1
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Gaglio SC, Perduca M, Zipeto D, Bardi G. Efficiency of Chitosan Nanocarriers in Vaccinology for Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1333. [PMID: 37631901 PMCID: PMC10459455 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal barrier constitutes a huge surface area, close to 40 m2 in humans, located mostly in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and ocular cavities. It plays a crucial role in tissue interactions with the microbiome, dietary antigens and other environmental materials. Effective vaccinations to achieve highly protective mucosal immunity are evolving strategies to counteract several serious diseases including tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenzae B, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Human Papilloma Virus infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Interestingly, one of the reasons behind the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants has been the weakness of local immunization at the level of the respiratory mucosa. Mucosal vaccines can outperform parenteral vaccination as they specifically elicit protective mucosal immune responses blocking infection and transmission. In this scenario, chitosan-based nanovaccines are promising adjuvants-carrier systems that rely on the ability of chitosan to cross tight junctions and enhance particle uptake due to chitosan-specific mucoadhesive properties. Indeed, chitosan not only improves the adhesion of antigens to the mucosa promoting their absorption but also shows intrinsic immunostimulant abilities. Furthermore, by finely tuning the colloidal properties of chitosan, it can provide sustained antigen release to strongly activate the humoral defense. In the present review, we agnostically discuss the potential reasons why chitosan-based vaccine carriers, that efficiently elicit strong immune responses in experimental setups and in some pre-clinical/clinical studies, are still poorly considered for therapeutic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Calogero Gaglio
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Perduca
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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2
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Reay SL, Jackson EL, Salthouse D, Ferreira AM, Hilkens CMU, Novakovic K. Effective Endotoxin Removal from Chitosan That Preserves Chemical Structure and Improves Compatibility with Immune Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071592. [PMID: 37050208 PMCID: PMC10096541 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most researched biopolymers for healthcare applications, however, being a naturally derived polymer, it is susceptible to endotoxin contamination, which elicits pro-inflammatory responses, skewing chitosan's performance and leading to inaccurate conclusions. It is therefore critical that endotoxins are quantified and removed for in vivo use. Here, heat and mild NaOH treatment are investigated as facile endotoxin removal methods from chitosan. Both treatments effectively removed endotoxin to below the FDA limit for medical devices (<0.5 EU/mL). However, in co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), only NaOH-treated chitosan prevented TNF-α production. While endotoxin removal is the principal task, the preservation of chitosan's structure is vital for the synthesis and lysozyme degradation of chitosan-based hydrogels. The chemical properties of NaOH-treated chitosan (by FTIR-ATR) were significantly similar to its native composition, whereas the heat-treated chitosan evidenced macroscopic chemical and physical changes associated with the Maillard reaction, deeming this treatment unsuitable for further applications. Degradation studies conducted with lysozyme demonstrated that the degradation rates of native and NaOH-treated chitosan-genipin hydrogels were similar. In vitro co-culture studies showed that NaOH hydrogels did not negatively affect the cell viability of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), nor induce phenotypical maturation or pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L Reay
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Emma L Jackson
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Daniel Salthouse
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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3
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Weyer R, Hellmann MJ, Hamer-Timmermann SN, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM. Customized chitooligosaccharide production-controlling their length via engineering of rhizobial chitin synthases and the choice of expression system. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1073447. [PMID: 36588959 PMCID: PMC9795070 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1073447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have attracted attention from industry and academia in various fields due to their diverse bioactivities. However, their conventional chemical production is environmentally unfriendly and in addition, defined and pure molecules are both scarce and expensive. A promising alternative is the in vivo synthesis of desired COS in microbial platforms with specific chitin synthases enabling a more sustainable production. Hence, we examined the whole cell factory approach with two well-established microorganisms-Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum-to produce defined COS with the chitin synthase NodC from Rhizobium sp. GRH2. Moreover, based on an in silico model of the synthase, two amino acids potentially relevant for COS length were identified and mutated to direct the production. Experimental validation showed the influence of the expression system, the mutations, and their combination on COS length, steering the production from originally pentamers towards tetramers or hexamers, the latter virtually pure. Possible explanations are given by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings pave the way for a better understanding of chitin synthases, thus allowing a more targeted production of defined COS. This will, in turn, at first allow better research of COS' bioactivities, and subsequently enable sustainable large-scale production of oligomers.
