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Kale R, Chaturvedi D, Dandekar P, Jain R. Analytical techniques for screening of cannabis and derivatives from human hair specimens. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1133-1149. [PMID: 38314866 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis and associated substances are some of the most frequently abused drugs across the globe, mainly due to their anxiolytic and euphorigenic properties. Nowadays, the analysis of hair samples has been given high importance in forensic and analytical sciences and in clinical studies because they are associated with a low risk of infection, do not require complicated storage conditions, and offer a broad window of non-invasive detection. Analysis of hair samples is very easy compared to the analysis of blood, urine, and saliva samples. This review places particular emphasis on methodologies of analyzing hair samples containing cannabis, with a special focus on the preparation of samples for analysis, which involves screening and extraction techniques, followed by confirmatory assays. Through this manuscript, we have presented an overview of the available literature on the screening of cannabis using mass spectroscopy techniques. We have presented a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this technique, to establish it as a suitable method for the analysis of cannabis from hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Dugues P, Abe E, Etting I, Nguyen AH, Edel Y, Alvarez JC, Larabi IA. Consommation de cannabinoïdes de synthèse (CS) en région parisienne : profil d’un consommateur de 9 CS dérivés indoles et indazoles et premières données de la littérature. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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3
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Abbott MJ, Dunnett J, Wheeler J, Davidson A. The identification of synthetic cannabinoids in English prisons. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111613. [PMID: 36922254 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) are extremely prevalent within the prison system and cause problems for prisoners, law enforcement and health services. SC are often soaked into paper then posted into prisons therefore one of the aims of this research is to collaborate with Rapiscan Systems Ltd. and local prisons in England to measure the effectiveness of trace detection methods for the indication of SC in prison post using the Itemiser 3E®. To ensure compounds did not go undetected, samples with Ion Trap Mobility Spectrometry™ peaks indicative of synthetic cannabinoids on the Itemiser 3E® were analysed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to identify chemical characteristics which allowed comparison to reference spectra. Sample data spanning three years from one prison's Itemiser 3E® were collated to identify trends in drug prevalence and the influence of library updates. To date, the method has identified four compounds: 5F-MDMB-PICA, MMB-4en-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA on prison post which were not already included on, or needed confirmatory analysis to update, the Itemiser 3E® library. As a result, the libraries on prison Itemiser 3E®s have been updated to ensure future detection of such compounds. Trends and influences from the processed Itemiser 3E® data were also reported back to the West Midlands Prison Group. This research directly benefitted both the West Midlands Prison Group and Rapiscan Systems Ltd. and it is anticipated that the continuation of this research could be expanded to a national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Jane Abbott
- Staffordshire University, Science Centre, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, United Kingdom.
| | - Jodie Dunnett
- Staffordshire University, Science Centre, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, United Kingdom
| | - John Wheeler
- Staffordshire University, Science Centre, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Davidson
- Staffordshire University, Science Centre, Leek Road, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, United Kingdom
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4
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Magnetic restricted-access carbon nanotubes for SPME to determine cannabinoids in plasma samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1226:340160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Zarrouk E, Lenski M, Bruno C, Thibert V, Contreras P, Privat K, Ameline A, Fabresse N. High-resolution mass spectrometry: Theoretical and technological aspects. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Andersen JE. Assessment of measurement uncertainty using longitudinal calibration data in the forensic context. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wu X, Zhang Y, Qin R, Li P, Wen Y, Yin Z, Zhang Z, Xu H. Discrimination of isomeric monosaccharide derivatives using collision-induced fingerprinting coupled to ion mobility mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 224:121901. [PMID: 33379106 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the isomeric heterogeneity that is ubiquitous in analytical science, a formidable analytical challenge is to fully discriminate multiple isomers, especially those candidate isomers with various biological functions. Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has gained impressive advances for gaining molecular conformations, whereas coexisting structurally similar isomers often make unambiguous discrimination impossible due to the limited IM resolution of commercially available instruments. Herein, we demonstrate an energy-resolved collision-induced fingerprint (CIF) method to fully discriminate isomeric monosaccharide derivatives that differ in terms of composition, connectivity and configuration without complex instrument modifications. By simply increasing the collisional energy in the trap cell, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of IM peaks can be markedly narrowed by at least 2-fold. Given the excellent reproducibility of CIF measurements, the full discrimination of isomers can benefit from their unique feature values and root-mean square deviation (RMSD) in CIF spectra. Moreover, rapid discrimination of each monosaccharide derivate isomer from binary mixtures is demonstrated. This strategy will expand the horizons of IM-MS platform in the rapid differentiation of a wider range of isomers more than monosaccharide derivatives in complex systems, which facilitates the identification and evaluation of innovative isomer candidates with unexplored functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Run Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingjie Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1197-1222. [PMID: 