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Fang SC, Chen S, Trachtenberg F, Rokicki S, Adamkiewicz G, Levy DE. Validity of Self-Reported Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Non-Smoking Adult Public Housing Residents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155024. [PMID: 27171392 PMCID: PMC4865127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) in public multi-unit housing (MUH) is of concern. However, the validity of self-reports for determining TSE among non-smoking residents in such housing is unclear. METHODS We analyzed data from 285 non-smoking public MUH residents living in non-smoking households in the Boston area. Participants were interviewed about personal TSE in various locations in the past 7 days and completed a diary of home TSE for 7 days. Self-reported TSE was validated against measurable saliva cotinine (lower limit of detection (LOD) 0.02 ng/ml) and airborne apartment nicotine (LOD 5 ng). Correlations, estimates of inter-measure agreement, and logistic regression assessed associations between self-reported TSE items and measurable cotinine and nicotine. RESULTS Cotinine and nicotine levels were low in this sample (median = 0.026 ng/ml and 0.022 μg/m(3), respectively). Prevalence of detectable personal TSE was 66.3% via self-report and 57.0% via measurable cotinine (median concentration among those with cotinine>LOD: 0.057 ng/ml), with poor agreement (kappa = 0.06; sensitivity = 68.9%; specificity = 37.1%). TSE in the home, car, and other peoples' homes was weakly associated with cotinine levels (Spearman correlations rs = 0.15-0.25), while TSE in public places was not associated with cotinine. Among those with airborne nicotine and daily diary data (n = 161), a smaller proportion had household TSE via self-report (41.6%) compared with measurable airborne nicotine (53.4%) (median concentration among those with nicotine>LOD: 0.04 μg/m(3)) (kappa = 0.09, sensitivity = 46.5%, specificity = 62.7%). CONCLUSIONS Self-report alone was not adequate to identify individuals with TSE, as 31% with measurable cotinine and 53% with measurable nicotine did not report TSE. Self-report of TSE in private indoor spaces outside the home was most associated with measurable cotinine in this low-income non-smoking population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona C. Fang
- New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA, United States of America
| | - Shan Chen
- New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Slawa Rokicki
- Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gary Adamkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Levy
- Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hwang JH, Park SW. Sex and Age Differences in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home among Korean Adolescents: A Nationally Representative Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:241. [PMID: 26907314 PMCID: PMC4772261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The authors assessed sex and age differences in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among vulnerable adolescent populations. Data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey of 64,499 non-smokers aged 13-18 years were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Girls were exposed 1.26 times (95% confidence interval, 1.21-1.32) more to home SHS than boys, and the younger adolescents were more likely to be exposed to home SHS than were the older, regardless of sex (p < 0.001). Younger girls living with or without current smokers and the younger boys living with current smokers were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home, when the data were stratified according to current household member smoking, which was one of the main risk factors for SHS exposure at home. Girls living with current smokers were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home than boys regardless age. Girls and younger adolescents, populations vulnerable to smoke exposure, were more likely to be exposed to SHS at home, even though they should be more protected. It is necessary to improve home SHS awareness, especially among these vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyun Hwang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
| | - Soon-Woo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea.