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4
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Portela LCPN, Cahú TB, Bezerra TS, Santos DKDDN, Sousa GF, Portela RWS, Melo CML, Bezerra RDS. Biocompatibility and immunostimulatory properties of fish collagen and shrimp chitosan towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:282-291. [PMID: 35533847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several naturally occurring biopolymers are commercially produced from livestock and farmed animals processing wastes, including aquatic organisms. These wastes are considered valuable coproducts of fishery processing industry, from which biopolymers may be recovered and exploited for their bioactive potential. The aim of this work was to prepare polymeric films from collagen and chitosan solutions, extracted from fishery discards, and investigate the cytotoxicity and immunomodulatory activity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were isolated from healthy donors and treated with Chitosan, Collagen, Chitosan+Collagen solutions and Chitosan+Collagen film in order to measure the changes in cell viability, cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, differentiation and activation of T CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, and cytokine production. Results showed that collagen and chitosan preparations did not show cytotoxic effect, while cellular IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α release was observed. Chitosan and collagen were able to promote non-cytotoxic PBMCs activation through cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS production. There was a noteworthy phenotyping of lymphocytes T CD8+ and CD4+ counting and an increase of [Ca2+] cyt and ΔΨm levels. These results suggest that chitosan/collagen-based biomaterials produce immunostimulatory effects on PBMC with potential to biomedical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Cristina Pinho Nascimento Portela
- Laboratório de Enzimologia (LABENZ), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-910 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barbosa Cahú
- Laboratório de Enzimologia (LABENZ), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-910 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thaís Santos Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia (LABENZ), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-910 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Dayane Kelly Dias do Nascimento Santos
- Laboratório de Análises Imunológicas e Antitumorais (LAIA), Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georon Ferreira Sousa
- Laboratório de Análises Imunológicas e Antitumorais (LAIA), Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rogério William Santos Portela
- Laboratório de Enzimologia (LABENZ), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-910 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos Melo
- Laboratório de Análises Imunológicas e Antitumorais (LAIA), Departamento de Antibióticos, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ranilson de Souza Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia (LABENZ), Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50670-910 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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5
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Mei Z, Huang X, Zhang H, Cheng D, Xu X, Fang M, Hu J, Liu Y, Liang Y, Mei Y. Chitin derivatives ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by changing gut microbiota and restoring intestinal barrier function. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:375-387. [PMID: 35063480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitin derivatives (CDs), including chitosan (CS), chitooligosaccharides (COS), and glucosamine (GlcN), were administrated in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. UC symptoms such as body weight loss, reduced food intake, and increased disease activity index were relieved (except GlcNL group). CDs (except GlcNL) exerted a strong protective effect on colon length and colonic structure. Treatment with CDs (except GlcNL) increased IL-10 level, reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and enhanced expression of tight junction proteins significantly. CDs (except GlcNL) significantly upregulated IκB-α level, and downregulated p65 and p38 phosphory lation and TLR-4 mRNA transcription level, indicating inhibition of TRL-4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway activity. CD treatments increased relative abundance of gut microbiota, modulated its composition, and increased the concentrations of SCFAs. Our findings indicate that CDs exert an ameliorative effect on UC by change of gut microbiota composition and restoration of intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xingxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Danyi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Mingyue Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jutuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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6
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Chen J, Zhou Z, Zheng C, Liu Y, Hao R, Ji X, Xi Q, Shen J, Li Z. Chitosan oligosaccharide regulates AMPK and STAT1 pathways synergistically to mediate PD-L1 expression for cancer chemoimmunotherapy. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 277:118869. [PMID: 34893274 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After regular chemotherapy, the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in almost all kinds of cancers is significantly increased, leading to reduced efficacy of T cell mediated immune killing in tumors. To solve this, a lot of PD-L1 antibodies were produced and used, but their high cost and serious toxic side effects still limit its usage. Recently, small molecule compounds that could effectively regulate PD-L1 expression possess the edges to solve the problems of PD-L1 antibodies. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), a biomaterial derived from the N-deacetylation product of chitin, has a broad spectrum of biological activities in treating tumors. However, the mechanism of its anti-cancer effect is still not well understood. Here, for the first time, we clearly identified that COS could inhibit the upregulated PD-L1 expression induced by interferon γ (IFN-γ) in various tumors via the AMPK activation and STAT1 inhibition. Besides, COS itself significantly restricted the growth of CT26 tumors by enhancing the T cell infiltration in tumors. Furthermore, we observed that combining COS with Gemcitabine (GEM), one of the typical chemotherapeutic drugs, leaded to a more remarkable tumor remission. Therefore, it was demonstrated that COS could be used as a useful way to improve the efficacy of existing chemotherapies by effective PD-L1 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashe Chen
- Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zaigang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Chunjuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ruiqi Hao
- Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaolin Ji
- Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qiaoer Xi
- Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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7
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Chitooligosaccharides inhibit tumor progression and induce autophagy through the activation of the p53/mTOR pathway in osteosarcoma. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Sukul M, Sahariah P, Lauzon HL, Borges J, Másson M, Mano JF, Haugen HJ, Reseland JE. In vitro biological response of human osteoblasts in 3D chitosan sponges with controlled degree of deacetylation and molecular weight. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117434. [PMID: 33357907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of chitosan sponges, produced from chitosan batches with distinct degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular weight (Mw), on the adhesion, growth and differentiation of primary human osteoblasts with an aim to offer a suitable tool for guided bone regeneration. All the chitosan sponges revealed similar microstructure, irrespective of the DDA (58, 73, 82, 88, and 91 %) and Mw (749, 547, 263, 215, and 170 kDa, respectively). Cell spreading was higher on sponges having a higher DDA. Higher DDA induced a more pronounced increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, osteopontin (OPN), vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), sclerostin (SOST) and dickkopf related protein-1 as compared to lower DDA. Lower DDA induced the increased secretion of osteoprotegerin and SOST as compared to higher DDA. The combination of higher DDA and Mw induced an increased secretion of VEGF and IL-6, however reduced the secretion of OPN as compared to chitosan with similar DDA but with lower Mw. In summary, the variations in cellular responses to the different chitosan sponges indicate a potential for individual tailoring of desired responses in guided bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Sukul
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Priyanka Sahariah
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - João Borges
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Már Másson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Håvard J Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne E Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Balijepalli AS, Grinstaff MW. Poly-Amido-Saccharides (PASs): Functional Synthetic Carbohydrate Polymers Inspired by Nature. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2167-2179. [PMID: 32892620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous in nature, playing vital roles in all organisms ranging from metabolism to intercellular signaling. Polysaccharides, repeating units of small molecule carbohydrates, are hydrophilic, densely functionalized, stereoregular, and rigid macromolecules, and these characteristics are simultaneously advantageous in biomedical applications while presenting major hurdles for synthetic methodology and development of structure property relationships. While naturally obtained polysaccharides are widely utilized in the biochemical and medical literature, their poor physicochemical definition and the potential for contaminated samples hinders the clinical translation of this work. To address the need for new methods to synthesize carbohydrate polymers, we reported a novel class of biomaterials (Poly-Amido-Saccharides; PAS) in 2012. PASs share many properties with natural polysaccharides, such as hydrophilicity, dense hydroxyl functionality, stereoregularity, and a rigid backbone. PASs are connected by an α-1,2-amide linkage, instead of an ether linkage, that confers resistance to enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation and leads to a unique helical conformation. Importantly, our synthetic methodology affords control over molecular weight distribution resulting in pure, well-defined polymers. This Account provides an overview of the development of PAS, from the factors that initially motivated our research to current efforts to translate functional PAS to biomedical applications. We detail the synthesis of glucose- and galactose-based PAS and their biophysical properties including conformation analysis, lectin interactions, cell internalization, and water solubility. Additionally, we describe postpolymerization modification strategies to afford PASs that act as protein stabilizers. We also highlight our recent efforts toward a mechanistic understanding of monomer synthesis via [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions in order to develop novel monomers with different stereochemistry and amine or alkyl functionality, thereby accessing functional carbohydrate polymers. Throughout our work, we apply computational and theoretical analysis to explain how properties at the monomer level (e.g., stereochemistry, functionality) significantly impact polymer properties, helical conformation, and bioactivities. Collectively, the results from the theoretical, synthetic, and applied aspects of this research advance us toward our goal of utilizing PASs in key biomedical applications as alternatives to natural polysaccharides. The importance of carbohydrates in nature and the versatility of their functions continue to inspire our investigation of new monomers, polymers, and copolymers, leveraging the advantageous properties of PAS to develop potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant S. Balijepalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
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10
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Review: Advances in preparation of chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences and their bioactivity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117206. [PMID: 33183640 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides has attracted increasing attention due to their diverse bioactivities and potential application. Previous studies on the bioactivity of chitooligosaccharides were mostly carried out using a mixture. The structure-function relationship of chitooligosaccharides is not clear. Recently, it is confirmed that chitooligosaccharides with different degrees of polymerization play different roles in many bioactivities. However, heterogeneous chitooligosaccharides with a single degree of polymerization is still a mixture of many uncertain sequences and it is difficult to determine which structure is responsible for biological effects. Therefore, an interesting and challenging field of studying chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences has emerged. Herein, we reviewed the current methods for preparing heterogeneous chitooligosaccharides, including chemical synthesis, separation techniques and enzymatic methods. Advances in the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides with heterogeneous sequences are also reviewed.
