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Langer T, Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Schweizer-Grundisch C, Rudaz S, Grabherr S, Kuuranne T, Musenga A. A novel ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of urinary endogenous steroids in the anti-doping context. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1734:465224. [PMID: 39191183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The first step in the detection of testosterone (T) doping is to measure the urinary steroid profile for the athlete biological passport (ABP). To harmonise the analysis between anti-doping laboratories, urinary steroid profiling is parametrised in deep detail and shall be performed by gas chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). However, due to its requirement for extensive sample preparation, alternatives to GC-MS are being actively pursued. The aim of this study was the evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography hyphenated to tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) as an alternative for the quantification of endogenous urinary steroids. In this context, we developed a high throughput sample extraction method, followed by a novel UHPSFC-MS/MS method for the analysis of 10 endogenous urinary steroids which are relevant for doping control analysis. Depending on the steroid, the herein presented method is capable of quantification from 0.5 ng/mL up to 10 µg/mL. After validation, the applicability of the method was evaluated by analysing 132 authentic urine samples, which demonstrated results similar to classical GC-MS analysis. Steroid concentrations determined by UHPSFC-MS/MS were slightly overestimated in comparison with GC-MS, but the ratios had <10 % difference between the two methods. As the ABP considers the steroid ratios for passport evaluation, the herein presented method could be used for steroid profiling without reducing the sensitivity of the ABP. Thus, we would propose to consider UHPSFC-MS/MS as an alternative to GC-MS after more tests would have been performed to support our findings. Furthermore, we have also investigated the potential of this technology for sample purification prior to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) for the differentiation between exogenous and endogenous origin of T and its metabolites. While the achieved separation was sufficient to purify urine samples for IRMS analysis in our proof-of-concept study, the instrumental parameters should be further refined for future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Langer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer-Grundisch
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Silke Grabherr
- University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Musenga
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pilařová V, Plachká K, Svec F, Nováková L. Matrix effects in ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of vitamin E in plasma: The effect of sample preparation and data processing. Talanta 2024; 280:126658. [PMID: 39137659 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
The approaches to matrix effects determination and reduction in ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection have been evaluated in this study using different sample preparation methods and investigation of different calibration models. Five sample preparation methods, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, supported liquid extraction, and solid phase extraction based on both "bind and elute" and "interferent removal" modes, were optimized with an emphasis on the matrix effects and recovery of 8 forms of vitamin E, including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols and tocotrienols, from plasma. The matrix effect evaluation included the use and comparison of external and internal calibration using three models, i.e., least square with no transformation and no weighting (1/x0), with 1/x2 weighting, and with logarithmic transformation. The calibration model with logarithmic transformation provided the lowest %-errors and the best fits. Moreover, the type of the calibration model significantly affected not only the fit of the data but also the matrix effects when evaluating them based on the comparison of calibration curve slopes. Indeed, based on the used calibration model, the matrix effects calculated from calibration slopes ranged from +92% to - 72% for α-tocopherol and from -77% to +19% in the case of δ-tocotrienol. Thus, it was crucial to calculate the matrix effect by Matuszewski's post-extraction approach at six concentration levels. Indeed, a strong concentration dependence was observed for all optimized sample preparation methods, even if the stable isotopically labelled internal standards (SIL-IS) were used for compensation. The significant differences between individual concentration levels and compounds were observed, even when the tested calibration range covered only one order of magnitude. In methods with wider calibration ranges, the inappropriate use of calibration slope comparison instead of the post-extraction addition approach could result in false negative results of matrix effects. In the selected example of vitamin E, solid-phase extraction was the least affected by matrix effects when used in interferent removal mode, but supported liquid extraction resulted in the highest recoveries. We showed that the calibration model, the use of a SIL-IS, and the analyte concentration level played a crucial role in the matrix effects. Moreover, the matrix effects can significantly differ for compounds with similar physicochemical properties and close retention times. Thus, in all bioanalytical applications, where different analytes are typically determined in one analytical run, it is necessary to carefully select the data processing in addition to the method for the sample preparation, SIL-IS, and chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Gavrilović I, Wüst B, Danaceau J, Braidman E, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK, Cowan D. Routine application of SFC-MS in doping control: Analysis of 3 × 1000 urine samples using three different SFC-MS instruments. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:726-736. [PMID: 38361255 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) has proved to be a beneficial tool for sample analysis for a wide variety of compounds and, as such, has recently gained the attention of the anti-doping community. We have tested the applicability of SFC-MS for routine doping control analysing approximately 3 × 1000 identical anti-doping samples utilising SFC-MS instruments from three different vendors: Agilent Technologies, Waters Corporation and Shimadzu Corporation. A 'dilute and inject' approach either without or after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites was applied. Most of the compounds included in our study demonstrated excellent chromatography, whereas some showed co-elution with endogenous interferences requiring MS discrimination. Retention times typically were very stable within batches (%CV ≤ 0.5%), although this appeared to be analyte and column dependent. Chromatographic peak shape was good (symmetrical) and stable over the period of the testing without any change of column. Our results suggest that SFC-MS is a sensitive, reproducible and robust analytical tool ready to be used in anti-doping laboratories alongside the currently applied techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Even if instruments are designed slightly differently, all three setups demonstrated their fitness for the purpose in anti-doping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gavrilović
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bernhard Wüst
