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Cerdeira Ferreira LM, Lima D, Marcolino-Junior LH, Bergamini MF, Kuss S, Campanhã Vicentini F. Cutting-edge biorecognition strategies to boost the detection performance of COVID-19 electrochemical biosensors: A review. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 157:108632. [PMID: 38181592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors are known for their high sensitivity, selectivity, and low cost. Recently, they have gained significant attention and became particularly important as promising tools for the detection of COVID-19 biomarkers, since they offer a rapid and accurate means of diagnosis. Biorecognition strategies are a crucial component of electrochemical biosensors and determine their specificity and sensitivity based on the interaction of biological molecules, such as antibodies, enzymes, and DNA, with target analytes (e.g., viral particles, proteins and genetic material) to create a measurable signal. Different biorecognition strategies have been developed to enhance the performance of electrochemical biosensors, including direct, competitive, and sandwich binding, alongside nucleic acid hybridization mechanisms and gene editing systems. In this review article, we present the different strategies used in electrochemical biosensors to target SARS-CoV-2 and other COVID-19 biomarkers, as well as explore the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy and highlight recent progress in this field. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with developing electrochemical biosensors for clinical COVID-19 diagnosis and their widespread commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Marcos Cerdeira Ferreira
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE) Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Dhésmon Lima
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing (LBES), Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Luiz Humberto Marcolino-Junior
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE) Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fernando Bergamini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE) Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sabine Kuss
- Laboratory for Bioanalytics and Electrochemical Sensing (LBES), Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fernando Campanhã Vicentini
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil.
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Drobysh M, Ratautaite V, Brazys E, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly imprinted composite-based biosensor for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 251:116043. [PMID: 38368643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to present a comparative study of three polypyrrole-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) systems for the detection of the recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN). The rN is known for its relatively low propensity to mutate compared to other SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The aforementioned systems include screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) modified with gold nanostructures (MIP1), platinum nanostructures (MIP2), and the unmodified SPCE (MIP3), which was used for control. Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was employed as the detection technique, offering the advantage of label-free detection without the need for an additional redox probe. Calibration curves were constructed using the obtained data to evaluate the response of each system. Non-imprinted systems were also tested in parallel to evaluate the contribution of non-specific binding and assess the affinity sensor's efficiency. The analysis of calibration curves revealed that the AuNS-based MIP1 system exhibited the lowest contribution of non-specific binding and displayed a better fit with the chosen fitting model compared to the other systems. Further analysis of this system included determining the limit of detection (LOD) (51.2 ± 2.8 pg/mL), the limit of quantification (LOQ) (153.9 ± 8.3 pg/mL), and a specificity test using a recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a control. Based on the results, the AuNS-based MIP1 system demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity for the label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. The utilization of PAD without the need for additional redox probes makes this sensing system convenient and valuable for rapid and accurate virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Ernestas Brazys
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, LT-03225, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, LT-03225, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences (FTMC), Sauletekio Ave. 3, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, LT-03225, Lithuania.
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Valerio TL, Anastácio R, da Silva SS, de Oliveira CC, Vidotti M. An overview of electrochemical biosensors used for COVID-19 detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2164-2176. [PMID: 38536084 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02042h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This short review presents the latest advances in the field of electrochemical biosensors, focusing particularly on impedimetric biosensors for the direct measurement of analytes. As a source of study we have chosen to describe these advances in the latest global health crisis originated from the COVID-19 pandemic, initiated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this period, the necessity for swift and precise detection methods has grown rapidly due to an imminent need for the development of an analytical method to identify and isolate infected patients as an attempt to control the spreading of the disease. Traditional approaches such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were extensively used during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but their drawbacks, including slow response time, became evident. In this context, the potential of electrochemical biosensors as an alternative for COVID-19 detection was emphasized. These biosensors merge electrochemical technology with bioreceptors, offering benefits such as rapidity, accuracy, portability, and real-time result provision. Additionally, we present instances of electrochemical biosensors modified with conductive polymers, eliminating the necessity for an electrochemical probe. The adaptability of the developed materials and devices facilitated the prompt production of electrochemical biosensors during the pandemic, creating opportunities for broader applications in infectious disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lima Valerio
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Anastácio
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Stella Schuster da Silva
- Laboratório de Células Inflamatórias e Neoplásicas (LCIN) e Laboratório de Investigação de Polissacarídeos Sulfatados (LIPS), Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Carolina Camargo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células Inflamatórias e Neoplásicas (LCIN) e Laboratório de Investigação de Polissacarídeos Sulfatados (LIPS), Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcio Vidotti