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11
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Jesus S, Marques AP, Duarte A, Soares E, Costa JP, Colaço M, Schmutz M, Som C, Borchard G, Wick P, Borges O. Chitosan Nanoparticles: Shedding Light on Immunotoxicity and Hemocompatibility. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:100. [PMID: 32154232 PMCID: PMC7047933 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) assumed an important role in the area of drug delivery. Despite the number of studies including NPs are growing over the last years, their side effects on the immune system are often ignored or omitted. One of the most studied polymers in the nano based drug delivery system field is chitosan (Chit). In the scientific literature, although the physicochemical properties [molecular weight (MW) or deacetylation degree (DDA)] of the chitosan, endotoxin contamination and appropriate testing controls are rarely reported, they can strongly influence immunotoxicity results. The present work aimed to study the immunotoxicity of NPs produced with different DDA and MW Chit polymers and to benchmark it against the polymer itself. Chit NPs were prepared based on the ionic gelation of Chit with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). This method allowed the production of two different NPs: Chit 80% NPs (80% DDA) and Chit 93% NPs (93% DDA). In general, we found greater reduction in cell viability induced by Chit NPs than the respective Chit polymers when tested in vitro using human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) or RAW 264.7 cell line. In addition, Chit 80% NPs were more cytotoxic for PBMCs, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (above 156 μg/mL) in the RAW 264.7 cell line and interfered with the intrinsic pathway of coagulation (at 1 mg/mL) when compared to Chit 93% NPs. On the other hand, only Chit 93% NPs induced platelet aggregation (at 2 mg/mL). Although Chit NPs and Chit polymers did not stimulate the nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, they induced a decrease in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production at all tested concentrations. None of Chit NPs and polymers caused hemolysis, nor induced PBMCs to secrete TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines. From the obtained results we concluded that the DDA of the Chit polymer and the size of Chit NPs influence the in vitro immunotoxicity results. As the NPs are more cytotoxic than the corresponding polymers, one should be careful in the extrapolation of trends from the polymer to the NPs, and in the comparisons among delivery systems prepared with different DDA chitosans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Marques
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alana Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edna Soares
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Panão Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Colaço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Schmutz
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Balijepalli AS, Sabatelle RC, Chen M, Suki B, Grinstaff MW. A Synthetic Bioinspired Carbohydrate Polymer with Mucoadhesive Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:704-710. [PMID: 31701611 PMCID: PMC7754715 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive polymers are of significant interest to the pharmaceutical, medical device, and cosmetic industries. Polysaccharides possessing charged functional groups, such as chitosan, are known for mucoadhesive properties but suffer from poor chemical definition and solubility, while the chemical synthesis of polysaccharides is challenging with few reported examples of synthetic carbohydrate polymers with engineered-in ionic functionality. We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a synthetic, cationic, enantiopure carbohydrate polymer inspired by the structure of chitosan. These water-soluble, cytocompatible polymers are prepared via an anionic ring-opening polymerization of a bicyclic β-lactam sugar monomer. The synthetic method provides control over the site of amine functionalization and the length of the polymer while providing narrow dispersities. These well-defined polymers are mucoadhesive as documented in single-molecule scale (AFM), bulk solution phase (FRAP), and ex vivo tissue experiments. Polymer length and functionality affects bioactivity as long, charged polymers display higher mucoadhesivity than long, neutral polymers or short, charged polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant S Balijepalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Robert C Sabatelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mingfu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bela Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 712 Beacon Street, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- School of Medicine, Boston University, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
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13
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Balijepalli AS, Hamoud A, Grinstaff MW. Cationic poly-amido-saccharides: stereochemically-defined, enantiopure polymers from anionic ring-opening polymerization of an amino-sugar monomer. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We expand the scope of the PAS methodology and evaluate multiple synthetic routes to generate a regioselectively-functionalized 6-amino carbohydrate polymer sharing key properties with natural polysaccharides, including high water-solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Boston University
- Boston
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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14
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Fasolino I, Raucci MG, Soriente A, Demitri C, Madaghiele M, Sannino A, Ambrosio L. Osteoinductive and anti-inflammatory properties of chitosan-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 105:110046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Balijepalli AS, Sabatelle RC, Chen M, Suki B, Grinstaff MW. A Synthetic Bioinspired Carbohydrate Polymer with Mucoadhesive Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant S. Balijepalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Robert C. Sabatelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mingfu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Bela Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington Mall Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Chemistry Boston University 712 Beacon Street Boston MA 02215 USA
- School of Medicine Boston University 72 East Concord Street Boston MA 02118 USA
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16
