: AF4-MALS showed that radical depolymerization produces monodisperse EPSs, suitable for therapeutic use. EPS conformation exhibited a lower hydrodynamic volume for the highest ionic strengths. The resulting random-coiled conformation could affect the complexation with metal for high concentration. The LogK of Sc-EPS complexes have been determined and showing that they are comparable to the Sc-Hep. (4) Conclusions: EPSs are very promising to be coupled with the theranostic pair of scandium for Nuclear Medicine.
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22
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Sánchez-Cachero A, López-Sanz S, Fariñas NR, Ríos Á, Martín-Doimeadios RDCR. A method based on asymmetric flow field flow fractionation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the monitoring of platinum nanoparticles in water samples. Talanta 2021; 222:121513. [PMID: 33167224 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An analytical methodology based on asymmetric flow field flow fractionation hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (AF4-ICP-MS) has been developed for monitoring citrate coated platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) of different sizes (5, 30, and 50 nm) in water samples. Several factors have been optimized, such as carrier composition, AF4 separation program, focusing step or cross flow values. Under the optimum conditions, PtNPs can be fractionated in about 30 min in a single run with quantitative recoveries of the membrane (100 ± 7%, n = 5). The optimized method has been successfully applied to study transformations, not only in size but also surface modifications, of PtNPs in synthetic and natural water samples over time. The effect of organic matter was specifically studied, and it was found to be a critical parameter. The analytical strategy followed in this work can be very useful to develop further environmental studies involving PtNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Sánchez-Cachero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Sara López-Sanz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez Fariñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Carmen Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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23
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Luo XL, Wu YT, Zhang LY, Li KX, Jia TJ, Chen Y, Zhou LH, Huang PL. An effective solution to simultaneously analyze size, mass and number concentration of polydisperse nanoplastics in a biological matrix: asymmetrical flow field fractionation coupled with a diode array detector and multiangle light scattering. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12902-12906. [PMID: 35423824 PMCID: PMC8697335 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00450f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To accurately understand the biological pollution level and toxicity of polydisperse nanoplastics, an effective solution is presented to separate polydisperse nanoplastics and detect their size, mass and number concentration in a biological matrix by asymmetrical flow field fractionation coupled with a diode array detector and a multiangle light scattering detector. AF4-DAD-MALS is proposed to separate polydisperse nanoplastics and detect their size, mass and number concentration in a biological matrix.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-ling Luo
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Ying-ting Wu
- Core Facility Center
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Ling-yan Zhang
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Ke-xin Li
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Tian-jiang Jia
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Yi Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Li-hong Zhou
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Pei-li Huang
- School of Public Health
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
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24
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Caputo F, Mehn D, Clogston JD, Rösslein M, Prina-Mello A, Borgos SE, Gioria S, Calzolai L. Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation for measuring particle size, drug loading and (in)stability of nanopharmaceuticals. The joint view of European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory and National Cancer Institute - Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461767. [PMID: 33310281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been recognized as an invaluable tool for the characterisation of particle size, polydispersity, drug loading and stability of nanopharmaceuticals. However, the application of robust and high quality standard operating procedures (SOPs) is critical for accurate measurements, especially as these complex drug nanoformulations are most often inherently polydisperse. In this review we describe a unique international collaboration that lead to the development of a robust SOP for the measurement of physical-chemical properties of nanopharmaceuticals by multi-detector AF4 (MD-AF4) involving two state of the art infrastructures in the field of nanomedicine, the European Union Nanomedicine Characterization Laboratory (EUNCL) and the National Cancer Institute-Nanotechnology Characterisation Laboratory (NCI-NCL). We present examples of how MD-AF4 has been used for the analysis of key quality attributes, such as particle size, shape, drug loading and stability of complex nanomedicine formulations. The results highlight that MD-AF4 is a very versatile analytical technique to obtain critical information on a material particle size distribution, polydispersity and qualitative information on drug loading. The ability to conduct analysis in complex physiological matrices is an additional very important advantage of MD-AF4 over many other analytical techniques used in the field for stability studies. Overall, the joint NCI-NCL/EUNCL experience demonstrates the ability to implement a powerful and highly complex analytical technique such as MD-AF4 to the demanding quality standards set by the regulatory authorities for the pre-clinical safety characterization of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Caputo
