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Li X, Caulfield KA, Hartwell KJ, Henderson S, Brady KT, George MS. Reduced executive and reward connectivity is associated with smoking cessation response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. Brain Imaging Behav 2024; 18:207-219. [PMID: 37996557 PMCID: PMC11005027 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00820-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can reduce cue-elicited craving, decrease cigarette consumption, and increase the abstinence rate in tobacco use disorders (TUDs). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the effect of 10 sessions of rTMS on cortical activity and neural networks in treatment-seeking smokers. Smoking cue exposure fMRI scans were acquired before and after the 10 sessions of active or sham rTMS (10 Hz, 3000 pulses per session) to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in 42 treatment-seeking smokers (≥ 10 cigarettes per day). Brain activity and functional connectivity were compared before and after 10 sessions of rTMS. Ten sessions of rTMS significantly reduced the number of cigarettes consumed per day (62.93%) compared to sham treatment (39.43%) at the end of treatment (p = 0.027). fMRI results showed that the rTMS treatment increased brain activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and DLPFC, but decreased brain activity in the bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). The lower strength of dACC and mOFC connectivity was associated with quitting smoking (Wald score = 5.00, p = 0.025). The reduction of cigarette consumption significantly correlated with the increased brain activation in the dACC (r = 0.76, p = 0.0001). By increasing the brain activity in the dACC and prefrontal cortex and decreasing brain activity in the mOFC, 10 sessions of rTMS significantly reduced cigarette consumption and increased quit rate. Reduced drive-reward and executive control functional connectivity was associated with the smoking cessation effect from rTMS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02401672.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingbao Li
- Brain Stimulation Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Kevin A Caulfield
- Brain Stimulation Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Karen J Hartwell
- Brain Stimulation Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kathleen T Brady
- Brain Stimulation Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Mark S George
- Brain Stimulation Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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2
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Luo D, He W, Shen D, Tang B, Tao H, Tang Q, Lai M, Liu J, Liu Y, Xu J, Meng J, Li J. Alterations in the brain functional network of abstinent male individuals with methamphetamine use disorder. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad523. [PMID: 38300175 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that is abused globally and is a serious threat to health worldwide. Unfortunately, the specific mechanism underlying addiction remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the characteristics of functional connectivity in the brain network and the factors influencing methamphetamine use disorder in patients using magnetic resonance imaging. We included 96 abstinent male participants with methamphetamine use disorder and 46 age- and sex-matched healthy controls for magnetic resonance imaging. Compared with healthy controls, participants with methamphetamine use disorder had greater impulsivity, fewer small-world attributes of the resting-state network, more nodal topological attributes in the cerebellum, greater functional connectivity strength within the cerebellum and between the cerebellum and brain, and decreased frontoparietal functional connectivity strength. In addition, after controlling for covariates, the partial correlation analysis showed that small-world properties were significantly associated with methamphetamine use frequency, psychological craving, and impulsivity. Furthermore, we revealed that the small-word attribute significantly mediated the effect of methamphetamine use frequency on motor impulsivity in the methamphetamine use disorder group. These findings may further improve our understanding of the neural mechanism of impulse control dysfunction underlying methamphetamine addiction and assist in exploring the neuropathological mechanism underlying methamphetamine use disorder-related dysfunction and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanlin He
- Radiology Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), No. 20, Xi Mian Qiao Heng Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Danlin Shen
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Chengdu Compulsory Detoxification Center, No. 9 Xue Fu Lu, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongge Tao
- Chengdu Compulsory Detoxification Center, No. 9 Xue Fu Lu, Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Tang
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Lai
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Sichuan Drug Rehabilitation Administration, No. 90 Shu Tong Jie, Jinniu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yishan Liu
- Sichuan Drug Rehabilitation Administration, No. 90 Shu Tong Jie, Jinniu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajun Xu
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinli Meng
- Radiology Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region (Hospital. C.T.), No. 20, Xi Mian Qiao Heng Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 28 Dian Xin Nan Jie, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
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3
