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Deng ML, Heng ZJ, Li LJ, Yang JF, He JJ, Zou FC, Shu FF. Cryptosporidium spp. Infection and Genotype Identification in Pre-Weaned and Post-Weaned Calves in Yunnan Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1907. [PMID: 38998019 PMCID: PMC11240314 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is a globally distributed zoonotic protozoan parasite in humans and animals. Infection is widespread in dairy cattle, especially in calves, resulting in neonatal enteritis, production losses and high mortality. However, the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre- and post-weaned calves in Yunnan Province remains unclear. METHODS We collected 498 fecal samples from Holstein calves on 10 different farms in four regions of Yunnan Province. Nested PCR and DNA sequencing were used to determine the infection, species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in these animals. RESULTS The overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Holstein calves was 32.9% (164/498), and the prevalence in pre- and post-weaned calves was 33.5% (106/316) and 31.9% (58/182), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified in these animals, namely C. bovis (n = 119), C. parvum (n = 23), C. ryanae (n = 20) and C. andersoni (n = 2). Based on sequencing analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene of C. bovis, C. parvum and C. ryanae, six subtypes of C. bovis (XXVIe, XXVIb, XXVIf, XXVIa XXVIc and XXVId), two subtypes of C. parvum (IIdA19G1 and IIdA18G1) and four subtypes of C. ryanae (XXIf, XXId, XXIe and XXIg) were identified. CONCLUSIONS These results provide essential information to understand the infection rate, species diversity and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium spp. populations in Holstein pre-weaned and post-weaned calves in Yunnan Province. Further, the presence of IIdA18G1 and IIdA19G1 in C. parvum implies significant animal and public health concerns, which requires greater attention and more preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Deng
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Heng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Liu-Jia Li
- College of Agriculture and Biological Science, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Fan-Fan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Hachimi O, Falender R, Davis G, Wafula RV, Sutton M, Bancroft J, Cieslak P, Kelly C, Kaya D, Radniecki T. Evaluation of molecular-based methods for the detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174219. [PMID: 38917908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium poses significant public health risks as a cause of waterborne disease worldwide. Clinical surveillance of cryptosporidiosis is largely underreported due to the asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic infections, clinical misdiagnoses, and barriers to access testing. Wastewater surveillance overcomes these limitations and could serve as an effective tool for identifying cryptosporidiosis at the population level. Despite its potential, the lack of standardized wastewater surveillance methods for Cryptosporidium spp. challenges implementation design and the comparability between studies. Thus, this study compared and contrasted Cryptosporidium wastewater surveillance methods for concentrating wastewater oocysts, extracting oocyst DNA, and detecting Cryptosporidium genetic markers. The evaluated concentration methods included electronegative membrane filtration, Envirocheck HV capsule filtration, centrifugation, and Nanotrap Microbiome Particles, with and without additional immunomagnetic separation purification (except for the Nanotrap Microbiome Particles). Oocyst DNA extraction by either the DNeasy Powersoil Pro kit and the QIAamp DNA Mini kit were evaluated and the impact of bead beating and freeze-thaw pretreatments on DNA recoveries was assessed. Genetic detection via qPCR assays targeting either the Cryptosporidium 18S rRNA gene or the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene were tested. Oocyst recovery percentages were highest for centrifugation (39-77 %), followed by the Nanotrap Microbiome Particles (24 %), electronegative filtration with a PBST elution (22 %), and Envirocheck HV capsule filtration (13 %). Immunomagnetic separation purification was found to be unsuitable due to interference from the wastewater matrix. Bead-beating pretreatment enhanced DNA recoveries from both the DNeasy Powersoil Pro kit (314 gc/μL DNA) and the QIAamp DNA Mini kit (238 gc/μL DNA). In contrast, freeze-thaw pretreatment reduced DNA recoveries to under 92 gc/μL DNA, likely through DNA degradation. Finally, while both qPCR assays were specific to Cryptosporidium spp., the 18S rRNA assay had a 5-fold lower detection limit and could detect a wider range of Cryptosporidium spp. than the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Hachimi
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Rebecca Falender
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon St, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Gabriel Davis
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Rispa Vranka Wafula
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Melissa Sutton
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon St, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - June Bancroft
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon St, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Paul Cieslak
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon St, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Christine Kelly
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Tyler Radniecki
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, 116 Johnson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Zhao Q, Qi M, Jing B, Jian F, Gong P, Lu C, Yan Y, Pei Z, Ning C. Cryptosporidium spp. in large-scale sheep farms in China: prevalence and genetic diversity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11218. [PMID: 38755395 PMCID: PMC11099184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are significant zoonotic intestinal parasites that induce diarrhea and even death across most vertebrates, including humans. Previous studies showed that sheep are important hosts for Cryptosporidium and that its distribution in sheep is influenced by geography, feeding patterns, age, and season. Environmental factors also influence the transmission of Cryptosporidium. Molecular studies of Cryptosporidium in sheep have been conducted in only a few regions of China, and studies into the effect of sheep-housing environments on Cryptosporidium transmission are even rarer. To detect the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in large-scale sheep-housing farms, a total of 1241 fecal samples were collected from sheep, 727 environmental samples were taken from sheep housing, and 30 water samples were collected in six regions of China. To ascertain the existence of the parasite and identify the species of Cryptosporidium spp., we conducted nested PCR amplification of DNA extracted from all samples using the small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene as a target. For a more in-depth analysis of Cryptosporidium spp. subtypes, C. xiaoi-and C. ubiquitum-positive samples underwent separate nested PCR amplification targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The amplification of the Cryptosporidium spp. SSU rRNA gene locus from the whole genomic DNA of all samples yielded a positive rate of 1.2% (20/1241) in fecal samples, 0.1% (1/727) in environmental samples, and no positive samples were found in water samples. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection in large-scale housed sheep was 1.7%, which was higher than that in free-ranging sheep (0.0%). The highest prevalence of infection was found in weaning lambs (6.8%). Among the different seasons, the peaks were found in the fall and winter. The most prevalent species were C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum, with the former accounting for the majority of infections. The distribution of C. xiaoi subtypes was diverse, with XXIIIc (n = 1), XXIIId (n = 2), XXIIIe (n = 2), and XXIIIl (n = 4) identified. In contrast, only one subtype, XIIa (n = 9), was found in C. ubiquitum. In this study, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum were found to be the predominant species, and Cryptosporidium was found to be present in the environment. These findings provide an important foundation for the comprehensive prevention and management of Cryptosporidium in intensively reared sheep. Furthermore, by elucidating the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in sheep and its potential role in environmental transmission, this study deepens our understanding of the intricate interactions between animal health, environmental contamination, and public health dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianming Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pihong Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqun Yan
- School of Life Science and Agronomy, ZhouKou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Pei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao W, Ren G, Jiang W, Wang L, Wang J, Yuan Z, Yan L, Li Y, Sun Y, Xue X, Jiang Y, Lu G, Huang H. Genetic characterizations of Cryptosporidium spp. from children with or without diarrhea in Wenzhou, China: high probability of zoonotic transmission. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:113. [PMID: 38575881 PMCID: PMC10993503 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is a highly pathogenic parasite responsible for diarrhea in children worldwide. Here, the epidemiological status and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium in children with or without diarrhea were investigated with tracking of potential sources in Wenzhou City, China. METHODS A total of 1032 children were recruited, 684 of whom had diarrhea and 348 without, from Yuying Children's Hospital in Wenzhou, China. Samples of stool were collected from each participant, followed by extraction of DNA, genotyping, and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes. RESULTS Twenty-two of the 1032 (2.1%) children were infected with Cryptosporidium spp. with 2.5% (17/684) and 1.4% (5/348) in diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children, respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species were identified, including C. parvum (68.2%; 15/22), C. felis (13.6%; 3/22), C. viatorum (9.1%; 2/22), and C. baileyi (9.1%; 2/22). Two C. parvum subtypes named IIdA19G1 (n = 14) and IInA10 (n = 1), and one each of C. felis (XIXa) and C. viatorum (XVaA3g) subtype was found as well. CONCLUSIONS This is the first research that identified Cryptosporidium in children of Wenzhou, China, using PCR. Identification of zoonotic C. parvum, C. felis, C. viatorum, and their subtypes indicate potential cross-species transmission of Cryptosporidium between children and animals. Additionally, the presence of C. baileyi in children suggests that this species has a wider host range than previously believed and that it possesses the capacity to infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Guangxu Ren
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Weiyan Jiang
- The Second School of Medical, Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiayang Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lanzhu Yan
- Department of Laboratory and Pathology, Hebei Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050081, China
| | - Yongtai Li
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yanbin Sun
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xinjie Xue
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Häkkänen T, Rimhanen-Finne R, Antikainen J, Ruotsalainen E, Vainio A. Molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. in human cases in five Finnish hospital districts during 2021: first findings of Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) in Finland. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:225-231. [PMID: 38242277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to characterise the distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. and subtypes causing infections in Finland during 2021. This was carried out with 60 clinical samples from the hospital districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa, Vaasa, Kymenlaakso, South Karelia, and Central Finland, as well as with Finnish Infectious Diseases Register (FIDR) data. Additionally, the study aimed to explore the potential exposures related to Cryptosporidium mortiferum (Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I) infections via interview. Species identification was carried out with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and 18S sequencing. Further typing was performed with gp60 subtyping. Over 70% of the samples were identified as Cryptosporidium parvum and 20% as C. mortiferum, which had not been identified in Finland before. Two cases of Cryptosporidium hominis were identified from patients reported to have travelled outside Europe. The C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 and the C. mortiferum subtype XIVaA20G2T1 were the most common subtypes identified. The interviewed C. mortiferum cases did not report shared exposures such as contact with wild rodents. In conclusion, C. parvum and C. mortiferum were the major causes of cryptosporidiosis in the five studied Finnish hospital districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Häkkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ruska Rimhanen-Finne
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Antikainen
- Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Ruotsalainen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anni Vainio
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
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Bayona-Vásquez NJ, Sullivan AH, Beaudry MS, Khan A, Baptista RP, Petersen KN, Bhuiyan M, Brunelle B, Robinson G, Chalmers RM, Alves-Ferreira E, Grigg ME, AlvesFerreira Kissinger JC, Glenn TC. WHOLE GENOME TARGETED ENRICHMENT AND SEQUENCING OF HUMAN-INFECTING CRYPTOSPORIDIUM spp. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.29.586458. [PMID: 38585809 PMCID: PMC10996700 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.29.586458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that cause severe illness in vulnerable human populations. Obtaining pure Cryptosporidium DNA from clinical and environmental samples is challenging because the oocysts shed in contaminated feces are limited in quantity, difficult to purify efficiently, may derive from multiple species, and yield limited DNA (<40 fg/oocyst). Here, we develop and validate a set of 100,000 RNA baits (CryptoCap_100k) based on six human-infecting Cryptosporidium spp. ( C. cuniculus , C. hominis , C. meleagridis , C. parvum , C. tyzzeri , and C. viatorum ) to enrich Cryptosporidium spp. DNA from a wide array of samples. We demonstrate that CryptoCap_100k increases the percentage of reads mapping to target Cryptosporidium references in a wide variety of scenarios, increasing the depth and breadth of genome coverage, facilitating increased accuracy of detecting and analyzing species within a given sample, while simultaneously decreasing costs, thereby opening new opportunities to understand the complex biology of these important pathogens.