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - J D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL), Cancer Research, Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M Rösslein
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Research and Testing, Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, EMPA, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland
| | - A Prina-Mello
- LBCAM, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - S Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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25
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Ojeda D, Sánchez P, Bolea E, Laborda F, Castillo JR. How the use of a short channel can improve the separation efficiency of nanoparticles in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461759. [PMID: 33278672 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of a commercially available short length channel (14 cm length) is proposed to improve the efficiency associated to the separation by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation of particles in the nanometer range respect to a standard channel (27 cm length). The effect of channel length on elution times, separation efficiency and resolution have been studied. Polystyrene particles between 50 and 500 nm in size have been used to compare the behavior of both channels. Theoretical aspects based on the different contributions on particle diffusion inside the channel during the separation process have been considered to justify the results obtained. Non-equilibrium diffusion contribution to the efficiency has shown to be the most relevant aspect to be controlled during the separation. The increment of the field strength applied through the cross-flow velocityallows the reduction of diffusion while keep elution times constant. The use of the same cross-flow in a channel with a smaller area is the key factor that justifies the better efficiencies observed along the whole size range studied (improvements that reach factors up to 4.7 in experimental efficiency respect to the standard channel were achieved). The separation of polystyrene particles of 100 and 200 nm was achieved with a resolution of 1.20, whereas a 0.66 value was obtained with the standard channel at the same elution times. Channel recoveries have been also compared under optimized conditions to ensure that no side effects are produced, including the separation of mixtures of TiO2 nanoparticles. Similar or even better values were obtained with the short length channel, with recoveries higher than 85% for all the polystyrene particles tested and 75% recovery for the TiO2 nanoparticle mixture, which justifies its use for the separation of nanoparticles, providing better resolutions without compromise elution times or recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ojeda
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Sánchez
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bolea
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Laborda
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan R Castillo
- Group of Analytical Spectroscopy and Sensors (GEAS), Institute of Environmental Sciences (IUCA), University of Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna, 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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26
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Chen X, Zhang W, Dou Y, Song T, Shen S, Dou H. Applications of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation for separation and characterization of polysaccharides: A review. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1635:461726. [PMID: 33250160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant natural biopolymers on the earth and are widely used in food, medicine, materials, cosmetics, and other fields. The physicochemical properties of polysaccharides such as particle size and molecular weight often affect their practical applications. In recent years, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) has been widely used in the separation and characterization of polysaccharides because it has no stationary phases or packing materials, which reduces the risk of shear degradation of polysaccharides. In this review, the principle of AF4 was introduced briefly. The operation conditions of AF4 for the analysis of polysaccharides were discussed. The applications of AF4 for the separation and characterization of polysaccharides from different sources (plants, animals, and microorganisms) over the last decade were critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuwei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Tiange Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shigang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Haiyang Dou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis Mechanism and Control of Inflammatory-Autoimmune Disease of Hebei Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Niezabitowska E, Town AR, Sabagh B, Morales Moctezuma MD, Kearns VR, Spain SG, Rannard SP, McDonald TO. Insights into the internal structures of nanogels using a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation method. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4713-4721. [PMID: 36132924 PMCID: PMC9416902 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00314j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) nanogels are a highly researched type of colloidal material. In this work, we establish a versatile asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) method that can provide high resolution particle sizing and also structural information on nanogel samples from 65-310 nm in hydrodynamic diameter and so different chemical compositions. To achieve this online multi-angle light scattering and dynamic light scattering detectors were used to provide measurement of the radius of gyration (R g) and hydrodynamic radius (R h) respectively. Two different eluents and a range of cross-flows were evaluated in order to provide effective fractionation and high recovery for the different nanogel samples. We found that using 0.1 M NaNO3 