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Craft WH, Dwyer CL, Tomlinson DC, Yeh YH, Tegge AN, Bickel WK. Rate-dependent effects of narrative interventions in a longitudinal study of individuals who use alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023; 47:566-576. [PMID: 36810763 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting (DD), the decrease in reward valuation as a function of delay to receipt, is a key process undergirding alcohol use. Narrative interventions, including episodic future thinking (EFT), have decreased delay discounting and demand for alcohol. Rate dependence, the relationship between a baseline rate and change in that rate after an intervention, has been evidenced as a marker of efficacious substance use treatment, but whether narrative interventions have rate-dependent effects needs to be better understood. We investigated the effects of narrative interventions on delay discounting and hypothetical demand for alcohol in this longitudinal, online study. METHODS Individuals (n = 696) reporting high- or low-risk alcohol use were recruited for a longitudinal 3-week survey via Amazon Mechanical Turk. Delay discounting and alcohol demand breakpoint were assessed at baseline. Individuals returned at weeks 2 and 3 and were randomized into the EFT or scarcity narrative interventions and again completed the delay discounting tasks and alcohol breakpoint task. Oldham's correlation was used to explore the rate-dependent effects of narrative interventions. Study attrition as a function of delay discounting was assessed. RESULTS Episodic future thinking significantly decreased, while scarcity significantly increased delay discounting relative to baseline. No effects of EFT or scarcity on the alcohol demand breakpoint were observed. Significant rate-dependent effects were observed for both narrative intervention types. Higher delay discounting rates were associated with a greater likelihood of attrition from the study. CONCLUSION The evidence of a rate-dependent effect of EFT on delay discounting rates offers a more nuanced, mechanistic understanding of this novel therapeutic intervention and can allow more precise treatment targeting by demonstrating who is likely to receive the most benefit from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Yeh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA.,Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
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4
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Naudé GP, Strickland JC, Reed DD, Amlung M. Delay discounting and neurocognitive performance in young adults with differential patterns of substance use: Findings from the Human Connectome Project. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:682-691. [PMID: 34081511 PMCID: PMC9710271 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of individuals who use psychoactive substances regularly use more than one substance. This pattern of behavior, termed polysubstance use, is associated with greater risks than when consuming only a single substance. The present study examined delay discounting, neurocognitive functioning, and demographic indicators among a large, racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of young adults drawn from the Human Connectome Project who reported either non, mono, or dual use of alcohol, tobacco, and/or cannabis. Univariate and multivariate tests suggested individuals who reported using multiple substances were more likely to be male, experienced higher rates of alcohol use disorder, and, when reporting both alcohol use and cannabis involvement, scored lower on a measure of inhibitory control relative to those who reported mono or dual use of alcohol and/or cigarettes. Individuals who reported currently smoking cigarettes exhibited the steepest discounting irrespective of other substances used; however, we observed additive effects for alcohol use and, to a lesser extent, cannabis involvement. Specifically, steeper discounting occurred when individuals who reported either regular alcohol use or > 100 lifetime instances of cannabis use also reported smoking cigarettes. We discuss several hypotheses for this finding related to the diversity of the sample and substances assessed as well as directions for future programmatic lines of research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P. Naudé
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek D. Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Michael Amlung
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Jorge H, Duarte IC, Baptista C, Relvas AP, Castelo-Branco M. Trust-Based Decision-Making in the Health Context Discriminates Biological Risk Profiles in Type 1 Diabetes. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081236. [PMID: 36013185 PMCID: PMC9410470 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical accounts on social decision-making under uncertainty postulate that individual risk preferences are context dependent. Generalization of models of decision-making to dyadic interactions in the personal health context remain to be experimentally addressed. In economic utility-based models, interactive behavioral games provide a framework to investigate probabilistic learning of sequential reinforcement. Here, we model an economic trust game in the context of a chronic disease (Diabetes Type 1) which involves iterated daily decisions in complex social contexts. Ninety-one patients performed experimental trust games in both economic and health settings and were characterized by a multiple self-report set of questionnaires. We found that although our groups can correctly infer pay-off contingencies, they behave differently because patients with a biological profile of preserved glycemic control show adaptive choice behavior both in economic and health domains. On the other hand, patients with a biological profile of loss of glycemic control presented a contrasting behavior, showing non-adaptive choices on both contexts. These results provide a direct translation from neuroeconomics to decision-making in the health domain and biological risk profiles, in a behavioral setting that requires difficult and self-consequential decisions with health impact. Our findings also provide a contextual generalization of mechanisms underlying individual decision-making under uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jorge
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (H.J.); (I.C.D.)
- PIDFIF-Inter-University PhD Program in Clinical Psychology, Family Psychology and Family Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology of Lisbon, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (H.J.); (I.C.D.)
