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Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Bowolaksono A, Dwiranti A, Zubaidah S, Rozi IE, Permana DH, Bøgh C, Bangs MJ, Grieco JP, Achee NL, Lobo NF, Syafruddin D. Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia. Malar J 2024; 23:31. [PMID: 38254131 PMCID: PMC10802001 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission in malaria-endemic areas underlines the urgent need to develop innovative tools, such as spatial repellents (SR), that may circumvent this residual transmission. With limited options for effective insecticides, regular resistance monitoring is warranted for selecting and using appropriate tools. This study evaluates the pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) allele before and after implementing a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent (SR) intervention in placebo-treated clusters. METHODS This study looks at the frequency distribution of the kdr allele in Sumba Island from June 2015 to August 2018. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on female Anopheles sp. aged 3-5 days against permethrin 21.5 μg/ml, deltamethrin 12.5 μg/ml, and transfluthrin 10 μg/ml using CDC bottle assay. PCR sequencing of representative samples from adult mosquito collections and insecticide tests revealed the presence of kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the VGSC gene. RESULTS A total of 12 Anopheles species, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles. aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles vagus were analysed. Anopheles vagus and An. sundaicus predominated in the larval populations. Susceptibility assays for all insecticides identified fully susceptible phenotypes in all species examined. Anopheles increasing frequency of kdr mutant alleles during the 3 year SR deployment was observed in both SR-treated and placebo areas, a statistically significant increase occurred in each arm. However, it is unclear how significant SR is in causing the increase in mutant alleles. The L1014S, knockdown resistance east type (kdr-e) allele was detected for the first time among the mosquito samples in this study. The L1014F, knockdown resistance west type (kdr-w) allele and heteroduplex form (wild-type-mutant) were found in almost all Anopheles species examined, including An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus, An. annularis, An. flavirostris and An. sundaicus. CONCLUSION The presence of fully susceptible phenotypes over time, along with an increase in the frequency distribution of the L1014F/S mutations post-intervention, suggest drivers of resistance external to the study, including pyrethroid use in agriculture and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, this does not negate possible SR impacts that support resistance. More studies that enable the comprehension of possible SR-based drivers of resistance in mosquitoes need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lepa Syahrani
- Doctoral Program, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Astari Dwiranti
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Claus Bøgh
- The Sumba Foundation, Public Health and Malaria Control, Sumba, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control, PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Mimika, Indonesia
| | - John P Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicole L Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia
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Soumaila H, Hamani B, Arzika II, Soumana A, Daouda A, Daouda FA, Iro SM, Gouro S, Zaman-Allah MS, Mahamadou I, Kadri S, Salé NM, Hounkanrin W, Mahamadou B, Zamaka HN, Labbo R, Laminou IM, Jackou H, Idrissa S, Coulibaly E, Bahari-Tohon Z, Mathieu E, Carlson J, Dotson E, Awolola TS, Flatley C, Chabi J. Countrywide insecticide resistance monitoring and first report of the presence of the L1014S knock down resistance in Niger, West Africa. Malar J 2022; 21:385. [PMID: 36522727 PMCID: PMC9756763 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is the principal malaria vector control strategy adopted by Niger. To better inform on the most appropriate ITN to distribute, the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) of Niger and its partners, conducted insecticide resistance monitoring in selected sites across the country. METHODS The susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroid insecticides was investigated in a total of sixteen sites in 2019 and 2020, using 2-5-day-old adults reared from wild collected larvae per site. The susceptibility status, pyrethroid resistance intensity at 5 and 10 times the diagnostic concentrations, and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism with diagnostic concentrations of deltamethrin, permethrin and alpha-cypermethrin were assessed using WHO bioassays. Two doses (100 and 200 µg/bottle) of chlorfenapyr were tested using the CDC bottle assay method. Species composition and allele frequencies for knock-down resistance (kdr-L1014F and L1014S) and acetylcholinesterase (ace-1 G119S) mutations were further characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS High resistance intensity to all pyrethroids tested was observed in all sites except for alpha-cypermethrin in Gaya and Tessaoua and permethrin in Gaya in 2019 recording moderate resistance intensity. Similarly, Balleyara, Keita and Tillabery yielded moderate resistance intensity for alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and Niamey V low resistance intensity against deltamethrin and permethrin in 2020. Pre-exposure to PBO substantially increased susceptibility with average increases in mortality between 0 and 70% for tested pyrethroids. Susceptibility to chlorfenapyr (100 µg/bottle) was recorded in all sites except in Tessaoua and Magaria where susceptibility was recorded at the dose of 200 µg/bottle. Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant malaria vector species in most of the sites followed by An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anopheles arabiensis. The kdr-L1014S allele, investigated for the first time, was detected in the country. Both kdr-L1014F (frequencies [0.46-0.81]) and L1014S (frequencies [0.41-0.87]) were present in all sites while the ace-1 G119S was between 0.08 and 0.20. CONCLUSION The data collected will guide the NMCP in making evidence-based decisions to better adapt vector control strategies and insecticide resistance management in Niger, starting with mass distribution of new generation ITNs such as interceptor G2 and PBO ITNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boubé Hamani
- National Malaria Control Programme, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Amadou Soumana
- grid.452260.7Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Samira Gouro
- National Malaria Control Programme, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Izamné Mahamadou
- grid.452260.7Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Saadou Kadri
- grid.452260.7Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | - Noura Maman Salé
- grid.452260.7Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Rabiou Labbo
- grid.452260.7Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | | | - Eric Coulibaly
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, USAID, Niamey, Niger
| | | | - Els Mathieu
- U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, USAID, Niamey, Niger ,grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jenny Carlson
- grid.507606.2Entomology Branch, U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ellen Dotson
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Taiwo Samson Awolola
- grid.416738.f0000 0001 2163 0069U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Joseph Chabi
- grid.507606.2PMI VectorLink Project, Washington, DC USA
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Paré PSL, Hien DFDS, Bayili K, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, Carrasco D, Guissou E, Gouagna LC, Yaméogo KB, Diabaté A, Ignell R, Dabiré RK, Lefèvre T, Gnankiné O. Natural plant diet impacts phenotypic expression of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21431. [PMID: 36509797 PMCID: PMC9744732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Success in reducing malaria transmission through vector control is threatened by insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Although the proximal molecular mechanisms and genetic determinants involved are well documented, little is known about the influence of the environment on mosquito resistance to insecticides. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of plant sugar feeding on the response of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato to insecticides. Adults were fed with one of four treatments, namely a 5% glucose control solution, nectariferous flowers of Barleria lupulina, of Cascabela thevetia and a combination of both B. lupulina + C. thevetia. WHO tube tests were performed with 0.05% and 0.5% deltamethrin, and knockdown rate (KD) and the 24 h mosquito mortality were measured. Plant diet significantly influenced mosquito KD rate at both concentrations of deltamethrin. Following exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin, the B. lupulina diet induced a 2.5 fold-increase in mosquito mortality compared to 5% glucose. Species molecular identification confirmed the predominance of An. gambiae (60% of the samples) over An. coluzzii and An. arabiensis in our study area. The kdr mutation L1014F displayed an allelic frequency of 0.75 and was positively associated with increased phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin. Plant diet, particularly B. lupulina, increased the susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides. The finding that B. lupulina-fed control individuals (i.e. not exposed to deltamethrin) also displayed increased 24 h mortality suggests that plant-mediated effects may be driven by a direct effect of plant diet on mosquito survival rather than indirect effects through interference with insecticide-resistance mechanisms. Thus, some plant species may weaken mosquitoes, making them less vigorous and more vulnerable to the insecticide. There is a need for further investigation, using a wider range of plant species and insecticides, in combination with other relevant environmental factors, to better understand the expression and evolution of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. L. Paré
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F. D. S. Hien
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Koama Bayili
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé S. Yerbanga
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Institut des Sciences et Techniques (INSTech - BOBO), Bobo‑Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - David Carrasco
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Edwige Guissou
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Louis-Clément Gouagna
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Koudraogo B. Yaméogo
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rickard Ignell