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Macromoléculas e Interfaces, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Li Y, Luo L, Kong Y, Li Y, Wang Q, Wang M, Li Y, Davenport A, Li B. Recent advances in molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:116018. [PMID: 38232451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are the equivalent of natural antibodies and have been widely used as synthetic receptors for the detection of disease biomarkers. Benefiting from their excellent chemical and physical stability, low-cost, relative ease of production, reusability, and high selectivity, MIP-based electrochemical sensors have attracted great interest in disease diagnosis and demonstrated superiority over other biosensing techniques. Here we compare various types of MIP-based electrochemical sensors with different working principles. We then evaluate the state-of-the-art achievements of the MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of different biomarkers, including nucleic acids, proteins, saccharides, lipids, and other small molecules. The limitations, which prevent its successful translation into practical clinical settings, are outlined together with the potential solutions. At the end, we share our vision of the evolution of MIP-based electrochemical sensors with an outlook on the future of this promising biosensing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Liuxiong Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yingqi Kong
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Yujia Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Quansheng Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150036, China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew Davenport
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Bing Li
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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Ganesh PS, Elugoke SE, Lee SH, Kim SY, Ebenso EE. Smart and emerging point of care electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials for SARS-CoV-2 virus detection: Towards designing a future rapid diagnostic tool. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141269. [PMID: 38307334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In the recent years, researchers from all over the world have become interested in the fabrication of advanced and innovative electrochemical and/or biosensors for respiratory virus detection with the use of nanotechnology. These fabricated sensors demonstrated a number of benefits, including precision, affordability, accessibility, and miniaturization which makes them a promising test method for point-of-care (PoC) screening for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. In order to comprehend the principles of electrochemical sensing and the role of various types of sensing interfaces, we comprehensively explored the underlying principles of electroanalytical methods and terminologies related to it in this review. In addition, it is addressed how to fabricate electrochemical sensing devices incorporating nanomaterials as graphene, metal/metal oxides, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, quantum dots, and polymers. We took an effort to carefully compile current developments, advantages, drawbacks, possible solutions in nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattan Siddappa Ganesh
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saheed Eluwale Elugoke
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Seok-Han Lee
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Youn Kim
- Interaction Laboratory, Advanced Technology Research Center, Future Convergence Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 330-708, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Centre for Material Science, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa; Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa.
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6
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Li Y, Guan C, Liu C, Li Z, Han G. Disease diagnosis and application analysis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in saliva detection. Talanta 2024; 269:125394. [PMID: 37980173 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Saliva has significantly evolved as a diagnostic fluid in recent years, giving a non-invasive alternative to blood analysis. A high protein concentration in saliva is delivered directly from the bloodstream, making it a "human mirror" that reflects the body's physiological state. It plays an essential role in detecting diseases in biomedical and fitness monitoring. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are biomimetic materials with custom-designed synthetic recognition sites that imitate biological counterparts renowned for sensitive analyte detection. This paper reviews the progress made in research about MIP biosensors for detecting saliva biomarkers. Specifically, we investigate the link between saliva biomarkers and various diseases, providing detailed insights into the corresponding biosensors. Furthermore, we discuss the principles of molecular imprinting for disease diagnostics and application analysis, including recent advances in integrated MIP-sensor technologies for high-affinity analyte detection in saliva. Notably, these biosensors exhibit high discrimination, allowing for the detection of saliva biomarkers linked explicitly to chronic stress disorders, diabetes, cancer, bacterial or viral-induced illnesses, and exposure to illicit toxic substances or tobacco smoke. Our findings indicate that MIP-based biosensors match and perhaps surpass their counterparts featuring integrated natural antibodies in terms of stability, signal-to-noise ratios, and detection limits. Additionally, we highlight the design of MIP coatings, strategies for synthesizing polymers, and the integration of advanced biodevices. These tailored biodevices, designed to assess various salivary biomarkers, are emerging as promising screening or diagnostic tools for real-time monitoring and self-health management, improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Changjun Guan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Guanghong Han
- Department of Oral Geriatrics, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
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7
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Ayankojo AG, Reut J, Syritski V. Electrochemically Synthesized MIP Sensors: Applications in Healthcare Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38391990 PMCID: PMC10886925 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage detection and diagnosis of diseases is essential to the prompt commencement of treatment regimens, curbing the spread of the disease, and improving human health. Thus, the accurate detection of disease biomarkers through the development of robust, sensitive, and selective diagnostic tools has remained cutting-edge scientific research for decades. Due to their merits of being selective, stable, simple, and having a low preparation cost, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are increasingly becoming artificial substitutes for natural receptors in the design of state-of-the-art sensing devices. While there are different MIP preparation approaches, electrochemical synthesis presents a unique and outstanding method for chemical sensing applications, allowing the direct formation of the polymer on the transducer as well as simplicity in tuning the film properties, thus accelerating the trend in the design of commercial MIP-based sensors. This review evaluates recent achievements in the applications of electrosynthesized MIP sensors for clinical analysis of disease biomarkers, identifying major trends and highlighting interesting perspectives on the realization of commercial MIP-endowed testing devices for rapid determination of prevailing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.G.A.); (J.R.)