33557608 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Efeoglu Ozseker P, Daglıoglu N. Simultaneous Determination and Validation of 5F-ADBICA and 5F-NPB-22 in Whole Blood and Urine by LC/MS–MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Bijlsma L, Celma A, Castiglioni S, Salgueiro-González N, Bou-Iserte L, Baz-Lomba JA, Reid MJ, Dias MJ, Lopes A, Matias J, Pastor-Alcañiz L, Radonić J, Turk Sekulic M, Shine T, van Nuijs ALN, Hernandez F, Zuccato E. Monitoring psychoactive substance use at six European festivals through wastewater and pooled urine analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 725:138376. [PMID: 32298891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of psychoactive substances is considered a growing problem in many communities. Moreover, new psychoactive substances (NPS) designed as (legal) substitutes to traditional illicit drugs are relatively easily available to the public through e-commerce and retail shops, but there is little knowledge regarding the extent and actual use of these substances. This study aims to gain new and complementary information on NPS and traditional illicit drug use at six music festivals across Europe by investigating wastewater and pooled urine. Samples were collected, between 2015 and 2018, at six music festivals across Europe with approximately 465.000 attendees. Wastewater samples were also collected during a period not coinciding with festivals. A wide-scope screening for 197 NPS, six illicit drugs and known metabolites was applied using different chromatography-mass spectrometric strategies. Several illicit drugs and in total 21 different NPS, mainly synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines and tryptamines, were identified in the samples. Ketamine and the traditional illicit drugs, such as amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabis and cocaine were most abundant and/or frequently detected in the samples collected, suggesting a higher use compared to NPS. The analyses of urine and wastewater is quick and a high number of attendees may be monitored anonymously by analysing only a few samples which allows identifying the local profiles of use of different drugs within a wide panel of psychoactive substances. This approach contributes to the development of an efficient surveillance system which can provide timely insight in the trends of NPS and illicit drugs use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - A Celma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - S Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri -IRCCS, , Milan, Italy
| | | | - L Bou-Iserte
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - J A Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - M J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - M J Dias
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciencias Forenses, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Lopes
- Egas Moniz, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Matias
- European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - J Radonić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - M Turk Sekulic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - T Shine
- TICTAC Communications Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - A L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - E Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri -IRCCS, , Milan, Italy
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), commonly known as K2, spice, or fake weed, are cheap, artificially manufactured recreational drugs that have emerged as a major public health threat in various regions of the US. OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical manifestations of SC intoxication. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This case series assessed adults admitted to the intensive care unit from 2014 to 2016 with acute life-threatening complications of SC use. Data analysis was completed in October 2016. EXPOSURES Use of SCs such as K2, spice, or other synthetic versions of cannabinoids. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Data collected included patient demographic data, medical history, presenting symptoms, physical findings, laboratory and imaging data, and intensive care unit and hospital course. RESULTS Thirty patients (mean age, 41 years [range, 21-59 years]; 24 men [80%]) with SC ingestion were admitted to the intensive care unit over a 2-year period. Thirteen patients were undomiciled. The majority had a history of polysubstance abuse, psychiatric illness, or personality disorder. The admission diagnoses were coma (10 patients [33%]), agitation (10 patients [33%]), and seizure (6 patients [20%]). Eighteen patients (60%) had acute respiratory failure, and tracheal intubation was required in 21 patients (70%) for either airway protection or acute respiratory failure. Rhabdomyolysis was noted in 8 patients (26%). A man developed transient cerebral edema with loss of gray-white differentiation but had complete recovery. A woman with history of asthma died of acute respiratory distress syndrome. All patients underwent routine toxicology testing, which was unrevealing in 16 cases and revealed coingestion in the remainder. Sixteen patients (53%) left the hospital against medical advice. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Ingestion of SCs can lead to life-threatening complications, including severe toxic encephalopathy, acute respiratory failure, and death. Synthetic cannabinoids are undetectable in routine serum and urine toxicology testing but can be suspected on the basis of history and clinical presentation, which may include extreme agitation or coma. Frontline clinicians must be aware of the presentation and be vigilant in suspecting SC intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismini Kourouni
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Now at Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, MetroHealth Hospital Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Bashar Mourad
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Now at Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Hassan Khouli
