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Mora-Maltas B, Baenas I, Etxandi M, Lucas I, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Tapia J, Diéguez C, Goudriaan AE, Jiménez-Murcia S. Association between endocrine and neuropsychological endophenotypes and gambling disorder severity. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107968. [PMID: 38447412 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobiological characteristics have been identified regarding the severity of gambling disorder (GD). The aims of this study were: (1) to examine, through a path analysis, whether there was a relationship between neuroendocrine features, potentially mediational GD variables, and GD severity, and (2) to associate neuroendocrine variables, with GD severity-related variables according to gambling preferences. METHODS The sample included 297 outpatients with GD. We analyzed endocrine concentrations of different appetite-related hormones (ghrelin, liver antimicrobial peptide 2 [LEAP-2], leptin, adiponectin), and neuropsychological performance (working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, decision making, premorbid intelligence). Path analysis assessed mechanisms between neuroendocrine features and GD severity, including mediational GD variables (impulsivity traits and gambling-related cognitive distortions). Partial correlations evaluated the associations between neuroendocrine variables, including impulsivity traits, and variables related to GD severity (DSM-5, South Oaks Gambling Screen, illness duration, and gambling-related cognitive distortions). RESULTS Lower adiponectin concentrations predicted greater GD severity, while higher LEAP-2 concentrations predicted more gambling-related cognitive distortions. Likewise, better neuropsychological performance directly predicted GD severity, but worse neuropsychological performance was associated with GD severity through the mediational variables of impulsivity traits and gambling-related cognitive distortions. Also, in non-strategic individuals with GD, poor working memory was associated with gambling expectancies and predictive control. In strategic individuals with GD, poor cognitive flexibility was associated with illusion of control, predictive control, and inability to stop gambling. CONCLUSIONS These results provide updated information about the comprehension of the interaction between neuroendocrine features, clinical variables, and severity of GD. Thus, neurobiological functions seem to be strongly related to GD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Etxandi
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Direction of Ambulatory Processes, South Metropolitan Territorial Management, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Jellinek, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Psychological Services, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Ratković D, Knežević V, Dickov A, Fedrigolli E, Čomić M. Comparison of binge-eating disorder and food addiction. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231171016. [PMID: 37115520 PMCID: PMC10155018 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231171016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, binge-eating disorder (BED) is classified as episodes of binge eating while not being hungry, eating too fast until feeling uncomfortably full, or eating in solitude with feelings of shame and disgust after eating, without compensatory mechanisms. The controversial disorder food addiction (FA) is characterized by overconsumption, cravings, failure to cut down on amounts of food, and withdrawal and tolerance to overeating. In this narrative review, we aimed to comprehensively characterize and compare BED and FA. We searched PubMed using the keywords "binge-eating disorder" and "food addiction." We finally included 51 publications according to topic specificity, credibility, the authors' reputation, and non-bias criteria. BED is characterized by concerns about dietary issues, body shape, and weight as well as depressive symptoms and brooding rumination. FA can be divided into substance addiction and behavioral addiction, which can be differentiated using a list of criteria including hunger, taste, pleasure, function of food, loss of social connections, weight concerns, and awareness about the disorder. Further research is needed to further characterize and distinguish BED and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Ratković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
- Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Vladimir Knežević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
- Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Dickov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
- Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Elsa Fedrigolli
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
| | - Maša Čomić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
- Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
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3
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Adolescent Problem Gambling and Gaming in the Hierarchical Structure of Psychopathology. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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Macía L, Momeñe López J, Macía P, Herrero M, Jauregui P, Iruarrizaga I, Estévez A. Latent classes of eating disorders and addictions by sex: Implication of alexithymia and stressful life events in youths. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1088595. [PMID: 36844334 PMCID: PMC9950640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) and behavioural addictions show common psychological vulnerability factors such as alexithymia and stressful life events (SLE). This study aims, firstly, to explore the prevalence and latent profiles of participants based on their risk of suffering EDs, gambling disorder (GD), alcohol and/or drug abuse, and compulsive buying (CB) by sex. Secondly, it aimed to test whether alexithymia and having experienced SLE are associated with group membership. Methods The sample was predominantly drawn from university students and social networks. It was composed of 352 young adults between 18 and 35 years old, of whom 77.8% were women and 22.2% men. Results The results showed that the most prevalent disorders of the sample were alcohol, EDs, CB, drugs and GD, respectively. Moreover, latent class analyses were conducted based on the risk of suffering EDs or addictions by sex. Three main profiles were found: 'Men with addictions', 'Healthy women' and 'Women with EDs'. Finally, differences in SLE and alexithymia levels were tested by latent classes. "Men with addictions" and "Women with EDs" had higher scores on alexithymia and SLE than the group of "Healthy women". However, the group of "Women with EDs" (class 3) reported significantly higher levels of SLE and alexithymia than the other two groups. Discussion and conclusion In conclusion, we discuss the possibility that some vulnerability factors operate generally and transdiagnostically in EDs and addictive disorders. The identification of clinical phenotypes could complement and deepen prediction, prevention and treatment research in clinical settings. The need to take sex and gender differences into account is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Janire Momeñe López
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jauregui
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iciar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain,*Correspondence: Ana Estévez, ✉
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5
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Bouazza S, Abbouyi S, El Kinany S, El Rhazi K, Zarrouq B. Association between Problematic Use of Smartphones and Mental Health in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2891. [PMID: 36833586 PMCID: PMC9956271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Smartphones have become essential components of daily life, and research into the harmful effects of problematic smartphone use (PSU) on mental health is expanding in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. This issue has yet to be synthesized and critically evaluated. To find quantitative observational studies on the relationship between PSU and mental health in the MENA region, we developed a search equation and adapted it for four databases. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were followed during the selection process. This review included 32 cross-sectional studies and one cohort study. The available language was English. All identified studies published until 8 October 2021, were considered. A modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The studies enrolled 21,487 people and had low-to-moderate methodological quality. The prevalence of PSU ranged from 4.3 to 97.8 percent. The time factor, type of application used on the smartphone, and sociodemographic characteristics were the determinants of PSU. Depression, anxiety, and stress were strongly correlated with PSU. Epidemiological longitudinal studies that respect the quality of evidence are needed in all MENA countries to better plan and implement preventive measures against PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bouazza
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Samira Abbouyi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Kinany
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
| | - Karima El Rhazi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
| | - Btissame Zarrouq
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30070, Morocco
- Department of Biology and Geology, Teachers Training College (Ecole Normale Superieure), Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30030, Morocco
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Remilly M, Mauvieux B, Drigny J. Personality Traits Associated with the Risk of Exercise Dependence in Ultraendurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1042. [PMID: 36673797 PMCID: PMC9858902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exercise dependence (ED) is common in endurance athletes and can lead to physical and psychological distress with various health effects. We designed a prospective cross-sectional study to investigate the personality traits associated with ED among ultraendurance athletes. A total of 507 participants (41.6 (9.8) years, men: 73.7%) completed (1) a screening questionnaire about sociodemographic data, sporting habits, and healthcare data, (2) the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R, 21 items scored from 1 (never) to 6 (always), 7 subscales), (3) the Big Five Inventory (BFI), and (4) 2 items of the SCOFF (Sick-Control-One Stone-Fat-Food) questionnaire regarding possible eating disorders. Based on the EDS-R scores, 37 (7.3%) participants were at risk for ED (scores ≥ 5/6 on ≥3 subscales), 366 (72.2%) were nondependent but symptomatic (scores ≥ 3/6 on ≥3 subscales), and 104 (20.5%) were asymptomatic. Participants with ED had a greater training volume and a higher prevalence of possible eating disorders. A higher level of neuroticism was associated with increased EDS-R scores (r = 0.294; p < 0.001), with significantly higher scores in the ED group (F = 14.50, p < 0.001). The association between neuroticism and ED was not moderated by the presence of eating disorders. These findings will help to screen ultraendurance athletes at risk for ED and optimize their care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Remilly
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Service de Médecine du Sport, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Benoit Mauvieux
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Joffrey Drigny
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CHU de Caen Normandie, Normandie University, Service de Médecine du Sport, Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, INSERM, COMETE, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
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7