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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Kimball A, Funkhouser-Jones L, Huang W, Xu R, Witola WH, Sibley LD. Mendelian segregation and high recombination rates facilitate genetic analyses in Cryptosporidium parvum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.02.578536. [PMID: 38352509 PMCID: PMC10862819 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.02.578536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Very little is known about the process of meiosis in the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium despite the essentiality of sex in its life cycle. Most cell lines only support asexual growth of Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum), but stem cell derived intestinal epithelial cells grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions support the sexual cycle. To examine chromosomal dynamics during meiosis in C. parvum, we generated two transgenic lines of parasites that were fluorescently tagged with mCherry or GFP on chromosomes 1 or 5, respectively. Infection of ALI cultures or Ifngr1-/- mice with mCherry and GFP parasites produced "yellow" oocysts generated by cross-fertilization. Outcrossed oocysts from the F1 generation were purified and used to infect HCT-8 cultures, and phenotypes of the progeny were observed by microscopy. All possible phenotypes predicted by independent segregation were represented equally (~25%) in the population, indicating that C. parvum chromosomes exhibit a Mendelian inheritance pattern. Unexpectedly, the most common pattern observed from the outgrowth of single oocysts included all possible parental and recombinant phenotypes derived from a single meiotic event, suggesting a high rate of crossover. To estimate the frequency of crossover, additional loci on chromosomes 1 and 5 were tagged and used to monitor intrachromosomal crosses in Ifngr1-/- mice. Both chromosomes showed a high frequency of crossover compared to other apicomplexans with map distances (i.e., 1% recombination) of 3-12 kb. Overall, a high recombination rate may explain many unique characteristics observed in Cryptosporidium spp. such as high rates of speciation, wide variation in host range, and rapid evolution of host-specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Kimball
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lisa Funkhouser-Jones
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wanyi Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William H. Witola
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Tako S, Fleiderovitz L, Markovich MP, Mazuz ML, Behar A, Yasur-Landau D. Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtypes in diarrheic lambs and goat kids from Israel. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2237-2241. [PMID: 37462744 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum is the second-most prevalent Cryptosporidium species that infects humans worldwide. In European countries, it is the most prevalent species in sheep, suggesting that these animals are a source of zoonotic infection. Preweaned lambs and goats are particularly susceptible to infection by the parasite and may suffer from severe diarrhea whilst excreting large quantities of infectious oocysts. Fifty fecal samples from preweaned lambs and goats with diarrhea from 35 farms across Israel, found to be Cryptosporidium-positive by microscopy, were tested by PCR and sequence analyses to determine the infective species and subtypes. Cryptosporidium parvum DNA was detected in most samples from both lambs and goats (46/50). Cryptosporidium xiaoi DNA was detected in three samples from kids, with co-infection detected in a single sample. Eleven different C. parvum subtypes were found, 10 in lambs and 5 in goats. All subtypes were from the IIa and IId subtype families, with subtypes IIdA20G1 and IIaA15G2R1 being the most prevalent and widespread. These subtypes were previously found in calves and humans in Israel and are considered the most prevalent C. parvum subtypes in small ruminants globally. These results underline the zoonotic potential of C. parvum from small ruminants and the high subtype diversity compared to previous reports from other Middle Eastern countries. In addition, this is the first report of C. xiaoi in Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Tako
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ludmila Fleiderovitz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Michal Perry Markovich
- Poultry Health Division, Israeli Veterinary Services, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Adi Behar
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Daniel Yasur-Landau
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Lefebvre M, Razakandrainibe R, Schapman D, François A, Genty D, Galas L, Villena I, Favennec L, Costa D. Interactions between free-living amoebae and Cryptosporidium parvum: an experimental study. Parasite 2023; 30:31. [PMID: 37606589 PMCID: PMC10443459 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-Living Amebae (FLA) and Cryptosporidium oocysts occasionally share the same environment. From 2004 to 2016, Cryptosporidium was responsible for 60% of 905 worldwide waterborne outbreaks caused by protozoan parasites. The aim of this study was to evaluate interactions between C. parvum oocysts and two common FLAs (Acanthamoeba castellanii and Vermamoeba vermiformis) in a water environment. Encystment and survival of FLAs were evaluated by microscopy using trypan blue vital coloration. Oocysts were numerated on microscopy. Interactions were studied over time in conditions both unfavorable and favorable to phagocytosis. Potential phagocytosis was directly evaluated by several microscopic approaches and indirectly by numeration of microorganisms and oocyst infectivity evaluation. Occasional phagocytosis of C. parvum by FLAs was documented. However, oocyst concentrations did not decrease significantly, suggesting resistance of oocysts to phagocytosis. A temporary decrease of oocyst infectivity was observed in the presence of A. castellanii. The effect of these interactions on C. parvum infectivity is particularly interesting. The biofilm condition could favor the persistence or even the proliferation of oocysts over time. This study demonstrated interactions between C. parvum and FLAs. Further knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the decrease of oocyst infectivity in the presence of A. castellanii could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lefebvre
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Schapman
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN 76000 Rouen France
| | - Arnaud François
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- Department of anathomopathology, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Genty
- Department of anathomopathology, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSERM, CNRS, HeRacLeS US 51 UAR 2026, PRIMACEN 76000 Rouen France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Reims Champagne-Ardenne University, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE 51454 Reims France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
| | - Damien Costa
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, EA7510 ESCAPE, University hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
- National Reference Center Cryptosporidiosis, microsporidia and other protozoa, University Hospital of Rouen Normandie 76000 Rouen France
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Li J, Li N, Roellig DM, Zhao W, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. High subtelomeric GC content in the genome of a zoonotic Cryptosporidium species. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001052. [PMID: 37399068 PMCID: PMC10438818 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium canis is a zoonotic species causing cryptosporidiosis in humans in addition to its natural hosts dogs and other fur animals. To understand the genetic basis for host adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of C. canis from dogs, minks, and foxes and conducted a comparative genomics analysis. While the genomes of C. canis have similar gene contents and organisations, they (~41.0 %) and C. felis (39.6 %) have GC content much higher than other Cryptosporidium spp. (24.3-32.9 %) sequenced to date. The high GC content is mostly restricted to subtelomeric regions of the eight chromosomes. Most of these GC-balanced genes encode Cryptosporidium-specific proteins that have intrinsically disordered regions and are involved in host-parasite interactions. Natural selection appears to play a more important role in the evolution of codon usage in GC-balanced C. canis, and most of the GC-balanced genes have undergone positive selection. While the identity in whole genome sequences between the mink- and dog-derived isolates is 99.9 % (9365 SNVs), it is only 96.0 % (362 894 SNVs) between them and the fox-derived isolate. In agreement with this, the fox-derived isolate possesses more subtelomeric genes encoding invasion-related protein families. Therefore, the change in subtelomeric GC content appears to be responsible for the more GC-balanced C. canis genomes, and the fox-derived isolate could represent a new Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dawn M. Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
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Ogbuigwe P, Roberts JM, Knox MA, Heiser A, Pita A, Haack NA, Garcia-Ramirez J, Velathanthiri N, Biggs P, French NP, Hayman DTS. A novel, stain-free, natural auto-fluorescent signal, Sig M, identified from cytometric and transcriptomic analysis of infectivity of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178576. [PMID: 37284498 PMCID: PMC10239843 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide diarrheal disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium. The primary symptom is diarrhea, but patients may exhibit different symptoms based on the species of the Cryptosporidium parasite they are infected with. Furthermore, some genotypes within species are more transmissible and apparently virulent than others. The mechanisms underpinning these differences are not understood, and an effective in vitro system for Cryptosporidium culture would help advance our understanding of these differences. Using COLO-680N cells, we employed flow cytometry and microscopy along with the C. parvum-specific antibody Sporo-Glo™ to characterize infected cells 48 h following an infection with C. parvum or C. hominis. The Cryptosporidium parvum-infected cells showed higher levels of signal using Sporo-Glo™ than C. hominis-infected cells, which was likely because Sporo-Glo™ was generated against C. parvum. We found a subset of cells from infected cultures that expressed a novel, dose-dependent auto-fluorescent signal that was detectable across a range of wavelengths. The population of cells that expressed this signal increased proportionately to the multiplicity of infection. The spectral cytometry results confirmed that the signature of this subset of host cells closely matched that of oocysts present in the infectious ecosystem, pointing to a parasitic origin. Present in both C. parvum and C. hominis cultures, we named this Sig M, and due to its distinct profile in cells from both infections, it could be a better marker for assessing Cryptosporidium infection in COLO-680N cells than Sporo-Glo™. We also noted Sig M's impact on Sporo-Glo™ detection as Sporo-Glo™ uses fluoroscein-isothiocynate, which is detected where Sig M also fluoresces. Lastly, we used NanoString nCounter® analysis to investigate the transcriptomic landscape for the two Cryptosporidium species, assessing the gene expression of 144 host and parasite genes. Despite the host gene expression being at high levels, the levels of putative intracellular Cryptosporidium gene expression were low, with no significant difference from controls, which could be, in part, explained by the abundance of uninfected cells present as determined by both Sporo-Glo™ and Sig M analyses. This study shows for the first time that a natural auto-fluorescent signal, Sig M, linked to Cryptosporidium infection can be detected in infected host cells without any fluorescent labeling strategies and that the COLO-680N cell line and spectral cytometry could be useful tools to advance the understanding of Cryptosporidium infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew A. Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Axel Heiser
- Animal Health Solutions, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Pita
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Neville A. Haack
- Animal Health Solutions, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd., Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Juan Carlos Garcia-Ramirez
