1
|
Kock L, Cox S, Shahab L, Roberts A, Sharman S, Buss V, Brown J. Intersection of gambling with smoking and alcohol use in Great Britain: a cross-sectional survey in October 2022. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079633. [PMID: 38604639 PMCID: PMC11015260 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gambling is associated with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. We explored the intersection of gambling across all risk levels of harm with smoking and alcohol use among adults in Great Britain. DESIGN A nationally representative cross-sectional survey in October 2022. SETTING Great Britain. PARTICIPANTS A weighted total of 2398 adults (18+ years). OUTCOME MEASURES We examined the prevalence of past-year gambling and, among those reporting gambling, assessed the associations between the outcome of any risk of harm from gambling (scoring >0 on the Problem Gambling Severity Index) and the binary predictor variables of current cigarette smoking and higher risk alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C score≥4). We also explored data on weekly expenditure on gambling with smoking and alcohol use among those categorised at any-risk of harm from gambling. RESULTS Overall, 43.6% (95% CI 41.2% to 45.9%) of adults gambled in the past year. Among these, 7.3% (95% CI 5.3% to 9.3%) were classified at any-risk of harm from gambling, 16.0% (95% CI 13.2% to 18.8%) were currently smoking and 40.8% (95% CI 37.2% to 44.4%) were drinking at increasing and higher risk levels. There were no associations between any risk of harm from gambling and current smoking (OR adjusted=0.80, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.66) or drinking at increasing and higher risk levels (OR adjusted=0.94, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.69), respectively. Analyses using Bayes factors indicated that these data were insensitive to distinguish no effect from a range of associations (OR=95% CI 0.5 to 1.9). The mean weekly spend on gambling was £7.69 (95% CI £5.17 to £10.21) overall, £4.80 (95% CI £4.18 to £5.43) among those classified as at no risk and £45.68 (95% CI £12.07 to £79.29) among those at any risk of harm from gambling. CONCLUSIONS Pilot data in a population-level survey on smoking and alcohol use yielded similar estimates to other population-level surveys on gambling participation and at-risk gambling. Further data are needed to elucidate the intersections more reliably between gambling, smoking and alcohol use and inform population-level approaches to reduce harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren Kock
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharon Cox
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Steve Sharman
- National Addiction Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vera Buss
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- SPECTRUM Research Consortium, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee BN, Grubbs JB. Problem gambling within sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. Addict Behav 2023; 144:107742. [PMID: 37121088 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A body of literature now suggests that sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) experience a distinct set of stressors in the form of minority stress, which may function as a risk factor for the development of negative psychological and behavioral health outcomes. A systematic review of the literature was conducted through June 1st, 2022. Inclusion was limited to peer-reviewed publications in academic journals, with prospective and retrospective studies of a quantitative nature included for synthesis. Articles were required to contain an empirical measure of gambling cognitions, behaviors, motives, or outcomes. Studies that did not include sexual minorities within the sample or did not provide quantitative results which shed light on gambling in sexual minorities were excluded from the present review.In total, 12 eligible studies were identified for the current review. In general, this review highlighted methodological weaknesses within the literature and suggested that little is known about gambling in this population. Given conflicting findings across studies, further research is necessary to understand gambling in sexual and gender minorities. From a methodological standpoint, there is a need for clearer conceptualization and standardized measurement of gambling-related variables in vulnerable populations. Further, longitudinal research would be beneficial to understand the nuances of gambling disorder across sexual orientations and gender identities, as well as aid in the development of holistic intervention options that meet the needs of these more vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brinna N Lee
- Department of Psychology, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
| | - Joshua B Grubbs
- Department of Psychology, 822 E Merry Ave, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jeannot E, Dickson C, Zumwald C, Simon O. 18 Years of Changing Trends: Swiss Data on the Clinical Characteristics and Game Types Associated with Problem Gambling. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020166. [PMID: 36673534 PMCID: PMC9859128 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in the Swiss gambling context include the introduction of a new gambling policy (Swiss Federal Act on Gambling; GA), and the associated opening of the online gambling market. Within this context it is important to observe evolving trends in gambling behavior. This study therefore aims to identify the gambling behavior and clinical characteristics of a treatment-seeking population over an 18-year period (2001 to 2018). Specifically, the proportion of referrals relating to the three most popular game-types; VLT play, slot machines and online gambling, and associated socio-demographic characteristics, gambling-related spending and clinical features. The results indicate the high addictive potential for VLT and slot-machine use, over the 18-year period with an increasing use of online gambling from 2012 to 2018 (even before the official opening of the market). Problem-gambling vulnerability factors such as low income, unemployment and debts as well as self-reported suicidal ideation, were also over-represented in the sample. This longitudinal overview provides a detailed picture of treatment-seeking referrals, for future comparisons and can be used to tailor clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilien Jeannot