| | - Carla Baptista
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department (SEMD), University and Hospital Center of Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ana Paula Relvas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences & Center for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal; (H.J.); (I.C.D.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Nieto SJ, Venegas A, Burnette EM, MacKillop J, Ray LA. Additive roles of tobacco and cannabis co-use in relation to delay discounting in a sample of heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:1387-1395. [PMID: 34652499 PMCID: PMC9059652 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with steeper delay discounting rates; however, it is unknown whether substance co-use, particularly cannabis use, has an additive effect on discounting rates among heavy drinkers. Furthermore, it is unclear whether substance co-use and delay discounting are independently associated with AUD severity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine whether alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis co-use impacts delay discounting rates. We also sought to determine whether substance co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptom counts. METHODS The study sample was culled from several human laboratory studies and consisted of 483 heavy drinking individuals who completed a baseline visit (prior to experimental procedures). Participants were divided into groups based on self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during the past 30 days: alcohol only (n = 184), alcohol + cigarettes (n = 89), alcohol + cannabis (n = 82), and tri-use (n = 128). We examined discounting rates across the 4 groups and used multiple linear regression to test whether co-use and delay discounting were associated with AUD symptoms. RESULTS After adjusting for covariates, individuals in the alcohol + cannabis group and the tri-use group had steeper discounting rates relative to the alcohol-only group. In addition, tri-use and delay discounting rates were independently correlated with a greater number of AUD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Delay discounting rates were significantly greater among subgroups reporting cannabis use providing partial support for an additive effect, while also highlighting the importance of co-use substance type. Both tri-use and delay discounting were associated with greater AUD severity, which may provide relevant intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Nieto
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
| | - Alexandra Venegas
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Burnette
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Lara A Ray
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Henrico Stam C, van der Veen FM, Franken IH. Is irregular time estimation a common factor in smoking behavior and delay discounting? Addict Behav 2022; 125:107123. [PMID: 34634639 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is known to be associated with steeper delay discounting which is a widely used measure of externalizing behavior. This study investigates individual aspects of time estimation and the extent to which these are associated with differences in delay discounting and smoking behavior. METHODS The study was conducted as an online experiment in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 495), including 51 smokers. Participants completed a serial time estimation, delay discounting task (MCQ), BIS/BAS questionnaire, Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence and an alcohol use assessment (QFV). RESULTS Smoking, heavy drinking and delay discounting were associated with faster estimation of time. Furthermore, smoking and delay discounting were associated with differences in autocorrelation. Fun seeking was associated with smoking and alcohol use, but not with time estimation or delay discounting. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for the hypothesis that an acceleration of the internal clock might lead to time over-estimation which could lead towards delayed consequence sensitivity and addiction. The study also found further evidence for the hypothesis that distortions in time estimation (i.e., autocorrelation) may be related to delay discounting and smoking. Smoking and delay discounting were associated with faster estimations of time and differences in autocorrelation.
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Naudé GP, Reed DD, Jarmolowicz DP, Martin LE, Fox AT, Strickland JC, Johnson MW. Single- and cross-commodity discounting among adults who use alcohol and cannabis: Associations with tobacco use and clinical indicators. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 229:109082. [PMID: 34634563 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay discounting assessments typically involve choices between an immediate outcome and a larger amount of the same outcome after a delay. Real-world choices, however, more often involve qualitatively different alternatives. The primary aim of this study was to examine single- and cross-commodity discounting of money, alcohol, and cannabis, along with clinical measures of alcohol and cannabis use among people who use both alcohol and cannabis, yet differ in tobacco cigarette smoking status (i.e., dual- versus tri-use). METHODS An online crowdsourced sample (N = 318) of people who reported using alcohol and cannabis in the past week completed single- and cross-commodity discounting assessments across each combination of money, alcohol, and cannabis. We recruited a balanced number of people who did and did not also use tobacco cigarettes and examined associations between discounting, tobacco use, and clinical indicators. RESULTS People who reported using tobacco cigarettes in addition to alcohol and cannabis tended to engage in significantly higher rates of harmful alcohol and cannabis use than those who reported using only alcohol and cannabis. Cross-commodity discounting was significantly associated with patterns of harmful alcohol and cannabis use while no associations emerged for single-commodity discounting. CONCLUSIONS Cross-commodity discounting provides a nuanced account of intertemporal choice by incorporating relative commodity valuation and appears to characterize harmful alcohol and cannabis use more clearly than single-commodity arrangements. Further cross-commodity research is needed to better understand the interplay between temporal location and relative commodity value among people who use multiple substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon P Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Derek D Reed
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - David P Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura E Martin
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew T Fox