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David T. S. Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Elmahallawy EK, Köster PC, Dashti A, Alghamdi SQ, Saleh A, Gareh A, Alrashdi BM, Hernández-Castro C, Bailo B, Lokman MS, Hassanen EAA, González-Barrio D, Carmena D. Molecular detection and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections in dromedary camels ( Camelus dromedaries) in Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1139388. [PMID: 37152690 PMCID: PMC10157078 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1139388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have investigated the occurrence of microeukaryotic gut parasites in dromedary camels in Egypt, and the majority of these investigations are based on microscopic analysis of fecal material. Methods Herein, we assessed the occurrence, molecular diversity, and zoonotic potential of protozoan (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis) and microsporidian (Enterocytozoon bieneusi) pathogens in individual fecal samples (n = 102) of dromedary camels with (n = 26) and without (n = 76) diarrhea from Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. Other factors possibly associated with an increased risk of infection (geographical origin, sex, age, and physical condition) were also analyzed. The SSU rRNA or ITS genes were targeted by molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) techniques for pathogen detection and species identification. Results and discussion The most abundant species detected was G. duodenalis (3.9%, 4/102; 95% CI: 1.1-9.7), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (2.9%, 3/102; 95% CI: 0.6-8.4). All samples tested negative for the presence of E. bieneusi. Sequence analysis data confirmed the presence of zoonotic C. parvum (66.7%, 2/3) and cattle-adapted C. bovis (33.3%, 1/3). These Cryptosporidium isolates, as well as the four Giardia-positive isolates, were unable to be amplified at adequate genotyping markers (Cryptosporidium: gp60; Giardia: gdh, bg, and tpi). Camels younger than 2 years old were significantly more likely to harbor Cryptosporidium infections. This connection was not statistically significant, although two of the three cryptosporidiosis cases were detected in camels with diarrhea. The spread of G. duodenalis infections was unaffected by any risk variables studied. This is the first report of C. parvum and C. bovis in Egyptian camels. The finding of zoonotic C. parvum has public health implications since camels may function as sources of oocyst pollution in the environment and potentially infect livestock and humans. Although preliminary, this study provides useful baseline data on the epidemiology of diarrhea-causing microeukaryotic parasites in Egypt. Further research is required to confirm and expand our findings in other animal populations and geographical regions of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Pamela C. Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samia Qasem Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Baha University, Alaqiq, Al-Baha Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira Saleh
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Barakat M. Alrashdi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Carolina Hernández-Castro
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
- Parasitology Group, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Corporation for the Study of Tropical Pathologies, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maha S. Lokman
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman A. A. Hassanen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - David González-Barrio
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Detection and Molecular Characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. Circulating in Wild Small Mammals from Portugal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030515. [PMID: 36766405 PMCID: PMC9913638 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. are important diarrhea-causing protozoan parasites worldwide that exhibit broad host ranges. Wild small mammals can harbor host-adapted and potentially zoonotic species of both parasites. The aim of this study was to investigate Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in wild rodents and shrews in Portugal, focusing on the protist's occurrence and genetic diversity. Molecular screening by PCR at the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene locus of 290 fecal samples from wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus), southwestern water voles (Arvicola sapidus), Cabrera's voles (Microtus cabrerae), Lusitanian pine voles (Microtus lusitanicus), Algerian mice (Mus spretus) and greater white-toothed shrews (Crocidura russula) in Northeast Portugal revealed the low occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (1%) and high occurrence of Giardia spp. (32.8%). The analysis revealed that "species" was the only significant factor associated with the increasing probability of Giardia spp. infection, with the highest prevalence reported in southwestern water voles and Lusitanian pine voles. Cryptosporidium and Giardia species determination at the SSU rRNA gene locus revealed C. muris and G. microti as the only circulating species, respectively. Subtyping of the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and beta-giardin (bg) genes provided evidence of the high genetic diversity within the G. microti clade. This study suggests that rodent-adapted G. microti occurs to a large extent in cricetid hosts and supports the limited role of wild rodents and shrews as natural sources of human infections in Northeast Portugal regarding the investigated parasites. Moreover, this is the first record of G. microti in southwestern water voles, Lusitanian pine voles, Algerian mice, wood mice and Cabrera's voles and C. muris in Cabrera's voles. Finally, this study improves the database of sequences relevant for the sequence typing of G. microti strains and provides new insights about the epidemiology of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in wild rodents and shrews, two parasite genera of high importance for public and animal health.
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Noaman EA, Nayel M, Salama A, Mahmoud MA, El-Kattan AM, Dawood AS, Abd El-Hamid IS, Elsify A, Mousa W, Elkhtam A, Zaghawa A. Enteric protozoal infections in camels: Etiology, epidemiology, and future perspectives. GERMAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2023.1.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Camels have great potential as a safety valve for current and future food security for pastoralists, agropastoralists, and urban populations. Enteric protozoal diseases are important causes of economic losses in camels; however, they are poorly concerned globally. The most common members of enteric protozoa are Balantidium, Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Some of them threaten human health as humans can be infected by consuming food or water contaminated with camel feces, particularly in poor communities with inadequate sanitation and low-quality healthcare facilities. For these reasons, a comprehensive and careful investigation was conducted on some enteric protozoal diseases of camels to present an updated insight into the etiology, epidemiology, and future trends in diagnosing and controlling camel enteric protozoa. Future studies on the camel enteric protozoa should be carried out to develop advanced diagnostic approaches in diverse farm animal species. Moreover, the protozoan zoonotic potential should be considered to secure human health.
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Jiang H, Zhang X, Li X, Wang X, Zhang N, Gong P, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li J. Cryptosporidium parvum regulates HCT-8 cell autophagy to facilitate survival via inhibiting miR-26a and promoting miR-30a expression. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:470. [PMID: 36522638 PMCID: PMC9756778 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic parasite, which not only causes economic losses in animal husbandry but also harms human health. Due to the lack of effective measures for prevention and treatment, it is important to understand the pathogenesis and survival mechanism of C. parvum. Autophagy is an important mechanism of host cells against parasite infection through key regulatory factors such as microRNAs and MAPK pathways. However, the regulatory effect of C. parvum on autophagy has not been reported. Here, we demonstrated that C. parvum manipulated autophagy through host cellular miR-26a, miR-30a, ERK signaling and P38 signaling for parasite survival. METHODS The expression of Beclin1, p62, LC3, ERK and P38 was detected using western blotting in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum as well as treated with miR-26a-mimic, miR-30a-mimic, miR-26a-mimic or miR-30a-inhibitor post C. parvum infection. The qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-26a and miR-30a and the number of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells. Besides, the accumulation of autophagosomes was examined using immunofluorescence. RESULTS The expression of Beclin1 and p62 was increased, whereas LC3 expression was increased initially at 0-8 h but decreased at 12 h and then increased again in C. parvum-infected cells. C. parvum inhibited miR-26a-mimic-induced miR-26a but promoted miR-30a-mimic-induced miR-30a expression. Suppressing miR-30a resulted in increased expression of LC3 and Beclin1. However, upregulation of miR-26a reduced ERK/P38 phosphorylation, and inhibiting ERK/P38 signaling promoted Beclin1 and LC3 while reducing p62 expression. Treatment with miR-26a-mimic, autophagy inducer or ERK/P38 signaling inhibitors reduced but treatment with autophagy inhibitor or miR-30a-mimic increased parasite number. CONCLUSIONS The study found that C. parvum could regulate autophagy by inhibiting miR-26a and promoting miR-30a expression to facilitate the proliferation of parasites. These results revealed a new mechanism for the interaction of C. parvum with host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Xu Zhang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Xin Li
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Nan Zhang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Yanhui Yu
- grid.452829.00000000417660726The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin China
| | - Jianhua Li
- grid.64924.3d0000 0004 1760 5735State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062 China
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17
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Doménech E, Martorell S, Kombo-Mpindou GOM, Macián-Cervera J, Escuder-Bueno I. Risk assessment of Cryptosporidium intake in drinking water treatment plant by a combination of predictive models and event-tree and fault-tree techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156500. [PMID: 35675884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Risk-informed decision making permits a more effective water safety management. In this framework, this article introduces the rationale and proposes a new approach to carry out a quantitative risk assessment along the water chain, from river source to tap water, by integrating predictive modelling combined with event-tree and fault-tree techniques. The model developed by this approach could not only account for normal but also for abnormal process conditions in the water treatment plant, as well as assess the real impact of the applied safety controls, such as turbidity control. A sensitivity study was conducted to determine the effect of considering a typical drinking water treatment plant (DWTP), i.e. coagulation, sedimentation and filtration with two turbidity controls (on intake and after filtration) on the risk of infection due to exposure to Cryptosporidium in tap water. The results showed that, with the current effectiveness of turbidity reduction in the DWTP, the first control did not minimise the annual risk of Cryptosporidium infection (3.6E-04) and only limiting turbidity after filtration to below 0.01NTU provided a clear reduction in risk (7.7E-05) at the cost of rejecting 60 % of the water after the control. The lowest risk was found when turbidity reduction was set at 4 logs (8.48E-06), although this means that the effectiveness of turbidity reduction should be greatly improved. It was therefore concluded that supplementing the current treatment with alternative barriers such as UV or ozone disinfection and/or implementing direct control of Cryptosporidium concentration should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Department of Food Technology (DTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - G O M Kombo-Mpindou
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - J Macián-Cervera
- Global Omnium, Gran Vïa Marqués del Turia, 19, 46005 València, Spain.