- Centre Du Jeu Excessif, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, Chemin de Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Cheryl Dickson
- Centre Du Jeu Excessif, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Zumwald
- Centre Du Jeu Excessif, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Simon
- Centre Du Jeu Excessif, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith LR, Sharman S, Roberts A. Gambling and crime: An exploration of gambling availability and culture in an English prison. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:389-403. [PMID: 36397285 PMCID: PMC10100076 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that prisoners have the highest rate of problem gambling in any population, but little is known about the nature of in-prison gambling, the motives for it or how it relates to prior gambling behaviour. AIMS To investigate the prevalence and type of gambling prior to prison and the prevalence, type, and reasons for gambling in prison. METHODS Two hundred and eighty-two male volunteers in a Category B male prison in England completed a questionnaire which included the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). RESULTS One hundred and twenty-six (45%) reported gambling in prison, with eighty-one (30%) of participants reporting that gambling was a normal part of prison life. Pre-prison behaviour, whether type of index offence or prior gambling, had little relationship to in-prison gambling. Frequency of gambling in prison increased with increasing PGSI risk category. The most common types of gambling in prison were card/dice games, sports and ball games, while the most common motives were entertainment, excitement or sense of challenge and to win prizes, with significant differences in motive between PGSI risk categories. Prison canteen items formed the most common currency gambled. People within the higher PGSI risk category were more likely to have borrowed items from other prisoners. CONCLUSIONS Our research has added to existing literature by identifying high rates of gambling in prison and showing that prisoners' perceptions of gambling are as a normal part of prison life. Findings suggest that screening and support should be available to manage gambling in prison, including support to reduce gambling-related debt, particularly given associations between debt and violence in prison. Relief from boredom and need for excitement were among the most common reasons for gambling in prison, indicating that there is a need to provide a more appropriately stimulating prison environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Sharman
- National Addiction CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKings CollegeLondonUK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Marionneau V, Nikkinen J. Gambling-related suicides and suicidality: A systematic review of qualitative evidence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:980303. [PMID: 36387006 PMCID: PMC9645554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.980303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gambling and suicides or suicidality has received much research attention in recent years. Review studies have already mapped the quantitative occurrence of suicide attempts, suicides, and self-harm among gamblers, and found a positive association. Related comorbidities and conditions have also been charted in previous reviews. However, there is still a gap in knowledge regarding the actual processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior. To understand these processes, the current paper conducts a systematic review of qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicides and suicidality. The aim was to identify the role of gambling as well as of confounding factors in suicidality, and what kind of support suicidal individuals have received or would need. We searched for relevant literature in seven scientific databases. We included all studies that presented empirical qualitative evidence on gambling-related suicide, suicidality and/or self-harm (N = 20). The results show two main processes that connect gambling and suicidal behavior: indebtedness and shame. At the same time, suicide is a multifactorial phenomenon, and related to other confounding factors. These include psychiatric conditions, personality traits, and life conditions. In many cases, these appear to emerge as a consequence of gambling. Treatment for suicidality has been effective in some cases, but indebtedness and shame may also function as barriers to help-seeking. We conclude that effective prevention is needed by adapting a more comprehensive public health approach and population-level interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virve Marionneau