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8
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Cabaleiro-Lago C, Hasterok S, Gjörloff Wingren A, Tassidis H. Recent Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Their Disease-Related Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4199. [PMID: 37959879 PMCID: PMC10649583 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and the imprinting technique provide polymeric material with recognition elements similar to natural antibodies. The template of choice (i.e., the antigen) can be almost any type of smaller or larger molecule, protein, or even tissue. There are various formats of MIPs developed for different medical purposes, such as targeting, imaging, assay diagnostics, and biomarker detection. Biologically applied MIPs are widely used and currently developed for medical applications, and targeting the antigen with MIPs can also help in personalized medicine. The synthetic recognition sites of the MIPs can be tailor-made to function as analytics, diagnostics, and drug delivery systems. This review will cover the promising clinical applications of different MIP systems recently developed for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, 291 39 Kristianstad, Sweden; (C.C.-L.); (H.T.)
| | - Sylwia Hasterok
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden;
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anette Gjörloff Wingren
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, 291 39 Kristianstad, Sweden; (C.C.-L.); (H.T.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden;
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Helena Tassidis
- Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kristianstad University, 291 39 Kristianstad, Sweden; (C.C.-L.); (H.T.)
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Stephen AN, Dennison SR, Holden MA, Reddy SM. Rapid sub-nanomolar protein determination in serum using electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers (E-MIPs). Analyst 2023; 148:5476-5485. [PMID: 37767770 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of biologicals is important for a range of applications such as medical screening and diagnostics. Antibodies are typically employed for biosensing with high sensitivity and selectivity but can take months to prepare. Here, we investigate electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers (E-MIPs), which are produced in minutes as alternative-antibody rapid biosensors for the selective recognition of model proteins bovine haemoglobin (BHb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We evaluated two disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPE) designated AT-Au and BT-Au based on their different annealing temperatures. E-MIPs for BHb demonstrated an imprinting factor of 146 : 1 at 1 nM and 12 : 1 at 0.1 nM, showing high effectiveness of E-MIPs compared to their control non-imprinted polymers. The BHb imprinted E-MIP, when tested against BSA as a non-target protein, gave a selectivity factor of 6 : 1 for BHb. Sensor sensitivity directly depended on the nature of the SPE, with AT-Au SPE demonstrating limits of detection in the sub-micromolar range typically achieved for MIPs, while BT-Au SPE exhibited sensitivity in the sub-nanomolar range for target protein. We attribute this to differences in electrode surface area between AT-Au and BT-Au SPEs. The E-MIPs were also tested in calf serum as a model biological medium. The BT-Au SPE MIPs detected the presence of target protein in <10 min with an LOD of 50 pM and LOQ of 100 pM, suggesting their suitability for protein determination in serum with minimal sample preparation. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we determine equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) for E-MIPs using the Hill-Langmuir adsorption model. KD of BHb E-MIP was determined to be 0.86 ± 0.11 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Stephen
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - S R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - M A Holden
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - S M Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
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Ferreira LMC, Reis IF, Martins PR, Marcolino-Junior LH, Bergamini MF, Camargo JR, Janegitz BC, Vicentini FC. Using low-cost disposable immunosensor based on flexible PET screen-printed electrode modified with carbon black and gold nanoparticles for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2. TALANTA OPEN 2023; 7:100201. [PMID: 36959870 PMCID: PMC9998283 DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2023.100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To help meet the global demand for reliable and inexpensive COVID-19 testing and environmental analysis of SARS-CoV-2, the present work reports the development and application of a highly efficient disposable electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical and environmental matrices. The sensor developed is composed of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) array which was constructed using conductive carbon ink printed on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate made from disposable soft drink bottles. The recognition site (Spike S1 Antibody (anti-SP Ab)) was covalently immobilized on the working electrode surface, which was effectively modified with carbon black (CB) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The immunosensing material was subjected to a multi-technique characterization analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with elemental analysis via energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The electrochemical characterization of the electrode surface and analytical measurements were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave voltammetry (SWV). The immunosensor was easily applied for the conduct of rapid diagnoses or accurate quantitative environmental analyses by setting the incubation period to 10 min or 120 min. Under optimized conditions, the biosensor presented limits of detection (LODs) of 101 fg mL-1 and 46.2 fg mL-1 for 10 min and 120 min incubation periods, respectively; in addition, the sensor was successfully applied for SARS-CoV-2 detection and quantification in clinical and environmental samples. Considering the costs of all the raw materials required for manufacturing 200 units of the AuNP-CB/PET-SPE immunosensor, the production cost per unit is 0.29 USD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís M C Ferreira