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Jesus S, Schmutz M, Som C, Borchard G, Wick P, Borges O. Hazard Assessment of Polymeric Nanobiomaterials for Drug Delivery: What Can We Learn From Literature So Far. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:261. [PMID: 31709243 PMCID: PMC6819371 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of nanobiomaterials, such as their small size and high surface area ratio, make them attractive, novel drug-carriers, with increased cellular interaction and increased permeation through several biological barriers. However, these same properties hinder any extrapolation of knowledge from the toxicity of their raw material. Though, as suggested by the Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept, the hazard assessment should be the starting point for the formulation development. This may enable us to select the most promising candidates of polymeric nanobiomaterials for safe drug-delivery in an early phase of innovation. Nowadays the majority of reports on polymeric nanomaterials are focused in optimizing the nanocarrier features, such as size, physical stability and drug loading efficacy, and in performing preliminary cytocompatibility testing and proving effectiveness of the drug loaded formulation, using the most diverse cell lines. Toxicological studies exploring the biological effects of the polymeric nanomaterials, particularly regarding immune system interaction are often disregarded. The objective of this review is to illustrate what is known about the biological effects of polymeric nanomaterials and to see if trends in toxicity and general links between physicochemical properties of nanobiomaterials and their effects may be derived. For that, data on chitosan, polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and policaprolactone (PCL) nanomaterials will be evaluated regarding acute and repeated dose toxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, toxicity on reproduction and hemocompatibility. We further intend to identify the analytical and biological tests described in the literature used to assess polymeric nanomaterials toxicity, to evaluate and interpret the available results and to expose the obstacles and challenges related to the nanomaterial testing. At the present time, considering all the information collected, the hazard assessment and thus also the SbD of polymeric nanomaterials is still dependent on a case-by-case evaluation. The identified obstacles prevent the identification of toxicity trends and the generation of an assertive toxicity database. In the future, in vitro and in vivo harmonized toxicity studies using unloaded polymeric nanomaterials, extensively characterized regarding their intrinsic and extrinsic properties should allow to generate such database. Such a database would enable us to apply the SbD approach more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mélanie Schmutz
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Laboratory for Technology and Society, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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Islam MR, Kwak J, Lee J, Hong S, Khan MRI, Lee Y, Lee Y, Lee S, Hwang I. Cost-effective production of tag-less recombinant protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1094-1105. [PMID: 30468023 PMCID: PMC6523591 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have recently received a great deal of attention as a means of producing recombinant proteins. Despite this, a limited number of recombinant proteins are currently on the market and, if plants are to be more widely used, a cost-effective and efficient purification method is urgently needed. Although affinity tags are convenient tools for protein purification, the presence of a tag on the recombinant protein is undesirable for many applications. A cost-effective method of purification using an affinity tag and the removal of the tag after purification has been developed. The family 3 cellulose-binding domain (CBM3), which binds to microcrystalline cellulose, served as the affinity tag and the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-specific protease were used to remove it. This method, together with size-exclusion chromatography, enabled purification of human interleukin-6 (hIL6) with a yield of 18.49 mg/kg fresh weight from leaf extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. Plant-produced hIL6 (P-hIL6) contained less than 0.2 EU/μg (0.02 ng/mL) endotoxin. P-hIL6 activated the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcriptional pathways in human LNCaP cells, and induced expression of IL-21 in activated mouse CD4+ T cells. This approach is thus a powerful method for producing recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reyazul Islam
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Ju‐Won Kwak
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Jeon‐soo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Sung‐Wook Hong
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Md Rezaul Islam Khan
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yongjik Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Seung‐Woo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
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18
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Concentration of Chondrogenic Soluble Factors in Freshly Harvested Lipoaspirate. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 83:344-351. [PMID: 30994491 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage tissue has a limited capacity for healing with the consequence that patients are often treated symptomatically until they become candidates for osteotomy or total joint replacement. Alternative biological therapies, for example, application of platelet-rich plasma and implantation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells, have emerged as a new treatment modality to repair articular cartilage. In addition, autologous fat transfer is performed for treatment of cartilage defects, example given, in osteoarthrosis, but several questions regarding basic biochemical properties of the transplant remain unanswered. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8, cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) have been shown to be involved in chondrogenic regeneration and represent potential therapeutic agents for cartilage repair. However, no study regarding naturally occurring levels of these soluble factors in transplanted adipose tissue has yet been performed. METHODS To investigate the influence of age, body mass index, donor site, and sex on the concentration of BMP4, MMP-8, COMP, and CHI3L1 in freshly aspirated adipose tissue, their content was measured by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay readings. RESULTS There were significant quantities of BMP4, MMP-8, COMP, and CHI3L1 (23.6, 249.9, 298.0, and 540.6 pg/mg, respectively) in the lipoaspirate harvested for transplantation. There was no correlation between the content of soluble factors and the patients' age or body mass index. Furthermore, the sex did not affect the amount of the investigated factors. However, there were significantly lower contents of BMP4, COMP, and CHI3L1 found in lipoaspirates harvested from the abdomen compared with nonabdominal donor sites. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occurring differences in the concentrations of the investigated soluble factors will favor certain donor sites for autologous fat transfer in the field of cartilage repair. Thus, increasing knowledge will enable researchers and clinicians to make autologous fat transfer procedures more reliable and efficient for treatment of articular cartilage defects.