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Park S, Lim S, Kim J, Lee H, June KJ. Socioeconomic disparities in household secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking adolescents in the Republic of Korea. Glob Public Health 2015; 12:1104-1121. [PMID: 26654579 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1117119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This nationally representative study examined (a) gender and age differences in household secondhand smoke exposure (HSHSE) and (b) associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and HSHSE among non-smoking Korean adolescents. Two subsamples were analysed: males (n = 25,648) and females (n = 30,240). The HSHSE measures were incidence of HSHSE (yes/no) and number of days of HSHSE (1-7 days); the SES measures were parental education, perceived economic status, and family wealth. For the first aim, chi-square test, t-test, and bivariate negative binomial regression analysis were performed; For the second aim, multivariate logistic regression and negative binomial regression analyses were performed. The incidence and number of days of HSHSE were significantly higher among females (32.35% and 3.48 days) than males (26.83% and 3.08 days). The HSHSE incidence was significantly higher among younger adolescents (23.32% to 31.08% of males and 26.58% to 37.03% of females). Lower SES was associated with (a) greater odds of HSHSE (odds ratio: 1.12-1.58 among males and 1.19-1.85 among females) and (b) greater incidence rates of HSHSE (incidence rate ratio: 1.05-1.17 among males and 1.10-1.14 among females). Efforts should be made to decrease HSHSE among adolescents, particularly low-SES youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhee Park
- a College of Nursing Science, East-West Nursing Research Institute , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwon Lim
- b Research Institute of Health Sciences , Korea University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Kim
- c Department of Nursing, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Haein Lee
- c Department of Nursing, Graduate School , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ja June
- d Department of Nursing , Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan , Republic of Korea
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Okoli C. A Comparison of Survey Measures and Biomarkers of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Nonsmokers. Public Health Nurs 2015; 33:82-9. [PMID: 26010045 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure causes several adverse physical health outcomes. Conceptual differences in survey measures of 'psychosocial' (SHS exposure from smokers in an individual's life) and 'physical' (environments where an individual is exposed to SHS) SHS exposure exist. Few studies have examined the association between psychosocial and physical SHS exposures measures in comparison to biomarkers of SHS exposure. DESIGN AND SAMPLE A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data was examined among a convenience sample of 20 adults. MEASURES Data included survey items on SHS exposure and hair nicotine and saliva cotinine levels. Spearman analysis was used to assess correlations among variables. RESULTS Medium and strong correlations were found among SHS exposure measures with the exception of saliva cotinine levels. Strong correlations were found among and between psychosocial and physical SHS exposure measures. Hair nicotine levels had medium strength associations with only perceived frequency of SHS exposure. DISCUSSION As psychosocial measures of exposure were associated with biomarkers, such measures (particularly perceived frequency of SHS exposure) should be added to surveys in addition to physical SHS exposure measures to enhance accuracy of SHS measurement. Future explorations with robust sample sizes should further examine the strength of relationship between psychosocial and physical SHS exposure measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizimuzo Okoli
- University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, Kentucky
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Padrón A, Galán I, Rodríguez-Artalejo F. Second-hand smoke exposure and psychological distress in adolescents. A population-based study. Tob Control 2012; 23:302-7. [PMID: 23002180 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between duration and place of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and psychological distress in adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a representative sample of 4th-year students of secondary education (mean age 15.7 years) in the region of Madrid, Spain. The 2215 students who were not smokers were selected for the analysis. Duration of SHS exposure within and outside the home was obtained by self-report. Psychological distress was defined as a score ≥ 3 points in the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The analyses were made using logistic regression adjusted for demographic variables, lifestyles and family characteristics. RESULTS Among non-smoking adolescents, 27.8% (95% CI 25.5 to 30.0) were exposed to SHS in the home, and 33.6% (95% CI 31.3 to 36.0) outside the home. Compared with those with no SHS exposure in the home, the multivariate OR for psychological distress was 1.23 (95% CI 0.92 to 1.64) in individuals with SHS exposure <1 h/day, 2.07 (95% CI 1.30 to 3.28) for exposure 1-3 h/day, and 2.24 (95% CI 1.45 to 3.47) for exposure >3 h/day (p for linear trend <0.001). No association was observed between SHS exposure outside the home and psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS In non-smoking adolescents, duration of exposure to SHS in the home had a positive dose-response relationship with the frequency of psychological distress. However SHS exposure outside the home did not show an association with mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Padrón