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabela F Reis
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Martins
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Av. Esperança, Goiania, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Marcolino-Junior
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE) - Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcio F Bergamini
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Sensors (LabSensE) - Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná, 81.531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica R Camargo
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, 13600-970, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Vicentini
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000, Buri, SP, Brazil
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11
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Pilvenyte G, Ratautaite V, Boguzaite R, Ramanavicius S, Chen CF, Viter R, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:620. [PMID: 37366985 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of biological molecules, so-called biomarkers in body fluids at abnormal concentrations, is considered a good tool for detecting disease. Biomarkers are usually looked for in the most common body fluids, such as blood, nasopharyngeal fluids, urine, tears, sweat, etc. Even with significant advances in diagnostic technology, many patients with suspected infections receive empiric antimicrobial therapy rather than appropriate treatment, which is driven by rapid identification of the infectious agent, leading to increased antimicrobial resistance. To positively impact healthcare, new tests are needed that are pathogen-specific, easy to use, and produce results quickly. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based biosensors can achieve these general goals and have enormous potential for disease detection. This article aimed to overview recent articles dedicated to electrochemical sensors modified with MIP to detect protein-based biomarkers of certain infectious diseases in human beings, particularly the biomarkers of infectious diseases, such as HIV-1, COVID-19, Dengue virus, and others. Some biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) found in blood tests, are not specific for a particular disease but are used to identify any inflammation process in the body and are also under consideration in this review. Other biomarkers are specific to a particular disease, e.g., SARS-CoV-2-S spike glycoprotein. This article analyzes the development of electrochemical sensors using molecular imprinting technology and the used materials' influence. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pilvenyte
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Roman Viter
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., LV-1586 Riga, Latvia
- Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, 31, Sanatornaya st., 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio Av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University (VU), Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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12
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Malla P, Liu CH, Wu WC, Kabinsing P, Sreearunothai P. Synthesis and characterization of Au-decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite for magneto-electrochemical detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid gene. Talanta 2023; 262:124701. [PMID: 37235956 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fast and effective diagnosis is the first step in monitoring the current coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) pandemic. Herein, we establish a simple and sensitive electrochemical assay using magnetic nanocomposite and DNA sandwich probes to rapidly quantify the CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) gene down to the 0.37 fM level. This assay uses a pair of specific DNA probes. The capture probe is covalently conjugated to Au-decorated magnetic reduced graphene oxide (AMrGO) nanocomposite for efficiently capturing target RNA. In contrast, the detection probe is linked to peroxidase for signal amplification. The probes target the COV-2 gene, allowing for specific magnetic separation, enzymatic signal amplification, and subsequent generation of voltammetric current with a total assay time of 45 min. The developed biosensor has high selectivity and can discriminate non-specific gene sequences. Synthetic COV-2 N-gene can be detected efficiently in serum and saliva, while 1-bp mismatch gene yielded a low response. The performance of the genosensor was good in an extensive linear range of 5 aM-50 pM. For synthetic N-gene, we achieved the detection limit of 0.37, 0.33, and 0.19 fM in human saliva, urine, and serum. This simple, selective, and sensitive genosensor could have various genetics-based biosensing and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravanjan Malla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pinpinut Kabinsing
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Paiboon Sreearunothai
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
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13
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Hlaoperm C, Sudjarwo WAA, Ehrenbrandtner J, Kiss E, Del Favero G, Choowongkomon K, Rattanasrisomporn J, Lieberzeit PA. Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticle Ensembles for Rapidly Identifying S. epidermidis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3526. [PMID: 37050585 PMCID: PMC10098556 DOI: 10.3390/s23073526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) belongs to methicillin-resistant bacteria strains that cause severe disease in humans. Herein, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanoparticles resulting from solid-phase synthesis on entire cells were employed as a sensing material to identify the species. MIP nanoparticles revealed spherical shapes with diameters of approximately 70 nm to 200 nm in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed. The interaction between nanoparticles and bacteria was assessed using height image analysis in AFM. Selective binding between MIP nanoparticles and S. epidermidis leads to uneven surfaces on bacteria. The surface roughness of S. epidermidis cells was increased to approximately 6.3 ± 1.2 nm after binding to MIP nanoparticles from around 1 nm in the case of native cells. This binding behavior is selective: when exposing Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to the same MIP nanoparticle solutions, one cannot observe binding. Fluorescence microscopy confirms both sensitivity and selectivity. Hence, the developed MIP nanoparticles are a promising approach to identify (pathogenic) bacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chularat Hlaoperm