- Agilent Technologies GmbH, Hewlett Packard Straße 8, Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- REDs - Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL - Institute de Sciences du Sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - David Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Petřík I, Pěnčík A, Stýskala J, Tranová L, Amakorová P, Strnad M, Novák O. Rapid profiling of cytokinins using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:342010. [PMID: 38057057 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determination of plant hormones is still a very challenging analytical discipline, mainly due to their low concentration in complex plant matrices. Therefore, the involvement of very sensitive high-throughput techniques is required. Cytokinins (CKs) are semi-polar basic plant hormones regulating plant growth and development. Modern methods for CK determination are currently based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), which enables the separation of CK isomeric forms occurring endogenously in plants. Here, ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) was used for the simultaneous determination of 37 CK metabolites. RESULTS The chromatographic conditions were tested on three different columns with various retention mechanisms. Hybrid silica modified with 2-picolylamine was selected as the stationary phase. Several parameters such as column temperature, back pressure regulation, mobile phase composition and make-up solvent were investigated to achieve efficient separation of CK isomers and reasonable sensitivity. Compared to UHPLC-MS/MS, a 9-min chromatographic analysis using a mobile phase of supercritical CO2 and 5 mM ammonia in methanol represents a three-fold acceleration of total run time. The quantification limit of UHPSFC-MS/MS method was in the range of 0.03-0.19 fmol per injection and the method validation showed high accuracy and precision (below 15 % for most analytes). The method was finally applied to the complex plant matrix of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the obtained profiles of CK metabolites were compared with the results from the conventional UHPLC-MS/MS method. SIGNIFICANCE The presented work offers a novel approach for quantification of endogenous CKs in plants. Compared to the conventional UHPLC-MS/MS, the total run time is shorter and the matrix effect lower for the key CK metabolites. This approach opens the opportunity to utilize UHPSFC-MS/MS instrumentation for targeted plant hormonomics including other plant hormone families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Stýskala
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacký University, Faculty of Science, 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Tranová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Palacký University, Faculty of Science, 17. listopadu 1192/12, CZ-77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Amakorová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Faculty of Science, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Fujito Y, Izumi Y, Nakatani K, Takahashi M, Hayakawa Y, Takayama M, Bamba T. Understanding the mechanism of CO 2-Assisted electrospray ionization for parameter optimization in supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340863. [PMID: 36764769 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is often coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for analyte detection because of its detection capability to a wide range of chemical properties. However, MS sensitivity is highly dependent on the chromatographic conditions, so that it is important to understand the ionization mechanism to determine the optimal chromatographic conditions. The ionization mechanism in SFC/ESI-MS is different to that of liquid chromatography because of the use of CO2 as a mobile phase. Some studies have suggested that alkoxycarbonic acids are formed in the mixture of CO2 and the alcohol modifier, and these species contribute to ionization in CO2-assisted SFC/ESI-MS. Therefore, in this study, we investigated CO2-assisted ESI to test this hypothesis, and we confirmed that methoxylcarbonic acid is generated in CO2/methanol mixtures and contributed to ion generation and detection because it acts as a proton donor in positive-ion mode. However, methoxylcarbonic acid interfered with ionization in negative-ion mode. Addition of ammonium acetate, which is often added to the modifier for negative ion detection in SFC/MS analysis, did not contribute to the recovery of MS sensitivity, although it tended to suppress the formation of metoxylcarbonic acid. This is likely due to ion suppression and neutralization of the negative sites of the analytes by anions or cations derived from ammonium acetate in the negative ion mode. Thus, additive-free methanol/CO2 was the most suitable mobile phase for obtaining high sensitivity in SFC/MS. To demonstrate the practicality of these findings, we tested our optimal mobile phase selection for pesticide analysis. In addition, we tested the addition of 0, 1, and 5 mM ammonium formate to the modifier and make-up solvent, and found that the addition of 1 mM ammonium formate gave the best results in pesticides analysis. In SFC/MS, salt is often added to improve separation or prevent desorption, but our findings suggest that the concentration of salt must be kept as low as possible to achieve highly sensitive MS detection. The results of this study reveal the best selection of the optimal conditions for the modifier and make-up solvent for CO2-assisted SFC/MS analysis and will be useful for the method development in SFC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Fujito
- Division of Analytical and Measuring Instruments, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Kuwabaracho Nishinokyo Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan; Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Izumi
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohta Nakatani
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatomo Takahashi
- Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Division of Analytical and Measuring Instruments, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Kuwabaracho Nishinokyo Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Takayama
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0027, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Department of Systems Life Sciences, Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan; Division of Metabolomics/Mass Spectrometry Center, Medical Research Center for High Depth Omics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Sait STL, Survilienė V, Jüssi M, Gonzalez SV, Ciesielski TM, Jenssen BM, Asimakopoulos AG. Determination of steroid hormones in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) blood plasma using convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2023; 254:124109. [PMID: 36535212 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hybrid solid phase extraction (HybridSPE) protocol tailored to ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPC2-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of 19 steroid hormones in grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) blood plasma. In this study, the protocol demonstrated acceptable absolute recoveries ranging from 33 to 90%. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a gradient elution program with a total run time of 5 min. For most target analytes, the method repeatability ranged from 1.9 to 24% and the method limits of quantification (mLOQs) ranged from 0.03 to 1.67 ng/mL. A total of 9 plasma samples were analysed to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method, and 13 steroid hormones were quantified in grey seal pup plasma. The most prevalent steroids: cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were detected at concentrations in the range of 12.6-40.1, 7.10-24.2, 0.74-10.7, 1.06-5.72, 0.38-4.38 and <mLOQ - 1.01 ng/mL, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine steroid hormones in the plasma of pinnipeds using convergence chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannen Thora Lea Sait
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vaida Survilienė
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio Av. 7, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mart Jüssi
- Pro Mare MTÜ, Saula, Kose, Harjumaa, 75101, Estonia