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Research on Addiction, Control, and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheer JR, Helminen EC, Felver JC, Coolhart D. Nonmedical Social Determinants, Syndemic Conditions, and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in a Treatment-seeking Community Sample: A Latent Class Analysis. Arch Suicide Res 2022:1-20. [PMID: 35946421 PMCID: PMC9911562 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge gaps remain regarding whether syndemic conditions identify treatment-seeking individuals most at risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). We employed latent class analysis to: (1) model treatment-seeking individuals' syndemic conditions, (2) examine latent classes across nonmedical social determinants, and (3) assess associations between class membership and STB. METHOD Participants were 982 individuals presenting at a community mental health clinic between October 2014 and February 2020. The three-step latent class analytic approach was used. Regression analyses were employed to examine nonmedical social determinants and STB outcomes associated with class membership. RESULTS Participants were aged 18 to >72 (75.8% White; 76.7% heterosexual; 53.7% cisgender woman; 73.8% earned ≥$20,000 annually). Latent class analysis resulted in a three-class solution. Participants in Class 1 were characterized by low probabilities across syndemic conditions. Class 2 was characterized by high probabilities of anxiety and depression. Class 3 was characterized by high probabilities of eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. Participants of color, sexual minority participants, cisgender women, and those experiencing financial distress were more likely to be in classes characterized by syndemic conditions. Classes characterized by syndemic conditions, relative to no syndemic conditions, were associated with greater risk of STB. CONCLUSION Findings confirm the concentrated clustering of co-occurring syndemic conditions among marginalized groups and highlight differing risks for those considering suicide or who have attempted suicide vs. those engaging in self-harm. Results underscore the need for resource allocation and multilevel interventions targeting syndemic conditions and suicidality for minority populations and those experiencing financial distress.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bowden-Jones H, Hook RW, Grant JE, Ioannidis K, Corazza O, Fineberg NA, Singer BF, Roberts A, Bethlehem R, Dymond S, Romero-Garcia R, Robbins TW, Cortese S, Thomas SA, Sahakian BJ, Dowling NA, Chamberlain SR. Gambling disorder in the UK: key research priorities and the urgent need for independent research funding. Lancet Psychiatry 2022; 9:321-329. [PMID: 35180386 PMCID: PMC7612512 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gambling in the modern era is pervasive owing to the variety of gambling opportunities available, including those that use technology (eg, online applications on smartphones). Although many people gamble recreationally without undue negative effects, a sizeable subset of individuals develop disordered gambling, which is associated with marked functional impairment including other mental health problems, relationship problems, bankruptcy, suicidality, and criminality. The National UK Research Network for Behavioural Addictions (NUK-BA) was established to promote understanding of, research into, and treatments for behavioural addictions including gambling disorder, which is the only formally recognised behavioural addiction. In this Health Policy paper, we outline the status of research and treatment for disordered gambling in the UK (including funding issues) and key research that should be conducted to establish the magnitude of the problem, vulnerability and resilience factors, the underlying neurobiology, long-term consequences, and treatment opportunities. In particular, we emphasise the need to: (1) conduct independent longitudinal research into the prevalence of disordered gambling (including gambling disorder and at-risk gambling), and gambling harms, including in vulnerable and minoritised groups; (2) select and refine the most suitable pragmatic measurement tools; (3) identify predictors (eg, vulnerability and resilience markers) of disordered gambling in people who gamble recreationally, including in vulnerable and minoritised groups; (4) conduct randomised controlled trials on psychological interventions and pharmacotherapy for gambling disorder; (5) improve understanding of the neurobiological basis of gambling disorder, including impulsivity and compulsivity, genetics, and biomarkers; and (6) develop clinical guidelines based on the best contemporary research evidence to guide effective clinical interventions. We also highlight the need to consider what can be learnt from approaches towards mitigating gambling-related harm in other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic & National Centre for Gaming Disorders, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Faculty of Brain Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Roxanne W Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Clinical, Pharmacological and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Naomi A Fineberg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK; Hertforshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Bryan F Singer
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK; Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | | | - Simon Dymond
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK; Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Rafa Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuele Cortese
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shane A Thomas
- School of Health, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC Australia
| | | | - Nicki A Dowling