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wisnu Arfian A. Sudjarwo
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Ehrenbrandtner
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Waehringer Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Peter A. Lieberzeit
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Wien, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty for Chemistry, Doctoral School of Chemistry, Waehringer Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Pilvenyte G, Ratautaite V, Boguzaite R, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Plausinaitis D, Ramanaviciene A, Bechelany M, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the recognition of biomarkers of certain neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115343. [PMID: 36934618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the biomarkers in body fluids like blood, urine, saliva, tears, etc. can be used for the identification of many diseases. This article aimed to summarize the studies about electrochemical biosensors with molecularly imprinted polymers as sensitive and selective layers on the electrode to detect protein-based biomarkers of such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stress. The main attention in this article is focused on the detection methods of amyloid-β oligomers and p-Tau which are representative biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein as the biomarker of Parkinson's disease, and α-amylase and lysozyme as the biomarkers of stress using molecular imprinting technology. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pilvenyte
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Deivis Plausinaitis
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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15
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Ferreira MDP, Yamada-Ogatta SF, Teixeira Tarley CR. Electrochemical and Bioelectrochemical Sensing Platforms for Diagnostics of COVID-19. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:336. [PMID: 36979548 PMCID: PMC10046778 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid transmission and high mortality rates caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus showed that the best way to fight against the pandemic was through rapid, accurate diagnosis in parallel with vaccination. In this context, several research groups around the world have endeavored to develop new diagnostic methods due to the disadvantages of the gold standard method, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in terms of cost and time consumption. Electrochemical and bioelectrochemical platforms have been important tools for overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostic platforms, including accuracy, accessibility, portability, and response time. In this review, we report on several electrochemical sensors and biosensors developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection, presenting the concepts, fabrication, advantages, and disadvantages of the different approaches. The focus is devoted to highlighting the recent progress of electrochemical devices developed as next-generation field-deployable analytical tools as well as guiding future researchers in the manufacture of devices for disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - César Ricardo Teixeira Tarley
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86051-990, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalysis (INCTBio), Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
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16
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Pei F, Feng S, Hu W, Liu B, Mu X, Hao Q, Cao Y, Lei W, Tong Z. Sandwich mode lateral flow assay for point-of-care detecting SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2023; 253. [PMCID: PMC9612878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been announced a pandemic outbreak, and has threatened human life and health seriously. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as its causative pathogen, is widely detected in the screening of COVID-19 patients, infected people and contaminated substances. Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a popular point-of-care detection method, possesses advantages of quick response, simple operation mode, portable device, and low cost. Based on the above advantages, LFA has been widely developed for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarized the articles about the sandwich mode LFA detecting SARS-CoV-2, classified according to the target detection objects indicating genes, nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and specific antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. In each part, LFA is further classified and summarized according to different signal detection types. Additionally, the properties of the targets were introduced to clarify their detection significance. The review is expected to provide a helpful guide for LFA sensitization and marker selection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shasha Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Qingli Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China,Corresponding author
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17