| | - Susana V Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz Maciej Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn Munro Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Arctic Technology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P.O. Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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Wuest B, Gavrilović I, Cowan D, Torre XDL, Botrè F, Parr MK. Analysis of doping control samples using supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Ready for routine use. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200880. [PMID: 36739523 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography is proving to be a good separation and sample preparation tool for various analytical applications and, as such, has gained the attention of the anti-doping community. Here, the applicability of supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry for routine doping control analysis was tested. A multi-analyte method was developed to cover 197 drugs and metabolites that are prohibited in sport. More than 1000 samples were analyzed by applying a "dilute and inject" approach after hydrolysis of glucuronide metabolites. Additionally, a comparison with routinely used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with 250 of the 1000 samples and a number of past positive anti-doping samples. It revealed some features where supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was found to be complementary or advantageous to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for anti-doping purposes, such as better retention of analytes that are poorly retained in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Our results suggest that supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is sensitive (limit of detection <50% relevant minimum required performance level required by the World Anti-Doping Agency for anti-doping analysis), reproducible, robust, precise (analytes of interest area coefficient of variation <5%; retention time difference coefficient of variation <1%) and complementary to existing techniques currently used for routine analysis in the World Anti-Doping Agency accredited laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana Gavrilović
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Cowan
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy.,Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shah PA, Shrivastav PS, Sharma VS. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the analysis of antihypertensive Drugs: A short review. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Gazárková T, Plachká K, Svec F, Nováková L. Current state of supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Parr MK, Botrè F. Supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry as an emerging technique in doping control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Application space for SFC in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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12
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Chen L, Dean B, Liang X. A technical overview of supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) and its recent applications in pharmaceutical research and development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 40:69-75. [PMID: 34916026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the growing development and applications of supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SFC-MS) for the analysis of small molecular analytes and biomarkers in drug discovery. As an alternative chromatographic technique, SFC instrumentation and methodology have dramatically advanced over the last decade. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides the powerful detection capability as it couples with SFC. A growing number of SFC-MS/MS applications were reported over the last decade and the application areas of SFC-MS/MS is rapidly expanding. The first part of this review is devoted to the different aspects of SFC-MS development and recent technological advancements. In the second part of this review, we highlight the recent application areas in pharmaceutical research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxi Chen
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 1 DNA way, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Brian Dean
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 1 DNA way, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaorong Liang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, 1 DNA way, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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13
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Toribio L, Bernal J, Martín MT, Ares AM. Supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry: A valuable tool in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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González-Rubio S, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Carreras D, Muñoz G, Rubio S. A comprehensive study on the performance of different retention mechanisms in sport drug testing by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1178:122821. [PMID: 34229166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-doping substances listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) include hundreds of compounds of very different physico-chemical properties. Anti-doping control laboratories need to screen all these substances in the so-called Initial Testing Procedures (ITPs) what is very challenging from an analytical point of view. ITPs are mostly based on reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using C18 columns, which feature poor retention and peak tailing for polar and basic compounds, respectively. While studies on this field dealing with the comparison of stationary phases are focused on certain chemical classes, this research provides a wide multi-target approach. For this purpose, a representative group of 93 anti-doping agents (log P from -2.4 to 9.2) included in ten different classes of prohibited substances was selected. A comprehensive study on the performance of six columns and four eluents on different separation parameters (retention factors, asymmetry factors, co-elutions, total run times) and matrix effects (signal enhancement or suppression) was performed for LC-MS/MS-based ITPs. Columns working in both RP [C18, C8, phenyl hexyl (PH), pentafluorophenyl (PFP) and mixed-mode hydrophilic/RP (HILIC-RP)) and hydrophilic (HILIC)] modes were investigated. Eluents contained methanol or acetonitrile as organic modifiers, with or without the addition of ammonium acetate. The best column-mobile phase binomial for ITPs was PFP using water-methanol (0.1% formic acid) as eluent, while HILIC was the best option for highly polar non-aromatic anti-doping agents, which were poorly addressed by PFP. Excellent good peak shapes and relative acceptable matrix interferences were obtained for HILIC-RP, which was tested for the first time for the analysis of anti-doping agents, although the number of compounds eluting too fast was too high. On the whole, the alkyl phase C18 showed the worst performance and although C8 and PH were better, their performance did not surpass that of PFP. Possible retention mechanisms underlying separation in the different stationary phases were discussed. This research provides valuable information to anti-doping control labs for improving LC-MS/MS-based ITPs and it proposes PFP as a suitable alternative to the already established C18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González-Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Daniel Carreras
- Anti-doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Agency of Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Spain
| | - Gloria Muñoz