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Now at Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Janet M. Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Now at Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Joseph P. Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Now at Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and Mount Sinai West Hospitals, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Silva JP, Araújo AM, de Pinho PG, Carmo H, Carvalho F. Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-122 and THJ-2201 Disrupt Endocannabinoid-Regulated Mitochondrial Function and Activate Apoptotic Pathways as a Primary Mechanism of In Vitro Nephrotoxicity at In Vivo Relevant Concentrations. Toxicol Sci 2020; 169:422-435. [PMID: 30796436 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread recreational use of synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) represents a major public health issue, as reports of intoxications and deaths following SCB use rapidly mount up. Specifically, a direct link between SCB use and acute kidney injury (AKI) has been established, although the pathophysiologic mechanisms remain undefined. Here we assessed the in vitro nephrotoxicity of 3 commonly detected and structurally distinct SCBs-AB-FUBINACA, JWH-122, and THJ-2201-in human proximal tubule cells (HK-2), to ascertain potential similarities and/or differences regarding their nephrotoxicity signatures. We showed that 2 of the 3 SCBs tested, namely JWH-122 and THJ-2201, at in vivo relevant concentrations (1 nM-1 μM), triggered apoptotic cell death pathways, mainly through a shared mechanism involving the deregulation of mitochondrial function (ie, with mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization and increased intracellular ATP levels), as the primary molecular signature of nephrotoxicity mechanism. Noteworthy, no SCB affected cell viability (MTT reduction, lactate dehydrogenase release, Neutral Red inclusion). Use of the cannabinoid receptor (CBR) antagonists SR141716A and SR144528, as well as HEK293T cells, which do not express CBRs, confirmed the involvement of these receptors in SCB-mediated mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization but not on other events, suggesting an off-target action regulating SCB-induced kidney cell death. Our results further strengthen the relevance of the endocannabinoid system in maintaining mitochondrial function in kidney cells, as we demonstrate that HK-2 incubation with CBR antagonists or inhibitors of endocannabinoid biosynthesis (ie, methyl arachydonyl fluorophosphonate, tetrahydrolipstatin) alone produced deleterious effects similar to those now reported for SCBs. Overall, SCB-induced nephrotoxicity seems to be mainly regulated at the mitochondrial level, but the specific mechanisms involved require further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Silva
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Araújo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
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Challenges and Opportunities in Preclinical Research of Synthetic Cannabinoids for Pain Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56010024. [PMID: 31936616 PMCID: PMC7023162 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used in pain management since 2900 BC. In the 20th century, synthetic cannabinoids began to emerge, thus opening the way for improved efficacy. The search for new forms of synthetic cannabinoids continues and, as such, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive tool for the research and development of this promising class of drugs. Methods for the in vitro assessment of cytotoxic, mutagenic or developmental effects are presented, followed by the main in vivo pain models used in cannabis research and the results yielded by different types of administration (systemic versus intrathecal versus inhalation). Animal models designed for assessing side-effects and long-term uses are also discussed. In the second part of this review, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of synthetic cannabinoid biodistribution, together with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric identification of synthetic cannabinoids in biological fluids from rodents to humans are presented. Last, but not least, different strategies for improving the solubility and physicochemical stability of synthetic cannabinoids and their potential impact on pain management are discussed. In conclusion, synthetic cannabinoids are one of the most promising classes of drugs in pain medicine, and preclinical research should focus on identifying new and improved alternatives for a better clinical and preclinical outcome.
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14
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Larabi IA, Riffi M, Fabresse N, Etting I, Alvarez JC. Validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of sixteen synthetic cannabinoids in human hair. Application to document chronic use of JWH-122 following a non-fatal overdose. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Appolonova SA, Palacio C, Shestakova KM, Mesonzhnik NV, Brito A, Kuznetsov RM, Markin PA, Bochkareva NL, Burmykin D, Ovcharov M, Musile G, Tagliaro F, Savchuk SA. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of the novel synthetic cannabinoid 5F-APINAC. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Staeheli SN, Veloso VP, Bovens M, Bissig C, Kraemer T, Poetzsch M. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening method using information‐dependent acquisition of enhanced product ion mass spectra for synthetic cannabinoids including metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1369-1376. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Staeheli
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Veronica P. Veloso
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Poetzsch
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic MedicineUniversity of Zurich Switzerland
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Shah I, Al-Dabbagh B, Salem AE, Hamid SAA, Muhammad N, Naughton DP. A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair. BMC Chem 2019; 13:106. [PMID: 31428743 PMCID: PMC6694587 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bayan Al-Dabbagh
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alaa Eldin Salem
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Saber A A Hamid
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Neak Muhammad
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Declan P Naughton
- 2School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Surrey, UK