- grid.6341.00000 0000 8578 2742Department of Plant Protection Biology, Unit of Chemical Ecology, Disease Vector Group, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- grid.462603.50000 0004 0382 3424MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France ,Laboratoire Mixte International sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche - Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Forson AO, Hinne IA, Dhikrullahi SB, Sraku IK, Mohammed AR, Attah SK, Afrane YA. The resting behavior of malaria vectors in different ecological zones of Ghana and its implications for vector control. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:246. [PMID: 35804461 PMCID: PMC9270803 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa there is widespread use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying to help control the densities of malaria vectors and decrease the incidence of malaria. This study was carried out to investigate the resting behavior, host preference and infection with Plasmodium falciparum of malaria vectors in Ghana in the context of the increasing insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Indoor and outdoor resting anopheline mosquitoes were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons in five sites in three ecological zones [Sahel savannah (Kpalsogo, Pagaza, Libga); coastal savannah (Anyakpor); and forest (Konongo)]. Polymerase chain reaction-based molecular diagnostics were used to determine speciation, genotypes for knockdown resistance mutations (L1014S and L1014F) and the G119S ace1 mutation, specific host blood meal origins and sporozoite infection in the field-collected mosquitoes. RESULTS Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) predominated (89.95%, n = 1718), followed by Anopheles rufipes (8.48%, n = 162) and Anopheles funestus s.l. (1.57%, n = 30). Sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae s.l. revealed Anopheles coluzzii accounted for 63% (95% confidence interval = 57.10-68.91) and 27% (95% confidence interval = 21.66-32.55) was Anopheles gambiae s. s.. The mean resting density of An. gambiae s.l. was higher outdoors (79.63%; 1368/1718) than indoors (20.37%; 350/1718) (Wilcoxon rank sum test, Z = - 4.815, P < 0.0001). The kdr west L1014F and the ace1 mutation frequencies were higher in indoor resting An. coluzzii and An. gambiae in the Sahel savannah sites than in the forest and coastal savannah sites. Overall, the blood meal analyses revealed that a larger proportion of the malaria vectors preferred feeding on humans (70.2%) than on animals (29.8%) in all of the sites. Sporozoites were only detected in indoor resting An. coluzzii from the Sahel savannah (5.0%) and forest (2.5%) zones. CONCLUSIONS This study reports high outdoor resting densities of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii with high kdr west mutation frequencies, and the presence of malaria vectors indoors despite the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying. Continuous monitoring of changes in the resting behavior of mosquitoes and the implementation of complementary malaria control interventions that target outdoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes are necessary in Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akua Obeng Forson
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac A. Hinne
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shittu B. Dhikrullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Kwame Sraku
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul Rahim Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Simon K. Attah
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Yaw Asare Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Hien AS, Soma DD, Maiga S, Coulibaly D, Diabaté A, Belemvire A, Diouf MB, Jacob D, Koné A, Dotson E, Awolola TS, Oxborough RM, Dabiré RK. Evidence supporting deployment of next generation insecticide treated nets in Burkina Faso: bioassays with either chlorfenapyr or piperonyl butoxide increase mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae. Malar J 2021; 20:406. [PMID: 34663348 PMCID: PMC8524873 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid resistance poses a major threat to the efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) in Burkina Faso and throughout sub-Saharan Africa, particularly where resistance is present at high intensity. For such areas, there are alternative ITNs available, including the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO)-based ITNs and dual active ingredient ITNs such as Interceptor G2 (treated with chlorfenapyr and alpha-cypermethrin). Before deploying alternative ITNs on a large scale it is crucial to characterize the resistance profiles of primary malaria vector species for evidence-based decision making. METHODS Larvae from the predominant vector, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were collected from 15 sites located throughout Burkina Faso and reared to adults for bioassays to assess insecticide resistance status. Resistance intensity assays were conducted using WHO tube tests to determine the level of resistance to pyrethroids commonly used on ITNs at 1×, 5 × and 10 × times the diagnostic dose. WHO tube tests were also used for PBO synergist bioassays with deltamethrin and permethrin. Bottle bioassays were conducted to determine susceptibility to chlorfenapyr at a dose of 100 µg/bottle. RESULTS WHO tube tests revealed high intensity resistance in An. gambiae s.l. to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin in all sites tested. Resistance intensity to permethrin was either moderate or high in 13 sites. PBO pre-exposure followed by deltamethrin restored full susceptibility in one site and partially restored susceptibility in all but one of the remaining sites (often reaching mortality greater than 80%). PBO pre-exposure followed by permethrin partially restored susceptibility in 12 sites. There was no significant increase in permethrin mortality after PBO pre-exposure in Kampti, Karangasso-Vigué or Mangodara; while in Seguenega, Orodara and Bobo-Dioulasso there was a significant increase in mortality, but rates remained below 50%. Susceptibility to chlorfenapyr was confirmed in 14 sites. CONCLUSION High pyrethroid resistance intensity in An. gambiae s.l. is widespread across Burkina Faso and may be a predictor of reduced pyrethroid ITN effectiveness. PBO + deltamethrin ITNs would likely provide greater control than pyrethroid nets. However, since susceptibility in bioassays was not restored in most sites following pre-exposure to PBO, Interceptor G2 may be a better long-term solution as susceptibility was recorded to chlorfenapyr in nearly all sites. This study provides evidence supporting the introduction of both Interceptor G2 nets and PBO nets, which were distributed in Burkina Faso in 2019 as part of a mass campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné D Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Samina Maiga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dramane Coulibaly
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Allison Belemvire
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mame B Diouf
- U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, US Embassy Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Djenam Jacob
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Adama Koné
- PMI VectorLink Burkina Faso, Abt Associates Inc, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Ellen Dotson
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
| | - Taiwo S Awolola
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. President's Malaria Initiative, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard M Oxborough
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de La Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Colonization and Authentication of the Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis Strain; an Important Test System for Laboratory Screening of New Insecticides. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080710. [PMID: 34442276 PMCID: PMC8396659 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Malaria control and prevention have traditionally relied on the use of insecticides in the form of treated bed nets or residual spraying in households. However, scaling up of these interventions—based on few available insecticide classes—resulted in the development and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes. There is therefore an urgent need for introducing and applying new insecticides that are effective against these mosquitoes. Laboratories tasked with evaluating the efficacy of novel insecticides need to establish a large colony of resistant mosquitoes. In this study, we report the procedures used and challenges faced during the establishment and maintenance of a resistant mosquito strain in the laboratory which reflects the characteristics of the wild-resistant mosquito populations found in East Africa. Abstract Background: The emergence and spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors to major classes of insecticides call for urgent innovation and application of insecticides with novel modes of action. When evaluating new insecticides for public health, potential candidates need to be screened against both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes to determine efficacy and to identify potential cross-resistance to insecticides currently used for mosquito control. The challenges and lessons learned from establishing, maintaining, and authenticating the pyrethroid-resistant An. gambiae s.s. Muleba-Kis strain at the KCMUCo-PAMVERC Test Facility are described in this paper. Methods: Male mosquitoes from the F1 generation of wild-pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes were cross-bred with susceptible female An. gambiae s.s. Kisumu laboratory strain followed by larval selection using a pyrethroid insecticide solution. Periodic screening for phenotypic and genotypic resistance was done. WHO susceptibility tests and bottle bioassays were used to assess the phenotypic resistance, while Taqman™ assays were used to screen for known target-site resistance alleles (kdr and ace-1). Additionally, the strains were periodically assessed for quality control by monitoring adult weight and wing length. Results: By out-crossing the wild mosquitoes with an established lab strain, a successful resistant insectary colony was established. Intermittent selection pressure using alphacypermethrin has maintained high kdr mutation (leucine-serine) frequencies in the selected colony. There was consistency in the wing length and weight measurements from the year 2016 to 2020, with the exception that one out of four years was significantly different. Mean annual wing length varied between 0.0142–0.0028 mm compared to values obtained in 2016, except in 2019 where it varied by 0.0901 mm. Weight only varied by approximately 0.001 g across four years, except in 2017 where it differed by 0.005 g. Routine phenotypic characterization on Muleba-Kis against pyrethroids using the WHO susceptibility test indicated high susceptibility when type I pyrethroids were used compared to type II pyrethroids. Dynamics on susceptibility status also depended on the lapse time when the selection was last done. Conclusions: This study described the procedure for introducing, colonizing, and maintaining a resistant An. gambiae s.s. strain in the laboratory with leucine to serine substitution kdr allele which reflects the features of the wild-resistant population in East Africa. Challenges in colonizing a wild-resistant mosquito strain were overcome by out-crossing between mosquito strains of desired traits followed by intermittent insecticide selection at the larval stage to select for the resistant phenotype.