- Anti-doping Control Laboratory, Spanish Agency of Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Plachká K, Střítecký J, Svec F, Nováková L. The effect of column history in supercritical fluid chromatography: Practical implications. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462272. [PMID: 34107402 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stability of retention times of a wide range of analytes has been evaluated using eight different stationary phases. These were from a single manufacturer to minimize the differences in silanol activity caused by the manufacturing process. The tested stationary phases included bridge ethylene hybrid, 2-ethylpyridine bridge ethylene hybrid with direct modification of silica particles, bidentate crosslinked charged surface hybrid fluorophenyl, bidentate crosslinked high strength silica C18, and propanediol linked phases including diol (pure propanediol linker), and three phases based on diol further modified with 2-picolylamine, diethylamine, and 1-aminoanthracene group. Retention times were monitored at the first injection, after three, nine, twelve months, and after the column regeneration via washing with pure water. The analyses were carried out using three different mobile phases, including methanol, methanol with 10 mmol/L ammonium formate, and methanol with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide. No overall decreasing or increasing trends were observed after evaluating individual contributing parameters such as analyte, stationary phase, and organic modifier. Our results suggest that the silyl-ether formation is not the only factor contributing to changes in the stationary phase pore surface. Indeed, the adsorption of mobile phase additives is probably another significant factor. That was also confirmed by the regeneration procedure using water, which is likely to reverse the silyl-ether formation to achieve the original retention. However, the retention times returned to the original values for all analytes only on three columns. Retention times on other columns remained shifted within ± 15 % RSD depending on the analyte properties and the nature of organic modifier. The retention time variations observed for each analyte group, i.e., acids, bases, and neutrals, were interpreted for each stationary phase. We concluded that the sterically protected surfaces exhibited significantly smaller changes in the retention times. Although the regeneration procedure effect depended on the column type, the results suggested beneficial effect of water. However, as the adsorption of additives on the column surface is an additional factor leading to retention time variations, the recommendation of using only one additive and/or organic modifier in each column will clearly improve the long-term repeatability of the retention times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Střítecký
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Šimkova 870, Hradec Králové 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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16
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Castro V, Quintana JB, Carpinteiro I, Cobas J, Carro N, Cela R, Rodil R. Combination of different chromatographic and sampling modes for high-resolution mass spectrometric screening of organic microcontaminants in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5607-5618. [PMID: 33625537 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explores the combination of two sampling strategies (polar organic compounds integrative sampler (POCIS) vs. spot sampling) and four chromatographic retention modes (reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)) for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) screening of organic pollutants in water samples. To this end, a suspect screening approach, using iterative data-dependent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) driven by a library of 3227 chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, drugs of abuse, human metabolites, industrial chemicals and other pollutants), was employed. Results show that POCIS can afford a larger number of positive identifications as compared to spot sampling. On the other hand, the best suited retention mechanisms, in terms of identified analytes, are SFC, and followed by RPLC, MMLC and HILIC. However, the best combination (POCIS + SFC) would only allow the identification of 67% of the detected analytes. Thus, the combination of the two sampling strategies, spot and passive sampling, with two orthogonal retention mechanisms, RPLC and SFC, is proposed in order to maximize the number of analytes detected (89%). This strategy was applied to different surface water (river and estuary) samples from Galicia (NW Spain). A total of 155 compounds were detected at a confidence level 2a, from which the major class was pharmaceuticals (61%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Carpinteiro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julio Cobas
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Nieves Carro
- INTECMAR - Technological Institute for the Monitoring of the Marine Environment of Galicia, Peirao de Vilaxoán S/N, 36611, Vilagarcía de Arousa, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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17
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Losacco GL, Rentsch M, Plachká K, Monteau F, Bichon E, Bizec BL, Nováková L, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Veuthey J, Guillarme D. Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for antidoping analyses: Assessment of the inter-laboratory reproducibility with urine samples. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:68-75. [PMID: 38715742 PMCID: PMC10989559 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the interlaboratory reproducibility of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for routine antidoping analyses. To do so, a set of 21 doping agents, spiked in urine and analyzed after dilute and shoot treatment, was used to assess the variability of their retention times between four different laboratories, all equipped with the same chromatographic system and with the same ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography stationary phase chemistry. The average relative standard deviations (RSD%) demonstrated a good reproducibility of the retention times for 19 out of 21 analytes, with RSD% values below 3.0%. Only for two substances, namely fenbutrazate and niketamide, the retention was not repeatable between laboratories, with RSD% of approximately 15% in both cases. This behaviour was associated with (a) the low organic modifier percentage (around 2-4%) in the mobile phase at the corresponding retention times, and (b) the influence of the system volume on poorly retained analytes. An analysis on seven "blind" urines was subsequently carried out in the same four laboratories. In these blind samples, either one, two, or none of the 21 doping agents previously analyzed were present at an unknown concentration. Each laboratory had to perform the identification of the compounds in the samples and estimate their concentrations. All laboratories assigned all target analytes correctly in all blind urine samples and provide a comparable estimation of their concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva 41211Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western SwitzerlandUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva1211Switzerland
| | - Marco Rentsch
- Waters AGTaefernstrasse 14aBaden‐Daetwill5405Switzerland
| | - Kateřina Plachká
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHeyrovského 1203Hradec Králové500 05Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of Pharmacy in Hradec KrálovéCharles UniversityHeyrovského 1203Hradec Králové500 05Czech Republic
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping AnalysesUniversity Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne‐Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of LausanneChemin des Croisettes 22Epalinges1066Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping AnalysesUniversity Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne‐Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of LausanneChemin des Croisettes 22Epalinges1066Switzerland
| | - Jean‐Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva 41211Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western SwitzerlandUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva1211Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva 41211Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western SwitzerlandUniversity of GenevaCMU – Rue Michel‐Servet 1Geneva1211Switzerland
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18