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Adamowicz P, Meissner E, Maślanka M. Fatal intoxication with new synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 57:1103-1108. [PMID: 30806094 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1580371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids are currently the largest group of new psychoactive substances. Those that have been subjected to legal control are replaced by newer uncontrolled substances, which causes constant and dynamic changes to the drug market. Some of the most recent synthetic cannabinoids that have appeared on the "legal highs" market are AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA. Case history: A 27-year-old man was found dead on a bed in an apartment. At autopsy, congestion of internal organs, pulmonary oedema and left-sided pleural adhesions were found. The medical examiner concluded that the man died due to acute respiratory failure. The autopsy materials (blood, urine, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, lung and brain) were collected for further toxicological analyses. Methods: The synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were isolated from autopsy materials by precipitation with acetonitrile. The quantitative analyses were carried out by LC-MS/MS. Results: AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were detected and quantified in all post-mortem materials except the blood. The determined concentrations of these compounds in solid tissues were in the range of 0.2-0.9 ng/g and 0.2-3.5 ng/g. The highest concentrations of AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA were revealed in the stomach content (5.8 and 36.2 ng/mL, respectively). Discussion: The presented case demonstrates that even in cases of fatalities, it is possible that the parent substance will not be present in the blood, while being present in other autopsy materials. The determined concentrations of the compounds may indicate oral administration of synthetic cannabinoids. It can also be assumed that AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA probably contributed to death. Conclusion: The presented case shows that synthetic cannabinoids can be undetected in the blood of even seriously or fatally intoxicated people. This situation means that the analysis of only blood samples may not confirm poisoning. The presented case also suggests that AMB-FUBINACA and EMB-FUBINACA use is dangerous to health and may lead to fatal intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Meissner
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: a review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1609-1623. [PMID: 30226077 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a new class of chemical drugs capable of modifying human behavior. These products do not contain cannabis, but produce similar effects after consumption. The fact that they are easily accessed, and are many times considered to be harmless, justifies their widespread use among young people. This fact, together with the difficulty in their detection by routine drug tests, makes it extremely important to develop new procedures able to detect and monitor their consumption. The aim of this work is to perform a critical review regarding the human biological samples that can be used for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids, paying special attention to analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. The reviewed articles deal with the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in the context of forensic and toxicological analysis.
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Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 41:691-710. [PMID: 30039377 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, a new class of psychoactive substances, are potent agonists of cannabinoid receptors, which mimic the psychoactive effects of the principal psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Despite governmental scheduling as illicit drugs, new synthetic cannabinoids are being produced. The abuse of synthetic cannabinoids with several drugs containing different chemical groups has resulted in large numbers of poisonings. This has increased the urgency for forensic and public health laboratories to identify the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids and apply this knowledge to the development of analytical methods and for toxicity prediction. It is necessary to determine whether synthetic cannabinoids are involved in drug-metabolizing enzyme-mediated drug-drug interactions. This review describes the metabolic pathways of 13 prevalent synthetic cannabinoids and various drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for their metabolism, including cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and carboxylesterases. The inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities are also reviewed to predict the potential of synthetic cannabinoids for drug-drug interactions. The drug-metabolizing enzymes responsible for metabolism of synthetic cannabinoids should be characterized and the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on CYP and UGT activities should be determined to predict the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid-induced drug-drug interactions in the clinic.
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Battal D, Akgönüllü S, Yalcin MS, Yavuz H, Denizli A. Molecularly imprinted polymer based quartz crystal microbalance sensor system for sensitive and label-free detection of synthetic cannabinoids in urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 111:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gabrielli L, Rosa-Gastaldo D, Salvia MV, Springhetti S, Rastrelli F, Mancin F. Detection and identification of designer drugs by nanoparticle-based NMR chemosensing. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4777-4784. [PMID: 29910928 PMCID: PMC5975544 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Properly designed monolayer-protected nanoparticles (2 nm core diameter) can be used as nanoreceptors for selective detection and identification of phenethylamine derivatives (designer drugs) in water. The molecular recognition mechanism is driven by the combination of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions within the coating monolayer. Each nanoparticle can bind up to 30-40 analyte molecules. The affinity constants range from 105 to 106 M-1 and are modulated by the hydrophobicity of the aromatic moiety in the substrate. Detection of drug candidates (such as amphetamines and methamphetamines) is performed by using magnetization (NOE) or saturation (STD) transfer NMR experiments. In this way, the NMR spectrum of the drug is isolated from that of the mixture, allowing broad-class multianalyte detection and even identification of unknowns. The introduction of a dimethylsilane moiety in the coating monolayer allows performing STD experiments in complex mixtures. In this way, a detection limit of 30 μM is reached with standard instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Daniele Rosa-Gastaldo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Marie-Virginie Salvia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Sara Springhetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Federico Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
| | - Fabrizio Mancin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , 35131 Padova , Italy .