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew W Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Swann AC, Graham DP, Wilkinson AV, Kosten TR. Nicotine Inhalation and Suicide: Clinical Correlates and Behavioral Mechanisms. Am J Addict 2021; 30:316-329. [PMID: 34109688 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Extensive evidence links smoking and suicide independently of psychiatric diagnoses, but there are questions about the pathophysiology and specificity of this relationship. We examined characteristics of this linkage to identify potential transdiagnostic mechanisms in suicide and its prevention. METHODS We reviewed literature that associated suicide with smoking and e-cigarettes, including the temporal sequence of smoking and suicide risk and their shared behavioral risk factors of sensitization and impulsivity. RESULTS Smoking is associated with increased suicide across psychiatric diagnoses and in the general population, proportionately to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Rapid nicotine uptake into the brain through inhalation of conventional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette), or even second-hand smoke can facilitate long-term sensitization and short-term impulsivity. Both impair action regulation and predispose to negative affect, continued smoking, and suicidal behavior. Intermittent hypoxia, induced by cigarettes or e-cigarettes, synergistically promotes impulsivity and sensitization, exacerbating suicidality. Two other shared behavioral risks also develop negative urgency (combined impulsivity and negative affect) and cross-sensitization to stressors or to other addictive stimuli. Finally, early smoking onset, promoted by e-cigarettes in never-smokers, increases subsequent suicide risk. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Prevention or cessation of nicotine inhalation can strategically prevent suicidality and other potentially lethal behavior regardless of psychiatric diagnoses. Medications for reducing smoking and suicidality, especially in younger smokers, should consider the neurobehavioral mechanisms for acute impulsivity and longer-term sensitization, potentially modulated more effectively through glutamate antagonism rather than nicotine substitution. (Am J Addict 2021;30:316-329).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Swann
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - David P Graham
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Thomas R Kosten
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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10
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Jorge H, Duarte IC, Correia BR, Barros L, Relvas AP, Castelo-Branco M. Successful metabolic control in diabetes type 1 depends on individual neuroeconomic and health risk-taking decision endophenotypes: a new target in personalized care. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-9. [PMID: 33731230 PMCID: PMC9772909 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobehavioral decision profiles have often been neglected in chronic diseases despite their direct impact on major public health issues such as treatment adherence. This remains a major concern in diabetes, despite intensive efforts and public awareness initiatives regarding its complications. We hypothesized that high rates of low adherence are related to risk-taking profiles associated with decision-making phenotypes. If this hypothesis is correct, it should be possible to define these endophenotypes independently based both on dynamic measures of metabolic control (HbA1C) and multidimensional behavioral profiles. METHODS In this study, 91 participants with early-stage type 1 diabetes fulfilled a battery of self-reported real-world risk behaviors and they performed an experimental task, the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). RESULTS K-means and two-step cluster analysis suggest a two-cluster solution providing information of distinct decision profiles (concerning multiple domains of risk-taking behavior) which almost perfectly match the biological partition, based on the division between stable or improving metabolic control (MC, N = 49) v. unstably high or deteriorating states (NoMC, N = 42). This surprising dichotomy of behavioral phenotypes predicted by the dynamics of HbA1C was further corroborated by standard statistical testing. Finally, the BART game enabled to identify groups differences in feedback learning and consequent behavioral choices under ambiguity, showing distinct group choice behavioral patterns. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that distinct biobehavioral endophenotypes can be related to the success of metabolic control. These findings also have strong implications for programs to improve patient adherence, directly addressing risk-taking profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jorge
- PIDFIF* and Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, University of Coimbra, Coimbra-Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. Duarte
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara R. Correia
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Barros
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department (SEMD), University and Hospital Center of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Relvas
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences & Center for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, CIBIT/ICNAS, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Canning JR, Schallert MR, Larimer ME. A Systematic Review of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) in Alcohol Research. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 57:85-103. [PMID: 33592622 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk-taking propensity has been crucial to the investigation of alcohol use and consequences. One measure, the balloon analogue risk task (BART), has been used consistently over the past two decades. However, it is unclear how this measure is related to alcohol outcomes. This paper systematically reviews the literature on the BART and alcohol outcomes. First, direct associations between the BART and alcohol use are reviewed including correlations, group comparisons, the BART's prediction of alcohol outcomes and BART performance after consuming alcohol. Then, potential moderators that explain when and for whom the BART is related to alcohol outcomes are reviewed. Finally, potential mechanisms that explain how the BART and alcohol outcomes are related are reviewed. This review reveals patterns in the BART suggesting risk-taking propensity may be related to changes in alcohol use over time; however, there is little evidence to suggest BART scores increase after consuming alcohol. Yet, additional research suggests adjusted average pump scores may be too simplistic for the amount of information the BART captures and understanding individual's patterns of responses on the BART is important for investigating its relation to alcohol outcomes. Finally, this review opens up several future directions for research to understand how risk-taking propensity is related to alcohol outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Canning