as the eluent and an initial cross-flow of 1 mL min-1 provided optimal separation conditions for all samples tested. Using this method, we analysed two types of samples, pNIPAM nanogels prepared by free radical dispersion polymerisation with increasing diameters and analysed poly(acrylic acid)-b-pNIPAM crosslinked nanogels prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerisation. We could determine that the differently sized free radical nanogels possessed differing internal structures; shape factors (R g/R h) ranged from 0.58-0.73 and revealed that the smallest nanogel had a homogeneous internal crosslinking density, while the larger nanogels had a more densely crosslinked core compared to the shell. The poly(acrylic acid)-b-pNIPAM crosslinked nanogels displayed clear core-shell structures due to all the crosslinking being contained in the core of the nanogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Niezabitowska
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Adam R Town
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Bassem Sabagh
- Postnova Analytics UK Ltd Units 64-65, Malvern Hills Science Park Malvern Worcestershire WR14 3SZ UK
| | | | - Victoria R Kearns
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 8TX UK
| | - Sebastian G Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | - Steve P Rannard
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
| | - Tom O McDonald
- Department of Chemistry & Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK +44 (0)151 795 0524
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Fan Y, Marioli M, Zhang K. Analytical characterization of liposomes and other lipid nanoparticles for drug delivery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113642. [PMID: 33011580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles, especially liposomes and lipid/nucleic acid complexed nanoparticles have shown great success in the pharmaceutical industry. Their success is attributed to stable drug loading, extended pharmacokinetics, reduced off-target side effects, and enhanced delivery efficiency to disease targets with formidable blood-brain or plasma membrane barriers. Therefore, they offer promising formulation options for drugs limited by low therapeutic indexes in traditional dosage forms and current "undruggable" targets. Recent development of siRNA, antisense oligonucleotide, or the CRISPR complex-loaded lipid nanoparticles and liposomal vaccines also shed light on their potential in enabling versatile formulation platforms for new pharmaceutical modalities. Analytical characterization of these nanoparticles is critical to drug design, formulation development, understanding in vivo performance, as well as quality control. The multi-lipid excipients, unique core-bilayer structure, and nanoscale size all underscore their complicated critical quality attributes, including lipid species, drug encapsulation efficiency, nanoparticle characteristics, product stability, and drug release. To address these challenges and facilitate future applications of lipid nanoparticles in drug development, we summarize available analytical approaches for physicochemical characterizations of lipid nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical modalities. Furthermore, we compare advantages and challenges of different techniques, and highlight the promise of new strategies for automated high-throughput screening and future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Maria Marioli
- Pharma Technical Development Europe Analytics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Ojeda D, Taboada-López MV, Bolea E, Pérez-Arantegui J, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A, Laborda F. Size characterization and quantification of titanium dioxide nano- and microparticles-based products by Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation coupled to Dynamic Light Scattering and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1122:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Alberg I, Kramer S, Schinnerer M, Hu Q, Seidl C, Leps C, Drude N, Möckel D, Rijcken C, Lammers T, Diken M, Maskos M, Morsbach S, Landfester K, Tenzer S, Barz M, Zentel R. Polymeric Nanoparticles with Neglectable Protein Corona. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907574. [PMID: 32250017 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of nanoparticle-protein interactions indicates that they rapidly adsorb proteins upon introduction into a living organism. The formed protein corona determines thereafter identity and fate of nanoparticles in the body. The present study evaluates the protein affinity of three core-crosslinked polymeric nanoparticles with long circulation times, differing in the hydrophilic polymer material forming the particle surface, namely poly(N-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide) (pHPMA), polysarcosine (pSar), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). This includes the nanotherapeutic CPC634, which is currently in clinical phase II evaluation. To investigate possible protein corona formation, the nanoparticles are incubated in human blood plasma and separated by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4). Notably, light scattering shows no detectable differences in particle size or polydispersity upon incubation with plasma for all nanoparticles, while in gel electrophoresis, minor amounts of proteins can be detected in the particle fraction. Label-free quantitative proteomics is additionally applied to analyze and quantify the composition of the proteins. It proves that some proteins are enriched, but their concentration is significantly less than one protein per particle. Thus, most of the nanoparticles are not associated with any proteins. Therefore, this work underlines that polymeric nanoparticles can be synthesized, for which a protein corona formation does not take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Stefan Kramer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Meike Schinnerer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Qizhi Hu
- Cristal Therapeutics, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Seidl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Christian Leps