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Mehmandoust M, Soylak M, Erk N. Innovative molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the nanomolar detection of Tenofovir as an anti-HIV drug. Talanta 2023; 253:123991. [PMID: 36228557 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TNF) is an antiviral medicine that is utilized to treat the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, its level must be controlled in the human body and environment at the risk of causing kidney and liver problems. Therefore, determining TNF concentration in real samples with more advanced, inexpensive, and accurate sensing systems is essential. In this work, a novel electrochemical nanosensor for TNF determination based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) on the screen-printed electrode modified with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite carbon nitride, and platinum nanoparticles (MIP-Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT/SPE) was constructed through the electro-polymerization approach. The molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared on the electrode surface with TNF as the template molecule and 2-aminophenol (2-AP) as the functional monomer. Moreover, factors that affect sensor response were optimized. Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT nanocomposite had an excellent synergistic effect on MIP, allowing rapid and specific identification of the test substance. The results demonstrated that the electro-polymerization of 2-AP supplies large amounts of functional groups for the binding of the template molecules, which remarkably enhances the sensitivity and specific surface area of the MIP sensor. This surface enlargement increased the analyte accessibility to imprinted molecular cavities. Under optimum conditions, the oxidation peak current had a linear relationship with TNF concentration ranging from 0.005 to 0.69 μM with a low detection limit of 0.0030 μM (S/N = 3). The results demonstrated that the designed MIP sensor possesses acceptable sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility toward TNF determination. Moreover, the developed sensor was applied to biological and water samples to determine TNF, and satisfactory recovery results of 95.6-104.8% were obtained (RSD less than 10.0%). We confirm that combining as-synthesized nanocomposite Pt@g-C3N4/F-MWCNT with MIP improves the limitations of MIP-based nanosensors. The proposed electrode is also compatible with portable potentiostats, allowing on-site measurements and showing tremendous promise as a point-of-care (POC) diagnostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research & Application Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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18
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Ong V, Soleimani A, Amirghasemi F, Khazaee Nejad S, Abdelmonem M, Razaviyayn M, Hosseinzadeh P, Comai L, Mousavi MPS. Impedimetric Sensing: An Emerging Tool for Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020204. [PMID: 36831970 PMCID: PMC9953732 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a pressing need for the development of sensitive and low-cost point-of-care sensors for disease diagnosis. The current standard of care for COVID-19 is quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This method is sensitive, but takes time, effort, and requires specialized equipment and reagents to be performed correctly. This make it unsuitable for widespread, rapid testing and causes poor individual and policy decision-making. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are a widely used alternative that provide results quickly but have low sensitivity and are prone to false negatives, particularly in cases with lower viral burden. Electrochemical sensors have shown much promise in filling this technology gap, and impedance spectroscopy specifically has exciting potential in rapid screening of COVID-19. Due to the data-rich nature of impedance measurements performed at different frequencies, this method lends itself to machine-leaning (ML) algorithms for further data processing. This review summarizes the current state of impedance spectroscopy-based point-of-care sensors for the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This article also suggests future directions to address the technology's current limitations to move forward in this current pandemic and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ong
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ali Soleimani
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Sina Khazaee Nejad
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mona Abdelmonem
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Meisam Razaviyayn
- Daniel J. Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Parisa Hosseinzadeh
- Knight Campus Center Department of Bioengineering, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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19
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Li X, Ji W, Wang R, Zhang L, Miao R, Wang S. Imprinted covalent organic frameworks prepared by thiol-ene click reaction for selective solid-phase microextraction of aminoglycosides from milk and honey. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Xie Z, Feng S, Pei F, Xia M, Hao Q, Liu B, Tong Z, Wang J, Lei W, Mu X. Magnetic/fluorescent dual-modal lateral flow immunoassay based on multifunctional nanobeads for rapid and accurate SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein detection. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1233:340486. [PMID: 36283777 PMCID: PMC9544234 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has posed a huge challenge to rapid and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in the early stage of infection. In this work, we developed a novel magnetic/fluorescent dual-modal lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on multifunctional nanobeads for rapid and accurate determination of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP). The multifunctional nanobeads were fabricated by using polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a mediate shell to combine superparamagnetic Fe3O4 core with dual quantum dot shells (MagDQD). The core-shell structure of MagDQD label with high loading density of quantum dots (QDs) and superior magnetic content realized LFIA with dual quantitative analysis modal from the assemblies of individual single nanoparticles. The LFIA integrated the advantages of magnetic signal and fluorescent signal, resulting excellent accuracy for quantitative analysis and high elasticity of the overall detection. In addition, magnetic signal and fluorescent signal both had high sensitivity with the limit of detection (LOD) as 0.235 ng mL-1 and 0.012 ng mL-1, respectively. The recovery rates of the methods in simulated saliva samples were 91.36%-103.60% (magnetic signal) and 94.39%-104.38% (fluorescent signal). The results indicate the method has a considerable potential to be an effective tool for diagnose SARS-CoV-2 in the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shasha Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Fubin Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Mingzhu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China
| | - Qingli Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, JiangSu, China,Corresponding author