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Macey R Schallert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Larimer
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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12
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Huang S, Dai Y, Zhang C, Yang C, Huang Q, Hao W, Shen H. Higher impulsivity and lower grey matter volume in the bilateral prefrontal cortex in long-term abstinent individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108040. [PMID: 32428790 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that grey matter volume (GMV) might be lower in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder and that dynamic alterations in selected brain regions might appear in individuals after short-term abstinence. However, the GMV of brains in these individuals after long-term abstinence is poorly understood. Moreover, individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder have been considered to have high levels of impulsivity, but the biological mechanism is still unclear. METHODS In this study, the impulsivity of all participants was assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11). Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in conjunction with statistical parametric mapping on structural magnetic resonance images, the GMVs of the whole brain were compared among 32 drug-naïve healthy controls (HC) and 40 individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder who had been abstinent for at least 20 months (SMUD-A). RESULTS We observed significantly higher BIS-11 impulsivity scores and lower GMV in the bilateral superior frontal cortex of SMUD-A individuals than in those of control subjects. The impulsivity score was negatively correlated with GMV in the right superior frontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These findings offer novel evidence with respect to the impulsivity trait and brain GMV feature in long-term abstinent individuals with severe methamphetamine use disorder. Moreover, our findings suggest that lower GMV in the right superior frontal cortex might reflect a trait marker of higher impulsivity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucai Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Substance Dependence, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Dai
- Department of Substance Dependence, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Changcun Zhang
- Pingtang Isolated Compulsory Drug Rehabilitation Center in Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Chinese National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Xiangya, China; Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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13
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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14
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García-Pérez Á, Weidberg S, González-Roz A, Alonso-Pérez F, Secades-Villa R. Relationship between delay discounting and depression in cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106251. [PMID: 31874376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Rieser NM, Shaul L, Blankers M, Koeter MWJ, Schippers GM, Goudriaan AE. The Predictive Value of Impulsivity and Risk-Taking Measures for Substance Use in Substance Dependent Offenders. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:192. [PMID: 31680889 PMCID: PMC6798264 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity and risk-taking are known to have an important impact on problematic substance use and criminal behavior. This study examined the predictive value of baseline self-report and behavioral impulsivity and risk-taking measures [Delay Discounting Task (DDT), Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation Scale (BIS/BAS)] in 12-months follow-up substance use outcomes (e.g., use of alcohol, cannabis and other substances) and criminal recidivism (yes/no). Participants were 213 male offenders with a substance use disorder (SUD) under probation supervision. Bivariate regression analyses showed that BIS and BAS levels were associated (respectively) with the use of alcohol and cannabis. Multiple regression analysis showed that BIS was negatively associated with alcohol use at follow-up, whereas cannabis use at baseline and BAS predicted cannabis use at follow-up. At a trend level, interactions between delay discounting and risk-taking, and interactions between baseline cannabis use and BAS and BART predicted cannabis use at follow-up. Other substance use at follow-up was solely predicted by baseline other substance use. Overall, the findings provide marginal support for the predictive utility of impulsivity and risk-taking in accounting for variability in substance use among offenders with a SUD. This may be partly explained by the fact that only a limited number of psychological factors was assessed in this study. The studied population consists of a severe group, in which relapse into substance use or criminal behavior likely is related to complex, interacting biopsychosocial factors, of which impulsivity measures play a relatively small part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Rieser
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lilach Shaul
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Trimbos Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten W J Koeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerard M Schippers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Is (poly-) substance use associated with impaired inhibitory control? A mega-analysis controlling for confounders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 105:288-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Zhou L, Zhan B, He W, Luo W. Commentary: Deficient Inhibition in Alcohol-Dependence: Let's Consider the Role of the Motor System! Front Neurosci 2019; 13:876. [PMID: 31481870 PMCID: PMC6710439 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lanjun Zhou
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Weiqi He
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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18