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Richard J, Temcheff C, Fletcher É, Lemieux A, Derevensky J, Déry M. Externalizing and internalizing trajectories to adolescent gambling: a longitudinal study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2154378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d’intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l’enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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8
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Roberts CJ, Hurst HT, Hardwicke J. Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating in Competitive Cycling: A Scoping Review. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12120490. [PMID: 36546973 PMCID: PMC9774887 DOI: 10.3390/bs12120490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the findings from a scoping review on eating disorders and disordered eating in competitive cycling. The review was informed by a scoping review methodological framework as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guidelines. PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were used to identify relevant literature for review. Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the full review. A narrative synthesis was used to summarise the main findings and themes across the included literature. Findings from the review are presented under the following themes: cycling as an 'at-risk' discipline; power to weight ratio; energy requirements and risk of low energy availability; the social environment of cycling; nutrition support provision; relationship between eating disorders/disordered eating and exercise addiction; and recommendations made in identified literature. Overall, the literature suggests competitive cycling is a sport with a high prevalence of disordered eating and/or eating disorders and a sport with unique risk factors that contribute to this. Crucially, more research is needed in this area. The article concludes with the gaps in the literature highlighted, implications for future research, and applications to policy and practice suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Jon Roberts
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Howard Thomas Hurst
- Centre for Applied Sport Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jack Hardwicke
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
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Rasul TF, Schwartz KR, Qureshi F, Eachus E, Henderson A. The Potential Cutaneous Effects of Pornography Addiction: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e33066. [PMID: 36721540 PMCID: PMC9883107 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pornography addiction is an area of increasing concern, particularly due to the ubiquitous nature of pornographic material on the Internet. Even so, there is no formal Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) inclusion of compulsive pornography use as a behavioral addiction. Although the psychosocial impacts of pornography addiction have been studied, the risk of direct skin injuries and behavioral changes brought about by excessive pornography usage remain to be seen. Adult males constitute the majority of cases of engaging in risky and violent sexual behaviors with an unclear association with pornography consumption. Adult females may be likely to copy pubic hair trimming patterns analogous to those seen in pornographic content, even though attitudes towards labiaplasty are unclear. Finally, adolescents regularly exposed to pornography have been found to replicate sexual activity seen in pornographic material and have earlier sexual activity. In the literature evaluated, an association between pornographic material and direct cutaneous disease remains a major area of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha F Rasul
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Kayla R Schwartz
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Farhan Qureshi
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Emily Eachus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Armen Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Miami Health System, Miami, USA
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Addictive and other mental disorders: a call for a standardized definition of dual disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:446. [PMID: 36229453 PMCID: PMC9562408 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent difficulty in conceptualizing the relationship between addictive and other mental disorders stands out among the many challenges faced by the field of Psychiatry. The different philosophies and schools of thought about, and the sheer complexity of these highly prevalent clinical conditions make progress inherently difficult, not to mention the profusion of competing and sometimes contradictory terms that unnecessarily exacerbate the challenge. The lack of a standardized term adds confusion, fuels stigma, and contributes to a "wrong door syndrome" that captures the difficulty of not only diagnosing but also treating addictive and other mental disorders in an integrated manner. The World Association on Dual Disorders (WADD) proposes the adoption of the term "Dual Disorder" which, while still arbitrary, would help harmonize various clinical and research efforts by rallying around a single, more accurate, and less stigmatizing designation.
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11
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Latent Classes for the Treatment Outcomes in Women with Gambling Disorder and Buying/Shopping Disorder. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133917. [PMID: 35807202 PMCID: PMC9267407 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for behavioral addictions is rising among women within the general population and in clinical settings. However, few studies have assessed treatment effectiveness in females. The aim of this work was to explore latent empirical classes of women with gambling disorder (GD) and buying/shopping disorder (BSD) based on the treatment outcome, as well as to identify predictors of the different empirical groups considering the sociodemographic and clinical profiles at baseline. METHOD A clinical sample of n = 318 women seeking treatment for GD (n = 221) or BSD (n = 97) participated. Age was between 21 to 77 years. RESULTS The four latent-classes solution was the optimal classification in the study. Latent class 1 (LT1, good progression to recovery) grouped patients with the best CBT outcomes (lowest risk of dropout and relapses), and it was characterized by the healthiest psychological state at baseline, the lowest scores in harm avoidance and self-transcendence, and the highest scores in reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness. Latent classes 3 (LT3, bad progression to drop-out) and 4 (LT4, bad progression to relapse) grouped women with the youngest mean age, earliest onset of the addictive behaviors, and worst psychological functioning. CONCLUSIONS GD and BSD are complex conditions with multiple interactive causes and impacts, which need wide and flexible treatment plans. Specific interventions should be designed according to the specific profiles of women for achieving early inclusion, retention and well-maintained long-term effects.
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Gomez R, Stavropoulos V, Brown T, Griffiths MD. Factor structure of ten psychoactive substance addictions and behavioural addictions. Psychiatry Res 2022; 313:114605. [PMID: 35544983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many problematic/excessive behaviours have increasingly been conceptualized as addictions due to their similarity with more traditional psychoactive substance addictions. The primary aim of the present study was to simultaneously examine the factor structure of three psychoactive substance addictions (alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and substance use) and seven behavioural addictions (sex, social media use, shopping, exercise, online gambling, internet gaming, and internet use), using exploratory factor analysis (EFA; N = 481) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; N = 487). A total of 968 participants completed an online survey including ten psychometric scales assessing the ten different potentially addictive behaviours. EFA supported a two-factor solution, with different factors for the psychoactive substance and behavioural addictions (excluding exercise addiction). CFA supported the two-factor model in a separate sample. There was good support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the CFA latent factors and the reliability of the behavioural latent factor in the two-factor CFA model. While there was support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the psychoactive substance latent factor, there was insufficient support for its reliability. The taxonomic, theoretical, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Zarate D, Fullwood L, Prokofieva M, Griffiths MD, Stavropoulos V. Problematic Shopping Behavior: An Item Response Theory Examination of the Seven-Item Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022; 21:1-19. [PMID: 35754859 PMCID: PMC9208247 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00844-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing amount of research examining problematic shopping behavior (PSB), often referred to in the psychological literature as "compulsive buying" or "shopping addiction." A popular scale for assessing the risk of PSB is the seven-item Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS). To expand our knowledge of the psychometric properties of this instrument, the present study employed Item Response Theory (IRT) and differential item functioning analyses (DIF) while concurrently attempting to determine a preliminary cut-off point. A relatively large community sample completed the BSAS online (N = 968, M age = 29.5 years, SD age = 9.36, 32.5% women). IRT analyses showed differences regarding the BSAS items' discrimination, difficulty, and precision, with a raw score exceeding 23 (out of 28) indicating a higher risk of shopping addiction. Finally, while most BSAS items operated equally among males and females, Item 2 (mood modification) required a higher level of shopping addiction behaviors to be endorsed by males. The BSAS functions as a reliable assessment of the risk of shopping addiction, particularly between average and high levels of the trait. Clinical implications are discussed in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zarate
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011 Australia
| | | | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Vasileios Stavropoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, 70/104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC 3011 Australia
- University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wu AMS, Zhou H, Dang L, Chen JH. Is Empathy Associated with Gambling and Its Addiction? A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:689-711. [PMID: 35618858 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering the low levels of empathy associated with substance-related addictions and the similarities between gambling disorder (GD) and substance-related addiction, understanding the relationship between empathy and GD may clarify the mechanism of addiction development. This scoping review aimed to evaluate the empirical evidence for the potential protective role of emotional and cognitive empathy against GD development via internalizing and/or externalizing pathways. We followed the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews and 11 articles met the inclusion criteria. Although most of the reviewed studies used correlational designs and non-gambling-specific samples, this review highlights (1) significant relationships between both types of empathy and the neural activity of gambling behaviors, and (2) reduced cognitive empathy (i.e., fantasy and perspective taking) and increased emotional empathy (i.e., personal distress) among problem gamblers than their gambling counterparts. Despite the lack of studies directly testing the protective role of empathy against GD, the existing studies (n = 8) nevertheless shed light on the potential protective effects of both types of empathy on GD development. This review identified research gaps, which can be addressed in future studies by discovering the underlying mechanisms (e.g., internalizing and externalizing pathways) of these relationships. Experimental or longitudinal studies in gamblers investigating how different types of empathy are associated with GD via these pathways are called for as their findings have implications for prevention and intervention designs for GD and other addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anise M S Wu