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Safi NHZ, Ahmadi AA, Nahzat S, Warusavithana S, Safi N, Valadan R, Shemshadian A, Sharifi M, Enayati A, Hemingway J. Status of insecticide resistance and its biochemical and molecular mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) from Afghanistan. Malar J 2019; 18:249. [PMID: 31349836 PMCID: PMC6660931 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, the main malaria vector in eastern Afghanistan, has been reported previously. This study describes the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance to facilitate effective vector control and insecticide resistance management. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected from the provinces of Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar from 2014 to 2017. The susceptibility of the reared 3–4 days old adults was tested with deltamethrin 0.05%, bendiocarb 0.1%, malathion 5%, permethrin 0.75% and DDT 4%. Cytochrome P450 content and general esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured in the three field populations and the results were compared with those of the laboratory susceptible An. stephensi Beech strain. Two separate allele-specific PCR assays were used to identify L1014, L1014F and L1014S mutations in the voltage gated sodium channel gene of An. stephensi. Probit analysis, ANOVA and Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were used to analyse bioassay, biochemical assay and gene frequency data respectively. Results The population of An. stephensi from Kunar was susceptible to bendiocarb, apart from this, all populations were resistant to all the other insecticides tested. The differences between all values for cytochrome P450s, general esterases, GSTs and AChE inhibition rates in the Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations were statistically significant when compared to the Beech strain, excluding GST activities between Kunar and Beech due to the high standard deviation in Kunar. The three different sodium channel alleles [L1014 (wild type), L1014F (kdr west) and L1014S (kdr east)] were all segregated in the Afghan populations. The frequencies of kdr east mutation were 22.9%, 32.7% and 35% in Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar populations respectively. Kdr west was at the lowest frequency of 4.44%. Conclusions Resistance to different groups of insecticides in the field populations of An. stephensi from Kunar, Laghman and Nangarhar Provinces of Afghanistan is caused by a range of metabolic and site insensitivity mechanisms, including esterases, cytochrome P450s and GSTs combined with AChE and sodium channel target site insensitivity. The intensity and frequency of these mechanisms are increasing in these populations, calling for urgent reorientation of vector control programmes and implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Halim Zahid Safi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Abdul Ali Ahmadi
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Sami Nahzat
- National Malaria and Leishmania Control Programme, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | | | | | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Atie Shemshadian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sharifi
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center (MCBRC), Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Gill P, Amree AH. Allele-Specific Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for the Detection of IVSII-I G>A Mutation On β-Globin Gene. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1582-1587. [PMID: 31210804 PMCID: PMC6560289 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thalassemia is one of the most common genetic health problems in the world. More than 200 different mutations have been identified in the beta-globin gene and among the 24 β-globin gene mutations in β-thalassemia carriers in the north of Iran IVSII-I G>A mutation has the highest frequency. Using fast, inexpensive, simple and reliable methods for the detection of the mutations in β-thal carriers is very important in prenatal diagnosis, and introduction of alternative methods to the existing ones can help to simplify the detection of mutations. Since its introduction, different methods derived from LAMP have been widely used for SNPs detection. AIM This study was aimed to design a new method for the detection of IVSII-I G>A mutation on β-globin gene based on AS - LAMP technique. METHODS Primer explorer V5 software was used for the design of LAMP primers. Three sets of primers were designed. In the first set, the BIP primers were exactly complementary to the normal and mutant alleles. In the second set, 1 nucleotide (T) was inserted at the 5' end of BIP primers, and in the last set, one nucleotide at the 5' end of BIP primer was changed. The other required primers for the LAMP reaction (FIP, B3, and F3) were the same for all 3 sets of primers. The LAMP reaction was applied on three DNA samples (Wild type, Heterozygote and Homozygote for IVSII-I G>A mutation) and synthetic DNA. RESULTS The results of the present study showed that LAMP reaction using three sets of primers could not successfully detect the IVSII-I G > A mutation among subjects DNA sample and synthetic DNA. CONCLUSION Although several studies have successfully used ARMS-LAMP method to detect the SNPs, and other studies use a variety of methods to identify IVSII-I G>A mutation, the present study was unable to differentiate between a normal allele and IVSII-I G>A mutation. Hence further studies are recommended to consider redesigning of primer set, DNA concentration and using commercial LAMP Master Mix to detect the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooria Gill
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Sari, Iran.,Nano Medicine Group, Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Arash Hadian Amree
- Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Thalassemia Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
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Amoudji AD, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Hien AS, Apétogbo YG, Yaméogo B, Soma DD, Bamogo R, Atcha-Oubou RT, Dabiré RK, Ketoh GK. Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management? Malar J 2019; 18:177. [PMID: 31118032 PMCID: PMC6530008 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria, one of the world’s greatest public health challenges, is an endemic disease with stable transmission in Togo. Combating malaria requires an effective vector control. This study provides temporal data on insecticide resistance status in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) from Togo. Methods Two to 5 days old females of An. gambiae s.l., originating from three localities (Baguida, Kovié, Kolokopé) were subjected to insecticide-impregnated papers during 3 years (2012, 2013, 2016) as follows: organochlorides (4% DDT), pyrethroids (0.05% deltamethrin, 0.75% permethrin, 0.05% lambdacyhalothrin), carbamates (0.4% bendiocarb and 0.1% propoxur), and organophosphates (5% malathion, 0.4% chlorpyrifos methyl, 1% fenitrothion) following the WHO standard protocol. Dead and surviving mosquitoes were stored separately in Eppendorf tubes containing silica gel for DNA extraction, species identification, and kdr and ace-1 genotyping. Results Knockdown times (KDT50 and KDT95) were high in An. gambiae s.l. The lowest KDTs were recorded at Baguida in 2013 for deltamethrin (KDT50 = 24.7, CI [22.4–27.12] and KDT95 = 90.78, CI [76.35–113.49]). No KDTs were recorded for DDT and in some instances for permethrin. In general, An. gambiae s.l. was resistant to most of the four classes of insecticides during the survey periods regardless of locality and year, except to chlorpyrifos methyl. In some instances, mosquitoes were fully susceptible to fenitrothion (Kolokopé: 100% and Kovié: 98.05%, CI [95.82–100.26]) and malathion (100% at both Kolokopé and Kovié) in 2013, and malathion only (Kolokopé; 100%) in 2016. Anopheles coluzzii, An. gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis were the three sibling species identified at the three localities with some hybrids at Baguida (2013), and Kovié (2012 and 2016), respectively. Anopheles gambiae was relatively dominant (61.6%). The kdr 1014F allele frequency was > 0.9 in most of the cases, except at Kolokopé (f (1014F) = 0.63, CI [0.55–0.71]) in 2013. The kdr 1014S allele frequency was below 0.02. The highest ace-1 frequencies were identified in An. gambiae at Baguida (2012: 0.52, CI [0.34–0.69] and 2013: 0.66, CI [0.46–0.86]). Conclusion The resistance status is worrying in Togo and should be considered in future malaria vector resistance management programmes by decision-makers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2813-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjovi D Amoudji
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo.