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Sehrig S, Weiss A, Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Decision- and feedback-related brain potentials reveal risk processing mechanisms in patients with alcohol use disorder. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13450. [PMID: 31380569 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) are aware of the risks of alcohol abuse yet continue risky drinking. Research indicates that dysfunctional decision processes and trait variables such as impulsivity contribute to this awareness-behavior discrepancy. The present study focused on decision-related versus feedback-related processes as potential contributors to decision making in AUD by examining the relationship between decision choices and decision- and feedback-related ERP phenomena in the balloon analogue risk task (BART). N = 39 AUD and n = 35 healthy comparison participants (HC) performed the BART modified for EEG assessment. In each of 100 runs, participants made a series of choices about whether to pump up a virtual balloon, which popped pseudorandomly, ending the run. Alternatively, participants ended the run by pressing a "cash-out" button. Each pump not producing a pop provided .05 €; popping resulted in loss of the run's accumulated gain. Groups made similar choices, though AUD responded more slowly. The decision P3 200-400 ms after decision prompt (balloon) was larger in AUD than in HC, and decision P3 enhancement on high-risk trials predicted choices to pump. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) after loss (relative to cash out) feedback was smaller in AUD than in HC, suggesting indifference to negative feedback. In AUD, high impulsivity was associated with risk-modulated decision P3 but not FRN. Results indicate atypical decision- and feedback-related processes that could contribute to difficulties in engaging with daily challenges effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sehrig
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biological Psychology and Neuropsychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Barlow P, McKee M, Reeves A, Galea G, Stuckler D. Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:860-869. [PMID: 27818375 PMCID: PMC5637946 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking harms health, so why do people smoke and fail to quit? An explanation originating in behavioural economics suggests a role for time-discounting, which describes how the value of a reward, such as better health, decreases with delay to its receipt. A large number of studies test the relationship of time-discounting with tobacco outcomes but the temporal pattern of this relationship and its variation according to measurement methods remain unclear. We review the association between time-discounting and smoking across (i) the life course, from initiation to cessation, and (ii) diverse discount measures. Methods: We identified 69 relevant studies in Web of Science and PubMed. We synthesized findings across methodologies and evaluated discount measures, study quality and cross-disciplinary fertilization. Results: In 44 out of 54 studies, smokers more greatly discounted the future than non-smokers and, in longitudinal studies, higher discounting predicted future smoking. Smokers with lower time-discount rates achieved higher quit rates. Findings were consistent across studies measuring discount rates using hypothetical monetary or cigarette reward scenarios. The methodological quality of the majority of studies was rated as ‘moderate’ and co-citation analysis revealed an isolation of economics journals and a dearth of studies in public health. Conclusion: There is moderate yet consistent evidence that high time-discounting is a risk factor for smoking and unsuccessful cessation. Policy scenarios assuming a flat rate of population discounting may inadequately capture smokers’ perceptions of costs and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepita Barlow
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Aaron Reeves
- International Inequalities Institute, London School of Economics, London, UK
| | - Gauden Galea
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Life-course, Regional Office for Europe, World Health OrganizationCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Stuckler
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Differences in decision-making as a function of drug of choice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 164:118-124. [PMID: 28927583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poor decision-making is a central feature of all substance use disorders (SUD), but substances vary in the legal and health consequences associated with their use. For example, while the negative health consequences associated with cigarette smoking are often years away, the consequences of heroin abuse can be fatal in mere hours. It remains unclear if users of these substances show decision-making patterns that differ with the relative riskiness of their drug of choice. To address this question, we reviewed studies that compared decision-making of individuals using different substances. We focused on studies assessing two of the most commonly investigated decision-making processes-delay discounting and risk taking-and specifically focused on decision-making that involved selection between options for hypothetical monetary rewards. For delay discounting, we reviewed studies that assessed decisions regarding delayed or immediate monetary rewards, and for risk-taking we reviewed studies using the Iowa Gambling Task. Studies directly comparing different SUD groups were limited in number and tended to compare alcohol or cocaine users to other substance users. Overall, these studies do not support the hypothesis that decision-making differed by drug of choice. Major limitations in the literature include failing to account for comorbid substance use and a lack of prospective longitudinal studies. Due to these limitations, conclusions should be considered provisional. Nonetheless, current findings suggest that these two facets of decision-making are similar across drugs of abuse.
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21
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Toward Narrative Theory: Interventions for Reinforcer Pathology in Health Behavior. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51721-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Etiological theories of addiction: A comprehensive update on neurobiological, genetic and behavioural vulnerability. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 148:59-68. [PMID: 27306332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, about 246 million people around the world have used an illicit drug. The reasons for this use are multiple: e.g. to augment the sensation of pleasure or to reduce the withdrawal and other aversive effects of a given substance. This raises the problem of addiction, which remains a disease of modern society. This review offers a comprehensive update of the different theories about the etiology of addictive behaviors with emphasis on the neurobiological, environmental, psychopathological, behavioural and genetic aspects of addictions, discussed from an evolutionary perspective. The main conclusion of this review is that vulnerability to drug addiction suggests an interaction between many brain systems (including the reward, decision-making, serotonergic, oxytocin, interoceptive insula, CRF, norepinephrine, dynorphin/KOR, orexin and vasopressin systems), genetic predisposition, sociocultural context, impulsivity and drugs types. Further advances in biological and psychological science are needed to address the problems of addiction at its roots.