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Claesdotter-Knutsson E, André F, Fridh M, Delfin C, Håkansson A, Lindström M. Gender Differences and Associated Factors Influencing Problem Gambling in Adolescents in Sweden: Cross-sectional Investigation. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2022; 5:e35207. [PMID: 35297770 PMCID: PMC8972113 DOI: 10.2196/35207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although gambling disorder is traditionally considered an adult phenomenon, the behavior usually begins in childhood or adolescence. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the frequency of problem gambling among Swedish adolescents and the suspected associated factors. METHODS This study was based on data collected through a public health survey distributed in 2016 to pupils in ninth grade of primary school and in second grade of secondary school in Sweden. Bayesian binomial regression models, with weakly informative priors, were used to examine whether the frequency of the associated factors differed between those with and without problem gambling. RESULTS Approximately 11.7% (469/4002) of the boys in ninth grade of primary school and 13.9% (472/3407) of the boys in second grade of secondary school were classified as problem gamblers. For girls, the corresponding frequencies were 1.2% (48/4167) and 0.7% (27/3634), respectively. The overall response rate was 77% (9143/11,868) among ninth grade pupils and 73.4% (7949/10,832) among second grade pupils, resulting in a total of 17,092 responses. Problem gambling was associated with poor sleep and having tried smoking, alcohol, and other substances among both boys and girls in ninth grade of primary school and boys in second grade of secondary school. Problem gambling among girls in second grade of secondary school was associated with an increased prevalence of having tried smoking and other substances and an increased prevalence of poor sleep. CONCLUSIONS Using a large representative sample of Swedish adolescents, we found that problem gambling was robustly associated with a substantially increased prevalence of poor sleep and having tried smoking, alcohol, and other substances among both boys and girls in ninth grade of primary school as well as among boys in second grade of secondary school. Our study adds important information for policy makers pointing at vulnerable groups to be considered in their work to prevent problem gambling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology (LU-CRED), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida André
- Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Psychiatry (Lund), Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridh
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Carl Delfin
- Lund Clinical Research on Externalizing and Developmental Psychopathology (LU-CRED), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Clinical Addiction Research Unit, Psychiatry (Lund), Section IV, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lindström
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmo, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Center for Primary Health Care Research (CPF), Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sharman S, Murphy R, Turner J, Roberts A. Predictors of suicide attempts in male UK gamblers seeking residential treatment. Addict Behav 2022; 126:107171. [PMID: 34772503 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disordered gambling can have serious negative consequences for the individual and those around them. Previous research has indicated that disordered gamblers are at an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, ideation and attempts. The current study sought to utilise data from a clinical sample to identify factors that are associated with prior suicide attempts. METHODS The sample included 621 patients entering a gambling-specific residential facility in the UK. A series of Chi-Square analyses and binary logistic regressions were run to identify clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with suicide attempts. RESULTS Of the 20 variables analysed using Chi-square statistics, five were significantly associated with the outcome variable (lifetime attempted suicide): loss of family relationships, loss of home, prior depression, prior suicidal thoughts, and medication use. Regression analysis showed that individuals were more likely to have reported suicide attempts if they had experienced loss of family relationships (1.65 times), loss of a home (1.87 times), prior depression (3.2 times), prior suicidal thoughts (6.14 times), or were taking medication (1.95 times) compared to those not reporting such individual events. CONCLUSIONS Disordered gamblers are vulnerable to suicide; a number of factors have been identified in the current study that predict an increased likelihood of attempted suicide. The factors mainly revolve around loss: not financial loss, but rather disintegration of an individual's support network and deterioration in the individual's mental health. Findings indicate that isolation and negative affect associated with gambling are most influential in attempted suicide and should therefore be more strongly considered when creating and providing the legislative, educational and treatment environments for those experiencing gambling related harm.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lopez-Gonzalez H, Jimenez-Murcia S, Rius-Buitrago A, Griffiths MD. Do Online Gambling Products Require Traditional Therapy for Gambling Disorder to Change? Evidence from Focus Group Interviews with Mental Health Professionals Treating Online Gamblers. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:681-697. [PMID: 34655397 PMCID: PMC8520338 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Online gambling has significantly altered the situational and structural characteristics of gambling products, to the extent that online gamblers might be substantially different from traditional offline gamblers. A growing body of literature has identified the evolving features of online gambling and the individuals who engage in it. However, beyond understanding the individual characteristics of this subgroup, relatively less effort has been made to examine whether existing cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) approaches are still entirely relevant for online problem gamblers, or whether changes are needed to adapt according to gambling mode of access. To understand what kind of challenges online gambling poses to mental health professionals dealing with disordered gamblers, four focus groups comprising 28 Spanish participants were carried out. All the treatment providers had ongoing experience with online gamblers undergoing treatment, and included clinical psychologists, mental health social workers, and a medical doctor. The data were examined using thematic analysis. The analysis identified five main themes that characterised online gamblers: (1) being of younger age, (2) lack of conflicts at home and at work/educational centre, rarely presenting violent or aggressive behaviour, (3) gambling disorder only being identified by overdue debt, (4) co-occurring conditions with technology-related abuse rather than other substance-related addictions, and (5) skill-based gambling. The study highlights mental health workers' perceived insecurities about how to best treat online gamblers, and discusses the specific characteristics that CBT for gambling disorder might need to incorporate to adjust for this particular group of gamblers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Department of Library, Information Science, and Communication, University of Barcelona, Melcior de Palau 140, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Claesdotter-Knutsson E, André F, Fridh M, Delfin C, Hakansson A, Lindström M. Gender-Based Differences and Associated Factors Surrounding Excessive Smartphone Use Among Adolescents: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Pediatr Parent 2021; 4:e30889. [PMID: 34813492 PMCID: PMC8663478 DOI: 10.2196/30889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive smartphone use is a new and debated phenomenon frequently mentioned in the context of behavioral addiction, showing both shared and distinct traits when compared to pathological gaming and gambling. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe excessive smartphone use and associated factors among adolescents, focusing on comparisons between boys and girls. METHODS This study was based on data collected through a large-scale public health survey distributed in 2016 to pupils in the 9th grade of primary school and those in the 2nd grade of secondary school. Bayesian binomial regression models, with weakly informative priors, were used to examine whether the frequency of associated factors differed between those who reported excessive smartphone use and those who did not. RESULTS The overall response rate was 77% (9143/11,868) among 9th grade pupils and 73.4% (7949/10,832) among 2nd grade pupils, resulting in a total of 17,092 responses. Based on the estimated median absolute percentage differences, along with associated odds ratios, we found that excessive smartphone use was associated with the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and other substances. The reporting of anxiety and worry along with feeling low more than once a week consistently increased the odds of excessive smartphone use among girls, whereas anxiety and worry elevated the odds of excessive smartphone use among boys. The reporting of less than 7 hours of sleep per night was associated with excessive smartphone use in all 4 study groups. CONCLUSIONS The results varied across gender and grade in terms of robustness and the size of estimated difference. However, excessive smartphone use was associated with a higher frequency of multiple suspected associated factors, including ever having tried smoking, alcohol, or other substances; poor sleep; and often feeling low and feeling anxious. This study sheds light on some features and distinctions of a potentially problematic behavior among adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida André
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Fridh
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Carl Delfin
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Hakansson
- Psychiatry, Malmö Addiction Centre, Gambling Disorder Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Lindström
- Social Medicine and Health Policy, Centre for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Månsson V, Wall H, Berman AH, Jayaram-Lindström N, Rosendahl I. A Longitudinal Study of Gambling Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden. Front Psychol 2021; 12:708037. [PMID: 34721154 PMCID: PMC8552012 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate changes in gambling behaviors during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Participants who had gambled within the past year were recruited from social media and the Swedish National Helpline (n = 325, mean age 39.8 years, 64.8% males, 31.3% with problem gambling) and completed an online survey measuring gambling behaviors, consequences of the pandemic in general and worries related to the pandemic. A sub-sample (n = 139) completed a follow-up survey, during the second wave. The results showed no significant associations between COVID-19 consequences (financial or increased isolation) and increased monthly gambling behavior. No major migrations were observed between game types. However, gambling on a high-risk game (OR = 7.44, p < 0.001) and worrying about mental health due to the pandemic (OR = 2.85, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with past year gambling problems and increased monthly gambling problems from the first to the second wave. More longitudinal research is needed in vulnerable populations, to fully understand the long-term consequences of the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Månsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Wall