| | - I Escuder-Bueno
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente (IIAMA), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric protozoan parasite which is able to cause severe gastrointestinal disease and is distributed all over the world. Since information about the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in German dogs is rare, the aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs and the potential zoonotic risk emanating from these infected animals. In total, 349 fecal samples of 171 dogs were collected during the dogs’ first year of life. The samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using PCR, targeting the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA). Further analysis of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium canis positive samples was accomplished using the 60 kDa glycoproteine gene (GP60). Overall, 10.0% (35/349) of the specimens were tested positive for Cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium canis was found in 94.3% (33/35) of these samples and the zoonotic type C. pavum in 5.7% (2/35). Both C. parvum infections were subtyped as IIaA15G2R1. Sixteen of the C. canis positive samples were successfully amplified at the GP60 gene locus. These isolates were identified to belong to the subtype families XXd, XXe, or XXb; however, 2 samples could not be assigned to any of the described subtype families. Considering the close contact between pets and their owners, dogs may act as a potential source of infection for human cryptosporidiosis. The results of this study, in context with other studies from different countries, provide important further insights into the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in dogs and their zoonotic potential.
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Evaluation of Next-Generation Sequencing Applied to Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis Epidemiological Study. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080938. [PMID: 36015058 PMCID: PMC9414878 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Nowadays, most of the C. parvum and C. hominis epidemiological studies are based on gp60 gene subtyping using the Sanger sequencing (SgS) method. Unfortunately, SgS presents the limitation of being unable to detect mixed infections. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) seems to be an interesting solution to overcome SgS limits. Thus, the aim of our study was to (i) evaluate the reliability of NGS as a molecular typing tool for cryptosporidiosis, (ii) investigate the genetic diversity of the parasite and the frequency of mixed infections, (iii) assess NGS usefulness in Cryptosporidium sp. outbreak investigations, and (iv) assess an interpretation threshold of sequencing data. Methods. 108 DNA extracts from positive samples were sequenced by NGS. Among them, two samples were used to validate the reliability of the subtyping obtained by NGS and its capacity to detect DNA mixtures. In parallel, 106 samples from French outbreaks were used to expose NGS to epidemic samples. Results. NGS proved suitable for Cryptosporidium sp. subtyping at the gp60 gene locus, bringing more genetic information compared to SgS, especially by working on many samples simultaneously and detecting more diversity. Conclusions. This study confirms the usefulness of NGS applied to C. hominis and C. parvum epidemiological studies, especially aimed at detecting minority variants.
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Nipa NJ, Aktar N, Hira HM, Akter F, Jahan D, Islam S, Etando A, Abdullah A, Chowdhury K, Ahmad R, Haq A, Haque M. Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e26927. [PMID: 35865179 PMCID: PMC9293268 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are one of the global health concerns in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among them, Cryptosporidium spp. plays an essential role in causing diarrhea, malnutrition, and poor cognitive function, especially in children. This study was conducted to identify the frequency of Cryptosporidium cases and other parasitic agents. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 219 hospitalized children with diarrhea. The conventional microscopic technique was applied for parasitic detection. Particular staining (modified Ziehl-Neelsen) procedure was performed to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the SSU rRNA and gp60 gene of Cryptosporidium. Results Cysts of Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%,), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%), and both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (0.9%) were identified in samples through wet mount preparation. The distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. as detected by the staining method and nested PCR was 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusion Factors independently associated with Cryptosporidium infection are unsafe water, lack of regular hand washing, and insufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding. This study reports, presumably for the first time, the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Chattogram metropolitan city of Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasima Aktar
- Microbiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, BGD
| | - Hasina M Hira
- Community Medicine, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, BGD
| | - Farhana Akter
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, BGD
| | | | | | - Ayukafangha Etando
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eswatini Medical Christian University, Mbabane, SWZ
| | - Adnan Abdullah
- Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| | - Kona Chowdhury
- Pediatrics, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Savar, BGD
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Ahsanul Haq
- Statistics, Gonoshasthaya - RNA Biotech Limited, Savar, BGD
| | - Mainul Haque
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, MYS
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21
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Dhal AK, Panda C, Yun SIL, Mahapatra RK. An update on Cryptosporidium biology and therapeutic avenues. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:923-939. [PMID: 35755159 PMCID: PMC9215156 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species has been identified as an important pediatric diarrheal pathogen in resource-limited countries, particularly in very young children (0–24 months). However, the only available drug (nitazoxanide) has limited efficacy and can only be prescribed in a medical setting to children older than one year. Many drug development projects have started to investigate new therapeutic avenues. Cryptosporidium’s unique biology is challenging for the traditional drug discovery pipeline and requires novel drug screening approaches. Notably, in recent years, new methods of oocyst generation, in vitro processing, and continuous three-dimensional cultivation capacities have been developed. This has enabled more physiologically pertinent research assays for inhibitor discovery. In a short time, many great strides have been made in the development of anti-Cryptosporidium drugs. These are expected to eventually turn into clinical candidates for cryptosporidiosis treatment in the future. This review describes the latest development in Cryptosporidium biology, genomics, transcriptomics of the parasite, assay development, and new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Dhal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Chinmaya Panda
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024 India
| | - Soon-IL Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
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22
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Costa D, Razakandrainibe R, Basmaciyan L, Raibaut J, Delaunay P, Morio F, Gargala G, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Levy B, Rieder C, Larreche S, Lesthelle S, Coron N, Menu E, Demar M, de Santi VP, Blanc V, Valot S, Dalle F, Favennec L. A summary of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks reported in France and overseas departments, 2017-2020. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 27:e00160. [PMID: 35586547 PMCID: PMC9108463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2022.e00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a known foodborne pathogen, ranked fifth out of 24 among foodborne parasites in terms of importance and a cause of many cryptosporidiosis outbreaks worldwide. In France, very few outbreaks were reported before 2017, and data recently obtained by the Expert Laboratory of the Cryptosporidiosis National Reference Center (CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis) have shown that outbreaks are in fact common and frequently underreported. In this work, we aim to report the characteristics of outbreaks detected in France during the period 2017-2020 and present a summary of investigations carried out by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis. During the study period, there were eleven cryptosporidiosis outbreaks, including three with no identified origin. Among the eight identified outbreaks: six were due to water contamination (five tap water and one recreational water), one was due to direct contact with infected calves, and one was due to consumption of contaminated curd cheese. Among these outbreaks, five of them exceeded one hundred cases. Recent results obtained by the CNR-LE-Cryptosporidiosis revealed the multiannual occurrence of Cryptosporidium outbreaks in France. Waterborne outbreaks were more frequently detected, while foodborne outbreaks which are more difficult to detect were likely underreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Costa
- Department of Parasitology/Mycology, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- EA ESCAPE 7510, University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis, Santé Publique France, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- EA ESCAPE 7510, University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis, Santé Publique France, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Louise Basmaciyan
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis Collaborating Laboratory, Santé Publique France, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Raibaut
- Regional Health Agency PACA, Santé Publique France, 13002 Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Université Côte d'Azur, CHU Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Florent Morio
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Institut de Biologie, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Gargala
- Department of Parasitology/Mycology, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- EA ESCAPE 7510, University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis, Santé Publique France, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Venceslas Villier
- EA ESCAPE 7510, University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | | | - Bernard Levy
- INSERM: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Noémie Coron
- Laboratoire Bioesterel, 06210 Mandelieu La Napoule, France
| | - Estelle Menu
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, CH Andrée-Rosemon, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Magalie Demar
- Department of Biology, Immunology and Parasitology, Cayenne Hospital Center, 97300 Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- French Military Health Service, French Armed Forces Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health (CESPA), 13002 Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Valot
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis Collaborating Laboratory, Santé Publique France, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Dalle
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis Collaborating Laboratory, Santé Publique France, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Department of Parasitology/Mycology, University Hospital of Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- EA ESCAPE 7510, University of Medicine Pharmacy Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
- CNR-LE Cryptosporidiosis, Santé Publique France, 76000 Rouen, France
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Pane S, Putignani L. Cryptosporidium: Still Open Scenarios. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050515. [PMID: 35631036 PMCID: PMC9143492 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is increasingly identified as a leading cause of childhood diarrhea and malnutrition in both low-income and high-income countries. The strong impact on public health in epidemic scenarios makes it increasingly essential to identify the sources of infection and understand the transmission routes in order to apply the right prevention or treatment protocols. The objective of this literature review was to present an overview of the current state of human cryptosporidiosis, reviewing risk factors, discussing advances in the drug treatment and epidemiology, and emphasizing the need to identify a government system for reporting diagnosed cases, hitherto undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pane
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Cunha FDS, Jann HW, Lugon JR, Peralta JM, Peralta RHS. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. obtained from fecal samples of immunosuppressed patients from Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e05552021. [PMID: 35416875 PMCID: PMC9009872 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0555-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cryptosporidium spp. are pathogenic protozoans that play an important role in developing diseases in the elderly, children, and immunosuppressed individuals. Methods: The objective of this study was to detect and genetically characterize Cryptosporidium spp. in kidney transplanted patients (n = 97 samples; group 1) and immunosuppressed individuals from an outpatient clinic suspected of having Cryptosporidium infection (n = 53 samples; group 2). All fecal samples were analyzed by parasitological stool examination, immunochromatographic test, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Cryptosporidium-positive samples were tested using nested PCR for the gp60 gene, followed by sequencing for subtype determination. Results: Parasitological examination was negative in all Group 1, and positive in four Group 2 samples. Real-time PCR revealed Cryptosporidium in 13 samples: four in Group 1 (three C. hominis and one C. parvum) and nine in Group 2 (seven C. hominis, one C. parvum, and one mixed C. hominis/C. parvum). The immunochromatographic test was reactive in 11 samples (four in Group 1 and seven in Group 2). All 11 C. hominis isolates were identified as subtype IbA10G2 and one C. parvum as subtype IIbA15G2R1. All C. hominis belonged to subtype IbA10G2, which is recognized as the most prevalent and pathogenic subtype. Conclusions: This study showed, for the first time, that the presence of Cryptosporidium subtypes is considered more virulent in Brazilian transplanted kidney patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Souza Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Higor Wilson Jann
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Patologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jocemir Ronaldo Lugon
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Nefrologia, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Mauro Peralta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Imunologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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25
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Nakashima FT, Fonseca ABM, Coelho LFDO, Barbosa ADS, Bastos OMP, Uchôa CMA. Cryptosporidium species in non-human animal species in Latin America: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100690. [PMID: 35256118 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an infection caused by a protozoon that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. More than forty valid species have been described in the genus Cryptosporidium, infecting a broad range of hosts around the world, some with zoonotic transmission and others with predominant anthroponotic transmission. Prevalence studies conducted in Latin American countries have been specific, without consolidating information on species prevalences. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis addressing the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in animals in Latin America. The estimated pooled prevalence rate for cryptosporidiosis in animals, by means of meta-analysis with a random-effects model, based on species identification, was 18.0% (95% CI 11.0%-27.0%) with high heterogeneity. The estimated overall prevalence was 20.3% (36/177) in pets, 19.9% (1309/6573) in livestock animals and 23.9% (954/3995) in exotic/captive animals. Evidence of circulation of 16 Cryptosporidium species was found in five Latin American countries: Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Argentina and Mexico. Through meta-analysis with a random-effects model, the pooled prevalence rate for Cryptosporidium parvum was 0.7% (95% CI 0.2%-2.4%). Cryptosporidium felis (8.5%) was the most prevalent species in pets, C. parvum (10.3%) in livestock animals and Cryptosporidium galli (17.6%) in exotic/captive animals. C. parvum was the species with the greatest geographical dispersion, which can be explained by its eurixenic and zoonotic potential. Few studies on cryptosporidiosis in animals in Latin America were found, which shows that there is a need for investment in and expansion of studies on this parasite. The pooled prevalence of C. parvum in Latin America and its wide circulation are similar to what has been observed in other developing regions, which reaffirms the importance of this species as the cause of a neglected, emerging and zoonotic parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Terumi Nakashima
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - Ana Beatriz Monteiro Fonseca
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Marcos Waldemar de Freitas Reis s/n, Blocos G e H, Campus do Gragoatá, São Domingos, Niterói, RJ 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando de Oliveira Coelho
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Otilio Machado Pereira Bastos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Professor Hernani Pires de Melo 101, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24210-130, Brazil.