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Oliveira D, de Araújo A, Ribeiro W, Silva D, Duarte AC, de Sousa V, Pereira HG. Screening method of mildronate and over 300 doping agents by reversed-phase liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113870. [PMID: 33453569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Considering the huge amount of substances associated with athletic performance improvement, current doping control analysis requires a comprehensive screening method, which leads to the detection of prohibited substances of different physico-chemical properties. This comprehensiveness associated with instrumental approaches based on high resolution mass spectrometry has allowed the development of extremely sensitive and selective detection methods. Furthermore, it is desirable the method to be simple, fast and straightforward. Mildronate is a highly polar quaternary amine, classified as metabolic modulator by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The inclusion of mildronate in the screening strategy is a challenge considering its singular physicochemical properties, compared to numerous doping agents of low and medium polarity. For this purpose, a method combining solid-phase extraction (SPE) and dilute-and-shoot approach has been developed and validated, allowing the detection of mildronate and other 332 prohibited substances. In the sample preparation protocol, the enzymatic deconjugation step and SPE conditions were stressed to enable the recovery of mildronate without jeopardizing the detection of other doping agents. The C18/18% SPE cartridge without any type of ionic interaction, associated with the dilute-and-shoot approach proved to be effective for all monitored substances. The instrumental method employed was based on liquid chromatography using a reversed-phase column in a 12-minute gradient coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometry in full scan with positive and negative switching and fragmentation in the positive mode, for the most critical detection compounds. The performance of the method was evaluated regarding selectivity, precision, recovery, carry-over, limit of detection and stability, following the recommendations of WADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniely Oliveira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Amanda de Araújo
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - William Ribeiro
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Duarte
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria de Sousa
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Department of Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373 Cidade Universitária, 21941-170, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gualberto Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory 'LBCD-LADETEC', Av. Horácio Macedo 1281 Cidade Universitária, 21941-598, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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van de Velde B, Guillarme D, Kohler I. Supercritical fluid chromatography - Mass spectrometry in metabolomics: Past, present, and future perspectives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1161:122444. [PMID: 33246285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, which consists of the comprehensive analysis of metabolites within a biological system, has been playing a growing role in the implementation of personalized medicine in modern healthcare. A wide range of analytical approaches are used in metabolomics, notably mass spectrometry (MS) combined to liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE). However, none of these methods enable a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome, due to its extreme complexity and the large differences in physico-chemical properties between metabolite classes. In this context, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) represents a promising alternative approach to improve the metabolome coverage, while further increasing the analysis throughput. SFC, which uses supercritical CO2 as mobile phase, leads to numerous advantages such as improved kinetic performance and lower environmental impact. This chromatographic technique has gained a significant interest since the introduction of advanced instrumentation, together with the introduction of dedicated interfaces for hyphenating SFC to MS. Moreover, new developments in SFC column chemistry (including sub-2 µm particles), as well as the use of large amounts of organic modifiers and additives in the CO2-based mobile phase, significantly extended the application range of SFC, enabling the simultaneous analysis of a large diversity of metabolites. Over the last years, several applications have been reported in metabolomics using SFC-MS - from lipophilic compounds, such as steroids and other lipids, to highly polar compounds, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, or nucleosides. With all these advantages, SFC-MS is promised to a bright future in the field of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van de Velde
- VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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20
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Sobolevsky T, Ahrens B. High-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay as initial testing procedure for analysis of total urinary fraction. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:283-298. [PMID: 32852861 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the recent years, a lot of effort was put into the development of multiclass initial testing procedures (ITP) to streamline analytical workflow in antidoping laboratories. Here, a high-throughput assay based on liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry suitable for use as initial testing procedure covering multiple classes of compounds prohibited in sports is described. Employing a 96-well plate packed with 10 mg of weak cation exchange polymeric sorbent, up to 94 urine samples and their associated positive and negative controls can be processed in less than 3 h with minimal labor. The assay requires a 0.5-ml urine aliquot, which is subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis followed by solid phase extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution in a 96-well collection plate. With a 10-min run time, more than 100 analytes can be detected using electrospray ionization with polarity switching. The assay can be run nearly 24/7 with minimal downtime for instrument maintenance while detecting picogram amounts for the majority of analytes. Having analyzed approximately 28,000 samples, nearly 400 adverse analytical findings were found of which only one tenth were at or above 50% of the minimum required performance level established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Compounds most often identified were stanozolol, GW1516, ostarine, LGD4033, and clomiphene, with median estimated concentrations in the range of 0.02-0.09 ng/ml (either as parent drug or a metabolite). Our data demonstrate the importance of using a highly sensitive ITP to ensure efficient antidoping testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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21
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Gradient supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a gradient flow of make-up solvent for enantioseparation of cathinones. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1625:461286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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Akbal L, Hopfgartner G. Hyphenation of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography with mass spectrometry: where are we and what are the remaining challenges? Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:6667-6677. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Bioanalytical methods for quantification of novel sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: toward greener approach in separation science. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:565-568. [PMID: 32412301 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Supercritical fluid chromatography–mass spectrometry in routine anti-doping analyses: Estimation of retention time variability under reproducible conditions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Liang Y, Liu J, Zhong Q, Huang T, Zhou T. An automatic online solid-phase dehydrate extraction-ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system using a dilution strategy for the screening of doping agents in human urine. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1101:184-192. [PMID: 32029110 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An automatic online solid-phase dehydrate extraction (SPDE)-ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC)-MS/MS system was developed in this study, in which the automatic SPDE procedure was coupled with UHPSFC to allow UHPSFC to analyze aqueous samples directly. Moreover, a pre-column dilution strategy was employed, which focused the analytes in strong desorption solvent on the column head and helped to obtain narrow and symmetric peaks. The online SPDE-UHPSFC-MS/MS system was firstly applied to the screening of 45 prohibited substances in human urine for doping control, during which all the mechanisms and features of the online system were fully studied. The majority (91%) of the target compounds achieved weak matrix effects (80-120%), indicating that the online method was accurate and reliable thanks to the SPDE procedure and efficient UHPSFC separation. Owing to the reduction of the matrix effects, large volume injection and the pre-column dilution, the online system could achieve high sensitivity with the LODs ranging from 0.0380 ng L-1 to 1.24 μg L-1. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction recoveries of 66% target analytes were more than 50%. All the target compounds showed good linearity with linear correlation coefficients higher than 0.9928. The accuracy values of all the spiked prohibited substances were within 80.8-119.7%, while the RSDs% for the intra-/inter-day precision were within 10.8% and 15.4%. Compared with the dilute-and-shoot-ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS method, in which the urine samples were simply diluted before analyzing, this online method was superior in sensitivity and reducing matrix effects, which demonstrated its utility in doping control. Compared with the previously reported online SPE-SFC system, the online SPDE-UHPSFC-MS/MS system showed advantages in automation, efficiency, sensitivity and chromatographic performance. In summary, the online SPDE-UHPSFC-MS/MS system is capable of analyzing complex aqueous samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation, Guangzhou Branch, 510010, China
| | - Qisheng Zhong
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation, Guangzhou Branch, 510010, China
| | - Taohong Huang
- Shimadzu (China) Corporation, Shanghai Branch, 200233, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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26
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Xhaferaj M, Naegele E, Parr MK. Ion exchange in supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS): Application for polar and ionic drugs and metabolites in forensic and anti-doping analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1614:460726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Begou O, Drabert K, Theodoridis G, Tsikas D. GC-NICI-MS analysis of acetazolamide and other sulfonamide (R-SO 2-NH 2) drugs as pentafluorobenzyl derivatives [R-SO 2-N(PFB) 2] and quantification of pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:49-59. [PMID: 32123599 PMCID: PMC7037487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetazolamide (molecular mass (MM), 222) belongs to the class of sulfonamides (R-SO2-NH2) and is one of the strongest pharmacological inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase activity. Acetazolamide is excreted unchanged in the urine. Here, we report on the development, validation and biomedical application of a stable-isotope dilution GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of acetazolamide in human urine. The method is based on evaporation to dryness of 50 μL urine aliquots, base-catalyzed derivatization of acetazolamide (d0-AZM) and its internal standard [acetylo-2H3]acetazolamide (d3-AZM) in 30 vol% pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide in acetonitrile (60 min, 30 °C), reconstitution in toluene (200 μL) and injection of 1-μL aliquots. The negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) mass spectra (methane) of the PFB derivatives contained several intense ions including [M]‒ at m/z 581 for d0-AZM and m/z 584 for d3-AZM, suggesting derivatization of their sulfonamide groups to form N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivatives (R-SO2-N(PFB)2), i.e., d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and d3-AZM-(PFB)2, respectively. Quantification was performed by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 581 and 83 for d0-AZM-(PFB)2 and m/z 584 and 86 for d3-AZM-(PFB)2. The limits of detection and quantitation of the method were determined to be 300 fmol (67 pg) and 1 μM of acetazolamide, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy for acetazolamide in human urine samples in pharmacologically relevant concentration ranges were determined to be 0.3%–4.2% and 95.3%–109%, respectively. The method was applied to measure urinary acetazolamide excretion after ingestion of a 250 mg acetazolamide-containing tablet (Acemit®) by a healthy volunteer. Among other tested sulfonamide drugs, methazolamide (MM, 236) was also found to form a N,N-dipentafluorobenzyl derivative, whereas dorzolamide (MM, 324) was hardly detectable. No GC-MS peaks were obtained from the PFB bromide derivatization of hydrochlorothiazide (MM, 298), xipamide (MM, 355), indapamide and metholazone (MM, 366 each) or brinzolamide (MM, 384). We demonstrate for the first time that sulfonamide drugs can be derivatized with PFB bromide and quantitated by GC-MS. Sulfonamides with MM larger than 236 are likely to be derivatized by PFB bromide but to lack thermal stability. The sulfonamide group of acetazolamide was derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Other sulfonamides were also derivatized for the first time with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of acetazolamide and other sulfonamides are useful for GC-MS. The validated method was used to quantify pharmacological acetazolamide in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Begou
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kathrin Drabert
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_AUTh, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, P.O. Box 8318, GR 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Core Unit Proteomics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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Supercritical fluid chromatography – Mass spectrometry: Recent evolution and current trends. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hrdlička J, Gucký T, Novák O, Kulkarni M, Gupta S, van Staden J, Doležal K. Quantification of karrikins in smoke water using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:81. [PMID: 31372177 PMCID: PMC6659305 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karrikins (KARs) are plant growth regulators that promote seed germination and the subsequent growth and development of seedlings of many plant species. In nature they are generated and released by combustion of plant material and promote the restoration of burned ecosystems. Smoke water can be artificially prepared as a saturated extract of all substances in smoke produced by burning plants, and it has various horticultural and agricultural applications. RESULTS We have developed, validated and applied the first fast, specific and sensitive method, based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, for quantifying KARs in smoke water. To assist these efforts and further analyses, standards of the main KARs (which are not commercially available) were synthesized. Due to the complex matrix of smoke waters, two quantification approaches (standard dilution with a structural KAR analogue and standard addition) were compared. The standard addition method allowed absolute quantification of KARs in six of eight smoke water samples of diverse origins and ages. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal differences in both total and relative levels of KARs in smoke water, and indicate that differences in its KAR composition may be linked to variations in its bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hrdlička
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gucký
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Manoj Kulkarni
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