- Public Health Centre, Area 10, Madrid Regional Health Authority, Getafe, Spain
| | - Iñaki Galán
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/ IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Artalejo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/ IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Tobler AL, Komro KA. Contemporary options for longitudinal follow-up: lessons learned from a cohort of urban adolescents. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2011; 34:87-96. [PMID: 21338843 PMCID: PMC3061838 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study reports efforts to locate and survey participants in Project Northland Chicago (PNC), a longitudinal, group-randomized trial of an alcohol preventive intervention for racial/ethnic minority, urban, early-adolescents, 3-4 years following the end of the intervention. Data were collected annually among students from 6th-8th grade and then at age 17-18. Tracking procedures were used to maintain contact with participants and data collection consisted of three phases: (1) Internet- and mail-based surveys; (2) in-school survey administration; and (3) courier service delivery. Contact was lost with 11% of this urban cohort from the end of the PNC intervention activities through these longterm follow-up efforts, as indicated by returned locating postcards. Fifty-three percent of the cohort responded to the survey, the majority completing in Phase 1 of our data collection. Additional school-based and courier-delivery efforts increased our response rate by 11.5%. Costs per completed survey were $118 in Phase 1, $166 in Phase 2, and $440 in Phase 3. This study illustrates that it is possible to track and follow-up a high-risk cohort as they progress through adolescence, even with minimal efforts in intervening years. Lessons learned from this study may inform future efforts to track and collect longitudinal data among high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Tobler
- Corresponding Author: 1329 SW 16 Street, Rm 5130, P.O. Box 100177, Gainesville, FL 32610-0177, USA; Tel. (352) 265-0111 ext. 86268; Fax (352) 265-8047;
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Caporossi L, Santoro A, Papaleo B. Saliva as an analytical matrix: state of the art and application for biomonitoring. Biomarkers 2010; 15:475-87. [PMID: 20450335 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.481364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Analytical tests to measure chemicals in saliva can be employed for numerous analytes, endogenous compounds or xenobiotics. The objective was to determine which chemicals can be analysed with this matrix, which analytical methods are applicable, and what application is possible for biomonitoring. We reviewed the literature using three databases, MEDLINE, PubMed and Scopus, collecting articles on different kinds of analysis in saliva. Studies were principally about molecules of clinical interest, xenobiotics, especially drugs of abuse, and chemicals used at workplaces; some substances show no relevant correlation with exposure data while others seems to be of particular interest for systematic use for biomonitoring. Currently, saliva is used far less than other biological fluids but its use for biomonitoring of exposure to chemicals might open up new areas for research and would certainly simplify the collection of biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Caporossi
- ISPESL-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Prevention, Department of Occupational Medicine, Monteporzio Catone (RM), Italy.
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Johnson-Kozlow M, Wahlgren DR, Hovell MF, Flores DM, Liles S, Hofstetter CR, Zellner J, Zakarian JM. Adolescents validly report their exposure to secondhand smoke. J Clin Epidemiol 2010; 63:914-9. [PMID: 20346628 PMCID: PMC2895011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the validity of child-reported exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and investigated factors, such as child's age, which might affect accuracy of recall. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Participants were drawn from a nonprobability sample of 380 families who completed baseline assessment as part of a randomized trial of an SHS reduction intervention conducted in an urban setting in Southern California. Parents and children (aged 8-13 years) retrospectively reported child's exposure to SHS using timeline followback methodology; reports were compared with child's urine cotinine. RESULTS Validity coefficients for parents and children were comparable (r=0.58 vs. r=0.53), but parents recalled three times more exposure than children (2.2 vs. 0.8 cigarettes per day; P<0.001). Regression models predicting cotinine indicated that including child in addition to parent reports resulted in better prediction than either alone. CONCLUSION When there is a choice, parent reports are preferable over child reports because of decreased underreporting. However, child-reported SHS exposure had adequate validity (r>0.50) and might be appropriate in some situations. Researchers might consider collecting both parent and child reports because each made a unique contribution to the prediction of cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Johnson-Kozlow
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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