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Liao C, Wang T, Koehler AV, Hu M, Gasser RB. Cryptosporidium of birds in pet markets in Wuhan city, Hubei, China. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 1:100025. [PMID: 35284902 PMCID: PMC8906122 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a group of protistan parasites of a range of vertebrates including mammals and birds. Stimulated by previous work that revealed “zoonotic” Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtypes (i.e. IIIbA26G1R1b and IIIbA22G1R1c) in diarrhoeic children and domestic chickens in Wuhan city and environs in Hubei Province, China, here we explored whether zoonotic C. meleagridis subtypes might also occur in pet birds in Wuhan city. From 11 bird markets in this city, we collected 322 faecal samples from 48 species of birds (representing six taxonomic orders), isolated genomic DNA and then conducted PCR-based sequencing of genetic markers in the small subunit (SSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA and the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes of Cryptosporidium. Using SSU, Cryptosporidium was detected in 55 (17%) of the 322 samples. Cryptosporidium avium, C. baileyi, C. meleagridis, C. muris and C. proventriculi were characterised in 18%, 47%, 11%, 2% and 20% of the 55 samples, respectively, and a novel Cryptosporidium galli-like taxon in one sample. Using gp60, only one subtype (IIIeA17G2R1) of C. meleagridis was identified, which had not been detected in a previous study of diarrhoeic children in Wuhan. However, IIIe subtypes have been found in both humans and birds around the world. The relatively high prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium recorded here in pet birds raise awareness about possible reservoirs of zoonotic variants of Cryptosporidium in birds in Wuhan, and potentially, other provinces in China. A total of 322 faecal samples from 48 species of pet birds were tested for Cryptosporidium. Relatively high prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium were found. A novel Cryptosporidium galli-like genotype was recorded. A Cryptosporidium meleagridis subtype with zoonotic potential was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Development and evaluation of a molecular based protocol for detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. In wastewater. Exp Parasitol 2022; 234:108216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Ysea MAV, Umaña MC, Fuentes SP, Campos IV, Carmona MC. Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2022; 28:e20210099. [PMID: 35574288 PMCID: PMC9084511 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Idalia Valerio Campos
- University of Medical Sciences, Costa Rica; University of Medical Sciences, Costa Rica
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29
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Oliveira JSD, Martins FDC, Ladeia WA, Cortela IDB, Valadares MF, Matos AMRND, Caldart ET, Ayres H, Navarro IT, Freire RL. Identification, molecular characterization and factors associated with occurrences of Cryptosporidium spp. in calves on dairy farms in Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2021; 30:e009621. [PMID: 34910017 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are an important source of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium for humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium, identify the species and determine the risk factors relating to environment, animals and management among dairy calves in eight Brazilian states. A total of 408 fecal samples from calves aged 1-60 days were analyzed. An epidemiological questionnaire was completed. Sample screening was performed using Ziehl-Neelsen technique and the positive samples were subjected to nested PCR. Cryptosporidium species were identified by means of the PCR-RFLP technique, using SSPI, ASEI and MBOII enzymes. The Ziehl-Neelsen technique showed that 89.7% (35/39) of the farms and 52.9% (216/408) of the samples were positive. Through nested PCR, these protozoa were detected in 54.6% of the samples. The 56 samples subjected to PCR-RFLP presented Cryptosporidium parvum. There was higher prevalence of the parasite in animals aged 7 to 28 days (62.6%). Diarrhea, ages between seven and 28 days and a spring water source were factors associated with the risk of infection. The calf hutch-type management system was associated with reduced infection. These findings demonstrate the high level of Cryptosporidium spp. circulation in cattle herds and the predominance of the species C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Silva de Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Winni Alves Ladeia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Isadora de Britto Cortela
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Manuela Ferraz Valadares
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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A Bioinformatics Approach to Identifying Potential Biomarkers for Cryptosporidium parvum: A Coccidian Parasite Associated with Fetal Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121427. [PMID: 34960172 PMCID: PMC8705633 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is a protozoan parasite known for cryptosporidiosis in pre-weaned calves. Animals and patients with immunosuppression are at risk of developing the disease, which can cause potentially fatal diarrhoea. The present study aimed to construct a network biology framework based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of C. parvum infected subjects. In this way, the gene expression profiling analysis of C. parvum infected individuals can give us a snapshot of actively expressed genes and transcripts under infection conditions. In the present study, we have analyzed microarray data sets and compared the gene expression profiles of the patients with the different data sets of the healthy control. Using a network medicine approach to identify the most influential genes in the gene interaction network, we uncovered essential genes and pathways related to C. parvum infection. We identified 164 differentially expressed genes (109 up- and 54 down-regulated DEGs) and allocated them to pathway and gene set enrichment analysis. The results underpin the identification of seven significant hub genes with high centrality values: ISG15, MX1, IFI44L, STAT1, IFIT1, OAS1, IFIT3, RSAD2, IFITM1, and IFI44. These genes are associated with diverse biological processes not limited to host interaction, type 1 interferon production, or response to IL-gamma. Furthermore, four genes (IFI44, IFIT3, IFITM1, and MX1) were also discovered to be involved in innate immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, phosphorylation, cell proliferation, and cell signaling. In conclusion, these results reinforce the development and implementation of tools based on gene profiles to identify and treat Cryptosporidium parvum-related diseases at an early stage.
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Jang DH, Cho HC, Shin SU, Kim EM, Park YJ, Hwang S, Park J, Choi KS. Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259824. [PMID: 34780521 PMCID: PMC8592421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified Cryptosporidium spp. and to determine the genotypes/subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1−60 days and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and C. parvum-positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three Cryptosporidium spp., namely, C. parvum (n = 72), C. ryanae (n = 12), and C. bovis (n = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11−20 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1−35.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21−30 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0−16.1). The prevalence of C. parvum was detected exclusively in calves aged ≤20 days, and the highest infection rate of C. ryanae was seen in calves ≥31 days of age. The occurrence of C. parvum (χ2 = 25.300, P = 0.000) and C. ryanae (χ2 = 18.020, P = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to C. parvum were recognized via the sequence analyses of the gp60 gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of C. parvum and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic C. parvum in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Jang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Cho
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Hwang
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Long-read assembly and comparative evidence-based reanalysis of Cryptosporidium genome sequences reveals expanded transporter repertoire and duplication of entire chromosome ends including subtelomeric regions. Genome Res 2021; 32:203-213. [PMID: 34764149 PMCID: PMC8744675 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275325.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of waterborne diarrheal disease globally and an important contributor to mortality in infants and the immunosuppressed. Despite its importance, the Cryptosporidium community has only had access to a good, but incomplete, Cryptosporidium parvum IOWA reference genome sequence. Incomplete reference sequences hamper annotation, experimental design, and interpretation. We have generated a new C. parvum IOWA genome assembly supported by Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) and Oxford Nanopore long-read technologies and a new comparative and consistent genome annotation for three closely related species: C. parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, and Cryptosporidium tyzzeri. We made 1926 C. parvum annotation updates based on experimental evidence. They include new transporters, ncRNAs, introns, and altered gene structures. The new assembly and annotation revealed a complete Dnmt2 methylase ortholog. Comparative annotation between C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. tyzzeri revealed that most “missing” orthologs are found, suggesting that the biological differences between the species must result from gene copy number variation, differences in gene regulation, and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). Using the new assembly and annotation as reference, 190 genes are identified as evolving under positive selection, including many not detected previously. The new C. parvum IOWA reference genome assembly is larger, gap free, and lacks ambiguous bases. This chromosomal assembly recovers all 16 chromosome ends, 13 of which are contiguously assembled. The three remaining chromosome ends are provisionally placed. These ends represent duplication of entire chromosome ends including subtelomeric regions revealing a new level of genome plasticity that will both inform and impact future research.