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19
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Lebre F, Lavelle EC, Borges O. Easy and effective method to generate endotoxin-free chitosan particles for immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:920-928. [PMID: 30805935 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cationic biopolymer chitosan (CH) has emerged as a promising candidate adjuvant due to its safety profile and immunostimulatory properties. The presence of endotoxin contamination in biomaterials is generally underappreciated and can generate misleading results. It is important to establish a convenient methodology to obtain large amounts of high quality chitosan nanoparticles for biomedical applications. METHODS We developed an easy method to generate endotoxin-free chitosan and assessed its purity using the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay and by measuring dendritic cell activation. KEY FINDINGS Purified chitosan-based formulations alone failed to induce production of the proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) generated from C57BL/6 mice, while maintaining its ability to promote IL-1β secretion in combination with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-9 agonist, CpG. Moreover, BMDCs from C3H/HeN and TLR4-deficient mice, C3H/HeJ were stimulated with endotoxin-free chitosan-based formulations and no differences were observed in IL-6 and IL-1β secretion, excluding the involvement of TLR-4 in the immunomodulatory effects of chitosan. CONCLUSIONS The developed method provides simple guidelines for the production of endotoxin-free chitosan, ideal for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lebre
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and RCSI, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Olga Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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20
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Gupta N, Susa K, Yoda Y, Bonventre JV, Valerius MT, Morizane R. CRISPR/Cas9-based Targeted Genome Editing for the Development of Monogenic Diseases Models with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN STEM CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 45:e50. [PMID: 30040245 PMCID: PMC6060633 DOI: 10.1002/cpsc.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a formidable tool for disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine using human cells and tissues in vitro. Evolving techniques of targeted genome editing, specifically the CRISPR/Cas9 system, allow for the generation of cell lines bearing gene-specific knock-outs, knock-in reporters, and precise mutations. However, there are increasing concerns related to the transfection efficiency, cell viability, and maintenance of pluripotency provided by genome-editing techniques. The procedure presented here employs transient antibiotic selection that overcomes reduced transfection efficiency, avoids cytotoxic flow sorting for increased viability, and generates multiple genome-edited pluripotent hPSC lines expanded from a single parent cell. Avoidance of xenogeneic contamination from feeder cells and reduced operator workload, owing to single-cell passaging rather than clump passaging, are additional benefits. The outlined methods may enable researchers with limited means and technical experience to create human stem cell lines containing desired gene-specific mutations. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gupta
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Koichiro Susa
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yoko Yoda
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - M Todd Valerius
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ryuji Morizane
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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Silva AL, Peres C, Conniot J, Matos AI, Moura L, Carreira B, Sainz V, Scomparin A, Satchi-Fainaro R, Préat V, Florindo HF. Nanoparticle impact on innate immune cell pattern-recognition receptors and inflammasomes activation. Semin Immunol 2017; 34:3-24. [PMID: 28941640 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based strategies can dramatically impact the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of a wide range of diseases. Despite the unprecedented success achieved with the use of nanomaterials to address unmet biomedical needs and their particular suitability for the effective application of a personalized medicine, the clinical translation of those nanoparticulate systems has still been impaired by the limited understanding on their interaction with complex biological systems. As a result, unexpected effects due to unpredicted interactions at biomaterial and biological interfaces have been underlying the biosafety concerns raised by the use of nanomaterials. This review explores the current knowledge on how nanoparticle (NP) physicochemical and surface properties determine their interactions with innate immune cells, with particular attention on the activation of pattern-recognition receptors and inflammasome. A critical perspective will additionally address the impact of biological systems on the effect of NP on immune cell activity at the molecular level. We will discuss how the understanding of the NP-innate immune cell interactions can significantly add into the clinical translation by guiding the design of nanomedicines with particular effect on targeted cells, thus improving their clinical efficacy while minimizing undesired but predictable toxicological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - João Conniot
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana I Matos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Liane Moura
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Sainz
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anna Scomparin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel and dSagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel and dSagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Véronique Préat
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
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22
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Obeng EM, Dullah EC, Razak NSA, Danquah MK, Budiman C, Ongkudon CM. Elucidating endotoxin-biomolecule interactions with FRET: extending the frontiers of their supramolecular complexation. J Biol Methods 2017; 4:e71. [PMID: 31453229 PMCID: PMC6706125 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin has been one of the topical chemical contaminants of major concern to researchers, especially in the field of bioprocessing. This major concern of researchers stems from the fact that the presence of Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin in intracellular products is unavoidable and requires complex downstream purification steps. For instance, endotoxin interacts with recombinant proteins, peptides, antibodies and aptamers and these interactions have formed the foundation for most biosensors for endotoxin detection. It has become imperative for researchers to engineer reliable means/techniques to detect, separate and remove endotoxin, without compromising the quality and quantity of the end-product. However, the underlying mechanism involved during endotoxin-biomolecule interaction is still a gray area. The use of quantitative molecular microscopy that provides high resolution of biomolecules is highly promising, hence, may lead to the development of improved endotoxin detection strategies in biomolecule preparation. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy is one of the emerging most powerful tools compatible with most super-resolution techniques for the analysis of molecular interactions. However, the scope of FRET has not been well-exploited in the analysis of endotoxin-biomolecule interaction. This article reviews endotoxin, its pathophysiological consequences and the interaction with biomolecules. Herein, we outline the common potential ways of using FRET to extend the current understanding of endotoxin-biomolecule interaction with the inference that a detailed understanding of the interaction is a prerequisite for the design of strategies for endotoxin identification and removal from protein milieus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene M Obeng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Elvina C Dullah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | | | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University Sarawak, Miri, Sarawak 98009, Malaysia
| | - Cahyo Budiman
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
| | - Clarence M Ongkudon
- Biotechnology Research Institute, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 88400, Malaysia
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23
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Ravindranathan S, Koppolu BP, Smith SG, Zaharoff DA. Effect of Chitosan Properties on Immunoreactivity. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14050091. [PMID: 27187416 PMCID: PMC4882565 DOI: 10.3390/md14050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a widely investigated biopolymer in drug and gene delivery, tissue engineering and vaccine development. However, the immune response to chitosan is not clearly understood due to contradicting results in literature regarding its immunoreactivity. Thus, in this study, we analyzed effects of various biochemical properties, namely degree of deacetylation (DDA), viscosity/polymer length and endotoxin levels, on immune responses by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Chitosan solutions from various sources were treated with mouse and human APCs (macrophages and/or dendritic cells) and the amount of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) released by the cells was used as an indicator of immunoreactivity. Our results indicate that only endotoxin content and not DDA or viscosity influenced chitosan-induced immune responses. Our data also indicate that low endotoxin chitosan (<0.01 EU/mg) ranging from 20 to 600 cP and 80% to 97% DDA is essentially inert. This study emphasizes the need for more complete characterization and purification of chitosan in preclinical studies in order for this valuable biomaterial to achieve widespread clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ravindranathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Bhanu Prasanth Koppolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - Sean G Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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24
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Gudmundsdottir S, Lieder R, Sigurjonsson OE, Petersen PH. Chitosan leads to downregulation of YKL-40 and inflammasome activation in human macrophages. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:2778-85. [PMID: 25684555 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, is used as biomaterial in diverse settings. It is also found on pathogens and can be proinflammatory. Shorter derivatives of chitosan can be generated chemically or enzymatically, chitosan oligosaccharides (ChOS). There is variation in the chemical composition of ChOS, including size distribution, but in general, they have been described as inert or anti-inflammatory. Active human chitinases can cleave chitin and chitosan, while inactive chitinases bind both but do not cleave. Both active and inactive chitinases have important roles in the immune response. The inactive chitinase YKL-40 is expressed highly during inflammation and has been proposed as a marker of poor prognosis. YKL-40 acts as a negative regulator of the inflammasome and as a positive regulator of angiogenesis. Levels of YKL-40 can therefore regulate levels of inflammation, the extent of angiogenesis, and the process of inflammation resolution. This study shows that chitosan leads to reduced secretion of YKL-40 by primary human macrophages and that this is concomitant with inflammasome activation. This was most pronounced with a highly deacetylated ChOS. No effect on the secretion of the active chitinase Chit-1 was detected. Smaller and more acetylated ChOS did not affect YKL-40 levels nor inflammasome activation. We conclude that this effect on the levels of YKL-40 is a part of the proinflammatory mechanisms of chitosan and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Gudmundsdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Ramona Lieder
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, 105, Iceland.,School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Olafur E Sigurjonsson
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, Reykjavik, 105, Iceland.,School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Menntavegur 1, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Petur H Petersen
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland.,Biomedical Center, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
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25
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles impair endothelial integrity and inhibit nitric oxide production. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:4896-4911. [PMID: 25123083 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are widely used both clinically and experimentally for diverse in vivo applications, such as contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia and drug delivery. Biomedical applications require particles to have defined physical and chemical properties, and to be stable in biological media. Despite a suggested low cytotoxic action, adverse reactions of SPION in concentrations relevant for biomedical use have not yet been studied in sufficient detail. In the present work we employed Endorem®, dextran-stabilized SPION approved as an intravenous contrast agent, and compared its action to a set of other nanoparticles with potential for magnetic resonance imaging applications. SPION in concentrations relevant for in vivo applications were rapidly taken up by endothelial cells and exhibited no direct cytotoxicity. Electric cell impedance sensing measurements demonstrated that SPION, but not BaSO4/Gd nanoparticles, impaired endothelial integrity, as was confirmed by increased intercellular gap formation in endothelial monolayers. These structural changes induced the subcellular translocation and inhibition of the cytoprotective and anti-atherosclerotic enzyme endothelial NO-synthase and reduced NO production. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory NO production of macrophages was not affected by SPION. In conclusion, our data suggest that SPION might substantially alter endothelial integrity and function at therapeutically relevant doses, which are not cytotoxic.