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Natascha Drude
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbecktrasse 55, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Diana Möckel
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbecktrasse 55, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Cristianne Rijcken
- Cristal Therapeutics, Oxfordlaan 55, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbecktrasse 55, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University gGmbH, Freiligrathstr. 12, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Michael Maskos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, Mainz, 55129, Germany
| | - Svenja Morsbach
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
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Parot J, Caputo F, Mehn D, Hackley VA, Calzolai L. Physical characterization of liposomal drug formulations using multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation. J Control Release 2020; 320:495-510. [PMID: 32004590 PMCID: PMC7146538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Liposomal formulations for the treatment of cancer and other diseases are the most common form of nanotechnology enabled pharmaceuticals (NEPs) submitted for market approval and in clinical application today. The accurate characterization of their physical-chemical properties is a key requirement; in particular, size, size distribution, shape, and physical-chemical stability are key among properties that regulators identify as critical quality attributes. Here we develop and validate an optimized method, based on multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field flow fractionation (MD-AF4) to accurately and reproducibly separate liposomal drug formulations into their component populations and to characterize their associated size and size distribution, whether monomodal or polymodal in nature. In addition, the results show that the method is suitable to measure liposomes in the presence of serum proteins and can yield information on the shape and physical stability of the structures. The optimized MD-AF4 based method has been validated across different instrument platforms, three laboratories, and multiple drug formulations following a comprehensive analysis of factors that influence the fractionation process and subsequent physical characterization. Interlaboratory reproducibility and intra-laboratory precision were evaluated, identifying sources of bias and establishing criteria for the acceptance of results. This method meets a documented high priority need in regulatory science as applied to NEPs such as Doxil and can be adapted to the measurement of other NEP forms (such as lipid nanoparticle therapeutics) with some modifications. Overall, this method will help speed up development of NEPS, and facilitate their regulatory review, ultimately leading to faster translation of innovative concepts from the bench to the clinic. Additionally, the approach used in this work (based on international collaboration between leading non-regulatory institutions) can be replicated to address other identified gaps in the analytical characterization of various classes of NEPs. Finally, a plan exists to pursue more extended interlaboratory validation studies to advance this method to a consensus international standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Parot
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520, United States; Theiss Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - F Caputo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - D Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - V A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8520, United States.
| | - L Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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32
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Capabilities of asymmetrical flow field – Flow fractionation on-line coupled to different detectors for characterization of water-stabilized quantum dots bioconjugated to biomolecules. Talanta 2020; 206:120228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Clogston JD, Hackley VA, Prina-Mello A, Puri S, Sonzini S, Soo PL. Sizing up the Next Generation of Nanomedicines. Pharm Res 2019; 37:6. [PMID: 31828540 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2736-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades the nanomedicine field has experienced significant progress. To date, over sixty nanoparticle (NP) formulations have been approved in the US and EU while many others are in clinical or preclinical development, indicating a concerted effort to translate promising bench research to commercially viable pharmaceutical products. The use of NPs as novel drug delivery systems, for example, can improve drug safety and efficacy profiles and enable access to intracellular domains of diseased cells, thus paving the way to previously intractable biological targets. However, the measurement of their physicochemical properties presents substantial challenges relative to conventional injectable formulations. In this perspective, we focus exclusively on particle size, a core property and critical quality attribute of nanomedicines. We present an overview of relevant state-of-the-art technologies for particle sizing, highlighting the main parameters that can influence the selection of techniques suitable for a specific size range or material. We consider the increasing need, and associated challenge, to measure size in physiologically relevant media. We detail the importance of standards, key to validate any measurement, and the need for suitable reference materials for processes used to characterize novel and complex NPs. This perspective highlights issues critical to achieve compliance with regulatory guidelines and to support research and manufacturing quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Clogston
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory (NCL), Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA.
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Lim Soo
- Pfizer Inc., Novel Delivery Technologies- PhRD, 68 Lowell Junction Road, Andover, Massachusetts, USA.