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Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. in captive wild animals in zoos in Henan, China. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:332. [PMID: 34663327 PMCID: PMC8522229 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Captive wild animals in zoos infected with Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. can be sources of zoonotic infections and diseases. Therefore, to investigate the distribution of these pathogens in captive wild animals of zoos in Henan, China, a total of 429 fresh fecal samples were collected from six zoos in Henan, China. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were determined by PCR analysis of corresponding loci. Positive results for Cryptosporidium (C. parvum and C. hominis) were subtyped based on the (gp60) gene. RESULTS The overall prevalence was 43.1% (185/429), and the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis sp. were 2.8% (12/429), 0.5% (2/429), 20.8% (89/429), and 19.1% (82/429), respectively. Five Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. hominis, C. parvum, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. macropodum, were identified in this study. Cryptosporidium parvum was further subtyped as IIdA19G1. Two Giardia duodenalis assemblages (A and E) were also identified. A total of 20 Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes were detected, including 18 known (BEB6, D, HND-1, CD7, SDD1, Henan-IV, KIN-1, CHK1, Peru8, Henan-V, CHG11, CHG-1, CHS9, CHG21, Type-IV, CHC9, CM5, and CHB1) and 2 novel genotypes (CHWD1 and CHPM1). A total of nine subtypes of Blastocystis sp. (ST1, ST2, ST3, ST5, ST6, ST7, ST10, ST13, and ST14) were identified in captive wild animals in zoos in the present study. Cryptosporidium andersoni, nine Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes, and five Blastocystis subtypes were here first identified in new hosts. CONCLUSIONS Our study has expanded the host ranges of these four pathogens. The data indicate that animals in zoos can commonly be infected with these four zoonotic pathogens, and animals in zoos are potential sources of zoonotic infections in humans.
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Wang W, Wan M, Yang F, Li N, Xiao L, Feng Y, Guo Y. Development and Application of a gp60-Based Subtyping Tool for Cryptosporidium bovis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102067. [PMID: 34683387 PMCID: PMC8539439 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium bovis is a common enteric pathogen in bovine animals. The research on transmission characteristics of the pathogen is hampered by the lack of subtyping tools. In this study, we retrieve the nucleotide sequence of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (GP60) from the whole genome sequences of C. bovis we obtained previously and analyze its sequence characteristics. Despite a typical structure of the GP60 protein, the GP60 of C. bovis had only 19.3–45.3% sequence identity to those of other Cryptosporidium species. On the basis of the gene sequence, a subtype typing tool was developed for C. bovis and used in the analysis of 486 C. bovis samples from dairy cattle, yaks, beef cattle, and water buffalos from China. Sixty-eight sequence types were identified from 260 subtyped samples, forming six subtype families, namely XXVIa to XXVIf. The mosaic sequence patterns among subtype families and the 121 potential recombination events identified among the sequences both suggest the occurrence of genetic recombination at the locus. No obvious host adaptation and geographic differences in the distribution of subtype families were observed. Most farms with more extensive sampling had more than one subtype family, and the dominant subtype families on a farm appeared to differ between pre- and post-weaned calves, indicating the likely occurrence of multiple episodes of C. bovis infections. There was an association between XXVId infection and occurrence of moderate diarrhea in dairy cattle. The subtyping tool developed and the data generated in the study might improve our knowledge of the genetic diversity and transmission of C. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Wang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muchun Wan
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Fang Yang
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.W.); (M.W.); (F.Y.); (N.L.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (Y.G.)
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Hussain S, Li X, Bukhari SM, Zhou M, Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Javid A, Guan C, Hussain A, Ali W, Khalid N, Ahmad U, Tian L, Hou Z. Cross-genera amplification and identification of Colpodella sp. with Cryptosporidium primers in fecal samples of zoo felids from northeast China. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e247181. [PMID: 34495161 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.247181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoans include many intracellular human pathogens. Accurate detection of these pathogens is necessary to treat the diseases. In clinical epidemiology, molecular identification of protozoan is considered a more reliable and rapid method for identification than microscopy. Among these protozoans, Cryptosporidium considered being one of the important water-borne zoonotic pathogens and a major cause of a diarrheal disease named cryptosporidiosis in humans, domestic animals, and wild animals. This study was aimed to identify Cryptosporidium in zoo felids (N= 56) belonging to different zoo of China, but accidentlly Colpodella was encountered in the zoo felids sample and phylogenetic data confirmed this unexpected amplification from fecal samples using two-step nested-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the fact about the specific primers used previously by many researchers and cross-genera amplification. We came to know that genetically sequenced amplicon gives more accurate identification of species. This study suggests more investigation on Colpodella which has been neglected previously but gains the attention of researchers after identified from humans and animals and has been known to correlate with neurological symptoms in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hussain
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China
| | - X Li
- Harbin Northern Forest Zoo, Harbin, China
| | - S M Bukhari
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Zhou
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China
| | - S Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - C Guan
- Harbin Northern Forest Zoo, Harbin, China
| | - A Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - W Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N Khalid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - U Ahmad
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - L Tian
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China
| | - Z Hou
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Harbin, China.,China State Forestry Administration, Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation, Harbin, China
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Yasur-Landau D, Zilberberg M, Perry Markovich M, Behar A, Fleiderovitz L, Leszkowicz Mazuz M. Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes from diarrheic dairy calves in Israel. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100608. [PMID: 34474801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution, infecting a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals, as well as humans. Cryptosporidium parvum is the most important zoonotic species and is the primary cause of cryptosporidiosis in preweaned calves, a highly prevalent, economically important disease. Extensive subtyping of C. parvum from infected humans and animals has expanded current understanding of the parasites' epidemiology. Israel has a highly developed dairy sector with intensive, zero-grazing operations. While C. parvum has been found in dairy calves throughout the country, and subtype data from human patients have also been published, subtype data from animals, and in particular preweaned ruminants, are lacking. We carried out an initial study of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes from preweaned diarrheic calves. Cryptosporidium species were determined in 71 fecal samples from 43 different dairy farms using 18S rRNA PCR, and subtyping of C. parvum based on the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) sequences was done on one sample per farm. C. parvum was the only species found, with eight different subtypes belonging to the zoonotic IIa and IId families. Subtype IIaA15G2R1 was the most prevalent and widespread, found in 50% of the farms over a wide geographical distribution. Our results confirm the presence of subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIdA20G1, which were previously found in human patients in Israel, also in Israeli calves. In addition, subtype IIaA12G1R1 is reported here for the first time in an animal. These findings demonstrate the value of monitoring C. parvum subtypes in animal samples, and suggest that the role of calves as well as other young ruminants in the transmission of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in Israel should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yasur-Landau
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 5025001 Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Matan Zilberberg
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Michal Perry Markovich
- Poultry Health Division, Israeli Veterinary Services, P.O. Box 12, 5025001 Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Adi Behar
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 5025001 Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Ludmila Fleiderovitz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 5025001 Bet Dagan, Israel.
| | - Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, 5025001 Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Chen S, Chai Y, Deng L, Liu H, Zhong Z, Fu H, Hu Y, Shen L, Zhou Z, Geng Y, Peng G. CRYPTOSPORIDIUM SPP. IN PET DWARF WINTER WHITE RUSSIAN HAMSTERS (PHODOPUS SUNGORIS SUNGORIS) IN CHINA. J Parasitol 2021; 107:770-777. [PMID: 34547101 DOI: 10.1645/20-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. have been identified in a wide range of hosts, such as humans and domestic and wild animals, while less information about the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in pet hamsters is documented. A total of 351 dwarf winter white Russian hamsters' fecal specimens were collected from 6 pet markets from the cities of Luzhou and Ziyang in Sichuan province in the southwestern part of China. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. determined with nested-PCR amplification of the partial small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene was 39.32% (138/351). The highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was in pet market 5 (79.49%, 62/78), followed by pet market 6 (38.64%, 17/44). The lowest prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was observed in pet market 3 (14.89%, 7/47). Statistically significant differences in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. were observed among different pet markets (χ2 = 76.386, df = 5, P < 0.05), and a further post hoc test revealed that only pet market 5 was significantly different from other pet markets. Molecular analysis showed that 4 different Cryptosporidium species or genotypes were identified: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 127), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype III (n = 6), Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 4), and Cryptosporidium wrairi (n = 1). The identification of Cryptosporidium spp. was further tested with the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene, and the positive rate was 29.7% (41/138). This is the first molecular report on Cryptosporidium spp. infection in dwarf winter white Russian hamsters in China. With C. parvum and C. andersoni being identified in both humans and pet hamsters, these findings suggest that pet hamsters may be potential reservoirs of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanyu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Liuhong Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yi Geng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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Boudou M, Cleary E, ÓhAiseadha C, Garvey P, McKeown P, O'Dwyer J, Hynds P. Spatiotemporal epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in the Republic of Ireland, 2008-2017: development of a space-time "cluster recurrence" index. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:880. [PMID: 34454462 PMCID: PMC8401175 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ireland frequently reports the highest annual Crude Incidence Rates (CIRs) of cryptosporidiosis in the EU, with national CIRs up to ten times the EU average. Accordingly, the current study sought to examine the spatiotemporal trends associated with this potentially severe protozoan infection. Methods Overall, 4509 cases of infection from January 2008 to December 2017 were geo-referenced to a Census Small Area (SA), with an ensemble of geo-statistical approaches including seasonal decomposition, Local Moran’s I, and space–time scanning used to elucidate spatiotemporal patterns of infection. Results One or more confirmed cases were notified in 3413 of 18,641 Census SAs (18.3%), with highest case numbers occurring in the 0–5-year range (n = 2672, 59.3%). Sporadic cases were more likely male (OR 1.4) and rural (OR 2.4), with outbreak-related cases more likely female (OR 1.4) and urban (OR 1.5). Altogether, 55 space–time clusters (≥ 10 confirmed cases) of sporadic infection were detected, with three “high recurrence” regions identified; no large urban conurbations were present within recurrent clusters. Conclusions Spatiotemporal analysis represents an important indicator of infection patterns, enabling targeted epidemiological intervention and surveillance. Presented results may also be used to further understand the sources, pathways, receptors, and thus mechanisms of cryptosporidiosis in Ireland. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06598-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boudou
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin, Greenway Hub, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Republic of Ireland.