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Pauk V, Lemr K. Forensic applications of supercritical fluid chromatography – mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:184-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Streit F, Binder L. Systematic forensic toxicological analysis by liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in serum and comparison to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Blandino V, Wetzel J, Kim J, Haxhi P, Curtis R, Concheiro M. Oral Fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2018; 18:796-805. [PMID: 29173162 DOI: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine is a common biological sample to monitor recent drug exposure, and oral fluid is an alternative matrix of increasing interest in clinical and forensic toxicology. Limited data are available about oral fluid vs. urine drug disposition, especially for synthetic cannabinoids. OBJECTIVE To compare urine and oral fluid as biological matrices to monitor recent drug exposure among HIV-infected homeless individuals. METHODS Seventy matched urine and oral fluid samples were collected from 13 participants. Cannabis, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine and opiates were analyzed in urine by the enzyme-multipliedimmunoassay- technique and in oral fluid by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMSMS). Eleven synthetic cannabinoids were analyzed in urine and in oral fluid by LC-MSMS. RESULTS Five oral fluid samples were positive for AB-FUBINACA. In urine, 4 samples tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids PB-22, 5-Fluoro-PB-22, AB-FUBINACA, and metabolites UR-144 5-pentanoic acid and UR-144 4-hydroxypentyl. In only one case, oral fluid and urine results matched, both specimens being AB-FUBINACA positive. For cannabis, 40 samples tested positive in urine and 30 in oral fluid (85.7% match). For cocaine, 37 urine and 52 oral fluid samples were positive (75.7% match). Twenty-four urine samples were positive for opiates, and 25 in oral fluid (81.4% match). For benzodiazepines, 23 samples were positive in urine and 25 in oral fluid (85.7% match). CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION These results offer new information about drugs disposition between urine and oral fluid. Oral fluid is a good alternative matrix to urine for monitoring cannabis, cocaine, opiates and benzodiazepines recent use; however, synthetic cannabinoids showed mixed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Blandino
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jillian Wetzel
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Petrit Haxhi
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Richard Curtis
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marta Concheiro
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Franz F, Jechle H, Angerer V, Pegoro M, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA. Synthetic cannabinoids in hair - Pragmatic approach for method updates, compound prevalences and concentration ranges in authentic hair samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1006:61-73. [PMID: 30016265 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the first detection of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in so-called 'legal high' products (e.g. 'Spice') sold as legal alternatives to marihuana, the rapid development of this class of designer drugs poses a great challenge for analytical laboratories. The aim of this study was the comprehensive validation of an up-to-date LC-MS/MS method for detection of SCs in human hair for the purpose of drug abstinence testing and evaluation of a pragmatic re-validation approach for frequent method adaption. The validation demonstrated low quantification limits (0.5-5.0 pg mg-1) and acceptable selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision for 72 SCs. High matrix effects have been taken into consideration as a major limitation of the method. The partial re-validation approach proved to be an appropriate compromise between reduced validation effort and sufficient control of the method performance enabling analysts to keep pace with the dynamics of the drug market. The analysis of 294 authentic samples resulted in 163 positive samples and showed a broad concentration range (<1.0-5,700 pg mg-1) for 52 SCs in hair with up to 17 different compounds detected in a single hair sample. Periods of detection between one and 58 months were observed for single compounds in hair. Regarding the interpretation of analytical findings semi-quantitative concentrations were considered sufficient for a rough classification of the intensity of drug exposure in (i) passive exposure or exposure in the distant past (lower pg mg-1 range), (ii) more intense exposure (elevated concentration range, >20 pg mg-1 (upper 25th-percentile)), and (iii) heavy/recent exposure (>150 pg mg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Franz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jechle
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Pegoro
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Burns NK, Ashton TD, Stevenson PG, Pearson JR, Fox IL, Pfeffer FM, Francis PS, Smith ZM, Barnett NW, Chen L, White JM, Conlan XA. Extraction, identification and detection of synthetic cannabinoids found pre-ban in herbal products in Victoria, Australia. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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The synthetic cannabinoid XLR-11 induces in vitro nephrotoxicity by impairment of endocannabinoid-mediated regulation of mitochondrial function homeostasis and triggering of apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2018; 287:59-69. [PMID: 29410032 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs)-related intoxications and deaths have been increasingly reported, turning its widespread recreational use into a major public health concern. Specifically, a direct link between SCBs and acute kidney injury (AKI) has been established. XLR-11 is an SCB commonly found in the toxicological analysis of patients with SCB-associated AKI. However, the pathophysiology of AKI among SCB consumers remains unknown. This work thus represents the first in vitro assessment of SCB nephrotoxicity, as a first approach to identify its cellular targets. We demonstrate that XLR-11, at biologically relevant concentrations (in the nanomolar range), primarily targets mitochondrial function in human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells, inducing a transient hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and increasing ATP production, accompanied by Bax translocation from cytosol into mitochondria. These phenomena further triggered energy-dependent apoptotic cell death pathways, indicated by increased caspase-3 activity and chromatin condensation. Experiments using SR141716A and SR144258, specific antagonists for CB1 and CB2 receptors, respectively, as well as HEK293T cells (which do not express CBRs) highlighted these processes' dependence on CBR activation. Nevertheless, ATP formation seemed to follow a CBR-independent pathway. Our findings using specific inhibitors of endogenous cannabinoids biosynthesis (i.e. MAFP and THL) further evidenced the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of these processes, as XLR-11 binding to CBRs seemed to compromise endocannabinoid-mediated preservation of mitochondrial function. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms involved require further clarification.