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne H Berman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nitya Jayaram-Lindström
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rosendahl
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nelson SE, Edson TC, Louderback ER, Tom MA, Grossman A, LaPlante DA. Changes to the playing field: A contemporary study of actual European online sports betting. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:396-411. [PMID: 34191745 PMCID: PMC8997203 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Online sports wagering is a popular and still growing gambling activity around the world. Like other types of gambling, it can lead to problems that include devastating financial, social, and health-related harms. The first analysis of actual online sports wagering activity (LaBrie et al., 2007) suggested that levels of financial and time involvement were more moderate than anticipated from earlier self-report studies. However, these findings are now more than a decade old. METHODS The current study examined actual online sports wagering activity of a similar cohort of 32,262 gamblers who subscribed to a European online betting platform in February 2015 to understand how sports betting might have changed in ten years. Measures included subscriber characteristics, betting activities, and transactional activities. RESULTS Players placed a median of 15 bets during the 8-month study period, made a median of 2.5 bets per betting day, had a median bet size of 6.1 euros, and experienced a median net loss of 25 euros. We were able to distinguish highly involved bettors in the top 2% of total wagered, net loss, and number of bets, whose behavior differed from that of the rest of the sample. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Sports wagering behavior has remained relatively stable over time despite legislative changes and an increase in popularity, with a small subset of subscribers exhibiting disproportionately high engagement, transactional activity, and in-game betting. Further investigation of individual trajectories of wagering behavior and engagement with different types of sports wagering products is merited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Nelson
- Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy C. Edson
- Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew A. Tom
- Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Debi A. LaPlante
- Division on Addiction, Cambridge Health Alliance, Malden, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Delfabbro P, Parke J. Empirical Evidence Relating to the Relative Riskiness of Scratch-Card Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:1007-1024. [PMID: 33969455 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Scratch cards (SCs) or tickets are lottery-based games which are played by scratching to reveal numbers, letters or symbols to win prizes. Such activities have sometimes been likened to paper-based slot-machines, but relatively little systematic analyses have been conducted to examine the risk or harm associated with these activities. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of the peer-reviewed literature relating to the potential association between SCs and problem gambling and what is known from publically available data sources (e.g., prevalence studies and treatment data). Evidence is analysed within the context of the Bradford Hill Criteria. Both prevalence and peer reviewed literature suggest that SCs are less strongly associated with problem gambling than most other gambling activities. We argue that this difference is due to the nature of the products. SC gambling differs from slot-machine gambling in a number of structural ways; it is less continuous; has a slower event frequency; and, emerging literature suggests that near-miss design features are unlikely to have a significant impact upon behaviour. Thus, in our view, and based on the empirical evidence, it appears that earlier parallels between SCs and slot-machines now appear more tenuous. Nevertheless, we encourage further investigation into the potential impact of new and emerging online lottery products because of the more immersive, faster and more technology-based nature of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cornil A, Rothen S, De Timary P, Billieux J. Interference-based methods to mitigate gambling craving: a proof-of-principle pilot study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2021.1903063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Cornil
- Louvain Experimental Psychopathology (LEP), Psychological Science Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Rothen
- Addictology Division, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe De Timary