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34
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Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation on Virus and Virus-Like Particle Applications. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7110555. [PMID: 31726671 PMCID: PMC6921026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) separates sample components based on their sizes in the absence of a stationary phase. It is well suited for high molecular weight samples such as virus-sized particles. The AF4 experiment can potentially separate molecules within a broad size range (~103−109 Da; particle diameter from 2 nm to 0.5−1 μm). When coupled to light scattering detectors, it enables rapid assays on the size, size distribution, degradation, and aggregation of the studied particle populations. Thus, it can be used to study the quality of purified viruses and virus-like particles. In addition to being an advanced analytical characterization technique, AF4 can be used in a semi-preparative mode. Here, we summarize and provide examples on the steps that need optimization for obtaining good separation with the focus on virus-sized particles.
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35
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Nwoko KC, Raab A, Cheyne L, Dawson D, Krupp E, Feldmann J. Matrix-dependent size modifications of iron oxide nanoparticles (Ferumoxytol) spiked into rat blood cells and plasma: Characterisation with TEM, AF4-UV-MALS-ICP-MS/MS and spICP-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:356-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Kowalkowski T, Krakowska A, Złoch M, Hrynkiewicz K, Buszewski B. Cadmium-affected synthesis of exopolysaccharides by rhizosphere bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:713-723. [PMID: 31211899 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Study is focused on the influence of cadmium addition to growth media on production yield, their size and molecular mass of exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesized by three rhizosphere bacteria strains. Inhibition of bacterial growth by increasing concentrations of Cd2+ was also analysed. METHODS AND RESULTS The highest impact of Cd2+ was noticed on the growth of Arthrobacter sp. and Rhizobium metallidurans. Chryseobacterium sp. and Arthrobacter sp. produced significantly lower when compared to R. metallidurans amounts of EPS under the influence of Cd2+ . In all bacterial strains both size and molecular mass decreased after addition of Cd2+ to growth media. It causes a change in EPS conformation to more planar, which minimizes the volume of liquid in the interglobular space next to the bacterial wall. Results confirmed strong effect of Cd2+ on the structure and synthesis of bacterial EPS what can be a key factor in the interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and host plants in heavy metal polluted soils. CONCLUSION This work proves that due to the presence of cadmium ions, the size and conformation of EPS produced by selected bacterial strains is changed to minimize their impact on cell. We suggest that shifting in EPS conformation from bigger globular particles to the smaller planar ones could be one of the probable mechanisms of Cd resistance in metallotolerant bacteria, and finally explain increased efficiency of heavy metal phytoextraction by EPS-producing plant growth-promoting micro-organisms. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY One of the most promising remediation technique for Cd-contaminated areas is the phytoremediation in which rhizosphere bacteria play an important role by protecting plants' roots from toxic condition thus enhancing efficiency of intake. EPS secretion by bacteria is one of the most common mechanisms to protect the cell from impact of unpleasant environmental conditions, for example, toxicity of heavy metals like Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kowalkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - A Krakowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - M Złoch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - K Hrynkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - B Buszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.,Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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López-Sanz S, Guzmán Bernardo FJ, Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios RC, Ríos Á. Analytical metrology for nanomaterials: Present achievements and future challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1059:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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38
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Amde M, Tan ZQ, Liu J. Separation and size characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles in environmental waters using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Talanta 2019; 200:357-365. [PMID: 31036196 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies on separation and size characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), which have wide applications in several science and technology areas, in the environment. In this work, we report a method for the separation and size characterization of ZnO-NPs by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled to UV-vis detector. Experimental conditions such as composition of the carrier solution, focus time, crossflow, detector flow rate and injection volume were systematically studied in terms of NPs separation, recovery, and repeatability. Size characterization was achieved using polystyrene nanoparticles as a size standard and a mixture of < 35 nm (NP-A) and < 100 nm (NP-B) ZnO-NPs were separated and size characterized posterior preconcentration using ultracentrifugation. The method was also employed to characterize the size of homemade ZnO-NPs, and the results were in concordance with dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and thus, the method can be used as an alternate method. Upon application on environmental water samples, the two ZnO-NPs, NP-A and NP-B, have been separated and size characterized. The estimated hydrodynamic sizes of the NP-A and NP-B were found to be in the range of 83-97 nm and 188-202 nm, respectively, with good precision (RSD, <11%), suggesting that the current method can satisfactorily separate and generate information about sizes of the NPs in samples with a complex matrix. Therefore, the developed technique can be used as a baseline to investigate size related environmental processes of the NPs in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meseret Amde
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Zhi-Qiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China.