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Švidrnoch M, Boráňová B, Tomková J, Ondra P, Maier V. Simultaneous determination of designer benzodiazepines in human serum using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis – Tandem mass spectrometry with successive multiple ionic – Polymer layer coated capillary. Talanta 2018; 176:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPS), namely cannabinoids, cathinones, and opioids, have surged in popularity among school-age children, resulting in serious morbidity and mortality globally. In the last decade, there has been a rapid evolution of NPS resulting in hundreds of new compounds. Little to no evidence for humans is available on most compounds. The clinical presentations of patients intoxicated with cannabinoids and cathinones are highly variable but most commonly present with a sympathomimetic toxidrome, for example, agitation, delirium, and tachycardia. Those with opioids present with a classic opioid toxidrome: coma, dilated pupils, and respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Warrick
- University of New Mexico, NMPDIC MSC07 4390, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87107-0001, USA.
| | - Anita Paula Tataru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Lab, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Medical Sciences Building S864, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (LC–CAD) for unified quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends and comparison with quantitative NMR results. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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32
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Materazzi S, Peluso G, Ripani L, Risoluti R. High-throughput prediction of AKB48 in emerging illicit products by NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Caspar AT, Kollas AB, Maurer HH, Meyer MR. Development of a quantitative approach in blood plasma for low-dosed hallucinogens and opioids using LC-high resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2017; 176:635-645. [PMID: 28917801 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The WHO annually reports an increasing abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are a heterogeneous group of synthetic drugs and are consumed as substitute for controlled drugs of abuse. In this work, we focused on highly potent derivatives such those of phenethylamine (2C), N-2-methoxybenzyl phenethylamine (NBOMes), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and fentanyl. Severe to fatal intoxications were described due to their high potency. Therefore, they have to be taken at very low doses resulting in low blood concentration in the low ng/mL range, which is a challenge for reliable analytical detection and quantification. The aim of this work was therefore to design a simple, robust, and fast method for simultaneous detection and quantification of multiple substances of the different classes in human blood plasma using liquid chromatography (LC) high resolution (HR) mass spectrometry (MS) with alternating HR full-scan (HRFS) MS and "All-ions fragmentation" (AIF) MS. The paper contains results of the method validation according to the EMA guideline, including intra-/interday accuracy and precision, matrix effects, storage and benchtop analyte stability as well as selectivity and carryover. All validation criteria were fulfilled for most tested compounds except for the NBOMe derivatives, one out of ten 2C-derivatives and butyryl fentanyl, which failed at accuracy and/or precision or at the acceptance criteria for matrix effect. Reasons for this are discussed and solutions presented. Despite some limitations, the HRFS + AIFMS analysis allowed detection of most of the analytes down to 0.1ng/mL, seamless integration of new or unexpected analytes, identification and quantification with no limitations on the number of monitored compounds, and reevaluation of the acquired data also concerning metabolism studies using group-indicating fragment ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim T Caspar
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas B Kollas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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Assemat G, Dubocq F, Balayssac S, Lamoureux C, Malet-Martino M, Gilard V. Screening of "spice" herbal mixtures: From high-field to low-field proton NMR. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:88-95. [PMID: 28854352 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty one samples of herbal spices intended to be introduced into the European market and seized by the French customs were analysed with high-field 1H NMR. Nine synthetic cannabinoids (MAM-2201, JWH-073, JWH-210, JWH-122, JWH-081, JWH-250, UR-144, XLR-11 and AKB-48-5F) were detected and quantified. The ability of a compact benchtop low-field NMR spectrometer for a rapid screening of the content of herbal blends was then successfully explored for the first time. Even if low-field 1H NMR spectra are much less resolved than high-field spectra, we demonstrate that they provide valuable clues on the chemical structures of synthetic cannabinoids with the detection of some typical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Assemat
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Florian Dubocq
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Balayssac
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Lamoureux
- SCL-Laboratoire d'Île-de-France, 1 rue Gabriel Vicaire, 75141 Paris Cedex 03, France
| | - Myriam Malet-Martino
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Véronique Gilard
- Groupe de RMN Biomédicale, Laboratoire SPCMIB (UMR CNRS 5068), Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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Kusano M, Zaitsu K, Taki K, Hisatsune K, Nakajima J, Moriyasu T, Asano T, Hayashi Y, Tsuchihashi H, Ishii A. Fatal intoxication by 5F-ADB and diphenidine: Detection, quantification, and investigation of their main metabolic pathways in humans by LC/MS/MS and LC/Q-TOFMS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:284-293. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Kusano
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kentaro Taki
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic Science Laboratory; Aichi Prefectural Police Headquarters; Nagoya Japan
| | | | | | - Tomomi Asano
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Radiological and Medical Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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Identification of the synthetic cannabinoid N-(2-phenyl-propan-2-yl)-1-(4-cyanobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in a herbal mixture product. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Piscitelli F, Pagano E, Lauritano A, Izzo AA, Di Marzo V. Development of a Rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantification of Cannabidiol, Cannabidivarin, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabivarin, and Cannabigerol in Mouse Peripheral Tissues. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4749-4755. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Ester Pagano