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China,Corresponding author
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21
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Gao P, Kasama T, Shin J, Huang Y, Miyake R. A Mediated Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor Using Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:995. [PMID: 36354502 PMCID: PMC9688852 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been applied in many different sensing devices, from mechanical sensors to biochemical sensors. In particular, LIG fabricated on paper (PaperLIG) shows great promise for preparing cheap, flexible, and disposable biosensors. Distinct from the fabrication of LIG on polyimide, a two-step process is used for the fabrication of PaperLIG. In this study, firstly, a highly conductive PaperLIG is fabricated. Further characterization of PaperLIG confirmed that it was suitable for developing biosensors. Subsequently, the PaperLIG was used to construct a biosensor by immobilizing glucose oxidase, aminoferrocene, and Nafion on the surface. The developed glucose biosensor could be operated at a low applied potential (-90 mV) for amperometric measurements. The as-prepared biosensor demonstrated a limit of detection of (50-75 µM) and a linear range from 100 µM to 3 mM. The influence of the concentration of the Nafion casting solution on the performance of the developed biosensor was also investigated. Potential interfering species in saliva did not have a noticeable effect on the detection of glucose. Based on the experimental results, the simple-to-prepare PaperLIG-based saliva glucose biosensor shows great promise for application in future diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Gao
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kasama
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jungchan Shin
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yixuan Huang
- Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyake
- Microfluidic Integrated Circuits Research Laboratory, Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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22
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Siavash Moakhar R, del Real Mata C, Jalali M, Shafique H, Sanati A, de Vries J, Strauss J, AbdElFatah T, Ghasemi F, McLean M, I. Hosseini I, Lu Y, Yedire SG, Mahshid SS, Tabatabaiefar MA, Liang C, Mahshid S. A Versatile Biomimic Nanotemplating Fluidic Assay for Multiplex Quantitative Monitoring of Viral Respiratory Infections and Immune Responses in Saliva and Blood. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204246. [PMID: 36253095 PMCID: PMC9685479 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The last pandemic exposed critical gaps in monitoring and mitigating the spread of viral respiratory infections at the point-of-need. A cost-effective multiplexed fluidic device (NFluidEX), as a home-test kit analogous to a glucometer, that uses saliva and blood for parallel quantitative detection of viral infection and body's immune response in an automated manner within 11 min is proposed. The technology integrates a versatile biomimetic receptor based on molecularly imprinted polymers in a core-shell structure with nano gold electrodes, a multiplexed fluidic-impedimetric readout, built-in saliva collection/preparation, and smartphone-enabled data acquisition and interpretation. NFluidEX is validated with Influenza A H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2 (original strain and variants of concern), and achieves low detection limit in saliva and blood for the viral proteins and the anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Immunoglobulin M (IgM), respectively. It is demonstrated that nanoprotrusions of gold electrodes are essential for the fine templating of antibodies and spike proteins during molecular imprinting, and differentiation of IgG and IgM in whole blood. In the clinical setting, NFluidEX achieves 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity by testing 44 COVID-positive and 25 COVID-negative saliva and blood samples on par with the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (p < 0.001, 95% confidence) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahsa Jalali
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Houda Shafique
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Alireza Sanati
- Biosensor Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan81746‐73461Iran
| | - Justin de Vries
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Julia Strauss
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Tamer AbdElFatah
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Fahimeh Ghasemi
- Biosensor Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan81746‐73461Iran
| | - Myles McLean
- Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH4A 3J1Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCH3T 1E2Canada
| | - Imman I. Hosseini
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
| | | | - Sahar Sadat Mahshid
- Biological SciencesSunnybrook Research InstituteSunnybrook Health Sciences CentreTorontoONM4N 3M5Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahan81746‐73461Iran
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of MedicineMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH4A 3J1Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS CentreJewish General HospitalMontrealQCH3T 1E2Canada
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of BioengineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecH3A 0E9Canada
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23