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China. .,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Le Dang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Faculty of Teacher Education, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Juliet Honglei Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Li Q, Fu Y, Liu C, Meng Z. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:893955. [PMID: 35711693 PMCID: PMC9195619 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.893955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key node of the frontal cognitive circuit. It is involved in executive control and many cognitive processes. Abnormal activities of DLPFC are likely associated with many psychiatric diseases. Modulation of DLPFC may have potential beneficial effects in many neural and psychiatric diseases. One of the widely used non-invasive neuromodulation technique is called transcranial direct current stimulation (or tDCS), which is a portable and affordable brain stimulation approach that uses direct electrical currents to modulate brain functions. Objective This review aims to discuss the results from the past two decades which have shown that tDCS can relieve clinical symptoms in various neurological and psychiatric diseases. Methods Here, we performed searches on PubMed to collect clinical and preclinical studies that using tDCS as neuromodulation technique, DLPFC as the stimulation target in treating neuropsychiatric disorders. We summarized the stimulation sites, stimulation parameters, and the overall effects in these studies. Results Overall, tDCS stimulation of DLPFC could alleviate the clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, depression, drug addiction, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other mental disorders. Conclusion The stimulation parameters used in these studies were different from each other. The lasting effect of stimulation was also not consistent. Nevertheless, DLPFC is a promising target for non-invasive stimulation in many psychiatric disorders. TDCS is a safe and affordable neuromodulation approach that has potential clinical uses. Larger clinical studies will be needed to determine the optimal stimulation parameters in each condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Chang Liu,
| | - Zhiqiang Meng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Zhiqiang Meng,
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Patterson MS, Spadine MN, Graves Boswell T, Prochnow T, Amo C, Francis AN, Russell AM, Heinrich KM. Exercise in the Treatment of Addiction: A Systematic Literature Review. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2022; 49:10901981221090155. [PMID: 35484950 DOI: 10.1177/10901981221090155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been recognized as a promising and emerging treatment for individuals recovering from addiction. The purpose of this article was to systematically review scientific studies using exercise as a means to improve, sustain, or treat addictions, and to provide suggestions for the future use of exercise as a treatment method for addiction. METHODS Using PRISMA guidelines, a database search was conducted for articles that tested the impact of exercise interventions on addiction-related outcomes. To be included, peer-reviewed experimental design studies had to use human subjects to investigate the relationship between exercise and the treatment of or recovery from addiction. Garrard's Matrix Method was used to extract data from reviewed articles (n = 53). RESULTS Nearly three quarters of the studies reviewed documented a significant change in addiction-related outcomes (e.g., more days abstinent, reduced cravings) in response to exercise exposure, particularly while someone was receiving treatment at an in or outpatient clinic. Many studies investigated the effect of acute bouts of exercise on nicotine dependence, and many studies had small sample sizes, leaving room for future research on how exercise might benefit people recovering from substance and process addictions. CONCLUSION Results affirm that exercise can be a helpful aspect of addiction treatment. Future researchers should investigate different exercise settings (e.g., group-based exercise vs individual) and explore exercise maintenance and the long-term outcomes following discharge from treatment facilities.
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Colledge F, Meyer M. Exercise Addiction - Status, Identification and Treatment. PRAXIS 2022; 111:317-321. [PMID: 35473333 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The term "exercise addiction" has been used in the scientific literature since the late 1970s. It is used to refer to persistent excessive exercise despite negative physical, psychological and social consequences, with unsuccessful attempts to reduce or stop the behavior. In this article, the evidence for exercise addiction as a behavioral addiction is presented. Symptoms and psychiatric comorbidities are explained, and recommendations for identification and treatment of exercise addiction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Meyer
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Phenotype of Gambling Disorder Patients with Lotteries as a Preferred Form of Gambling. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lottery gambling can become an addictive behavior which can significantly interfere with daily functioning. The objectives of this work were to estimate the prevalence of lottery gambling, to assess the profile related to this gambling type in a large clinical sample of patients who met criteria for gambling disorder (GD), and to compare this profile with the other two non-strategic forms of gambling (slot-machines and bingo). Sample included n = 3,531 patients consecutively attended for treatment-seeking due to gambling-related problems. All the participants met criteria for GD and were into the range of 18 to 85 years old. Sociodemographic variables, GD severity, psychopathological state, and personality traits were assessed. Statistical comparisons between the groups defined by the patients’ gambling preference (lotteries versus other gambling activities) were conducted, with chi-square test and analysis of variance. The prevalence of lotteries as the only gambling activity was 2.5%, 8.9% for lottery gambling as primary activity with other secondary gambling types, and 20.6% for lotteries as primary or secondary gambling activity. Lottery gambling and bingo gambling were more prevalent among women (bingo included the highest percentage of women). Compared to slot machine gambling, lotteries and bingo grouped older patients and those with later age of onset of the gambling-related problems. Bingo gambling showed the highest psychological distress and the most dysfunctional personality traits. This study shows the high frequency of lottery gambling among treatment-seeking for GD patients, and it provides empirical evidence about the profile associated with this gambling activity compared to other non-strategic gambling forms. The likelihood of lottery gambling is higher for women, patients married or living with a stable partner, and those within higher social position indexes.
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Colledge F, Buchner U, Schmidt A, Wiesbeck G, Lang U, Pühse U, Gerber M, Walter M. Individuals at Risk of Exercise Addiction Have Higher Scores for Depression, ADHD, and Childhood Trauma. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:761844. [PMID: 35156014 PMCID: PMC8825800 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.761844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise addiction is increasingly being recognized as a psychologically and physically burdensome set of symptoms. However, little is known about the psychiatric profiles of individuals who are at risk. It is well-established that individuals affected by substance use disorders frequently suffer from depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and experiences of childhood trauma. The aim of this study is to determine whether this pattern of psychiatric disturbance is also present in individuals at risk for exercise addiction. Methods Individuals exercising for 10+ h/week were divided into those at risk and not at risk for exercise addiction based on their scores on the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS). Demographic data and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a measure for ADHD in adults and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) were also gathered. Results One hundred and twenty-three individuals agreed to participate in the study, and completed the questionnaires. Twenty-nine (23.6%) of these individuals were classed as at risk for exercise addiction. There was a statistically significant difference between the at-risk and not at-risk groups on the combined dependent variable after controlling for hours of exercise per week, F(3, 95)= 10.198, p = 0.00, Wilk's Λ = 0.756, partial η2 = 0.244. Compared to those not at risk, individuals at risk for exercise addiction had significantly higher scores for symptoms of depression [t(121) = 4.944, p = 0.000], ADHD [t(121) = 2.915, p = 0.004], and childhood trauma [t(121) = 2.297, p = 0.024]. Conclusion Our results suggest that exercise addiction may be accompanied by a disturbed psychiatric profile consistent with other addictive disorders. Clinical interviewing in individuals at risk for exercise addiction is a valuable and worthwhile next step in characterizing this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Flora Colledge
| | - Ursula Buchner
- Deutsche Hochschule für Gesundheit und Sport GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wiesbeck
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sallie SN, Ritou VJ, Bowden-Jones H, Voon V. Assessing online gaming and pornography consumption patterns during COVID-19 isolation using an online survey: Highlighting distinct avenues of problematic internet behavior. Addict Behav 2021; 123:107044. [PMID: 34311186 PMCID: PMC8434429 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and aim The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has required drastic safety precautions to contain virus spread, involving a protracted self-isolation period. Those with greater perceived or actual life stress are vulnerable to develop problematic internet behaviors. Thus, we assessed how COVID-19 social isolation affected online gaming (OG) and pornography viewing (PV) in the general population. Methods We developed an online cross-sectional survey, Habit Tracker (HabiT), completed by 1,344 adults (≥18 years). HabiT was released internationally with individuals from 80 countries participating; a majority residing in the United States and United Kingdom. We measured changes in OG (IGDS9-SF) and PV (CYPAT) behaviors before and during the COVID-19 quarantine period. We also assessed psychiatric factors such as anxiety, depression (HADS), and impulsivity (SUPPS-P). The primary outcome measures were change in amount of, and current OG and PV severity during quarantine. These measures were related to ten COVID-19-related stress factors. Results Overall, we observed a large increase in OG and a minor increase in PV. Those who increased OG (63%) and PV (43%) during quarantine were younger individuals, males, those who left the quarantine household infrequently, those who reported low frequency or poor quality social interactions, and those with higher depression, anxiety, and urgency impulsivity. Discussion Our findings highlight similarities between forms of problematic internet behaviors driven by stress, depression, anxiety; while highlighting distinct avenues which these behaviors can manifest. Conclusion We emphasize the relevance of identifying those in need of emotional regulation interventions, to mitigate problematic internet behaviors in the context of COVID-19 isolation.