| | - Koffi M Ahadji-Dabla
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo. .,Biodiversity Institute & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA.
| | - Aristide Sawdetuo Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Yawo Georges Apétogbo
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
| | - Bienvenu Yaméogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Diloma Dieudonné Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Rabila Bamogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Roch Kounbobr Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, 01 BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, 01 B.P. 1515, Lomé 01, Togo
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da Cruz DL, Paiva MHS, Guedes DRD, Alves J, Gómez LF, Ayres CFJ. Detection of alleles associated with resistance to chemical insecticide in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Santiago, Cabo Verde. Malar J 2019; 18:120. [PMID: 30953531 PMCID: PMC6451206 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2757-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex are the main malaria vectors worldwide. Due to the lack of a vaccine to prevent malaria, the principal way to reduce the impact of this disease relies on the use of chemical insecticides to control its vectors. However, the intensive use of such compounds has led to the emergence of insecticide resistance in several Anopheles populations in Africa. This study aimed to investigate the presence of resistance alleles in an Anopheles arabiensis population from the City of Praia, capital of the Archipelago Cabo Verde, one of the countries on the World Health Organization list of countries that are on a path to eliminate local transmission of malaria. METHODS Larvae from the Anopheles genus were collected using a one-pint dipper in three areas of City of Praia. Larvae were fed and maintained until the emergence of adult mosquitoes, and these were morphologically identified. In addition, molecular identification was performed using IGS markers and all An. arabiensis samples were subjected to PCR to screen for mutations associated to resistance in the Ace-1, Nav and GSTE2 genes. RESULTS From a total of 440 mosquitoes collected, 52.3% were morphologically identified as An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and 46.7% as Anopheles pretoriensis. The molecular identification showed that 100% of the An. gambiae s.l. were An. arabiensis. The mutations G119S in the Ace-1 gene and L119F in the GSTE2 gene were screened but not found in any sample. However, sequencing analysis for GSTE2 revealed the presence of 37 haplotypes, 16 polymorphic sites and a high genetic diversity (π = 2.67). The L1014S mutation in the Nav (voltage-gated sodium channel gene) was detected at a frequency of 7.3%. CONCLUSION This is the first study to investigate the circulation of insecticide resistance alleles in An. arabiensis from Cabo Verde. The circulation of the L1014S allele in the population of An. arabiensis in the city of Praia suggests that pyrethroid resistance may arise, be quickly selected, and may affect the process of malaria elimination in Cabo Verde. Molecular monitoring of resistance should continue in order to guide the development of strategies to be used in vector control in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derciliano Lopes da Cruz
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Henrique Santos Paiva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro Acadêmico do Agreste, Rodovia BR-104, km 59 - Nova Caruaru, Caruaru, PE, 55002-970, Brazil
| | - Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública/Ministério da Saúde, Largo do Desastre da Assistência, CP-719, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Lara Ferrero Gómez
- Universidade Jean Piaget (UniPiaget), Caixa Postal 775, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Constância Flávia Junqueira Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-PE), Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
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Mang'era CM, Hassanali A, Khamis FM, Rono MK, Lwande W, Mbogo C, Mireji PO. Growth-disrupting Murraya koenigii leaf extracts on Anopheles gambiae larvae and identification of associated candidate bioactive constituents. Acta Trop 2019; 190:304-311. [PMID: 30529445 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based constituents have been proposed as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic insecticides for control of mosquito vectors of malaria. In this study, we first screened the effects of methanolic leaf extracts of curry tree (Murraya koenigii) growing in tropical (Mombasa, Malindi) and semi-arid (Kibwezi, and Makindu) ecological zones of Kenya on third instar An. gambiae s.s. larvae. Extracts of the plant from the semi-arid region, and particularly from Kibwezi, led to high mortality of the larvae. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of the leaves of the plants from Kibwezi was then undertaken and the most active fraction (20 fold more potent than the crude extract) was then analyzed by Liquid chromatography quadruple time of flight coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-QtoF-MS) and a number of constituents were identified, including a major alkaloid constituent, Neplanocin A (5). Exposure of the third instar larvae to a sub-lethal dose (4.43 ppm) of this fraction over 7-day periods induced gross morphogenetic abnormalities in the larvae, with reduced locomotion, and delayed pupation. Moreover, the few adults that emerged from some pupae failed to fly from the water surface, unlike in the untreated control group. These results demonstrate subtle growth-disrupting effects of the phytochemical blend from M. koenigii leaves on aquatic stages An. gambiae mosquito. The study lays down some useful groundwork for the downstream development of phytochemical blends that can be evaluated for integration into eco-friendly control of An. gambiae vector population targeting the often overlooked but important immature stages of the malaria vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Maikuri Mang'era
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro Campus, PO Box, 536 - 20115, Egerton, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ahmed Hassanali
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Kenyatta University, Ruiru Campus, PO Box, 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Martin K Rono
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Wilber Lwande
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Duduville Campus, Kasarani, PO Box, 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Paul O Mireji
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, Kenya Medical Research Institute, PO Box, 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya; Biotechnology Research Institute - Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, PO Box, 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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Norris EJ, Johnson JB, Gross AD, Bartholomay LC, Coats JR. Plant Essential Oils Enhance Diverse Pyrethroids against Multiple Strains of Mosquitoes and Inhibit Detoxification Enzyme Processes. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040132. [PMID: 30287743 PMCID: PMC6316883 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases account for the deaths of approximately 700,000 people annually throughout the world, with many more succumbing to the debilitating side effects associated with these etiologic disease agents. This is exacerbated in many countries where the lack of mosquito control and resources to prevent and treat mosquito-borne disease coincide. As populations of mosquito species grow more resistant to currently utilized control chemistries, the need for new and effective chemical means for vector control is more important than ever. Previous work revealed that plant essential oils enhance the toxicity of permethrin against multiple mosquito species that are of particular importance to public health. In this study, we screened permethrin and deltamethrin in combination with plant essential oils against a pyrethroid-susceptible and a pyrethroid-resistant strain of both Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. A number of plant essential oils significantly enhanced the toxicity of pyrethroids equal to or better than piperonyl butoxide, a commonly used synthetic synergist, in all strains tested. Significant synergism of pyrethroids was also observed for specific combinations of plant essential oils and pyrethroids. Moreover, plant essential oils significantly inhibited both cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase activities, suggesting that the inhibition of detoxification contributes to the enhancement or synergism of plant essential oils for pyrethroids. This study highlights the potential of using diverse plant oils as insecticide additives to augment the efficacy of insecticidal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Norris
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Jacob B Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Aaron D Gross
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Joel R Coats
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Djègbè I, Akoton R, Tchigossou G, Ahadji-Dabla KM, Atoyebi SM, Adéoti R, Zeukeng F, Ketoh GK, Djouaka R. First report of the presence of L1014S Knockdown-resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae s.s and Anopheles coluzzii from Togo, West Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:30. [PMID: 29707654 PMCID: PMC5909049 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13888.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To optimize the success of insecticide-based malaria control intervention, knowledge of the distribution of Anopheles gambiae species and insecticide resistance mechanisms is necessary. This paper reported an updated data on pyrethroids/DDT resistance in the An. gambiae s.l population from Togo. Methods: From December 2013 to April 2015, females of indoor-resting An. gambiae s.l were captured in three locations belonging to three different ecological zones. Resistance to DDT, permethrin and deltamethrin was screened in F1 progeny of collected mosquitoes using WHO susceptibility tests. The identification of species of An. gambiae complex and the detection of kdr and ace.1 R allele were carried out using DNA-based molecular techniques. Results:An. gambiae from Kovié and Nangbéto were highly resistant to DDT and permethrin with mortalities rate ranging from 0.83% to 1.58% for DDT and zero to 8.54% for permethrin. Mosquitoes collected in Nangbéto displayed 81.53% mortality with deltamethrin. An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s were found in sympatry in Nangbéto and Mango . The allelic frequency of L1014F was high, ranging from 66 to 100% in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. For the first time we detected the L1014S allele in both An. coluzzii and An. gambiaes.s. from Togo at the frequency ranging from 5% to 13% in all the sites. The kdr N1575Y was present at various frequencies in both species ranging from 10% to 45%. Both An. gambiae s.s. and An. coluzzii shared the ace1 R mutation in all investigated sites with allelic frequency ranging from 4% to 16%. Conclusion: These results showed that multiple mutations are involved in insecticides resistance in An. gambiae populations from Togo including the kdr L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y and ace.1 R G119S mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- University of Sciences, Technologies and Mathematics, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, BP 123, Benin