| | - Shubhpriya Gupta
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Regalado EL, Haidar Ahmad IA, Bennett R, D’Atri V, Makarov AA, Humphrey GR, Mangion I, Guillarme D. The Emergence of Universal Chromatographic Methods in the Research and Development of New Drug Substances. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1990-2002. [PMID: 31198042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturing process development of new drug substances in the pharmaceutical industry combines numerous chemical challenges beyond the efficient synthesis of complex molecules. Optimization of a synthetic route involves the screening of multiple reaction variables with a desired outcome that not only depends on an increased product yield but is also highly influenced by the removal efficacy of residual chemicals and reaction byproducts during the subsequent synthetic route. Consequently, organic chemists must survey a wide array of synthetic variables to develop a highly productive, green, and cost-effective manufacturing process. The time constraints of developing robust quantitative methods prior to each processing step can easily lead to sample analysis becoming a bottleneck in synthetic route development. In this regard, conventional "on demand" analytical method development and optimization approaches, traditionally used for guiding synthetic chemistry efforts, become unsustainable. This Account introduces recent efforts to address the aforementioned challenges through the development and implementation of generic or more universal chromatographic methods that can cover a broad spectrum of targeted compound classes. Such generic methods require significant resolving power to enable baseline resolution of multicomponent mixtures in a single experimental run without additional method customization but must be simple enough to allow for routine use by chemists, chemical engineers and other researchers with little experience in chromatographic method development. These powerful analytical methodologies are often employed to minimize the time spent developing new analytical assays, while also facilitating method transfer to manufacturing facilities and application in regulatory settings. Diverse examples of universal and fit-for-purpose analytical procedures are presented herein, illustrating the power of modern readily available analytical technology for streamlining the development of new drug substances in organic chemistry laboratories across both academic and industrial sectors. With recent advances in analytical instrumentation and column technologies, universal chromatographic methods are quickly becoming a proactive and effective strategy to accelerate the discovery and implementation of new synthetic methodologies, especially but not limited to laboratories where the synthetic process route is undergoing rapid change and optimization. Targets of these generic methods include analysis of organic solvents, acid and basic additives, nucleotide species, palladium scavengers, impurity mapping, enantiopurity, synthetic intermediates, active pharmaceutical ingredients and their counterions, dehalogenation byproducts, and mixtures of organohalogenated pharmaceuticals, among other chemicals used or formed in process chemistry reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Regalado
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A. Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alexey A. Makarov
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Guy R. Humphrey
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Zou L, Bennett R, Haidar Ahmad IA, Jocher BM, Zhang L, Bu X, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Generic Ion Chromatography–Conductivity Detection Method for Analysis of Palladium Scavengers in New Drug Substances. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Zou
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Raffeal Bennett
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A. Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brandon M. Jocher
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Li Zhang
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiaodong Bu
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Heiland JJ, Geissler D, Piendl SK, Warias R, Belder D. Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography On-Chip with Two-Photon-Excited-Fluorescence Detection for High-Speed Chiral Separations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6134-6140. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Liu LX, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Li GH, Yang GJ, Feng XS. The Application of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Food Quality and Food Safety: An Overview. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:136-160. [PMID: 30900462 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1586520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-xia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-jian Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Pilařová V, Plachká K, Khalikova MA, Svec F, Nováková L. Recent developments in supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry: Is it a viable option for analysis of complex samples? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Evaluation of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in modern SFC-MS/MS for enantioselective bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:251-266. [PMID: 30672314 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The applicability of polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases in modern supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-MS/MS for chiral bioanalysis was evaluated. Materials & methods: Ten popular polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) were tested using a set of 23 drugs against three cosolvents. The effect of temperature and backpressure on separation was examined. Results: The recommended order of CSPs for screening was determined. Methanol with 0.1% NH4OH is proven to be the first choice of cosolvent. Temperature of 40°C and backpressure of 10 or 15 MPa are recommended starting conditions. Phospholipid elution profiles on the polysaccharide-based CSPs were reported for the first time under SFC conditions. Conclusion: A simplified screening protocol with straightforward method optimization approaches was generated for SFC chiral assay development in a reasonable time frame with a high success rate.
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36
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37
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Behbahani P, Qomi M, Ghasemi N, Tahvildari K. Ephedrine Analysis in Real Urine Sample via Solvent Bar Microextraction Technique Coupled with HPLC-UV and Chemometrics. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666170613093620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Ephedrine, an alpha/beta-adrenergic agonist, is one of the most common doping
agents not only among athletes but also the ordinary people, therefore its detection at low trace levels
with a sensitive and cost effective method has become a priority to investigate many analytical
methods.
Objective:
In this work, solvent bar microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC-UV) was used for extraction and determination of ephedrine at low trace levels from urine
samples at optimum condition.
Methods:
In this study, a designed experiment was carried out using solvent bar microextraction technique,
which has been proved to be a green method. This method requires three phases consisting of a
donor phase with an alkaline pH, an acceptor phase with an acidic pH, and organic solvent to impregnate
the pores of the hollow fiber. The obtained results were used for estimating the optimum ranges for
each parameter, analyzing the effect of different parameters, simultaneously.
Results:
Under optimized circumstances, the preconcentration factor was 129. The calibration curves
represented good linearity for urine sample with coefficient estimations higher than 0.9991. The limit of
detection and quantitation for ephedrine were 16.7 µg L-1 and 50 µg L-1, respectively. The relative standard
deviations of analysis were 3.5% within a day (n=3) and 4.1% between days (n=9).