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21
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Aguirre T, Meier N, Koehler A, Bowman R. Highly processed food addiction: A concept analysis. Nurs Forum 2021; 57:152-164. [PMID: 34657289 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM This concept analysis aims to clarify the highly processed food addiction (HPFA) concept and discuss its implications for treating obesity. BACKGROUND Emerging empirical evidence suggests addictive-like eating may contribute to obesity in some individuals, increasing interest in HPFA's role in obesity. Clarifying the HPFA concept will aid in developing individualized interventions for patients with obesity and HPFA. DESIGN This concept analysis followed Walker and Avant's approach. The case studies are of participants in a study that included individuals with and without HPFA (Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0-diagnosed). DATA SOURCE We searched PubMed, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Ebscohost databases. Keywords were "food addiction" and "food addiction concept." REVIEW METHODS Criteria included recent reviews and empirical studies that measured HPFA and focused on HPFA characteristics and/or treatment implications. RESULTS The model case displayed all 11-substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms and clinical significance, supporting a severe HPFA diagnosis. The contrary case was negative for all YFAS 2.0 symptoms and clinical significance and did not eat compulsively or experience cravings. The borderline case met the minimum symptom criteria for severe HPFA but not clinical significance. Clinical interviews may help determine whether such individuals truly exhibit addictive-like eating behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Growing empirical evidence and our case studies support the HPFA concept and the utility of the YFAS/YFAS 2.0 for identifying a distinct subset of individuals with overweight/obesity who may benefit from interventions developed to treat established SUDs. Future research should examine HPFA separately and in relation to obesity and eating disorders and include longitudinal studies and gender-balanced samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina Aguirre
- College of Nursing-West Nebraska Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nancy Meier
- College of Nursing-West Nebraska Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ann Koehler
- College of Nursing-West Nebraska Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Scottsbluff, Nebraska, USA
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22
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Zhang M, Gao X, Yang Z, Wen M, Huang H, Zheng R, Wang W, Wei Y, Cheng J, Han S, Zhang Y. Shared gray matter alterations in subtypes of addiction: a voxel-wise meta-analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:2365-2379. [PMID: 34313804 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05920-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies based on voxel-based morphometry (VBM) have revealed gray matter (GM) alterations in multiple brain regions for addiction. However, findings are poorly replicated, and it remains elusive whether distinct diagnoses of addiction are underpinned by shared abnormalities. Our aim was to conduct a quantitative meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies investigating GM abnormalities in two main categories of addiction: substance use disorders (SUD) and behavioral addictions (BA). METHOD A systematic database search was conducted in several databases from Jan 1, 2010, to Oct 23, 2020, to identify eligible VBM studies. Meta-analysis was performed with the seed-based d mapping software package to compare alternations between individuals with addiction-related disorders and healthy controls (HC). RESULTS A total of 59 VBM studies including 2096 individuals with addiction-related disorders and 2637 HC met the inclusion criteria. Individuals with addiction-related disorders showed shared GM volume decrease in bilateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral insula, bilateral rolandic operculum, left superior temporal gyrus, and right Heschl gyrus and GM increase in right lingual gyrus and right fusiform gyrus comparing with HC (p < 0.005). Subgroup analysis found heterogeneity between SUD and BA mainly in left inferior occipital gyrus and right striatum (p < 0.005). Meta-regression revealed that GM atrophy in right anterior cingulate (r = 0.541, p = 0.03 (uncorrected)) and left inferior frontal gyrus (r = 0.595, p = 0.015) were positively correlated with higher impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis identified a concordance across subtypes of addiction in terms of the brain structural changes in prefrontal and insula areas, which may relate to higher impulsivity observed across addiction diagnoses. This concordance provides an organizing model that emphasizes the importance of shared neural substrates in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengui Yang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Wen
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Huang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of MRI, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Dell’Osso B, Di Bernardo I, Vismara M, Piccoli E, Giorgetti F, Molteni L, Fineberg NA, Virzì C, Bowden-Jones H, Truzoli R, Viganò C. Managing Problematic Usage of the Internet and Related Disorders in an Era of Diagnostic Transition: An Updated Review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2021; 17:61-74. [PMID: 34497661 PMCID: PMC8386084 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902117010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Problematic Usage of the Internet (PUI) refers to a broad and likely heterogeneous group of Internet-related conditions associated with behavioural disturbances and functional impairment. METHODS Within PUI several conditions have been reported, including Gaming Disorder, Shopping Addiction, Cyberchondria, Gambling Disorder, Cyberpornography Addiction and Cyberbullying. While increasing reports in the field try to define the epidemiologic and clinical boundaries of these conditions, the rapid and continuous evolution of Internet related behaviours as well as their problematic/pathological expressions are often difficult to diagnose, assess, approach with treatment interventions and follow-up. RESULTS In addition, some of the PUI-related conditions show characteristics of addiction to the Internet as a preferential tool to engage in specific behaviours, while some others exclusively manifest on the Internet, making it necessary to find distinct assessment and treatment pathways. CONCLUSION The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder in Section III by the DSM-5 and the recognition of Gaming Disorder by the ICD-11 opened the way for a systematic clinical investigation of this and other PUI-related conditions, particularly in terms of preventive and therapeutic strategies. The present article is aimed at offering an updated clinical overview on the main expressions of PUI, focussing on the latest acquisitions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Dell’Osso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bernardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Vismara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piccoli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Giorgetti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Molteni
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Naomi A. Fineberg
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Rosanne House, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL8 6HG, UK
- Center for Clinical & Health Research Services, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Calogero Virzì
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- Central North West London NHS Trust, Division of Brain Science, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Roberto Truzoli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Viganò
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “Luigi Sacco”, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
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Uzarska A, Czerwiński SK, Atroszko PA. Measurement of shopping addiction and its relationship with personality traits and well-being among Polish undergraduate students. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThere is still a scarcity of studies showing the relative contribution of different personality characteristics differentiating various behavioral addictions within an integrated model. In comparison to other addictions, fairly little is known about the role of specific personality traits in compulsive shopping. In addition, few studies have investigated the unique contribution of shopping addiction in terms of explaining different facets of well-being above and beyond personality characteristics previously shown to be related to psychosocial functioning. The present study shows validation of the Bergen Shopping Addiction Scale (BSAS) and a tentative integrated model of potential shopping addiction personality risk factors. BSAS was administered to 1156 Polish students. In addition, demographic variables, and personality traits (Big Five), self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived narcissism, loneliness, social anxiety, and well-being indicators were measured. BSAS had acceptable fit with the data and demonstrated good reliability. The investigated model showed that shopping addiction was related to higher extraversion, perceived narcissism, and social anxiety, and lower agreeableness and general self-efficacy. Woman and older participants scored higher on BSAS. Shopping addiction was further related to all facets of impaired well-being and explained worse general health, and decreased sleep quality above and beyond other variables in the model. The results support the notion that shopping addiction may have specific personality risk factors with low agreeableness as an outstanding characteristic. This has implications for the development of early prevention and intervention programs.