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Anna Lauritano
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Angelo A. Izzo
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid
Research Group (ERG), Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Detection of metabolites of two synthetic cannabimimetics, MDMB-FUBINACA and ADB-FUBINACA, in authentic human urine specimens by accurate mass LC–MS: a comparison of intersecting metabolic patterns. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Challenges concerning new psychoactive substance detection in oral fluid. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Dutkiewicz EP, Urban PL. Quantitative mass spectrometry of unconventional human biological matrices. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150380. [PMID: 27644966 PMCID: PMC5031645 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and versatile mass spectrometric methodology has fuelled interest in the analysis of metabolites and drugs in unconventional biological specimens. Here, we discuss the analysis of eight human matrices-hair, nail, breath, saliva, tears, meibum, nasal mucus and skin excretions (including sweat)-by mass spectrometry (MS). The use of such specimens brings a number of advantages, the most important being non-invasive sampling, the limited risk of adulteration and the ability to obtain information that complements blood and urine tests. The most often studied matrices are hair, breath and saliva. This review primarily focuses on endogenous (e.g. potential biomarkers, hormones) and exogenous (e.g. drugs, environmental contaminants) small molecules. The majority of analytical methods used chromatographic separation prior to MS; however, such a hyphenated methodology greatly limits analytical throughput. On the other hand, the mass spectrometric methods that exclude chromatographic separation are fast but suffer from matrix interferences. To enable development of quantitative assays for unconventional matrices, it is desirable to standardize the protocols for the analysis of each specimen and create appropriate certified reference materials. Overcoming these challenges will make analysis of unconventional human biological matrices more common in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina P Dutkiewicz
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Pawel L Urban
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Rd, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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41
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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42
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Rollman CM, Moini M. Ultrafast capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry of controlled substances with optical isomer separation in about a minute. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2070-2076. [PMID: 27470537 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analysis of forensic evidence by information-rich technologies such as mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the fastest growing areas in forensic analysis. To provide more accurate identification of forensic evidence, in the past few years there has been a growing interest in moving this technology to the field for on-site, real-time analysis. To this end, several portable mass spectrometers have been introduced; however, the analysis of controlled substances could be complicated by the existence of various isomers including optical isomers in which sentencing may depend on the identification of the isomer. To date very few portable separation devices are capable of separating and identifying the optical isomers. METHODS In this study, the application of the portable ultrafast capillary electrophoresis (UFCE) to the separation of controlled substances is presented and the results are compared with the results obtained from a bench-top CE system. Both a nominal mass ion trap mass spectrometer and an accurate mass orbitrap mass spectrometer were interfaced with CE using a porous tip capillary. RESULTS A mixture of several controlled substances can be separated and detected using UFCE/MS in about a minute using field strengths of ≥1000 V/cm. Furthermore, separation and detection of underivatized optical isomers of amphetamine, cathinone, nor-mephedrone, and pregabalin using UFCE/MS can be achieved with an analysis time of less than two minutes. Resolutions of 1.3, 3.7 and 3.8 were achieved for pregabalin, cathinone and nor-mephedrone, respectively, under UFCE/MS conditions. CONCLUSIONS Amphetamine, cathinone, nor-mephedrone and pregabalin were separated and detected in about a minute, demonstrating the utility of the portable CE instrument for the analysis of controlled substances and their optical isomers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Rollman
- Department of Forensics Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Mehdi Moini
- Department of Forensics Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
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43
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Rácz N, Veress T, Nagy J, Bobály B, Fekete J. Separation of Isomers of JWH-122 on Porous Graphitic Carbon Stationary Phase with Non-Aqueous Mobile Phase Using Intelligent Software. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1735-1742. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Kill JB, Oliveira IF, Tose LV, Costa HB, Kuster RM, Machado LF, Correia RM, Rodrigues RR, Vasconcellos GA, Vaz BG, Romão W. Chemical characterization of synthetic cannabinoids by electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:474-487. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Detection of synthetic cannabinoids using GC-EI-MS, positive GC-CI-MS, and negative GC-CI-MS. Int J Legal Med 2016; 131:143-152. [PMID: 27544358 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various synthetic cannabinoid (SC) compounds that have been slightly modified at the functional groups have been identified in Japan. However, the structural elucidation of these new compounds using conventional approaches such as gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is difficult. As such, indole and indazole SCs were scanned using GC-MS-EI, positive GC-chemical ionization (CI)-MS, and negative GC-chemical ionization-MS, allowing for efficient structural elucidation of unknown SC compounds. Pure substances have been employed for the study.