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23
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Moody L, Franck C, Hatz L, Bickel WK. Impulsivity and polysubstance use: A systematic comparison of delay discounting in mono-, dual-, and trisubstance use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:30-7. [PMID: 26691847 PMCID: PMC4821755 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the association between polysubstance use and impulsivity is pertinent to treatment planning and efficacy. Delay discounting, a measure of impulsivity, supplies the rate at which a reinforcer loses value as the temporal delay to its receipt increases. Excessive delay discounting has been widely observed among drug-using individuals, though the impact of using more than 1 substance has been only minimally studied. Here, after controlling for demographic variables, we systematically compared delay discounting in community controls, heavy smokers, and alcohol- and cocaine-dependent individuals to assess the impact of non-, mono-, dual-, and trisubstance use. All substance-using groups discounted significantly more than did community controls (p < .05). Additionally, groups that smoked cigarettes in addition to another substance dependency discounted significantly more than did the group that smoked cigarettes only (p < .05). Last, trisubstance users who were alcohol-dependent, cocaine-dependent, and heavy cigarette smokers discounted significantly more than did heavy smokers (p < .01). However, trisubstance users did not discount significantly more than did any dual-substance group. Trisubstance use was associated with greater impulsivity than was monosubstance smoking but exhibited no greater impulsivity than did dual-substance use, suggesting a ceiling effect on discounting when more than 2 substances are in use. The present study suggests that smokers who engage in additional substance use may experience worse treatment outcomes, given that excessive discounting is predictive of poor therapeutic outcomes in several studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Moody
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Center, Roanoke, VA, USA, Virginia Tech, Department of Psychology, Blacksburg, VA,
USA
| | - Christopher Franck
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Center, Roanoke, VA, USA, Virginia Tech, Department of Statistics, Blacksburg, VA,
USA
| | - Laura Hatz
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Center, Roanoke, VA, USA
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24
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Comparison of Regional Brain Perfusion Levels in Chronically Smoking and Non-Smoking Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:8198-213. [PMID: 26193290 PMCID: PMC4515717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120708198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with numerous abnormalities in brain neurobiology, but few studies specifically investigated the chronic effects of smoking (compared to the acute effects of smoking, nicotine administration, or nicotine withdrawal) on cerebral perfusion (i.e., blood flow). Predominately middle-aged male (47 ± 11 years of age) smokers (n = 34) and non-smokers (n = 27) were compared on regional cortical perfusion measured by continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance studies at 4 Tesla. Smokers showed significantly lower perfusion than non-smokers in the bilateral medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortices, bilateral inferior parietal lobules, bilateral superior temporal gyri, left posterior cingulate, right isthmus of cingulate, and right supramarginal gyrus. Greater lifetime duration of smoking (adjusted for age) was related to lower perfusion in multiple brain regions. The results indicated smokers showed significant perfusion deficits in anterior cortical regions implicated in the development, progression, and maintenance of all addictive disorders. Smokers concurrently demonstrated reduced blood flow in posterior brain regions that show morphological and metabolic aberrations as well as elevated beta amyloid deposition demonstrated by those with early stage Alzheimer disease. The findings provide additional novel evidence of the adverse effects of cigarette smoking on the human brain.
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25
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Weafer J, Mitchell SH, de Wit H. Recent Translational Findings on Impulsivity in Relation to Drug Abuse. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2014; 1:289-300. [PMID: 25678985 PMCID: PMC4323183 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-014-0035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive behavior is strongly implicated in drug abuse, as both a cause and a consequence of drug use. To understand how impulsive behaviors lead to and result from drug use, translational evidence from both human and non-human animal studies is needed. Here, we review recent (2009 or later) studies that have investigated two major components of impulsive behavior, inhibitory control and impulsive choice, across preclinical and clinical studies. We concentrate on the stop-signal task as the measure of inhibitory control and delay discounting as the measure of impulsive choice. Consistent with previous reports, recent studies show greater impulsive behavior in drug users compared with non-users. Additionally, new evidence supports the prospective role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse, and has begun to identify the neurobiological mechanisms underlying impulsive behavior. We focus on the commonalities and differences in findings between preclinical and clinical studies, and suggest future directions for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Weafer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Psychiatry, L470, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue MC3077, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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26