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Lewczuk K, Nowakowska I, Lewandowska K, Potenza MN, Gola M. Frequency of use, moral incongruence and religiosity and their relationships with self-perceived addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming. Addiction 2021; 116:889-899. [PMID: 32955140 DOI: 10.1111/add.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Moral incongruence involves disapproval of a behavior in which people engage despite their moral beliefs. Although considerable research has been conducted on how moral incongruence relates to pornography use, potential roles for moral incongruence in other putative behavioral addictions have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of moral incongruence in self-perceived addiction to: (i) pornography; (ii) internet addiction; (iii) social networking; and (iv) online gaming. DESIGN A cross-sectional, preregistered, online survey using multivariable regression. SETTING Online study conducted in Poland. PARTICIPANTS 1036 Polish adults aged between 18 and 69 years. MEASUREMENTS Measures included self-perceived behavioral addiction to pornography, internet use, social networking and online gaming and their hypothesized determinants (moral incongruence, frequency of use, time of use, religiosity, age and gender). FINDINGS Higher moral incongruence (β = 0.20, P < 0.001) and higher religiosity (β = 0.08, P < 0.05) were independently associated with higher self-perceived addiction to pornography. Additionally, frequency of pornography use was the strongest of the analyzed predictors (β = 0.43, P < 0.001). A similar, positive relationship between high moral incongruence and self-perceived addiction was also present for internet (β = 0.16, P < 0.001), social networking (β = 0.18, P < 0.001) and gaming addictions (β = 0.16, P < 0.001). Religiosity was uniquely, although weakly, connected to pornography addiction, but not to other types of addictive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Moral incongruence may be positively associated with self-perception of behavioral addictions including not only pornography viewing, but also internet use, social networking and online gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lewczuk
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Nowakowska
- Institute of Psychology, The Maria Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mateusz Gola
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, Institute for Neural Computations, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.,Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Bullying Victimization and Problem Video Gaming: The Mediating Role of Externalizing and Internalizing Problems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041930. [PMID: 33671200 PMCID: PMC7921974 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Adolescent victims of bullying are more likely to experience a range of mental health problems. Although research has investigated the relationship between bullying victimization and various addictive behaviors, the impact of bullying on problem video gaming (PVG) remains largely unexplored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between bullying victimization and PVG as mediated by the presence of internalizing and externalizing problems. Methods: Survey responses were collected from 6353 high-school students aged 12 to 18. Measures include bullying victimization (physical, verbal, cyber and indirect), internalizing (e.g., anxious and depressive symptoms) and externalizing (e.g., aggressive and delinquent problems) problems, and PVG (measured by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short Form). Results: Mediation analyses indicated that the relationship between verbal bullying and PVG was completely mediated by the presence of internalizing and externalizing problems. The relationship between physical bullying and PVG was completely mediated by externalizing problems and the relationship between cyberbullying and PVG was completely mediated by internalizing problems. Lastly, the relationship between indirect bullying and PVG was partially mediated by externalizing and internalizing problems. Conclusions: Results suggest that different types of bullying victimization are differentially associated with PVG, with mental health symptoms significantly mediating this relationship.
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Mestre-Bach G, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Potenza MN. Decision-Making in Gambling Disorder, Problematic Pornography Use, and Binge-Eating Disorder: Similarities and Differences. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2021; 7:97-108. [PMID: 33585161 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-020-00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The present review attempts to provide a comprehensive and critical overview of the neurocognitive mechanisms of gambling disorder (GD), problematic pornography use (PPU) and binge-eating disorder (BED), focusing specifically on decision-making processes. Recent findings GD, PPU and BED have been associated with decision-making impairments both under risk and ambiguity. Features such as intelligence, emotions, social variables, cognitive distortions, comorbidities, or arousal may condition decision-making processes in these individuals. Summary Impairments in decision-making seem to be a shared transdiagnostic feature of these disorders We also hypothesized the EG relative to the NEG group would demonstrate weaker relationships between problem-gambling severity and health/functioning measures (e.g., substance use) and gambling behaviors (e.g., more time spent gambling) given that EG would account for some of the variance in the relationships between ARPG and these measures. However, there is varying support for the degree to which different features may affect decision-making. Therefore, the study of decision-making processes can provide crucial evidence for understanding addictions and other disorders with addiction-like symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry. Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry. Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry. Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale University School of Medicine, Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Camilleri C, Perry JT, Sammut S. Compulsive Internet Pornography Use and Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Sample of University Students in the United States. Front Psychol 2021; 11:613244. [PMID: 33510691 PMCID: PMC7835260 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sustained rise in negative mental health reports among university students is a source of continued global concern, and investigation continues into potential contributors to this rise. This includes the increased prevalence of risky sexual behaviors. Related is the increased prevalence of pornography use. Our study sought to explore the potential relationship between compulsive use of pornography and mental health in university students. Methods Our sample consisted of university students (N = 1031; 34% male, 66% female) from Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, Ohio. An anonymous survey was sent to all students at the university over the age of 18. The survey was comprised of the following: (1) demographic questions, (2) questions on pornography use and perception, (3) a modified version of the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (mCIUS) assessing various factors associated with compulsive internet pornography use, (4) questions assessing emotional and sexual states relative to pornography use (EmSS), and (5) the 21-question version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results Our results indicate that 56.6% of those surveyed reported lifetime pornography use, with a significantly higher proportion of males than females reporting such use. The majority of students reported accessing pornography through internet-related technologies. Additionally, 17.0, 20.4, and 13.5% of students reported severe or extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress, respectively, with compulsive pornography use significantly affecting all three mental health parameters in both sexes. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified three factors suggesting emotional coping, dependence and preoccupation for the mCIUS items and three factors reflecting interoceptive, impotent, and extrinsic characteristics for the EmSS items. Regression analysis indicated that various demographics, items pertaining to reduced control and social impairment, and other variables pertaining to pornography use predicted mental health outcomes. Faith, morals and personal motivation were the primary variables reported to help reduce pornography use. Conclusion Our analyses indicate a significant relationship between mental health and pornography use, including behaviors reflecting behavioral addictions, highlighting the necessity for a better understanding and consideration of the potential contribution of internet pornography to negative mental health among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Camilleri
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Justin T Perry
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Sammut
- Department of Psychology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
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Skryabin V, Zastrozhin M, Chumakov E. Cybersex addiction in a gay man: a case report. J Addict Dis 2021; 39:425-431. [PMID: 33393441 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1860423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cybersex addiction is a sexual addiction characterized by virtual Internet sexual activity that causes serious negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being. Previous studies have mostly addressed cybersex addiction in heterosexual males. PURPOSE To describe a case report of a 26-year-old gay man suffering from a cybersex addiction. METHODS We use Griffiths' model of the common components of addictions. RESULTS We reveal this case report of cybersex addiction possesses all of six components universal for addictions. CONCLUSIONS In light of the increasing prevalence of various behavioral addictions (especially, Internet addictions), clinical psychiatrists should be aware of the cybersex addiction phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Skryabin
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Zastrozhin
- Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia.,Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Chumakov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Saint Petersburg Psychiatric Hospital No. 1, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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30
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Redcay A, McMahon S. Assessment of relationship addiction. SEXUAL AND RELATIONSHIP THERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14681994.2019.1602258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Redcay
- Department of Social Work, Millersville University, Millersville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sheila McMahon
- School of Social Work, Barry University, Miami Shores, Florida, USA
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Meyer M, Sattler I, Schilling H, Lang UE, Schmidt A, Colledge F, Walter M. Mental Disorders in Individuals With Exercise Addiction-A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:751550. [PMID: 34955915 PMCID: PMC8695763 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.751550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Exercise addiction has not yet been designated as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5 due to a lack of detailed research. In particular, associations with other psychiatric diagnoses have received little attention. In this study, individuals with a possible exercise addiction are clinically assessed, in order to establish a profile of co-occurring psychiatric disorders in individuals with exercise addiction. Methods: One hundred and fifty-six individuals who reported exercising more than 10 h a week, and continued to do so despite illness or injury, were recruited for the study. Those who met the cut-off of the Exercise Dependence Scale (n = 32) were invited to participate in a screening with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) and personality disorders (SCID-5-PD). Additionally, an interview based on the DSM-5 criteria of non-substance-related addictive disorders was conducted to explore the severity of exercise addiction symptoms. Results: 75% of participants fulfilled the criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder. Depressive disorders (56.3%), personality disorders (46.9%) and obsessive-compulsive disorders (31.3%) were the most common disorders. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of psychiatric disorders and the severity of exercise addiction (r = 0.549, p = 0.002). Discussion: The results showed a variety of mental disorders in individuals with exercise addiction and a correlation between the co-occurrence of mental disorders and the severity of exercise addiction. Exercise addiction differs from other addictive und substance use disorders, as obsessive-compulsive (Cluster C), rather than impulsive (Cluster B) personality traits were most commonly identified. Conclusions: Our results underscore the importance of clinical diagnostics, and indicate that treatment options for individuals with exercise addiction are required. However, the natural history and specific challenges of exercise addiction must be studied in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Meyer