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39
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Chiang CY, Chen C. Toward characterizing extracellular vesicles at a single-particle level. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:9. [PMID: 30646920 PMCID: PMC6332877 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles that serve a means of cell-cell communication. Studying EVs at a single-particle level is important because EVs are inherently heterogeneous. Novel micro- and nanotechnological tools have open opportunities for realizing single-EV measurements exploiting their biochemical, electrical, mechanical, and/or optical properties. This review summarizes the recent development of technologies toward sorting and analyzing single EVs. Sorting EVs into a more homogeneous subset relaxes the sensitivity and throughput required on the EV detection, and hence related techniques are also included in this review. These exciting technologies are on the rise and will expand our understanding of EVs and their applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Chiang
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chihchen Chen
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan. .,Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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40
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Nanoparticle Behaviour in Complex Media: Methods for Characterizing Physicochemical Properties, Evaluating Protein Corona Formation, and Implications for Biological Studies. BIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO NANOSCALE PARTICLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12461-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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Wyatt PJ. Measuring nanoparticles in the size range to 2000 nm. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 20:322. [PMID: 30595660 PMCID: PMC6290859 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-018-4397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of light scattered from suspensions of monodisperse nanoparticles in solution ("turbidity") long has been used to derive their size. Following some means of fractionation, the light (monochromatic) scattered by the particles into a set of distinct angles is collected and a non-linear least squares fit was made to an appropriate theory in order to extract their size. For a wide range of particle structures, where this process becomes very complex and of questionable validity, there is a far simpler interpretive means based upon measurements at extremely small, and often inaccessible, scattering angles. A method is described whereby the required small angle values are derived from measurements made over a range of larger, more readily accessible, angles. Although the basis for the analyses developed is the Rayleigh-Gans approximation, the results presented confirm that the method provides meaningful results up to a size of about 2000 nm. The larger sizes are well beyond the RG limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Wyatt
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Avenue, Goleta, CA 93117 USA
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42
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López-Sanz S, Fariñas NR, Martín-Doimeadios RDCR, Ríos Á. Analytical strategy based on asymmetric flow field flow fractionation hyphenated to ICP-MS and complementary techniques to study gold nanoparticles transformations in cell culture medium. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1053:178-185. [PMID: 30712564 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An analytical methodology based on asymmetric flow field flow fractionation (AF4) hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been developed to study gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in cell culture medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium, DMEM, containing 10% fetal bovine serum, FBS, and antibiotics) used for in vitro toxicological studies. AF4-ICP-MS separation of AuNPs was performed using a regenerated cellulose membrane (molecular weight cut-off, MWCO, of 10 kDa). The carrier composition and the AF4 separation program were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, AuNPs of different types, i.e. phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and citrate stabilized, and sizes (10, 30 and 40 nm), without and with cell culture medium could be separated. The developed method allowed to detect transformations in AuNPs and dissolved gold species (Au3+) induced by this medium, such as an increase in the hydrodynamic volume and oxidation. Centrifugal ultrafiltration (CU), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectrophotometry have been used as complementary techniques to study these processes. This information is of major interest to have a correct interpretation of the in vitro toxicological studies of NPs, which are more and more demanded due to the increasing concerns about the safe use of these materials and their impacts. This work demonstrates the potential of hyphenated techniques based on AF4 to achieve this relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Sanz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez Fariñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Carmen Rodríguez Martín-Doimeadios
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Environmental Sciences Institute (ICAM), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III s/n, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Controlled Disassembly and Purification of Functional Viral Subassemblies Using Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4). Viruses 2018; 10:v10110579. [PMID: 30360510 PMCID: PMC6265779 DOI: 10.3390/v10110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses protect their genomes by enclosing them into protein capsids that sometimes contain lipid bilayers that either reside above or below the protein layer. Controlled dissociation of virions provides important information on virion composition, interactions, and stoichiometry of virion components, as well as their possible role in virus life cycles. Dissociation of viruses can be achieved by using various chemicals, enzymatic treatments, and incubation conditions. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a gentle method where the separation is based on size. Here, we applied AF4 for controlled dissociation of enveloped bacteriophage φ6. Our results indicate that AF4 can be used to assay the efficiency of the dissociation process and to purify functional subviral particles.
