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Jesch E, Kikut AI, Hornik R. Comparing belief in short-term versus long-term consequences of smoking and vaping as predictors of non-use in a 3-year nationally representative survey study of US youth. Tob Control 2021:tobaccocontrol-2021-056886. [PMID: 34725270 PMCID: PMC9056580 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efforts to prevent youth tobacco use are critical to reducing smoking-related deaths in the USA. Anti-tobacco messaging often focuses on the severe long-term consequences of smoking (eg, fatal lung disease, cancer). It is unclear whether these long-term consequences are more likely to deter youth use than shorter term consequences (eg, headaches, friend disapproval). METHODS A nationally representative 3-year rolling survey of adolescents and young adults (ages 13-26 years) measured belief in potential consequences of two types of tobacco products: combustible cigarettes (n=11 847) and electronic cigarettes (n=4470) as well as intentions and current use. Independent coders classified 23 consequences as either short or long term. Logistic regression tested the associations between short-term (vs long-term) beliefs and current intentions, as well as non-smoking behaviour at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Believing in both short-term and long-term consequences was associated with outcomes, but short-term beliefs were more highly associated with anti-smoking (OR=1.40, 95% CI (1.30 to 1.51)) and anti-vaping (OR=2.10, 95% CI (1.75 to 2.52)) intentions and better predicted non-smoking behaviour at follow-up, controlling for prior use (OR=1.75, 95% CI (1.33 to 2.31)). CONCLUSIONS These results support temporal discounting by adolescents and young adults and suggest health communication efforts aiming to reduce youth tobacco use should emphasise shorter term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jesch
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ava Irysa Kikut
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Cruz TB, Rose SW, Lienemann BA, Byron MJ, Meissner HI, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Huang LL, Carroll DM, Soto C, Unger JB. Pro-tobacco marketing and anti-tobacco campaigns aimed at vulnerable populations: A review of the literature. Tob Induc Dis 2019; 17:68. [PMID: 31582956 PMCID: PMC6770621 DOI: 10.18332/tid/111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We reviewed research literature on pro-tobacco marketing and anti-tobacco campaigns targeting eight vulnerable populations to determine key findings and research gaps. Results can inform tobacco policy and control efforts and the design of public education campaigns for these groups. METHODS Five journal databases in medicine, communication, and science, were used to identify 8875 peer-reviewed, original articles in English, published in the period 2004-2018. There were 144 articles that met inclusion criteria on pro-tobacco marketing or anti-tobacco campaigns aimed at eight US groups: women of reproductive age, racial/ethnic minority groups (African American, Hispanic/Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native), Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender (LGBT) populations, groups with low socioeconomic status, rural/inner city residents, military/veterans, and people with mental health or medical co-morbidities. We summarized the number of articles for each population, type of tobacco, and pro-tobacco or anti-tobacco focus. Narrative summaries were organized by population and by pro-tobacco or anti-tobacco focus, with key strategies and gaps by group. RESULTS There were more studies on pro-tobacco marketing rather than anti-tobacco campaigns, and on cigarettes rather than other tobacco products. Major gaps included studies on Asian Americans, American Indian/Alaska Natives, pregnant women, LGBT populations, and those with mental health or medical co-morbidities. Gaps related to tobacco products were found for hookah, snus, and pipe/roll-your-own tobacco in the pro-tobacco studies, and for all products except cigarettes in anti-tobacco studies. Common tobacco industry methods used were tailoring of product and package design and messages that were used to reach and appeal to different sociodemographic groups. Studies varied by research design making it difficult to compare results. CONCLUSIONS We found major research gaps for specific groups and tobacco products. Public education campaigns need a stronger foundation in empirical studies focused on these populations. Research and practice would benefit from studies that permit comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Boley Cruz
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, United States.,Center for Health Equity Transformation and Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, United States
| | - Brianna A Lienemann
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - M Justin Byron
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Helen I Meissner
- Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - Li-Ling Huang
- Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dana M Carroll
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Claradina Soto
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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Noar SM, Bell T, Kelley D, Barker J, Yzer M. Perceived Message Effectiveness Measures in Tobacco Education Campaigns: A Systematic Review. COMMUNICATION METHODS AND MEASURES 2018; 12:295-313. [PMID: 31428217 PMCID: PMC6699787 DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2018.1483017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Target audience ratings of the likely impact of persuasive messages, known as perceived message effectiveness (PME), are commonly used during message development and selection. PME is also used to examine receptivity of messages after they are fully developed or deployed. Despite this, we know little about the conceptual and methodological characteristics of extant PME measures used in the literature. We conducted a systematic review of tobacco education video, print, and audio campaign studies to examine conceptual and methodological characteristics of PME measures. One hundred twenty-six PME measures from 75 studies conducted in 21 countries with more than 61,000 participants were reviewed. Results indicated considerable variability in measures' focus on general perceptions of a message (i.e., message perceptions) versus perceptions of expected message effects (i.e., effects perceptions). Considerable variability was also found on underlying persuasive constructs, use of referents, and referencing of behavior in PME items and measures. We conclude with several recommendations for future research on PME measurement and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Noar
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Trevor Bell
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Dannielle Kelley
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Joshua Barker
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Marco Yzer
- Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota