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Abdul Ghani MA, Nordin AN, Zulhairee M, Che Mohamad Nor A, Shihabuddin Ahmad Noorden M, Muhamad Atan MKF, Ab Rahim R, Mohd Zain Z. Portable Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Microcontrollers for Detection of Viruses: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080666. [PMID: 36005062 PMCID: PMC9406062 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of zoonotic diseases in recent years, there is an urgent need for improved and more accessible screening and diagnostic methods to mitigate future outbreaks. The recent COVID-19 pandemic revealed an over-reliance on RT-PCR, a slow, costly and lab-based method for diagnostics. To better manage the pandemic, a high-throughput, rapid point-of-care device is needed for early detection and isolation of patients. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising solution, as they can be used to perform on-site tests without the need for centralized labs, producing high-throughput and accurate measurements compared to rapid test kits. In this work, we detail important considerations for the use of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of respiratory viruses. Methods of enhancing signal outputs via amplification of the analyte, biorecognition of elements and modification of the transducer are also explained. The use of portable potentiostats and microfluidics chambers that create a miniature lab are also discussed in detail as an alternative to centralized laboratory settings. The state-of-the-art usage of portable potentiostats for detection of viruses is also elaborated and categorized according to detection technique: amperometry, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In terms of integration with microfluidics, RT-LAMP is identified as the preferred method for DNA amplification virus detection. RT-LAMP methods have shorter turnaround times compared to RT-PCR and do not require thermal cycling. Current applications of RT-LAMP for virus detection are also elaborated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afiq Abdul Ghani
- MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nurashikin Nordin
- MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Munirah Zulhairee
- Electrochemical Material and Sensor (EMaS) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adibah Che Mohamad Nor
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Muhammad Khairul Faisal Muhamad Atan
- MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosminazuin Ab Rahim
- MEMS-VLSI Research Unit, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering Faculty, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zainiharyati Mohd Zain
- Electrochemical Material and Sensor (EMaS) Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
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24
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Thapa S, Singh KRB, Verma R, Singh J, Singh RP. State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080637. [PMID: 36005033 PMCID: PMC9405813 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Thus, this review provides an outline of SARS-CoV-2, of the traditional tools to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, and of the role of emerging nanomaterials with unique properties for fabricating biosensor devices to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease; however, considerably more is undetermined and yet to be explored. Hence, this review highlights the utility of various nanobiosensor devices for SARS-CoV-2 determination. Further, it also emphasizes the future outlook of nanobiosensing technologies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshitij RB Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak 484887, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
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25
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for SARS-CoV-2: Where Are We Now? Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020058. [PMID: 35645185 PMCID: PMC9149885 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported case of COVID-19 in 2019 in China and the official declaration from the World Health Organization in March 2021 as a pandemic, fast and accurate diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has played a major role worldwide. For this reason, various methods have been developed, comprising reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassays, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and bio(mimetic)sensors. Among the developed methods, RT-PCR is so far the gold standard. Herein, we give an overview of the MIP-based sensors utilized since the beginning of the pandemic.
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26
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Mao S, Fu L, Yin C, Liu X, Karimi-Maleh H. The role of electrochemical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection: a bibliometrics-based analysis and review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22592-22607. [PMID: 36105989 PMCID: PMC9372877 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04162f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19, which began in late 2019, has resulted in extremely high morbidity and severe mortality worldwide, with important implications for human health, international trade, and national politics. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary pathogen causing COVID-19. Analytical chemistry played an important role in this global epidemic event, and detection of SARS-CoV-2 even became a part of daily life. Analytical chemists have devoted much effort and enthusiasm to this event, and different analytical techniques have shown very rapid development. Electrochemical biosensors are highly efficient, sensitive, and cost-effective and have been used to detect many highly pathogenic viruses long before this event. However, another fact is that electrochemical biosensors are not the technology of choice for most detection applications. This review describes for the first time the role played by electrochemical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection from a bibliometric perspective. This paper analyzed 254 relevant research papers up to June 2022. The contributions of different countries and institutions to this topic were analyzed. Keyword analysis was used to explore different methodological attempts of electrochemical detection techniques. More importantly, we are trying to find an answer to the question: do electrochemical biosensors have the potential to become a genuinely employable detection technology in an outbreak of infectious disease? This review describes for the first time the role played by electrochemical biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 detection from a bibliometric perspective.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Li Fu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Materials for Sensor of Zhejiang Province, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chengliang Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Medical Big Data Application Technology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical Big Data Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, 611731, Chengdu, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan 9477177870, Iran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Johannesburg 17011, South Africa
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