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Romaric Akoton
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | - Genevieve Tchigossou
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, BP 526, Benin
| | | | - Seun Michael Atoyebi
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Razack Adéoti
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
| | - Francis Zeukeng
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, BP 812, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Koffivi Ketoh
- Research unit of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lomé, Lomé, 01 BP 1515 , Togo
| | - Rousseau Djouaka
- The AgroEcoHealth Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, 08 BP 0932, Benin
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14
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Drakeley C, Abdulla S, Agnandji ST, Fernandes JF, Kremsner P, Lell B, Mewono L, Bache BE, Mihayo MG, Juma O, Tanner M, Tahita MC, Tinto H, Diallo S, Lompo P, D'Alessandro U, Ogutu B, Otieno L, Otieno S, Otieno W, Oyieko J, Asante KP, Dery DBE, Adjei G, Adeniji E, Atibilla D, Owusu-Agyei S, Greenwood B, Gesase S, Lusingu J, Mahende C, Mongi R, Segeja M, Adjei S, Agbenyega T, Agyekum A, Ansong D, Bawa JT, Boateng HO, Dandalo L, Escamilla V, Hoffman I, Maenje P, Martinson F, Carter T, Leboulleux D, Kaslow DC, Usuf E, Pirçon JY, Bahmanyar ER. Longitudinal estimation of Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in relation to malaria prevention measures in six sub-Saharan African countries. Malar J 2017; 16:433. [PMID: 29078773 PMCID: PMC5658967 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum prevalence (PfPR) is a widely used metric for assessing malaria transmission intensity. This study was carried out concurrently with the RTS,S/AS01 candidate malaria vaccine Phase III trial and estimated PfPR over ≤ 4 standardized cross-sectional surveys. METHODS This epidemiology study (NCT01190202) was conducted in 8 sites from 6 countries (Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania), between March 2011 and December 2013. Participants were enrolled in a 2:1:1 ratio according to age category: 6 months-4 years, 5-19 years, and ≥ 20 years, respectively, per year and per centre. All sites carried out surveys 1-3 while survey 4 was conducted only in 3 sites. Surveys were usually performed during the peak malaria parasite transmission season, in one home visit, when medical history and malaria risk factors/prevention measures were collected, and a blood sample taken for rapid diagnostic test, microscopy, and haemoglobin measurement. PfPR was estimated by site and age category. RESULTS Overall, 6401 (survey 1), 6411 (survey 2), 6400 (survey 3), and 2399 (survey 4) individuals were included in the analyses. In the 6 months-4 years age group, the lowest prevalence (assessed using microscopy) was observed in 2 Tanzanian centres (4.6% for Korogwe and 9.95% for Bagamoyo) and Lambaréné, Gabon (6.0%), while the highest PfPR was recorded for Nanoro, Burkina Faso (52.5%). PfPR significantly decreased over the 3 years in Agogo (Ghana), Kombewa (Kenya), Lilongwe (Malawi), and Bagamoyo (Tanzania), and a trend for increased PfPR was observed over the 4 surveys for Kintampo, Ghana. Over the 4 surveys, for all sites, PfPR was predominantly higher in the 5-19 years group than in the other age categories. Occurrence of fever and anaemia was associated with high P. falciparum parasitaemia. Univariate analyses showed a significant association of anti-malarial treatment in 4 surveys (odds ratios [ORs]: 0.52, 0.52, 0.68, 0.41) and bed net use in 2 surveys (ORs: 0.63, 0.68, 1.03, 1.78) with lower risk of malaria infection. CONCLUSION Local PfPR differed substantially between sites and age groups. In children 6 months-4 years old, a significant decrease in prevalence over the 3 years was observed in 4 out of the 8 study sites. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT01190202:NCT. GSK Study ID numbers: 114001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Drakeley
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Ifakara Institute of Health, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.
| | - Selidji Todagbe Agnandji
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - José Francisco Fernandes
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Kremsner
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ludovic Mewono
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bache Emmanuel Bache
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Lambaréné, Gabon and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Gabriel Mihayo
- Ifakara Institute of Health, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar Juma
- Ifakara Institute of Health, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Ifakara Institute of Health, Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Bagamoyo District Hospital, P.O. Box 74, Bagamoyo, Tanzania.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Salou Diallo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Umberto D'Alessandro
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - George Adjei
- Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Ghana
| | | | | | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Brian Greenwood
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Kintampo Health Research Center, Kintampo, Ghana
| | - Samwel Gesase
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - John Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Coline Mahende
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Robert Mongi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Method Segeja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Korogwe, Tanzania
| | - Samuel Adjei
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Agogo, Ghana
| | - Tsiri Agbenyega
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Agogo, Ghana
| | - Alex Agyekum
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Agogo, Ghana
| | - Daniel Ansong
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Agogo, Ghana
| | - John Tanko Bawa
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Agogo, Ghana
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Maenje
- University of North Carolina Project, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Terrell Carter
- The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | - David C Kaslow
- The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Effua Usuf
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia.,GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium
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15
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Gnankiné O, Bassolé IHN. Essential Oils as an Alternative to Pyrethroids' Resistance against Anopheles Species Complex Giles (Diptera: Culicidae). Molecules 2017; 22:E1321. [PMID: 28937642 PMCID: PMC6151604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread resistance of Anopheles sp. populations to pyrethroid insecticides has led to the search for sustainable alternatives in the plant kingdom. Among many botanicals, there is great interest in essential oils and their constituents. Many researchers have explored essential oils (EOs) to determine their toxicity and identify repellent molecules that are effective against Anopheles populations. Essential oils are volatile and fragrant substances with an oily consistency typically produced by plants. They contain a variety of volatile molecules such as terpenes and terpenoids, phenol-derived aromatic components and aliphatic components at quite different concentrations with a significant insecticide potential, essentially as ovicidal, larvicidal, adulticidal, repellency, antifeedant, growth and reproduction inhibitors. The current review provides a summary of chemical composition of EOs, their toxicity at different developmental stages (eggs, larvae and adults), their repellent effects against Anopheles populations, for which there is little information available until now. An overview of antagonist and synergistic phenomena between secondary metabolites, the mode of action as well as microencapsulation technologies are also given in this review. Finally, the potential use of EOs as an alternative to current insecticides has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d'entomologie fondamentale et appliquée (Lefa), Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Imaël Henri Nestor Bassolé
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire, d'épidémiologie et de surveillance des bactéries et virus transmis par les aliments (Labesta), Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 P.O. 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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16