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sattler
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Schilling
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Devoe DJ, Anderson A, Bahji A, Singh M, Patten SB, Soumbasis A, Ramirez Pineda A, Flanagan J, Richardson C, Lange T, Dimitropoulos G, Paslakis G. The Prevalence of Impulse Control Disorders and Behavioral Addictions in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:724034. [PMID: 35069274 PMCID: PMC8770943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.724034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Individuals with eating disorders (EDs) may present with impulse control disorders (ICDs) and behavioral addictions (BAs), which may result in additional suffering and treatment resistance. However, the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in EDs has not been systematically examined. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of ICDs and BAs in ED samples. Methods: A comprehensive electronic database search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in the following online databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL from their inception to May 2021. We restricted review eligibility to research studies reporting prevalence for ICDs or BAs in individuals with diagnosed EDs. The outcome for this review was the prevalence of ICDs or BAs in individuals with EDs. A series of random-effects meta-analyses were performed on eligible studies to estimate the pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria, including a total of 9,646 individuals identified as having an ED, 18 of these studies specifically examined ICDs/BAs in AN, BN, and BED. Random-effects pooled estimates demonstrated that the comorbid prevalence of any ICD was 22%. The prevalence of comorbid pathological/compulsive buying was highest (19%), followed by kleptomania (18%), pathological internet use (12%), intermittent explosive disorder (4%), trichotillomania (3%), and gambling disorder (2%). In addition, the prevalence of stealing/shoplifting behaviors was 30% in those with EDs. Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis on the comorbid prevalence of EDs and ICDs/BAs. We found a moderate prevalence for these comorbid conditions, with approximately one out of five individuals with an ED also displaying a comorbid ICD/BA. Although causal inferences cannot be drawn, the numbers strongly suggest that clinical screening/monitoring of ICDs/BAs should be part of the clinical routine in cohorts with EDs. ED settings need either the capacity to manage these disorders or adequate access to relevant services. Further investigations are needed to reveal common underlying pathomechanisms. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020202044.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Devoe
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alida Anderson
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anees Bahji
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Manya Singh
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Soumbasis
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ana Ramirez Pineda
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jordyn Flanagan
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Tom Lange
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research and Education, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- Ruhr-University Bochum, University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Lübbecke, Germany
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Vasiliu O. Current Status of Evidence for a New Diagnosis: Food Addiction-A Literature Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:824936. [PMID: 35082706 PMCID: PMC8784968 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.824936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Food addiction is considered an important link for a better understanding of psychiatric and medical problems triggered by dysfunctions of eating behaviors, e. g., obesity, metabolic syndrome, binge eating disorder, or bulimia nervosa. At behavioral level, food addiction has high degrees of similarity with other eating disorders, a phenomenon that creates difficulties in finding specific diagnostic criteria. Food addiction has been also described as "eating addiction" or "eating dependence" by several researchers, who placed the emphasis on the behavior and not on the food itself. High-sodium foods, artificially flavored-foods, rich carbohydrate- and saturated fats-containing foods are triggers for the activation of the same neural pathways, therefore they act similarly to any drug of abuse. Food addiction is considered a disorder based on functional negative consequences, associated distress and potential risks to both psychological well-being and physical health. A clinical scale was validated for the quantification of the eating addiction severity, namely the Yale Food Addiction Severity Scale (YFAS), constructed to match DSM IV criteria for substance dependence. Using this instrument, a high prevalence of food addiction was found in the general population, up to 20% according to a meta-analytic research. The pathogenesis of this entity is still uncertain, but reward dysfunction, impulsivity and emotion dysregulation have been considered basic mechanisms that trigger both eating dysfunctions and addictive behaviors. Genetic factors may be involved in this dependence, as modulators of higher carbohydrate and saturate fat craving. Regarding the existence of potential therapeutic solutions, lorcaserin, antiepileptic drugs, opioid antagonists, antiaddictive agents are recommended for obesity and eating disorders, and they may be intuitively used in food addiction, but clinical trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy. In conclusion, a better understanding of food addiction's clinical profile and pathogenesis may help clinicians in finding prevention- and therapeutic-focused interventions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian Vasiliu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. Carol Davila University Emergency Central Military Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Bahadoor R, Alexandre JM, Fournet L, Gellé T, Serre F, Auriacombe M. Inventory and Analysis of Controlled Trials of Mobile Phone Applications Targeting Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:622394. [PMID: 33692708 PMCID: PMC7937918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.622394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Less than 20% of people with addictions have access to adequate treatment. Mobile health could improve access to care. No systematic review evaluates effectiveness of mobile health applications for addiction. Objectives: First aim was to describe controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of smartphone applications targeting substance use disorders and addictive behaviors. Secondly, we aimed to understand how the application produced changes in behavior and craving management. Method: A systematic review based on PRISMA recommendations was conducted on MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and PsycINFO. Studies had to be controlled trials concerning addictive disorders (substance/behavior), mobile application-based interventions, assessing effectiveness or impact of those applications upon use, published after 2008. Relevant information was systematically screened for synthesis. Quality and risk of bias were evaluated with JADAD score. Results: Search strategy retrieved 22 articles (2014-2019) corresponding to 22 applications targeting tobacco, alcohol, other substances and binge eating disorder. Control groups had access to usual treatments or a placebo-application or no treatment. Eight applications showed reduced use. Most of the applications informed about risks of use and suggestions for monitoring use. Twelve applications managed craving. Discussion: Heterogeneity limited study comparisons. Duration of studies was too short to predict sustainable results. A reduction of craving seemed related to a reduction in use. Conclusion: There is a lack of robust and comparable studies on mHealth applications for addiction treatment. Such applications could become significant contributors in clinical practice in the future so longer-termed double-blind studies are needed. Targeting craving to prevent relapse should be systematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubaab Bahadoor
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alexandre
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Addictologie et Filière Régionale, CH Charles Perrens and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Fournet
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Addictologie et Filière Régionale, CH Charles Perrens and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thibaut Gellé
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Addictologie et Filière Régionale, CH Charles Perrens and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fuschia Serre
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Addictologie et Filière Régionale, CH Charles Perrens and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marc Auriacombe
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Addiction Team Phenomenology and Determinants of Appetitive Behaviors, Sanpsy CNRS USR 3413, Bordeaux, France.,Pôle Addictologie et Filière Régionale, CH Charles Perrens and CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Studies of Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Colledge F, Sattler I, Schilling H, Gerber M, Pühse U, Walter M. Mental disorders in individuals at risk for exercise addiction - A systematic review. Addict Behav Rep 2020; 12:100314. [PMID: 33364322 PMCID: PMC7752715 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise addiction is one of several behavioral addictions which has not yet been designated as an addictive disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5). This is in part due to a lack of clarity concerning co-occurring mental disorders of individuals at risk for exercise addiction. The aim of this review is to summarise the spectrum of psychopathology in populations at risk of exercise addiction. Methods The MEDLINE, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases were searched. All studies from the date of database creation until February 2020 were considered eligible. Terms used were "exercise addiction" and other mental disorders mentioned in conjunction with substance-related and addictive disorders. Studies were included if they assessed risk for exercise addiction and at least one other mental disorder. Results Twenty studies were included. The disorders assessed were eating disorders (n = 14), depression (n = 6), anxiety (n = 4), other substance-related and addictive disorders (n = 5), and borderline personality disorder (n = 1). In thirteen of the studies, evidence was found for higher rates of at least one mental disorder (most commonly eating disorders, anxiety and other addictive disorders) in individuals at risk for exercise addiction, compared to those not at risk. Conclusions Individuals at risk for exercise addiction show a broad range of mental disorders as assessed by self-report, which is in line with sufferers of other addictive disorders. Systematic psychological and clinical assessments in those at risk of exercise addiction are worthwhile, and will serve to characterize the mental health problems of individuals suffering from exercise addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Sattler
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Schilling
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Abstract
Older subjects are susceptible to develop gambling problems, and researchers have attempted to assess the mechanisms underlying the gambling profile in later life. The objective of this study was to identify the main stressful life events (SLE) across the lifespan which have discriminative capacity for detecting the presence of gambling disorder (GD) in older adults. Data from two independent samples of individuals aged 50+ were analysed: N = 47 patients seeking treatment at a Pathological Gambling Outpatient Unit and N = 361 participants recruited from the general population. Sexual problems (p < 0.001), exposure to domestic violent behaviour (p < 0.001), severe financial problems (p = 0.002), alcohol or drug-related problems (p = 0.004) and extramarital sex (p < 0.001) were related to a higher risk of GD, while getting married (p = 0.005), moving to a new home (p = 0.003) and moving to a new city (p = 0.006) decreased the likelihood of disordered gambling. The accumulated number of SLE was not a predictor of the presence of GD (p = 0.732), but patients who met clinical criteria for GD reported higher concurrence of SLE in time than control individuals (p < 0.001). Empirical research highlights the need to include older age groups in evidence-based policies for gambling prevention, because these individuals are at high risk of onset and/or progression of behavioural addiction-related problems such as GD. The results of this study may be useful for developing reliable screening/diagnostic tools and for planning effective early intervention programmes aimed to reduce the harm related to the onset and evolution of problem gambling in older adults.