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El Hadri H, Gigault J, Tan J, Hackley VA. An assessment of retention behavior for gold nanorods in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6977-6984. [PMID: 30194453 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Applications of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) continue to expand rapidly in the fields of nanotechnology and biotechnology. In particular, AF4 has proven valuable for the separation and analysis of particles, biomolecular species (e.g., proteins, bacteria) and polymers (natural and synthetic), ranging in size from a few nanometers to several micrometers. The separation of non-spheroidal structures (e.g., rods, tubes, etc.) with primary dimensions in the nanometer regime, is a particularly challenging application deserving of greater study and consideration. The goal of the present study was to advance current understanding of the mechanism of separation of rod-like nano-objects in the AF4 channel. To achieve this, we have systematically investigated a series of commercially available cetyltrimethylammonium bromide stabilized gold nanorods (AuNRs), with aspect ratios from 1.7 to 10. Results show clearly that the retention time is principally dependent on the translational diffusion coefficient of the AuNRs. Equations used to calculate translational and rotational diffusion coefficients (cylinder and prolate ellipsoid models) yield similarly good fits to experimental data. Well characterized gold nanorods (length and diameter by transmission electron microscopy) can be used as calibrants for AF4 measurements allowing one to determine the aspect ratio of nanorod samples based on their retention times. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind El Hadri
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Julien Gigault
- French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes UMR6118, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jiaojie Tan
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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Saenmuangchin R, Siripinyanond A. Flow field-flow fractionation for hydrodynamic diameter estimation of gold nanoparticles with various types of surface coatings. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6845-6859. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography coupled on-line to in-tube solid-phase microextraction for characterization of metallic nanoparticles using plasmonic measurements. A tutorial. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1045:23-41. [PMID: 30454572 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial aims at providing guidelines for analyzing metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and their dispersions by using methods based on miniaturized liquid chromatography with diode array detection (MinLC-DAD) and coupled on-line to in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME). Some practical advice and considerations are given for obtaining reliable results. In addition, this work outlines the potential applications that set these methodologies apart from microscopy-related techniques, dynamic light scattering, single particle ICP-MS, capillary electrophoresis, field-flow fractionation and other chromatographic configurations, which are discussed and mainly seek to accomplish size estimation and NP separation, speciation analysis and quantification of mainly AgNPs and AuNPs. MinLC-DAD has the potential to estimate the NP concentration and from it the average size of unknown samples by calibrating with a single standard, as well as studying potentially non-spherical particles and stability-related properties of their dispersions. While keeping the signal dependency with concentration and increasing the method sensitivity, IT-SPME-MinLC-DAD goes further allowing for the assessment of the dispersant effect and ultimately changes in the nanoparticle surroundings that range from modifications of the hydrodynamic diameter to the exposure to different reagents and matrices. The methodology can still be improved by either exploring newer IT-SPME adsorbents or by assaying new system configurations. Taking into account that this technique gives complementary information in relation to other techniques discussed here, this tutorial serves as a guide for analyzing metallic NPs towards a better understanding of the particle behavior under different scenarios.