| | - E Cleary
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin, Greenway Hub, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Republic of Ireland
| | - C ÓhAiseadha
- Department of Public Health, Health Service Executive (HSE), Dr. Steevens' Hospital, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - P Garvey
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 25 Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, Republic of Ireland
| | - P McKeown
- Health Protection Surveillance Centre, 25 Middle Gardiner Street, Dublin 1, Republic of Ireland
| | - J O'Dwyer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland.,Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paul Hynds
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin, Greenway Hub, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, D07 H6K8, Republic of Ireland. .,Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.
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Dettwiler I, Troell K, Robinson G, Chalmers RM, Basso W, Rentería-Solís ZM, Daugschies A, Mühlethaler K, Dale M, Basapathi Raghavendra J, Ruf MT, Poppert S, Meylan M, Olias P. TIDE analysis of Cryptosporidium infections by gp60 typing reveals obscured mixed infections. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:686-695. [PMID: 34417806 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease associated with potentially fatal diarrhea. The most used method in Cryptosporidium subtyping is based on the glycoprotein gene gp60. Each infection can represent a parasite population, and it is important to investigate the influence on transmission and virulence, as well as any impact on public health investigations. However, an easy-to-use method for detection is lacking. METHODS Here we report on the use of the bioinformatic program TIDE for deconvolution of gp60 chromatograms. A combination of single oocyst analysis and cloning successfully confirmed the within-sample parasite population diversity. Retrospective sample analysis was conducted on archived chromatograms. RESULTS For C. parvum, 8.6% multi-strain infections (13 out of 152) obscured by currently used consensus base calling were detected. Importantly, we show that single oocysts can harbor a mixed population of sporozoites. We also identified a striking dominance of unappreciated polymerase stutter artefacts in all 218 chromatograms analyzed, challenging the uncritical use of gp60 typing. DISCUSSION We demonstrate the value of a new easy-to-use analytical procedure for critical characterization of C. parvum and C. hominis in epidemiological investigations, also applicable in retrospect. Our findings illuminate the hidden parasite diversity with important implications for tracing zoonotic and person-to-person transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Dettwiler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Troell
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guy Robinson
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M Chalmers
- Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Arwid Daugschies
- Institute for Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konrad Mühlethaler
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mariko Dale
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-Thérèse Ruf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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El-Refai SA, Helwa MA, Rakha EB, Atia AF. Autophagy - related 16 - like 1 single nucleotide gene polymorphism increases the risk and severity of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 245:111407. [PMID: 34358586 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is an intracellular parasite of the intestinal cells. It causes cryptosporidiosis that can be fatal in immunosuppressed individuals. Autophagy is a process to eliminate intracellular microbes. The autophagy-related 16 - like 1 (ATG16L1) gene encodes proteins involved in the autophagy pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in this gene increases the invasion and survival of the intracellular microbes. This study aimed to assess whether SNP in the ATG16L1 gene influences the risk and severity of cryptosporidiosis. Group I: cases with C. parvum infection (C. parvum, n = 40) and group II: healthy control (HC, n = 120) were included. Genotyping of the ATG16L1 gene was done for all participants to determine the polymorphism status as AA, GG, or AG genotype. A significant association between C. parvum infection and ATG16L1 genotypes was detected. C. parvum group had a significantly higher frequency of GG genotype and G allele when compared to HC group. The genotypes (AG + GG) and G allele had 2.428 and 2.13 folds risk of C. parvum infection when compared to the AA genotype and the A allele. Patients with the AG + GG genotype had statistically significant higher Cryptosporidium oocyst counts in stool, higher infection intensity, more frequency of vomiting and dehydration, longer disease duration, and more recurrence. The GG or AG genotypes were independent risk factors in the disease severity (p- value = 0.013). In conclusion, ATG16L1 SNP increased the risk and severity of cryptosporidiosis. Thus, individuals with such SNP can benefit from autophagy up-regulating approaches in decreasing the risk and controlling C. parvum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A El-Refai
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Helwa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Ehab B Rakha
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 60, El Gomhoria Sreet, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Amany F Atia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia, 32511, Egypt.
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Schneider A, Wendt S, Lübbert C, Trawinski H. Current pharmacotherapy of cryptosporidiosis: an update of the state-of-the-art. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:2337-2342. [PMID: 34281461 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1957097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Cryptosporidiosis has emerged as a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. It has especially serious health consequences for young, malnourished children living in endemic areas and for individuals with highly impaired T-cell function, such as HIV-positive individuals with low CD4 counts or immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant recipients.Areas covered: A selective literature search using PubMed was performed to review the available therapeutics to treat cryptosporidiosis, as well as related advances in drug development.Expert opinion: The only FDA-approved antiparasitic treatment in immunocompetent patients is nitazoxanide; however, it has failed to demonstrate convincing effectiveness among HIV-positive patients, immunosuppressed individuals and malnourished children. Thus, restoring HIV-positive patients' cellular immune response through effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), or reducing or changing immunosuppressive drugs, is important. Several new targets have been identified for chemotherapy, and the development of drugs for these targets has progressed, including parasite kinases, nucleic acid synthesis and processing, proteases and lipid metabolism. Candidate drugs that have been shown to be effective and safe in a neonatal calf model will most likely constitute the next advance for clinical trials in humans. However, developing an effective and inexpensive vaccination, as well as complementing structural preventive measures, would most decisively reduce the global cryptosporidiosis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schneider
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wendt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Trawinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases (ZINF), Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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Meng XZ, Li MY, Lyu C, Qin YF, Zhao ZY, Yang XB, Ma N, Zhang Y, Zhao Q. The global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection among cats during 1988-2021: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105096. [PMID: 34273476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is an important zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium. This disease causes a global public health problem. The cat is considered to be one of the potential hosts for transmitting Cryptosporidium to humans. In this study, a global meta-analysis for Cryptosporidium infection in cats was performed. The articles related to Cryptosporidium infection in cats were systematically searched in databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang data, VIP Chinese Journal Database, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Finally, 92 articles published from 1988 to 2021, which met the criteria of systematic review and meta-analysis, were collected. During the selected period, the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium among cats was identified to be 6.0%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium detected by microscopy, coproantigens, and molecular biology methods were 4.2%, 8.2%, and 5.0%, respectively. Among 9 species/genotypes (C. felis, C. parvum, C. muris, Cryptosporidium rat genotype IV, C. baileyi, C. ryanae, C. hominis, Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype III and most closely related to Cryptosporidium sp. rat genotype III), the prevalence of C. parvum (4.2%) was significantly higher than that of other species/genotypes. Among five continents, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Africa (30.5%) was significantly higher than in other continents. We also analyzed the effects of different geographical factors (longitude, latitude, altitude, mean temperature, precipitation, and humidity) on Cryptosporidium infection among cats. The results showed that cryptosporidiosis was common in cats all over the world. This systematic review and meta-analysis has systematically introduced the global epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in cats and correlated risk factors. Health authorities, doctors, veterinarians and cat owners' awareness of the prevalence, risk factors and complications of Cryptosporidium are important for the development of effective prevention strategies for cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhu Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China; College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China
| | - Man-Yao Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong Province, 264209, PR China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266100, PR China; Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266100, PR China
| | - Yi-Feng Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China
| | - Zi-Yu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China
| | - Xin-Bo Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province, 130600, PR China.
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Karim MR, Li J, Rume FI, Sumon SMR, Selim ASM, Hoda N, Zhang L. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis among captive mammals in the Bangladesh National Zoo. Parasitol Int 2021; 84:102414. [PMID: 34182122 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are protozoan parasites capable of causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The purpose of this research was to determine the occurrence, genetic characteristics, and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in captive mammals at the Bangladesh National Zoo. A total of 200 fresh fecal samples from 32 mammalian species were collected and examined for Cryptosporidium spp. using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and G. duodenalis targeting the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall infection rates of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis among captive mammals in the zoo were 3.5% (7/200) and 5.5% (11/200), respectively. Five species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. andersoni, C. muris, C. felis, and Cryptosporidium deer genotype) were identified. C. hominis was subtyped as IbA12G3 by sequence analysis of the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) gene. Multilocus genotyping of G. duodenalis revealed assemblages A, B, and D. Mixed infections of assemblages B and D and A and B were found in an Asiatic jackal and a Nilgiri langur, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence and genetic identity of the two parasites among zoo animals in Bangladesh. The results suggest that zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis are maintained in and transmitted between captive mammals. Therefore, washing, cleaning, and disinfection measures should be implemented to reduce the spread of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Robiul Karim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Farzana Islam Rume
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh
| | - Sm Mostafizur Rahaman Sumon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Sadeque Md Selim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmul Hoda
- Bangladesh National Zoo, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Liang XX, Zou Y, Li TS, Chen H, Wang SS, Cao FQ, Yang JF, Sun XL, Zhu XQ, Zou FC. First report of the prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Yunling cattle in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105025. [PMID: 34090984 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Yunling cattle is an unique cattle breed distributed in Yunnan Province, southwestern China. It is yet to know whether Yunling cattle are infected with Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and characterize the assemblages of G. duodenalis and species of Cryptosporidium spp. in Yunling cattle in Yunnan province. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. were 10.49% (41/391) and 0.77% (3/391), respectively. The age was considered as the risk factor for Yunling cattle infection with G. duodenalis (χ2 = 8.082, OR = 2.56, P = 0.004). Two assemblages of G. duodenalis, assemblage A (n = 1) and assemblage E (n = 40), were identified by amplification of the β-giardin (bg) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene loci using the nested PCR methods. Furthermore, Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium ryanae (n = 2) were detected by nested PCR targeting the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. This is the first report of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Yunling cattle in China, which provided baseline date for further studies of the prevalence, genetic identity, and public health potential of these parasites in Yunling cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Xia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, PR China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Tao-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, PR China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Fu-Qiong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China
| | - Jian-Fa Yang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730070, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province, 030801, PR China
| | - Feng-Cai Zou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650201, PR China.