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Sandoval-Obando EE. Caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos: ¿Una problemática emergente? PENSAMIENTO PSICOLÓGICO 2020. [DOI: 10.11144/javerianacali.ppsi18-1.ctvp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo. Sistematizar la literatura actual disponible en torno a la caracterización del trastorno por videojuegos (VDJ), aportando a la comprensión de este fenómeno en el contexto latinoamericano y su incidencia en la población infanto-juvenil. Método. Se utilizó una revisión sistemática de literatura, de corte analítico. Como eje de búsqueda se consideraron las categorías: (a) uso de las TIC, (b) videojuegos, (c) adicción y (d) trastorno por videojuegos, de acuerdo con estudios publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar, teniendo como referencia el DSM-V y CIE-11. Resultados. Las manifestaciones clínicas descritas para su uso adictivo son aún heterogéneas. También, se pudo observar que, cuanto más temprano se empieza, mayor será la frecuencia de su uso en edades posteriores, lo que aumenta las conductas de riesgo en el futuro y su incidencia en el tiempo de ocio y la recreación cotidiana. Conclusión. Los efectos que puede generar el uso problemático de dispositivos tecnológicos en el desarrollo de las personas, se contrapone al uso de los VDJ en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos como en el plano educativo. Adicionalmente, se reafirma el desafío de construir saberes e investigaciones multidisciplinares en torno al uso problemático de estos dispositivos.
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Richard J, Fletcher É, Boutin S, Derevensky J, Temcheff C. Conduct problems and depressive symptoms in association with problem gambling and gaming: A systematic review. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:497-533. [PMID: 32750033 PMCID: PMC8943658 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Behavioral addictions such as gambling and gaming disorder are significant public health issues that are of increasing importance to policy makers and health care providers. Problem gambling and gaming behaviors have been identified as being associated with externalizing and internalizing problems, with theoretical models suggesting that both conduct problems and depressive symptoms may be significant risk factors in the development of problem gambling and gaming. As such, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of research identifying the relationship between conduct problems, depressive symptoms and problem gambling and gaming among adolescents and young adults. METHODS Systematic literature searches in accordance with PRISMA guidelines found 71 eligible studies that met the inclusion criteria, 47 for problem gambling, 23 for problem gaming and one for both problem behaviors. RESULTS Based on cross-sectional evidence, both problem gambling and gaming are consistently concurrently associated with conduct problems and depressive symptoms. Longitudinal evidence appears to be clearer for conduct problems as a risk factor for problem gambling, and depressive symptoms as a risk factor for problem gaming. However, both risk factors appear to increase the risk for these problem behaviors. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results from the literature review suggest that problem gambling and gaming are associated with the presence of conduct problems and depressive symptoms, with the potential of sharing common etiological factors. Additional research is necessary to confirm these longitudinal relationships with an emphasis on investigating the interaction of both early conduct problems and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie Boutin
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Harris B, Regan T, Schueler J, Fields SA. Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:672. [PMID: 32431636 PMCID: PMC7214716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of smartphones is undeniable in nearly all facets of society. Despite the many benefits attributed to the technology, concern has grown over the potential for excessive smartphone use to become problematic in nature. Due to the growing concerns surrounding the recognized and unrecognized implications of smartphone use, great efforts have been made through research to evaluate, label and identify problematic smartphone use mostly through the development and administration of scales assessing the behavior. This study examines 78 existing validated scales that have been developed over the past 13 years to measure, identify or characterize excessive or problematic smartphone use by evaluating their theoretical foundations and their psychometric properties. Our review determined that, despite an abundance of self-report scales examining the construct, many published scales lack sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, there is a lack of research supporting the theoretical foundation of many of the scales evaluated. Future research is needed to better characterize problematic smartphone use so that assessment tools can be more efficiently developed to evaluate the behavior in order to avoid the excessive publication of seemingly redundant assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Harris
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Regan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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40
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Pontone GM, Weiss HD. Impulse Control and Related Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Special Issues and Implications. Psychiatr Ann 2020. [DOI: 10.3928/00485713-20200211-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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42
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Colledge F, Cody R, Buchner UG, Schmidt A, Pühse U, Gerber M, Wiesbeck G, Lang UE, Walter M. Excessive Exercise-A Meta-Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:521572. [PMID: 33329076 PMCID: PMC7714788 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.521572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: While a number of studies have reported on individuals who exercise excessively, and feel unable to stop despite negative consequences, there is still insufficient evidence to categorize exercise as an addictive disorder. The aim of this meta-review is to summarize the published articles and to compile a list of symptoms reported in the qualitative literature in conjunction with excessive exercise. This list is compared with the DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder, and initial diagnostic criteria for exercise addiction are suggested. Methods: The databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and PsycInfo were searched for qualitative studies or case reports, in which excessive exercise was the main focus. All symptoms reported in conjunction with excessive exercise were extracted from each study and documented. Symptoms were also compared to the diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder. Results: Seventeen studies were included in the review, yielding 56 distinct symptoms. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program tool showed that the majority of the studies were of acceptable quality. Exercise-related symptoms corresponded with seven of the nine DSM-5 criteria for gambling disorder. The ten suggested criteria for exercise addiction are: increasing volume, negative affect, inability to reduce, preoccupation, exercise as coping, continuation despite illness/injury, minimization, jeopardized relationships, continuation despite recognizing consequences, guilt when exercise is missed. Discussion: Our results suggest that excessive exercise may constitute a behavioral addiction, based on the criteria of the DSM-5. Conclusions: Subsequent studies should aim to systematically classify symptoms of excessive exercise; in addition, it should be noted that basic questionnaires may be need to be supplemented with detailed clinical examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robyn Cody
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula G Buchner
- Deutsche Hochschule für Gesundheit und Sport GmbH, Ismaning, Germany
| | - André Schmidt
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Wiesbeck
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- University Psychiatric Clinics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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43
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Colledge F, Cody R, Pühse U, Gerber M. Responses of fitness center employees to cases of suspected eating disorders or excessive exercise. J Eat Disord 2020; 8:8. [PMID: 32140227 PMCID: PMC7050120 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-020-0284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While exercise and physical activity are important parts of a healthy life, there is evidence that some individuals exercise to a degree which may jeopardize their health. These individuals may in some cases be exercising to lose weight or compensate binge eating episodes as part of an eating disorder. Others may experience an addiction-like relationship with exercise. Fitness center employees are ideally placed to observe these forms of unhealthy behavior, and are responsible for ensuring that clients do not put themselves at undue risk; however, to date, no study has addressed both eating disorders and excessive exercise. Therefore, the aim of our study is to determine whether these employees report incidences of these issues, and if they believe they can differentiate between them. METHODS One-hundred-and-forty fitness centers in the German-speaking regions of Switzerland were contacted. Of these, 99 employees (60 men, 39 women, Mage = 33.33 years, SD = 12.02) responded to an online questionnaire. The questionnaire briefly described the two issues of interest (eating disorders and excessive exercise), and then invited respondents to complete a number of questions detailing whether they had experience with these issues, and how they dealt with them. RESULTS Approximately 75% of the employees had suspected a client of having an eating disorder or exercising excessively, and 65% of these respondents confronted the client at least once. Interestingly, respondents reported clearly that they felt able to differentiate between the two types of disorder. Older respondents were significantly more likely to have suspicions and act on them. However, less than half of the respondents were aware of guidelines addressing this issue, and the majority desired more information about how to identify and address both disorders. CONCLUSIONS Swiss fitness center employees frequently encounter individuals who they suspect of exercising excessively, or suffering from an eating disorder. While they often confront these individuals, they would like more detailed information about how to manage this process. Given that both disorders can potentially lead to severe health consequences, a detailed description of symptoms, management techniques and resources should be a feature in all Swiss fitness center guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robyn Cody