Conclusion:
According to the results and previous studies, it can be concluded that the preconcentration
factor for ephedrine was the best result ever reported considering selectivity and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persia Behbahani
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Qomi
- Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences Faculty, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Kambiz Tahvildari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Tang G, Huang Y, Zhang T, Wang Q, Crommen J, Fillet M, Jiang Z. Determination of phenolic acids in extra virgin olive oil using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled with single quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:217-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6441-6457. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Pauk V, Lemr K. Forensic applications of supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:184-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Crepier J, Le Masle A, Charon N, Albrieux F, Duchene P, Heinisch S. Ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization high resolution mass spectrometry for the characterization of fast pyrolysis bio-oils. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Guillarme D, Desfontaine V, Heinisch S, Veuthey JL. What are the current solutions for interfacing supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Storbeck KH, Gilligan L, Jenkinson C, Baranowski ES, Quanson JL, Arlt W, Taylor AE. The utility of ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) for clinically relevant steroid analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1085:36-41. [PMID: 29627638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays are considered the reference standard for serum steroid hormone analyses, while full urinary steroid profiles are only achievable by gas chromatography (GC-MS). Both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS have well documented strengths and limitations. Recently, commercial ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) systems have been developed. These systems combine the resolution of GC with the high-throughput capabilities of UHPLC. Uptake of this new technology into research and clinical labs has been slow, possibly due to the perceived increase in complexity. Here we therefore present fundamental principles of UHPSFC-MS/MS and the likely applications for this technology in the clinical research setting, while commenting on potential hurdles based on our experience to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Lorna Gilligan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Jenkinson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Baranowski
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan L Quanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Haglind A, Hedeland M, Arvidsson T, Pettersson CE. Major signal suppression from metal ion clusters in SFC/ESI-MS - Cause and effects. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1084:96-105. [PMID: 29579734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The widening application area of SFC-MS with polar analytes and water-containing samples facilitates the use of quick and simple sample preparation techniques such as "dilute and shoot" and protein precipitation. This has also introduced new polar interfering components such as alkali metal ions naturally abundant in e.g. blood plasma and urine, which have shown to be retained using screening conditions in SFC/ESI-TOF-MS and causing areas of major ion suppression. Analytes co-eluting with these clusters will have a decreased signal intensity, which might have a major effect on both quantification and identification. When investigating the composition of the alkali metal clusters using accurate mass and isotopic pattern, it could be concluded that they were previously not described in the literature. Using NaCl and KCl standards and different chromatographic conditions, varying e.g. column and modifier, the clusters proved to be formed from the alkali metal ions in combination with the alcohol modifier and make-up solvent. Their compositions were [(XOCH3)n + X]+, [(XOH)n + X]+, [(X2CO3)n + X]+ and [(XOOCOCH3)n + X]+ for X = Na+ or K+ in ESI+. In ESI-, the clusters depended more on modifier, with [(XCl)n + Cl]- and [(XOCH3)n + OCH3]- mainly formed in pure methanol and [(XOOCH)n + OOCH]- when 20 mM NH4Fa was added. To prevent the formation of the clusters by avoiding methanol as modifier might be difficult, as this is a widely used modifier providing good solubility when analyzing polar compounds in SFC. A sample preparation with e.g. LLE would remove the alkali ions, however also introducing a time consuming and discriminating step into the method. Since the alkali metal ions were retained and affected by chromatographic adjustments as e.g. mobile phase modifications, a way to avoid them could therefore be chromatographic tuning, when analyzing samples containing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Haglind
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Dept. of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Arvidsson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; Medical Products Agency, Box 26, SE-751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt E Pettersson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Al Hamimi S, Sandahl M, Armeni M, Turner C, Spégel P. Screening of stationary phase selectivities for global lipid profiling by ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:76-82. [PMID: 29567363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance of seven sub-2-μm particle packed columns (2-picolylamine, 2-PIC; charged surface hybrid fluoro-phenyl, CSH-FP; high strength silica C18 SB, HSS-C18; diethylamine, DEA; 1-aminoanthracene, 1-AA; high density diol and ethylene bridged hybrid; BEH) was examined for lipid separation in ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Based on the results of the column screening a method for profiling of multiple lipid species from the major lipid classes was developed. Stationary phases containing β-hydroxy amines, i.e. 1-AA, DEA and 2-PIC, yielded strong retention and poor peak shapes of zwitterionic lipids with primary amine groups, such as phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylethanolamines and its lyso forms. The BEH and HSS-C18 columns showed strong retention of polar and nonpolar lipids, respectively. The Diol column retained the majority of major lipid classes and also produced symmetric peaks. In addition, this column also produced the highest resolution within and between major lipid classes. An injection solvent composed of methanol:chloroform (1:2, v:v) and the addition of 20 mM ammonium formate in the mobile phase improved chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry detection in comparison to ammonium acetate or absence of additive. Finally, chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters were optimized for the Diol column using a design of experiments approach. The separation mechanism on the Diol column depended on the lipid functionality and the length and degree of unsaturation of the acyl groups. The developed method could resolve 18 lipid classes and multiple lipids within each class, from blood serum and brain tissue in 11 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Al Hamimi
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marina Armeni
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Spégel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Borovcová L, Pauk V, Lemr K. Analysis of new psychoactive substances in human urine by ultra-high performance supercritical fluid and liquid chromatography: Validation and comparison. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2288-2295. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Borovcová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Volodymyr Pauk
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Karel Lemr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University in Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
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Desfontaine V, Capetti F, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Systematic evaluation of matrix effects in supercritical fluid chromatography versus liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1079:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Kočová Vlčková H, Pilařová V, Svobodová P, Plíšek J, Švec F, Nováková L. Current state of bioanalytical chromatography in clinical analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:1305-1325. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic methods have become popular in clinical analysis in both routine and research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kočová Vlčková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Pilařová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Svobodová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - J. Plíšek
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - F. Švec
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Nováková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
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50
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Supercritical fluid chromatography: a promising alternative to current bioanalytical techniques. Bioanalysis 2017; 10:107-124. [PMID: 29236519 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last years, chemistry was involved in the worldwide effort toward environmental problems leading to the birth of green chemistry. In this context, green analytical tools were developed as modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in the field of separative techniques. This chromatographic technique knew resurgence a few years ago, thanks to its high efficiency, fastness and robustness of new generation equipment. These advantages and its easy hyphenation to MS fulfill the requirements of bioanalysis regarding separation capacity and high throughput. In the present paper, the technical aspects focused on bioanalysis specifications will be detailed followed by a critical review of bioanalytical supercritical fluid chromatography methods published in the literature.
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