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Hien AS, Soma DD, Hema O, Bayili B, Namountougou M, Gnankiné O, Baldet T, Diabaté A, Dabiré KR. Evidence that agricultural use of pesticides selects pyrethroid resistance within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from cotton growing areas in Burkina Faso, West Africa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173098. [PMID: 28253316 PMCID: PMC5333875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown the role of agriculture in the selection and spread of resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to insecticides. However, no study has directly demonstrated the presence of insecticides in breeding sources as a source of selection for this resistance. It is in this context that we investigated the presence of pesticide residues in breeding habitats and their formal involvement in vector resistance to insecticides in areas of West Africa with intensive farming. This study was carried out from June to November 2013 in Dano, southwest Burkina Faso in areas of conventional (CC) and biological cotton (BC) growing. Water and sediment samples collected from breeding sites located near BC and CC fields were submitted for chromatographic analysis to research and titrate the residual insecticide content found there. Larvae were also collected in these breeding sites and used in toxicity tests to compare their mortality to those of the susceptible strain, Anopheles gambiae Kisumu. All tested mosquitoes (living and dead) were analyzed by PCR for species identification and characterization of resistance genes. The toxicity analysis of water from breeding sites showed significantly lower mortality rates in breeding site water from biological cotton (WBC) growing sites compared to that from conventional cotton (WCC) sites respective to both An. gambiae Kisumu (WBC: 80.75% vs WCC: 92.75%) and a wild-type strain (49.75% vs 66.5%). The allele frequencies L1014F, L1014S kdr, and G116S ace -1R mutations conferring resistance, respectively, to pyrethroids and carbamates / organophosphates were 0.95, 0.4 and 0.12. Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were identified in the water samples taken in October/November from mosquitoes breeding in the CC growing area. The concentrations obtained were respectively 0.0147ug/L and 1.49 ug/L to deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin. Our results provided evidence by direct analysis (biological and chromatographic tests) of the role of agriculture as a source of selection pressure on vectors to insecticides used in growing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Sawdetuo Hien
- IRSS/DRO, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail: (ASH); (KRD)
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- IRSS/DRO, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Omer Hema
- Programme Coton/INERA/ Farako-Ba, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Bazoma Bayili
- IRSS/DRO, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- Institute of Rural Development, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- UFR/Life Science, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- IRSS/DRO, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- IRSS/DRO, Malaria and Tropical Neglected Research Unit, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail: (ASH); (KRD)
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17
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Bird WA. Net Loss? Agrochemicals and Insecticide Resistance in the Fight against Malaria. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:A50-A57. [PMID: 28248184 PMCID: PMC5332201 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.125-a50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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18
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Pooda HS, Rayaisse JB, Hien DFDS, Lefèvre T, Yerbanga SR, Bengaly Z, Dabiré RK, Belem AMG, Sidibé I, Solano P, Mouline K. Administration of ivermectin to peridomestic cattle: a promising approach to target the residual transmission of human malaria. Malar J 2015; 13 Suppl 1:496. [PMID: 26651335 PMCID: PMC4676103 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-1001-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of current control tools in combatting malaria vectors is well established. However, sustained residual transmission of Plasmodium parasites persists. Mass drug administration (MDA) to humans of the endectocide ivermectin for vector control is receiving increasing attention. However, vectors feeding upon animals escape this promising approach. Zoophagy of mosquitoes sustains both the vector population and endemic population of vector-borne pathogens. Therefore, only a strategy that will combine ivermectin MDAs targeted at humans and their peridomestic animals could be successful at controlling residual malaria transmission. Methods Burkinabé cattle have been treated with injectable therapeutic dose of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight) to render blood meals toxic to field representative populations of Anopheles coluzzii carrying the kdr mutation. Direct skin-feeding assays were performed from 2 to 28 days after injection (DAI) and mosquitoes were followed for their survival, ability to become gravid and fecundity. Membrane feeding assays were further performed to test if an ivermectin blood meal taken at 28 DAI impacts gametocyte establishment and development in females fed with infectious blood. Results The mosquitocidal effect of ivermectin is complete for 2 weeks after injection, whether 12 days cumulative mortalities were of 75 and 45 % the third and fourth weeks, respectively. The third week, a second ivermectin blood meal at sub-lethal concentrations further increased mortality to 100 %. Sub-lethal concentrations of ivermectin also significantly decreased egg production by surviving females, increasing further the detrimental effect of the drug on vector densities. Although females fitness was impaired by sub-lethal ivermectin blood meals, these did not diminish nor increase their susceptibility to infection. Conclusion This study demonstrates the potential of integrated MDA of ivermectin to both human and peridomestic cattle to target vector reservoirs of residual malaria transmission. Such integration lies in ‘One-Health’ efforts being implemented around the globe, and would be especially relevant in rural communities in Africa where humans are also at risk of common zoonotic diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-1001-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann S Pooda
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France.
| | - Serge R Yerbanga
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Adrien M G Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en Zone Subhumide, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,Ministère des Ressources Animale/Campagne Panafricaine d'éradication de la mouche tsé-tsé et des trynaposomoses, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Philippe Solano
- UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, TA A 17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Karine Mouline
- Direction Régionale de l'Ouest de l'Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. .,MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, Université de Montpellier, 911 Av. Agropolis, Montpellier, France.
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19
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Badolo A, Bando H, Traoré A, Ko-Ketsu M, Guelbeogo WM, Kanuka H, Ranson H, Sagnon N, Fukumoto S. Detection of G119S ace-1 (R) mutation in field-collected Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes using allele-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (AS-LAMP) method. Malar J 2015; 14:477. [PMID: 26620269 PMCID: PMC4665897 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vectors have developed resistance to the four families of insecticides available for public health purposes. For example, the kdr mutation is associated with organochlorines and pyrethroids resistance. It is of particular concern that organophosphate and carbamate resistance associated with the G119S ace-1 (R) mutation has recently increased in West Africa in extent and frequency, and is now spreading through the Anopheles gambiae malaria vector population. There is an urgent need to improve resistance management using existing insecticides and new tools to quickly assess resistance level for rapid decision-making. METHODS DNA extracted from field-collected mosquitoes was used to develop the method. Specific primers were designed manually to match the mutation region and an additional mismatched nucleotide in the penultimate position to increase specificity. Other primers used are common to both wild and mutant types. The allele specific (AS)-LAMP method was compared to the PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) methods using the genomic DNA of 104 field-collected mosquitoes. RESULTS The primers designed for LAMP were able to distinguish between the wild type (ace-1 (S) ) and mutated type allele (ace-1 (R) ). Detection time was 50 min for the wild type homozygous and 64 min for the heterozygous. No amplification of the resistant allele took place within the 75-min test period when using the wild type primers. For the ace-1 (R) resistant type, detection time was 51 min for the resistant homozygous and 55 min for the heterozygous. No amplification of the wild type allele took place within the 75-min test period when using the resistant type primers. Gel electrophoresis of LAMP products confirmed that amplification was primer-DNA specific, i.e., primers could only amplify their target specific DNA. AS-LAMP, PCR-RFLP, and RT-PCR showed no significant difference in the sensitivity and specificity of their ace-1 (R) detection ability. CONCLUSIONS The AS-LAMP method could detect the ace-1 (R) mutation within 60 min, which is faster than conventional PCR-RFLP. This method may be used to quickly detect the ace-1 (R) mutation for rapid decision-making, even in less well-equipped laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanase Badolo
- National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan. .,Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso. .,Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université de Ouagadougou, BP 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
| | - Hironori Bando
- National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Alphonse Traoré
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Mami Ko-Ketsu
- National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Wamdaogo Moussa Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Hirotaka Kanuka
- Department of Tropical Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - N'Falé Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), BP 2208, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- National Research Centre for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
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20