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Story GW, Vlaev I, Seymour B, Darzi A, Dolan RJ. Does temporal discounting explain unhealthy behavior? A systematic review and reinforcement learning perspective. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:76. [PMID: 24659960 PMCID: PMC3950931 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency to make unhealthy choices is hypothesized to be related to an individual's temporal discount rate, the theoretical rate at which they devalue delayed rewards. Furthermore, a particular form of temporal discounting, hyperbolic discounting, has been proposed to explain why unhealthy behavior can occur despite healthy intentions. We examine these two hypotheses in turn. We first systematically review studies which investigate whether discount rates can predict unhealthy behavior. These studies reveal that high discount rates for money (and in some instances food or drug rewards) are associated with several unhealthy behaviors and markers of health status, establishing discounting as a promising predictive measure. We secondly examine whether intention-incongruent unhealthy actions are consistent with hyperbolic discounting. We conclude that intention-incongruent actions are often triggered by environmental cues or changes in motivational state, whose effects are not parameterized by hyperbolic discounting. We propose a framework for understanding these state-based effects in terms of the interplay of two distinct reinforcement learning mechanisms: a “model-based” (or goal-directed) system and a “model-free” (or habitual) system. Under this framework, while discounting of delayed health may contribute to the initiation of unhealthy behavior, with repetition, many unhealthy behaviors become habitual; if health goals then change, habitual behavior can still arise in response to environmental cues. We propose that the burgeoning development of computational models of these processes will permit further identification of health decision-making phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles W Story
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London London, UK ; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK
| | - Ivo Vlaev
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Ben Seymour
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute for Information and Communications Technology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London London, UK
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Scheres A, de Water E, Mies GW. The neural correlates of temporal reward discounting. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 4:523-545. [PMID: 26304244 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Scheres
- Developmental Psychology; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Developmental Psychology; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gabry W. Mies
- Developmental Psychology; Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Bickel WK, Koffarnus MN, Moody L, Wilson AG. The behavioral- and neuro-economic process of temporal discounting: A candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Neuropharmacology 2013; 76 Pt B:518-27. [PMID: 23806805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Addiction science would benefit from the identification of a behavioral marker. A behavioral marker could reflect the projected clinical course of the disorder, function as a surrogate measure of clinical outcome, and/or may be related to biological components that underlie the disorder. In this paper we review relevant literature, made possible with the early and sustained support by NIDA, to determine whether temporal discounting, a neurobehavioral process derived from behavioral economics and further explored through neuroeconomics, may function as a behavioral marker. Our review suggests that temporal discounting 1) identifies individuals who are drug-dependent, 2) identifies those at risk of developing drug dependence, 3) acts as a gauge of addiction severity, 4) correlates with all stages of addiction development, 5) changes with effective treatment, and 6) may be related to the biological and genetic processes that underlie addiction. Thus, initial evidence supports temporal discounting as a candidate behavioral marker. Additional studies will be required in several areas for a more conclusive determination. Confirmation that temporal discounting functions as a behavioral marker for addiction could lead to 1) a screen for new treatments, 2) personalization of prevention and treatment interventions, and 3) the extension of temporal discounting as a behavioral marker for other etiologically similar disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'NIDA 40th Anniversary Issue'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren K Bickel
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA.
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Robinson JD, Versace F, Lam CY, Minnix JA, Engelmann JM, Cui Y, Karam-Hage M, Shete SS, Tomlinson GE, Chen TTL, Wetter DW, Green CE, Cinciripini PM. The CHRNA3 rs578776 Variant is Associated with an Intrinsic Reward Sensitivity Deficit in Smokers. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:114. [PMID: 24065931 PMCID: PMC3779859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A compromised brain reward system has been postulated as a key feature of drug dependence. We examined whether several polymorphisms of genes found to regulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and dopamine expression were related to an intrinsic reward sensitivity (IRS) deficit we previously identified among a subgroup of smokers using event-related potentials (ERPs). We examined genetic polymorphisms within the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster (CHRNA3 rs578776, CHRNA5 rs16969968, LOC123688 rs8034191, and CHRNA3 rs1051730), the ANKK1 gene (rs1800497), and the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2 rs1079597, DRD2 rs1799732) from 104 smokers of European ancestry in a smoking cessation trial. Prior to treatment, we recorded ERPs evoked by emotional (both pleasant and unpleasant), neutral, and cigarette-related pictures. Smokers were assigned to two groups (IRS+/IRS-) based on the amplitude of the late positive potential (LPP) component to the pictures, a neural marker of motivational salience. Smokers (n = 42) with blunted brain responses to intrinsically rewarding (pleasant) pictures and enhanced responses to cigarette pictures were assigned to the IRS- group, while smokers (n = 62) with the opposite pattern of LPP responding were assigned to the IRS+ group. Carriers of the protective minor T allele (T/T, C/T) of the CHRNA3 rs578776 were less likely to be members of the IRS- group than those homozygous for the at-risk C allele (C/C). The CHRNA3 rs578776 polymorphism did not differ on questionnaires of nicotine dependence, depressed mood, or trait affective disposition and did not predict abstinence at 6 months after the quit date. These results suggest that polymorphisms of genes influencing nAChR expression are related to an endophenotype of reward sensitivity in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA
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