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47
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Kowalkowski T, Sugajski M, Buszewski B. Impact of Ionic Strength of Carrier Liquid on Recovery in Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. Chromatographia 2018; 81:1213-1218. [PMID: 30220732 PMCID: PMC6132554 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF5) are techniques widely used in analytical, industrial and biological analyses. The main problem in all AF4 and HF5 analyses is sample loss due to analyte–membrane interactions. In this work the impact of liquid carrier composition on latex nanoparticles (NPs) separation in water and two different concentrations of NH4NO3 was studied. In AF4, a constant trend of decreasing the size of 60 and 121.9 nm particles induced by the ionic strength of the carrier liquid has been observed. In contrast, an agglomeration effect of the biggest 356 nm particles was observed when increasing ionic strength, which induced a significant drop of recovery to 35%. H5F provides better resolution and intensified peaks of NPs, but careful optimisation of system parameters is mandatory to obtain good separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalkowski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sugajski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- 1Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.,2Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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48
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Chevalier Q, El Hadri H, Petitjean P, Bouhnik-Le Coz M, Reynaud S, Grassl B, Gigault J. Nano-litter from cigarette butts: Environmental implications and urgent consideration. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:125-130. [PMID: 29197815 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette butts (CGB) are equivalent to plastic litter in terms of number of pieces released directly into the environment. Due to their small size and social use, CGB are commonly found in natural systems, and several questions have been raised concerning the contaminants that are released with CGB, including metals, organic species, and nanoparticles. The aim of the present study is to investigate the release of nanoscale particles from CGB by leaching with rainwater. After seven days of passive stirring of both smoked and unsmoked CGB in synthetic rainwater, the solutions were treated and analyzed by specific nano-analytical methods. Our results demonstrate the release of 4.12 ± 0.24% (w/CGB) organic carbon in the range of 10 nm up to 400 nm and with a z-average diameter of 202.4 ± 74.1 nm. The fractal dimension (Df) of the nanoscale particles ranges from 1.14 to 1.52 and suggests a soot (carbon)-based composition. The analysis of some metallic species (As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Co, Al, Mn, Zn, and Fe) shows that these species are essentially attached to the nanoscale particles per gram of carbon released. By considering the diffusion of the nanomaterials into different environmental compartments, our results suggest a new emerging and global contamination of the environment by cigarette butts, comparable to plastic litter, which urgently needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Chevalier
- Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus Beaulieu, Bât 15, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Hind El Hadri
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 Avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Patrice Petitjean
- Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus Beaulieu, Bât 15, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bouhnik-Le Coz
- Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus Beaulieu, Bât 15, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynaud
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 Avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Bruno Grassl
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux, CNRS-Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2 Avenue P. Angot, Technopôle Hélioparc, 64000, Pau, France
| | - Julien Gigault
- Laboratoire Géosciences Rennes, CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus Beaulieu, Bât 15, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Qu H, Wang J, Wu Y, Zheng J, Krishnaiah YS, Absar M, Choi S, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Xu X. Asymmetric flow field flow fractionation for the characterization of globule size distribution in complex formulations: A cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion case. Int J Pharm 2018; 538:215-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Mukherjee A, Hackley VA. Separation and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals by multi-detector asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation. Analyst 2018; 143:731-740. [PMID: 29322138 PMCID: PMC6057617 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are renewable, naturally derived polymeric nanomaterials receiving substantial attention for a wide range of potential applications. The recent availability of high quality reference materials will facilitate the development and validation of measurement methods needed to advance the scientific and commercial use of CNCs. In the present study, we demonstrate an optimized method to fractionate CNCs with narrow size dispersion based on asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) coupled with on-line multi-angle light scattering (MALS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and differential refractometry (dRI). A stable suspension of CNC (Certified Reference Material CNCD-1, National Research Council-Canada) in deionized water was prepared using a dispersion method provided by NRC and adopted from a protocol originally developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The as-prepared material was initially characterized in batch mode to validate the NRC dispersion method. AF4 was then optimized for channel and cross flow, mobile phase composition, and injection volume, among other parameters. Additionally, suspensions containing (1.25-10) mg mL-1 CNC were injected directly into the dRI detector (off-line), yielding a dn/dc value of 0.148 ± 0.003 mL g-1. dRI was then used as an on-line mass sensitive detector to quantify recovery. Results show that maximum recovery (≈ 99%) was achieved under optimized conditions. The weight-averaged molar mass (Mw) was estimated at roughly 107 Da from a partial Zimm analysis. The optical radius of gyration, Rg, and the hydrodynamic radius, Rh, were measured during elution. The shape factor (Rg/Rh) ranged from 1.5 to 1.9 for the fractionated material, supporting an elongated or rod-like structure. To our knowledge, this is the first time that both the morphology and molar mass of CNCs have been directly measured for the full distribution of species. Finally, we developed and demonstrated a semi-preparatory fractionation method to separate CNCs at the milligram scale for off-line research and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Mukherjee
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8520, USA.
| | - Vincent A Hackley
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8520, USA.
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