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Mitri C, Markianos K, Guelbeogo WM, Bischoff E, Gneme A, Eiglmeier K, Holm I, Sagnon N, Vernick KD, Riehle MM. The kdr-bearing haplotype and susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum in Anopheles gambiae: genetic correlation and functional testing. Malar J 2015; 14:391. [PMID: 26445487 PMCID: PMC4596459 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Anophelesgambiae species complex are primary vectors of human malaria in Africa. It is known that a large haplotype shared between An. gambiae and Anophelescoluzzii by introgression carries point mutations of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene para, including the L1014F kdr mutation associated with insensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides. Carriage of L1014F kdr is also correlated with higher susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium falciparum. However, the genetic mechanism and causative gene(s) underlying the parasite susceptibility phenotype are not known. Methods Mosquitoes from the wild Burkina Faso population were challenged by feeding on natural P. falciparum gametocytes. Oocyst infection phenotypes were determined and were tested for association with SNP genotypes. Candidate genes in the detected locus were prioritized and RNAi-mediated gene silencing was used to functionally test for gene effects on P. falciparum susceptibility. Results A genetic locus, Pfin6, was identified that influences infection levels of P. falciparum in mosquitoes. The locus segregates as a ~3 Mb haplotype carrying 65 predicted genes including the para gene. The haplotype carrying the kdr allele of para is linked to increased parasite infection prevalence, but many single nucleotide polymorphisms on the haplotype are also equally linked to the infection phenotype. Candidate genes in the haplotype were prioritized and functionally tested. Silencing of para did not influence P. falciparum infection, while silencing of a predicted immune gene, serine protease ClipC9, allowed development of significantly increased parasite numbers. Conclusions Genetic variation influencing Plasmodium infection in wild Anopheles is linked to a natural ~3 megabase haplotype on chromosome 2L that carries the kdr allele of the para gene. Evidence suggests that para gene function does not directly influence parasite susceptibility, and the association of kdr with infection may be due to tight linkage of kdr with other gene(s) on the haplotype. Further work will be required to determine if ClipC9 influences the outcome of P. falciparum infection in nature, as well as to confirm the absence of a direct influence by para. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0924-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mitri
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Kyriacos Markianos
- Program in Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Wamdaogo M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Emmanuel Bischoff
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Awa Gneme
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Karin Eiglmeier
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Inge Holm
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - N'Fale Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, 01 BP 2208, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Kenneth D Vernick
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, CNRS Unit of Hosts, Vectors and Pathogens (URA3012), Lab GGIV, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France. .,Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Michelle M Riehle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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Wang Y, Yu W, Shi H, Yang Z, Xu J, Ma Y. Historical survey of the kdr mutations in the populations of Anopheles sinensis in China in 1996-2014. Malar J 2015; 14:120. [PMID: 25888824 PMCID: PMC4371805 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles sinensis has become an important malaria vector in China. The long-term extensive utilization of pyrethroids for ITNs and IRS for mosquito control in the last three decades has resulted in the occurrence of resistant An. sinensis populations in many regions. Knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by point mutations in the VGSC gene, is one of the mechanisms that confer resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Recently, several investigations revealed the kdr occurrence in some An. sinensis populations, however, no kdr data were available earlier than 2009. A survey tracking the dynamics of the kdr mutations in past decades would provide invaluable information to understand how the kdr alleles spread in mosquito populations temporally and spatially. Methods A survey was conducted on the kdr alleles at condon 1014 of the VGSC gene and their distributions in 733 specimens of An. sinensis and 232 specimens of the other eight member species of the Anopheles hyrcanus group that were collected from 17 provinces in China in 1996–2014. Results A total of three kdr alleles, TTT (F), TTG (F) and TGT (C) were detected, and TGT (C) and TTT (F) were already present in the specimens from Jiangsu and Shandong as early as 1997. The TTT (F) was the most frequent mutant allele, and largely distributed in central China, namely Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, Shanghai, Jiangxi and Hubei. When data were analysed in three time intervals, 1996–2001, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, the prevalence of kdr alleles increased progressively over time in the populations in central China. In contrast, the kdr alleles were less frequent in the samples from other regions, especially in Yunnan and Hainan, despite the documented presence of pyrethroid resistant populations in those regions. Interestingly, no mutant alleles were detected in all 232 specimens of eight other species in the An. hyrcanus group. Conclusion The survey revealed that the kdr occurrence and accumulation in the An. sinensis populations were more frequent in central China than in the other regions, suggesting that the kdr mutations may contribute significantly to the pyrethroid resistance in the mosquitoes in central China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0644-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Wanqin Yu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Hua Shi
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of P. L.A., Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Jiannong Xu
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA.
| | - Yajun Ma
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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Djègbè I, Agossa FR, Jones CM, Poupardin R, Cornelie S, Akogbéto M, Ranson H, Corbel V. Molecular characterization of DDT resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Benin. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:409. [PMID: 25175167 PMCID: PMC4164740 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide resistance in the mosquito vector is the one of the main obstacles against effective malaria control. In order to implement insecticide resistance management strategies, it is important to understand the genetic factors involved. In this context, we investigated the molecular basis of DDT resistance in the main malaria vector from Benin. METHODS Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were collected from four sites across Benin and identified to species/molecular form. Mosquitoes from Cotonou (M-form), Tori-Bossito (S-form) and Bohicon (S-form) were exposed to DDT 4% at a range of exposure times (30 min to 300 min). Another batch of mosquitoes from Cotonou and Malanville were exposed to DDT for 1 hour and the survivors 48 hours post exposure were used to quantify metabolic gene expression. Quantitative PCR assays were used to quantify mRNA levels of metabolic enzymes: GSTE2, GSTD3, CYP6P3 and CYP6M2. Expression (fold-change) was calculated using the ∆∆Ct method and compared to susceptible strains. Detection of target-site mutations (L1014F, L1014S and N1575Y) was performed using allelic discrimination TaqMan assays. RESULTS DDT resistance was extremely high in all populations, regardless of molecular form, with no observed mortality after 300 min exposure. In both DDT-survivors and non-exposed mosquitoes, GSTE2 and GSTD3 were over-expressed in the M form at 4.4-fold and 3.5-fold in Cotonou and 1.5-fold and 2.5-fold in Malanville respectively, when compared to the susceptible strain. The CYP6M2 and CYP6P3 were over-expressed at 4.6-fold and 3.8-fold in Cotonou and 1.2-fold and 2.5-fold in Malanville respectively. In contrast, no differences in GSTE2 and CYP6M2 were observed between S form mosquitoes from Tori-Bossito and Bohicon compared to susceptible strain. The 1014 F allele was fixed in the S-form and at high frequency in the M-form (0.7-0.914). The frequency of 1575Y allele was 0.29-0.36 in the S-form and nil in the M-form. The 1014S allele was detected in the S form of An. gambiae in a 1014 F/1014S heterozygous specimen. CONCLUSION Our results show that the kdr 1014 F, 1014S and 1575Y alleles are widespread in Benin and the expression of two candidate metabolic markers (GSTE2 and CYP6M2) are over-expressed specifically in the M-form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Djègbè
- />Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Université de Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Benin
| | - Fiacre R Agossa
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
- />Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Christopher M Jones
- />Insect Migration & Spatial Ecology; Group AgroEcology Rothamsted, Research Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Rodolphe Poupardin
- />Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- />Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, 01 BP 4414 RP Cotonou, Bénin
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Martin Akogbéto
- />Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), 06 BP 2604, Cotonou, Bénin
- />Département de Zoologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi (UAC), BP 526 Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Hilary Ranson
- />Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, L3 5QA UK
| | - Vincent Corbel
- />Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224, 01 BP 4414 RP Cotonou, Bénin
- />Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