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Birsstrasse 320b, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
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Farris SG, DiBello AM. Editorial overview: Addiction. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 30:iv-vii. [PMID: 31718981 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G Farris
- Rutgers Emotion, Health, and Behavior Laboratory, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Department of Psychology, 53 Avenue East, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Angelo M DiBello
- Social Health, Addiction & Relationship Processes (SHARP) Laboratory, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Department of Psychology, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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Pivetta E, Harkin L, Billieux J, Kanjo E, Kuss DJ. Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Engelhard MM, Kollins SH. The Many Channels of Screen Media Technology in ADHD: a Paradigm for Quantifying Distinct Risks and Potential Benefits. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:90. [PMID: 31410653 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be unusually sensitive to screen media technology (SMT), from television to mobile devices. Although an association between ADHD and SMT use has been confirmed, its importance is uncertain partly due to variability in the way SMT has been conceptualized and measured. Here, we identify distinct, quantifiable dimensions of SMT use and review possible links to ADHD to facilitate more precise, reproducible investigation. RECENT FINDINGS Display characteristics, media multitasking, device notifications, SMT addiction, and media content all may uniquely impact the ADHD phenotype. Each can be investigated with a digital health approach and counteracted with device-based interventions. Novel digital therapeutics for ADHD demonstrate that specific forms of SMT can also have positive effects. Further study should quantify how distinct dimensions of SMT use relate to ADHD. SMT devices themselves can serve as a self-monitoring study platform and deliver digital interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Engelhard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Lakeview Pavilion, Suite 300, 2608 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Scott H Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Lakeview Pavilion, Suite 300, 2608 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
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47
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Lawrence LM, Elphinstone B. Investigating the Hypothesis That Coping and Nonattachment Mediate Complicated Grief Onto Hoarding. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1645444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley Elphinstone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
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Fernández-Aranda F, Granero R, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Müller A, Brand M, Mena-Moreno T, Vintró-Alcaraz C, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Moragas L, Mallorquí-Bagué N, Aymamí N, Gómez-Peña M, Lozano-Madrid M, Menchón JM, Jiménez-Murcia S. Spanish validation of the pathological buying screener in patients with eating disorder and gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2019; 8:123-134. [PMID: 30932708 PMCID: PMC7044599 DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pathological buying (PB) is a behavioral addiction that presents comorbidity with several psychiatric disorders. Despite the increase in the prevalence estimates of PB, relatively few PB instruments have been developed. Our aim was to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the pathological buying screener (PBS) and to explore the associations between PB, psychopathology, and personality traits. METHODS A total of 511 participants, including gambling disorder (GD) and eating disorder (ED) patients diagnosed according to DSM-5 criteria, as well as healthy controls (HCs), took part in the study. RESULTS Higher PB prevalence was obtained in ED patients than in the other two study groups (ED 12.5% vs. 1.3% HC and 2.7% GD). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) verified the 13-item structure of the PBS, and indexes of convergent and discriminant capacity were estimated. CFA confirmed the structure in two factors (excessive buying behavior and loss of control) with excellent internal consistency (α = .92 and .86, respectively). Good convergent capacity was obtained with external psychopathology and personality measures (positive correlations with novelty seeking and negative associations with self-directedness and harm avoidance were found). Good discriminative capacity to differentiate between the study groups was obtained. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the reliability and validity of the Spanish adaptation of the PBS. Female sex, higher impulsivity, and higher psychopathology were associated with PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding authors: Susana Jiménez-Murcia, PhD; Head of Gambling Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 79 88; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail: ; Fernando Fernández-Aranda, PhD; Head of ED Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 72 27; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail:
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Mestre-Bach
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Trevor Steward
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Astrid Müller
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany,Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Departament d’Infermeria de Salut Pública, Salut Mental i Maternoinfantil, Escola Universitària d’Infermeria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Mallorquí-Bagué
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Neus Aymamí
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Departament de Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Lozano-Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Menchón
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Corresponding authors: Susana Jiménez-Murcia, PhD; Head of Gambling Disorder Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 79 88; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail: ; Fernando Fernández-Aranda, PhD; Head of ED Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, c/Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Phone: +34 93 260 72 27; Fax: +34 93 260 76 58; E-mail:
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Díez D, Aragay N, Soms M, Prat G, Bonet P, Casas M. Women with compulsive buying or gambling disorder: Similar profiles for different behavioural addictions. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 87:95-99. [PMID: 30300818 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of 104 women diagnosed with compulsive buying behaviour (CBB = 55) or gambling disorder (GD = 49) treated at three public hospitals unit specialized in behavioural addictions from January 2004 to December 2015. Significant between-group differences in sociodemographic variables were observed for cohabitation status (living with a partner or not) and educational level, with a higher percentage of women in the GD group cohabiting (х2 (1), p = .029). By contrast, the CBB group had a significantly higher educational level (х2 (1) = 7.4, p = .007). There were no significant differences between the groups in age of onset, age at treatment initiation, age at the onset of behavioural problems, or in the years elapsed until presenting addiction problems. However, there were significant between-group differences in the amount of money spent weekly (F (1.100) = 4.9, p = .028), with women in the CBB group spending on average €289.4/week (SD, 412.4) versus €151/week (SD, 141.23) in the GD group. The CBB group had significantly more depressive disorders compared to the GD group (х2(1) = 5.4, p = .020). In contrast, the GD group presented significantly more tobacco use than the CBB group (х2(1) = 1.19, p = .000). This study suggests that women with CBB or GD share more characteristics than differences and the treatment approaches must take into account gender related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominica Díez
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en Salut Mental i Innovació Social (SaMIS), Divisió de Salut Mental, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Spain.
| | | | - Mercè Soms
- XSM-Institut d'Assistència Sanitària de Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Prat
- Grup de Recerca en Salut Mental i Innovació Social (SaMIS), Divisió de Salut Mental, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Spain
| | - Pere Bonet
- Grup de Recerca en Salut Mental i Innovació Social (SaMIS), Divisió de Salut Mental, Fundació Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- Departament de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Joutsa J, Karlsson HK, Majuri J, Nuutila P, Helin S, Kaasinen V, Nummenmaa L. Binge eating disorder and morbid obesity are associated with lowered mu-opioid receptor availability in the brain. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 276:41-45. [PMID: 29655552 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Both morbid obesity and binge eating disorder (BED) have previously been linked with aberrant brain opioid function. Behaviorally these two conditions are however different suggesting also differences in neurotransmitter function. Here we directly compared mu-opioid receptor (MOR) availability between morbidly obese and BED subjects. Seven BED and nineteen morbidly obese (non-BED) patients, and thirty matched control subjects underwent positron emission tomography (PET) with MOR-specific ligand [11C]carfentanil. Both subjects with morbid obesity and BED had widespread reduction in [11C]carfentanil binding compared to control subjects. However, there was no significant difference in brain MOR binding between subjects with morbid obesity and BED. Thus, our results indicate that there is common brain opioid abnormality in behaviorally different eating disorders involving obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Joutsa
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Joonas Majuri
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Semi Helin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Valtteri Kaasinen
- Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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