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26
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Vasiliev YM. Chitosan-based vaccine adjuvants: incomplete characterization complicates preclinical and clinical evaluation. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:37-53. [PMID: 25262982 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.956729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of preclinical and clinical studies with chitosan-adjuvanted antigen- and DNA-based vaccines have been carried out. Various chitosans and their modifications, in different forms (solutions, powders, gels and particles), have been evaluated with various antigens administered via different routes. Chitosan is a generic name for a wide array of glucosamine-based substances derived from biological sources, and standardization is necessary. However, in most of the studies published to date, molecular weight, viscosity, deacetylation degree and/or purity level (especially endotoxins) are not provided for the initial chitosan substance and/or final formulation and the preparation procedure is not detailed. Evaluation of adjuvant properties is challenging, given that the only available data are insufficient to demonstrate immunogenicity for chitosans with characteristics within certain intervals to elucidate mechanisms of action or to exclude impurities as the active substance. These and other issues of chitosan-based vaccine adjuvants are summarized and a step-by-step evaluation approach for chitosan-based vaccine adjuvants is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M Vasiliev
- Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, M. Kazeny lane, 5a, Moscow, 105064, Russian Federation
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27
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Vagenende V, Ching TJ, Chua RJ, Jiang QZ, Gagnon P. Self-assembly of lipopolysaccharide layers on allantoin crystals. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 120:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Lieder R, Sigurjonsson OE. The Effect of Recombinant Human Interleukin-6 on Osteogenic Differentiation and YKL-40 Expression in Human, Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Biores Open Access 2014; 3:29-34. [PMID: 24570843 PMCID: PMC3929134 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2013.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells are an attractive cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, especially because of their differentiation potential toward the mesenchymal lineage. Furthermore, this cell type participates in the regeneration of tissue damage and plays an important role in immunity. Similarly, chitinase-like proteins have been proposed to aid in tissue remodeling, inflammation, and differentiation processes. The chitinase-like protein YKL-40 in particular is indicated in preventing damage to the extracellular matrix in response to proinflammatory cytokines, even though its biological function remains speculative. Finally, interleukin (IL)-6, a pleiotropic acute phase protein, participates in the regulation of bone turnover and immunoregulation. The physiological role of IL-6 in bone homeostasis is complex, exerting different effects on osteoblasts and osteoclasts depending on their differentiation stage. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of recombinant human IL-6 (5 ng/mL) on YKL-40 expression and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Recombinant human IL-6 induced a donor-dependent change in mineralization and significantly promoted YKL-40 protein secretion. However, YKL-40 gene expression remained unaffected, and no statistically significant differences in the expression of osteogenic marker genes could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lieder
- REModeL Lab, The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik, Iceland . ; School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University , Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Olafur E Sigurjonsson
- REModeL Lab, The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital , Reykjavik, Iceland . ; School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University , Reykjavik, Iceland . ; Biomedical Center, University of Iceland , Reykjavik, Iceland
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29
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Magnusdottir A, Vidarsson H, Björnsson JM, Örvar BL. Barley grains for the production of endotoxin-free growth factors. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:572-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Allantoin as a solid phase adsorbent for removing endotoxins. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1310:15-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Lind KF, Hansen E, Østerud B, Eilertsen KE, Bayer A, Engqvist M, Leszczak K, Jørgensen TØ, Andersen JH. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of barettin. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2655-66. [PMID: 23880935 PMCID: PMC3736444 DOI: 10.3390/md11072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present novel bioactivity for barettin isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti. We found that barettin showed strong antioxidant activity in biochemical assays as well as in a lipid peroxidation cell assay. A de-brominated synthetic analogue of barettin did not show the same activity in the antioxidant cell assay, indicating that bromine is important for cellular activity. Barettin was also able to inhibit the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα from LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. This combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities could indicate that barettin has an atheroprotective effect and may therefore be an interesting product to prevent development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne F. Lind
- MabCent-SFI, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-776-49268
| | - Espen Hansen
- Marbio, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (E.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Bjarne Østerud
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Karl-Erik Eilertsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Magnus Engqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Kinga Leszczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Trond Ø. Jørgensen
- MabCent-SFI, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Jeanette H. Andersen
- Marbio, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (E.H.); (J.H.A.)
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32
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Lieder R, Petersen PH, Sigurjónsson ÓE. Endotoxins-the invisible companion in biomaterials research. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 19:391-402. [PMID: 23350734 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal implants and polymeric devices for the application in the clinical treatment of orthopedic tissue injuries are increasingly coated with bioactive biomaterials derived from natural substances to induce desirable biological effects. Many metals and polymers used in biomaterials research show high affinity for endotoxins, which are abundant in the environment. Endotoxin contamination is indicated in the pathology of periodontitis and aseptic implant loosening, but may also affect the evaluation of a biomaterial's bioactivity by inducing strong inflammatory reactions. In this review, we discuss the high affinity of three commonly used implant biomaterials for endotoxins and how the contamination can affect the outcome of the orthopedic fixation. The chemical nature of bacterial endotoxins and some of the clinical health implications are described, as this knowledge is critically important to tackle the issues associated with the measurement and removal of endotoxins from medical devices. Commonly used methods for endotoxin testing and removal from natural substances are examined and the lack of standard guidelines for the in vitro evaluation of biomaterials is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Lieder
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
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