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Ibrahim SS, Manu YA, Tukur Z, Irving H, Wondji CS. High frequency of kdr L1014F is associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzii in Sudan savannah of northern Nigeria. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:441. [PMID: 25127882 PMCID: PMC4147187 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria burden is high in Nigeria, yet information on the major mosquito vectors is lacking especially in the Sudan savannah region of the country. In order to facilitate the design of future insecticide-based control interventions in the region, this study has established the resistance profile of An. gambiae s.l. populations in two northern Nigeria locations and assessed the contribution of target site resistance mutations. METHODS Larval collection was conducted in two localities in Sudan savannah (Bunkure and Auyo) of northern Nigeria between 2009 and 2011, from which resulting adult, female mosquitoes were used for insecticides bioassays with deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, DDT and malathion. The mosquitoes were identified to species level and molecular forms and then genotyped for the presence of L1014F-kdr, L1014S-kdr and ace-1R mutations. RESULTS WHO bioassays revealed that An. gambiae s.l. from both localities were highly resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT, but only moderately resistant to deltamethrin. Full susceptibility was observed to malathion. An. gambiae, M form (now An. coluzzii), was predominant over An. arabiensis in Auyo and was more resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin than An. arabiensis. No 'S' form (An. gambiae s.s.) was detected. A high frequency of 1014 F mutation (80.1%) was found in An. coluzzii in contrast to An. arabiensis (13.5%). The presence of the 1014 F kdr allele was significantly associated with resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in An. coluzzii (OR = 9.85; P < 0.001) but not in An. arabiensis. The L1014S-kdr mutation was detected in a single An. arabiensis mosquito while no ace-1R mutation was found in any of the mosquitoes analysed. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of An. coluzzii and its resistance profile to main insecticides described in this study can guide the implementation of appropriate vector control interventions in this region of Nigeria where such information was previously lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S Ibrahim
- />Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
- />Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, UK
| | - Yayo A Manu
- />Bayero University, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Helen Irving
- />Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, UK
| | - Charles S Wondji
- />Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA Liverpool, UK
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Dabiré RK, Namountougou M, Diabaté A, Soma DD, Bado J, Toé HK, Bass C, Combary P. Distribution and frequency of kdr mutations within Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations and first report of the ace.1 G119S mutation in Anopheles arabiensis from Burkina Faso (West Africa). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101484. [PMID: 25077792 PMCID: PMC4117487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An entomological survey was carried out at 15 sites dispersed throughout the three eco-climatic regions of Burkina Faso (West Africa) in order to assess the current distribution and frequency of mutations that confer resistance to insecticides in An. gambiae s.l. populations in the country. Both knockdown (kdr) resistance mutation variants (L1014F and L1014S), that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, were identified concomitant with the ace-1 G119S mutation confirming the presence of multiple resistance mechanisms in the An. gambiae complex in Burkina Faso. Compared to the last survey, the frequency of the L1014F kdr mutation appears to have remained largely stable and relatively high in all species. In contrast, the distribution and frequency of the L1014S mutation has increased significantly in An. gambiae s.l. across much of the country. Furthermore we report, for the first time, the identification of the ace.1 G116S mutation in An. arabiensis populations collected at 8 sites. This mutation, which confers resistance to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, has been reported previously only in the An. gambiae S and M molecular forms. This finding is significant as organophosphates and carbamates are used in indoor residual sprays (IRS) to control malaria vectors as complementary strategies to the use of pyrethroid impregnated bednets. The occurrence of the three target-site resistance mutations in both An. gambiae molecular forms and now An. arabiensis has significant implications for the control of malaria vector populations in Burkina Faso and for resistance management strategies based on the rotation of insecticides with different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch K. Dabiré
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- * E-mail:
| | - Moussa Namountougou
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dieudonné D. Soma
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Joseph Bado
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Hyacinthe K. Toé
- IRSS (Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé), Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bass
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Patrice Combary
- National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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Re-visiting insecticide resistance status in Anopheles gambiae from Côte d'Ivoire: a nation-wide informative survey. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82387. [PMID: 24358177 PMCID: PMC3864995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance constitutes a major threat that may undermine current gain in malaria control in most endemic countries. National Malaria Control Programmes (NMCPs) need as much information as possible on the resistance status of malaria vectors and underlying mechanisms in order to implement the most relevant and efficient control strategy. Bioassays, biochemical and molecular analysis were performed on An. gambiae collected in six sentinel sites in Côte d'Ivoire. The sites were selected on the basis of their bioclimatic status and agricultural practices. An. gambiae populations across sites showed high levels of resistance to organochloride, pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. The kdr and ace-1(R) mutations were detected in almost all sentinel sites with mosquitoes on the coastal and cotton growing areas mostly affected by these mutations. At almost all sites, the levels of detoxifying enzymes (mixed-function oxidases (MFOs), non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs)) in An. gambiae populations were significantly higher than the levels found in the susceptible strain Kisumu. Pre-exposure of mosquitoes to PBO, an inhibitor of MFOs and NSEs, significantly increased mortality rates to pyrethroids and carbamates in mosquitoes but resistance in most cases was not fully synergised by PBO, inferring a residual role of additional mechanisms, including kdr and ace-1 site insensitivity. The large distribution of resistance in Côte d'Ivoire raises an important question of whether to continue to deploy pyrethroid-based long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and insecticide residual spraying (IRS) towards which resistance continues to rise with no guarantee that the level of resistance would not compromise their efficacy. Innovative strategies that combine insecticide and synergists in LLINs or spatially LLIN and an effective non-pyrethroid insecticide for IRS could be in the short term the best practice for the NMCP to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in Côte d'Ivoire and other endemic countries facing resistance.
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Gnankiné O, Bassolé IH, Chandre F, Glitho I, Akogbeto M, Dabiré RK, Martin T. Insecticide resistance in Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) could compromise the sustainability of malaria vector control strategies in West Africa. Acta Trop 2013; 128:7-17. [PMID: 23792227 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Insecticides from the organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PY) chemical families, have respectively, been in use for 50 and 30 years in West Africa, mainly against agricultural pests, but also against vectors of human disease. The selection pressure, with practically the same molecules year after year (mainly on cotton), has caused insecticide resistance in pest populations such as Bemisia tabaci, vector of harmful phytoviruses on vegetables. The evolution toward insecticide resistance in malaria vectors such as Anopheles gambiae sensus lato (s.l.) is probably related to the current use of these insecticides in agriculture. Thus, successful pest and vector control in West Africa requires an investigation of insect susceptibility, in relation to the identification of species and sub species, such as molecular forms or biotypes. Identification of knock down resistance (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase gene (Ace1) mutations modifying insecticide targets in individual insects and measure of enzymes activity typically involved in insecticide metabolism (oxidase, esterase and glutathion-S-transferase) are indispensable in understanding the mechanisms of resistance. Insecticide resistance is a good example in which genotype-phenotype links have been made successfully. Insecticides used in agriculture continue to select new resistant populations of B. tabaci that could be from different biotype vectors of plant viruses. As well, the evolution of insecticide resistance in An. gambiae threatens the management of malaria vectors in West Africa. It raises the question of priority in the use of insecticides in health and/or agriculture, and more generally, the question of sustainability of crop protection and vector control strategies in the region. Here, we review the susceptibility tests, biochemical and molecular assays data for B. tabaci, a major pest in cotton and vegetable crops, and An. gambiae, main vector of malaria. The data reviewed was collected in Benin and Burkina Faso between 2008 and 2010 under the Corus 6015 research program. This review aims to show: (i) the insecticide resistance in B. tabaci as well as in An. gambiae; and (ii) due to this, the impact of selection of resistant populations on malaria vector control strategies. Some measures that could be beneficial for crop protection and vector control strategies in West Africa are proposed.
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