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46
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Riederer AM, Campleman SL, Carlson RG, Boyer EW, Manini AF, Wax PM, Brent JA. Acute Poisonings from Synthetic Cannabinoids - 50 U.S. Toxicology Investigators Consortium Registry Sites, 2010-2015. MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:692-5. [PMID: 27413997 PMCID: PMC4972329 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6527a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that acute intoxications by synthetic cannabinoids are increasing in the United States (1,2). Synthetic cannabinoids, which were research compounds in the 1980s, are now produced overseas; the first shipment recognized to contain synthetic cannabinoids was seized at a U.S. border in 2008 (3). Fifteen synthetic cannabinoids are Schedule I controlled substances (3), but enforcement is hampered by the continual introduction of new chemical compounds (1,3). Studies of synthetic cannabinoids indicate higher cannabinoid receptor binding affinities, effects two to 100 times more potent than Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis), noncannabinoid receptor binding, and genotoxicity (4,5). Acute synthetic cannabinoid exposure reportedly causes a range of mild to severe neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, renal, and other effects (4,6,7); chronic use might lead to psychosis (6,8). During 2010-2015, physicians in the Toxicology Investigators Consortium (ToxIC) treated 456 patients for synthetic cannabinoid intoxications; 277 of the 456 patients reported synthetic cannabinoids as the sole toxicologic agent. Among these 277 patients, the most common clinical signs of intoxication were neurologic (agitation, central nervous system depression/coma, and delirium/toxic psychosis). Relative to all cases logged by 50 different sites in the ToxIC Case Registry, there was a statistically significant association between reporting year and the annual proportion of synthetic cannabinoid cases. In 2015, reported cases of synthetic cannabinoid intoxication increased at several ToxIC sites, corroborating reported upward trends in the numbers of such cases (1,2) and underscoring the need for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edward W. Boyer
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alex F. Manini
- Division of Medical Toxicology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Paul M. Wax
- ToxIC, American College of Medical Toxicology, Phoenix, Arizona
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jeffrey A. Brent
- ToxIC, American College of Medical Toxicology, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
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47
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Maurer HH, Meyer MR. High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2161-2172. [PMID: 27369376 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approaches using time-of-flight or Orbitrap techniques for research and application in various toxicology fields, particularly in clinical toxicology and forensic toxicology published since 2013 and referenced in PubMed. In the introduction, an overview on applications of HRMS in various toxicology fields is given with reference to current review articles. Papers concerning HRMS in metabolism, screening, and quantification of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxins in human body samples are critically reviewed. Finally, a discussion on advantages as well as limitations and future perspectives of these methods is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Maurer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany.
| | - Markus R Meyer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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48
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Roberto AJ, Lorenzo A, Li KJ, Young J, Mohan A, Pinnaka S, Lapidus KAB. First-Episode of Synthetic Cannabinoid-Induced Psychosis in a Young Adult, Successfully Managed with Hospitalization and Risperidone. Case Rep Psychiatry 2016; 2016:7257489. [PMID: 27429822 PMCID: PMC4939204 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7257489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids- (SCs-) induced psychosis is a growing public health concern. It leads to significant impairment, including emotional distress, difficulty communicating, and other debilitating symptoms. In this case report, we discuss a patient with no previous history of psychotic symptoms, presenting with first-episode psychosis in the context of progressive, acutely worsening, disorganized, psychotic thoughts and behaviors following prolonged use of SCs. We also discuss relevant literature on SCs-induced psychosis, highlighting its prevalence, presentation, diagnosis, and recommended management. It is important to diagnose and treat SCs-induced psychosis as early and efficiently as possible, in order to alleviate symptoms while limiting functional impairment and emotional distress to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Roberto
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 8, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aileen Lorenzo
- Adult Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J. Li
- Adult Psychiatry, Harvard South Shore Psychiatry, Brockton, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Subhash Pinnaka
- Adult Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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49
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Aldlgan AA, Torrance. HJ. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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50
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Habala L, Valentová J, Pechová I, Fuknová M, Devínsky F. DART – LTQ ORBITRAP as an expedient tool for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 20:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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