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Ghoshal U, Kalra SK, Tejan N, Ranjan P, Dey A, Nityanand S. Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia Infecting Hematological Malignancy Patients. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:508-516. [PMID: 33188485 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia, associated risk factors and species identification in patients with haematological malignancies (HM). METHODS A total of 148 consecutive patients with HM and 101 healthy subjects were evaluated for Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia using modified Kinyoun and modified Trichrome staining. Clinical, demographic and laboratory parameters were studied. The species of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia were studied using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Of 148 HM patients initially screened, 47 were excluded from the final analysis due to inadequate clinical records. Patients with HM [n = 101, 63 (62.4%) male] more often had Cryptosporidium than healthy subjects [n = 101, 65 (74.4%) male] [3/101 (3%) vs. 0/101 (0%), p = 0.02]. Two of 101 (2%) HM patients and none of the healthy subjects had Microsporidia (p = 0.155). Diarrhea was more prevalent in HM patients with Cryptosporidium than those without [3, 100% vs. 39/96, 40.62%; p = 0.04). Both patients infected with Microsporidia presented with persistent diarrhea and fever. Cryptosporidium hominis was identified in all the three HM patients. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified in one HM patient infected with Microsporidia, which was classified as genotype Ind2. CONCLUSION Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia may infect HM patients leading to overwhelming diarrhea. The commonest species of Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia found to infect HM patients are C. hominis and E. bieneusi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjala Ghoshal
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India.
| | - Sonali K Kalra
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, PO Sultanpur, Distt., Solan, HP, 173229, India
| | - Nidhi Tejan
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Asmita Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
| | - Soniya Nityanand
- Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareili road, Lucknow, UP, 226014, India
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Yu F, Zhang K, Wang Y, Li D, Cui Z, Huang J, Zhang S, Li X, Zhang L. CRISPR/Cas12a-based on-site diagnostics of Cryptosporidium parvum IId-subtype-family from human and cattle fecal samples. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:208. [PMID: 33879230 PMCID: PMC8056104 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric protozoan parasite with zoonotic importance and can cause cryptosporidiosis in humans as well as domestic and wild animals worldwide. The IId subtype family (SF) is one of the most prevalent subtypes of C. parvum. Some clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein systems have been developed to detect nucleic acid with high flexibility, sensitivity and specificity. Methods By integrating recombinase polymerase amplification and the Cas12a/crRNA trans-cleavage system (termed ReCTC), we established end-point diagnostics by observing fluorescence readouts with the naked eye under blue light and on-site diagnostics using a lateral flow strip (LFS) biosensor. Results Our ReCTC-based diagnoses can detect as little as a single copy of a cloned C. parvum 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene, 10 oocysts per gram (OPG), clinical fecal sample without tedious extraction of genomic DNA and have no cross-reactivity with other SFs of C. parvum or other common enteric parasitic protozoa. Conclusions This study provided a new strategy for direct identification of the IId SF of C. parvum free of highly trained operators and expensive special equipment. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04709-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengzhou New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Center for Animal Immunology of China, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Iwashita H, Takemura T, Tokizawa A, Sugamoto T, Thiem VD, Nguyen TH, Pham TD, Pham AHQ, Doan HT, Tran NL, Yamashiro T. Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in an agricultural area of northern Vietnam: A community survey. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102341. [PMID: 33819572 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection and the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. between animals and humans in northern Vietnam. A total of 2715 samples (2120 human diarrheal samples, 471 human non-diarrheal samples, and 124 animal stool samples) were collected through our community survey in an agricultural area. All samples were tested for Cryptosporidium spp. by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) using a fluorescent microscope. DNA extraction, PCR amplification of three genes (COWP, SSU-rRNA, and GP60), and sequencing analysis were performed to identify Cryptosporidium spp. Of 2715 samples, 15 samples (10 diarrheal samples, 2 non-diarrheal samples, and 3 animal stool samples) tested positive by PCR for the COWP gene. Three species of Cryptosporidium spp. were identified as C. canis (from six human diarrheal samples, two human non-diarrheal samples, and one dog sample), C. hominis (from four human diarrheal samples), and C. suis (from two pig samples) by sequencing the amplified COWP and/or SSU-rRNA genes. In terms of C. hominis, the GP60 subtype IeA12G3T3 was detected in all four human diarrheal samples. Although the number of positive samples was very small, our epidemiological data showed that the emerging pattern of each of the three species (C. canis, C. hominis, and C. suis) was different at this study site. While C. hominis and C. suis were only detected in human and pig samples, respectively, C. canis was detected in samples from both dogs and humans. We suspect that C. canis infections in humans at this study site may be due to environmental contamination with animal and human feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Iwashita
- Department of International Affairs and Tropical Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Taichiro Takemura
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Asako Tokizawa
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Sugamoto
- International Programs, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 3-1-24 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan; Graduate School of International Health Development, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Vu Dinh Thiem
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No.1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Hai Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, No.1 Yersin Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki City, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tho Duc Pham
- Leading Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto Nagasaki City, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; International Hospital Vinmec Times City, 458 Minh Khai, Vinh Tuy, Hai Ba Trung, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hong Quynh Pham
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Hang Thi Doan
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; VITECH DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD, No. 13 Lot 1G Trung Yen Urban Area, Trung Hoa, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Na Ly Tran
- Vietnam Research Station, Center for Infectious Disease Research in Asia and Africa, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tetsu Yamashiro
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishiharacho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
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Betancourth S, Archaga O, Moncada W, Rodríguez V, Fontecha G. First Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Patients Living with HIV in Honduras. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030336. [PMID: 33805766 PMCID: PMC8000384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of gastroenteritis in the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It is caused by the Apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium spp., and mainly affects children and immunocompromised people, in whom it can pose a serious threat to their health, or even be life threatening. In Honduras, there are no data on parasite species or on molecular diversity or Cryptosporidium subtypes. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2019 and March 2020 for the molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in 102 patients living with HIV who attended a national hospital in Tegucigalpa. Stool samples were analyzed by direct microscopy, acid-fast stained smears, and a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test. All samples that tested positive were molecularly analyzed to identify the species and subtype of the parasite using three different markers: gp60, cowp, and 18Sr. PCR products were also sequenced. Four out of 102 samples (3.92%) were positive for Cryptosporidiumparvum, and all were assigned to subtype IIa. These findings suggest a possible zoonotic transmission in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Betancourth
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Osman Archaga
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
| | - Wendy Moncada
- Servicio de Atención Integral para Pacientes que Viven con VIH/SIDA-Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (W.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Vilma Rodríguez
- Servicio de Atención Integral para Pacientes que Viven con VIH/SIDA-Instituto Nacional Cardiopulmonar, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (W.M.); (V.R.)
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras; (S.B.); (O.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-33935443
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49
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Yin YL, Wang Y, Lai P, Yao Q, Li Y, Zhang LX, Yang X, Song JK, Zhao GH. Establishment and preliminary application of nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1837-1844. [PMID: 33649965 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal protozoan parasite that causes diarrhoea in humans and animals. To rapidly and specifically detect Cryptosporidium spp., we designed a pair of primers based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. to be used in a new nanoparticle-assisted PCR (nano-PCR) assay. The minimum detectable concentration (1.02 pg) of this nano-PCR was 10 times more sensitive than conventional PCR using the same primer pair. The DNA samples of C. parvum, C. baileyi, C. xiaoi, C. ryanae, and C. andersoni were successfully detected by the nano-PCR. No amplifications were evident with DNA samples of some common intestinal pathogens, including Eimeria tenella, Blastocystis sp., Giardia lamblia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Balantidium coli. To validate the clinical usefulness of the novel nano-PCR, a total of 40 faecal samples from goats, camels, calves, and chickens were examined. The positive rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 27.5% (11/40), which was consistent with that of an established nested PCR. These results indicate that the novel nano-PCR assay enables the rapid, specific, and accurate detection of Cryptosporidium infection in animals. The findings provide a technical basis for the clinical diagnosis, prevention, and control of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Xian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:34/2/e00087-19. [PMID: 33627442 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the most important causes of moderate to severe diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in children under 2 years of age in low- and middle-income countries. In recent decades, genotyping and subtyping tools have been used in epidemiological studies of human cryptosporidiosis. Results of these studies suggest that higher genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. is present in humans in these countries at both species and subtype levels and that anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in human cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium hominis is the most common Cryptosporidium species in humans in almost all the low- and middle-income countries examined, with five subtype families (namely, Ia, Ib, Id, Ie, and If) being commonly found in most regions. In addition, most Cryptosporidium parvum infections in these areas are caused by the anthroponotic IIc subtype family rather than the zoonotic IIa subtype family. There is geographic segregation in Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes, as revealed by multilocus subtyping. Concurrent and sequential infections with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes are common, as immunity against reinfection and cross protection against different Cryptosporidium species are partial. Differences in clinical presentations have been observed among Cryptosporidium species and C. hominis subtypes. These observations suggest that WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)-based interventions should be implemented to prevent and control human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries.
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