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Hayashi H, Tan A, Kawachi I, Viswanath K. Does Segmentation Really Work? Effectiveness of Matched Graphic Health Warnings on Cigarette Packaging by Race, Gender and Chronic Disease Conditions on Cognitive Outcomes among Vulnerable Populations. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2018; 23:523-533. [PMID: 29912655 PMCID: PMC6351315 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2018.1474299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the differential impact of exposure to smoking-related graphic health warnings (GHWs) on risk perceptions and intentions to quit among different audience segments characterized by gender, race/ethnic group, and presence of chronic disease condition. Specifically, we sought to test whether GHWs that portray specific groups (in terms of gender, race, and chronic disease conditions) are associated with differences in risk perception and intention to quit among smokers who match the portrayed group. We used data from Project CLEAR, which oversampled lower SES groups as well as race/ethnic minority groups living in the Greater Boston area (n = 565). We fitted multiple linear regression models to examine the impact of exposure to different GHWs on risk perceptions and quit intentions. After controlling for age, gender, education and household income, we found that women who viewed GHWs portraying females reported increased risk perception as compared to women who viewed GHWs portraying men. However, no other interactions were found between the groups depicted in GHWs and audience characteristics. The findings suggest that audience segmentation of GHWs may have limited impact on risk perceptions and intention to quit smoking among adult smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Hayashi
- McCann Global Health, McCann Erickson, U.S.A., New York, United States of America
| | - Andy Tan
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Translational Health Communication Science, HSPH/DFCI
| | - Ichiro Kawachi
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kasisomayajula Viswanath
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Translational Health Communication Science, HSPH/DFCI
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Kanamori M, Beck KH, Carter-Pokras O. Association of school social networks' influence and mass media factors with cigarette smoking among asthmatic students. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2015; 85:155-62. [PMID: 25611937 PMCID: PMC4429590 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 10% of adolescent students under 18 years have current asthma. Asthmatic adolescents smoke as much or more than non-asthmatic adolescents. We explored the association between exposure to mass media and social networks' influence with asthmatic student smoking, and variations of these exposures by sex. METHODS This study included 9755 asthmatic and 38,487 non-asthmatic middle and high school students. Secondary data analysis incorporated the complex sample design; and univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression statistics. RESULTS Asthmatic students had greater odds of smoking than non-asthmatic students. Asthmatic female students were more likely than asthmatic male students to have been exposed to secondhand smoke in rooms or cars and to smoking actors, but less likely to associate smoking with intent to wear tobacco-marketing products, or with looking cool/fitting in. Asthmatic male and female students, who have smoking friends, were exposed to secondhand smoke in rooms (only girls) or cars, intended to smoke if best friends offered cigarettes, or received/bought tobacco marketing products had greater odds of smoking than other asthmatic students. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations suggest the need for general interventions to reduce middle and high school students' cigarette smoking as well as targeted interventions for asthmatic adolescent students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Kanamori
- Florida International University, HIV Risk Reduction in High Risk Latina Migrant Workers, Center for Research on U.S. Latinos HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, 11200 SW 8th Street. PCA353A, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Kenneth H. Beck
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Behavioral and Community Health( BCH), 2366 SPH Building, CollegePark, MD20742. ()
| | - Olivia Carter-Pokras
- University of Maryland School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health 2234G SPH Bldg., College Park, MD20742. ()
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Parvanta S, Gibson L, Moldovan-Johnson M, Mallya G, Hornik RC. Race and gender moderation of the relationship between cessation beliefs and intentions: is race or gender message segmentation necessary in anti-smoking campaigns? HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2013; 28:857-868. [PMID: 23720493 PMCID: PMC3772333 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyt067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Debate persists over whether different message strategies in anti-smoking campaigns are needed for audiences of different races or genders. This study considers the need for 'message segmentation', which is the process of differentiating the beliefs that might be the focus of messages for population subgroups. We have two aims: (i) lay out an approach that yields evidence about the necessity for message segmentation and (ii) demonstrate and assess findings from this approach using the formative evaluation for the Philadelphia Anti-Smoking Campaign. We examine whether associations between beliefs about quitting smoking and intention to quit are moderated by race (black/white) or gender. Data came from a representative sample of 501 adult smokers (46% black; 56% female) surveyed in July 2010 for the campaign's formative evaluation. Out of 26 beliefs about cessation, 8 were significantly related to cessation intention regardless of subgroup affiliation, suggesting that these would be promising beliefs for messages in a unified campaign. Four beliefs were significant for white smokers only, and three beliefs were significant for female smokers only. The evidence justified a unified message approach because subgroups shared enough beliefs that could become message strategies to increase cessation across smokers without the added costs associated with message segmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Parvanta
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA and Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - L. Gibson
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA and Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - M. Moldovan-Johnson
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA and Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - G. Mallya
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA and Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - R. C. Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA and Philadelphia Department of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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