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique De Louvain and Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Public Perceptions of Harm for Nine Popular Gambling Products. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:1113-1126. [PMID: 33635504 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gambling causes significant levels of harm globally and is recognised as a serious public health issue. To reduce gambling-related harm, various strategies and policies have been recommended, including decreasing the availability of gambling products, restricting gambling advertising, and implementing public education campaigns. Government willingness to implement such strategies will be influenced by levels of public support, which in turn will be dependent on public perceptions of the harm caused by gambling products. The aim of the present study was to assess public perceptions of the harm associated with individual gambling products to inform future gambling reform. A sample of 2112 Australian adults provided perceived harm ratings for nine popular gambling products that are known to be associated with gambling-related harm: electronic gambling machines, casino table games, sports betting, bingo, scratch tickets, private betting, horse/dog races, keno, and the lottery. Binary logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with harm perceptions. Only electronic gambling machines (70%), casino table games (64%), betting on horse/dog races (59%), and sports betting (53%) were perceived by a majority of respondents as being harmful. Less frequent gambling and experiencing greater levels of gambling-related harm were associated with higher harm perceptions. Many potentially harmful gambling products may not be recognised as such by the public, which is likely to reduce support for recommended harm-reduction strategies and policies. Efforts are needed to ensure Australians in general and gamblers in particular understand the levels of harm associated with popular gambling products.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lopez-Gonzalez H, Rius-Buitrago A, Jimenez-Murcia S, Griffiths MD. The utilization and perception of sports betting experts (‘tipsters’) among sports bettors with gambling problems: a qualitative focus group interview study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2020.1844270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez
- Department of Information Science and Communication, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Susana Jimenez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kildahl N, Hansen S, Brevers D, Skewes J. Individual differences in learning during decision-making may predict specific harms associated with gambling. Addict Behav 2020; 110:106496. [PMID: 32563860 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Problem gambling has been linked to impairments in decision-making under uncertainty. Problem gamblers are more likely to favor high-risk, high-reward, and short-term gains over more advantageous choice alternatives, and this preference has been linked to impaired learning about decision outcomes. In this paper we link specific learning processes in decision-making to specific harms related to problem gambling. We asked a group of 140 casual gamblers to 1) perform a canonical decision-making task (the Iowa Gambling Task) online, and 2) to complete a self-report survey (the GamTest) designed to measure self-perceived harm caused by their gambling. We used a reinforcement learning model to explain individual differences in the decision task, and related individuals' model parameters to the specific problem areas reported using the questionnaire. We found that people who learned more from gains than from losses on the task were more likely to report overall gambling problems, and problems specifically related to money. We also found that people whose learning was more driven by the frequency of rewards were more likely to report problems related to the amount of time spent gambling, as well as social problems. We discuss possible psychological and neural processes mediating learning and gambling related harms, and we discuss the relevance of our approach to the diagnosis of problem gambling and its consequences.
Collapse
|
19
|
Booth L, Thomas S, Moodie R, Peeters A, White V, Pierce H, Anderson AS, Pettigrew S. Gambling-related harms attributable to lotteries products. Addict Behav 2020; 109:106472. [PMID: 32485546 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lotteries products (lottery tickets and scratch tickets) are the most popular forms of gambling worldwide, however little research has investigated whether these products are associated with gambling-related harm. The limited available research suggests these products are linked to problematic gambling behaviors and a range of resulting negative outcomes, with certain sub-groups appearing to be more vulnerable to experiencing harms. The present study examined risk of gambling-related harm (measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index) from lotteries products use in an Australian sample of lotteries-only gamblers (n = 540). Additionally, the study investigated whether risk varied according to a range of sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics (age, gender, household income, location (rural vs. metropolitan), employment status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, frequency of e-cigarette use, frequency of scratch ticket use, frequency of lottery ticket use, expenditure on scratch tickets, and expenditure on lottery tickets). Almost one-third of the sample was found to be at some level of gambling-related risk due to their use of lotteries products. Younger respondents, males, current smokers, e-cigarette users, and those who purchase scratch tickets more frequently were more likely to report problematic use of lotteries products. Policy makers should enact strategies to prevent and reduce harms resulting from lotteries products, especially among the identified at-risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon Booth
- School of Psychology, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Samantha Thomas
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Rob Moodie
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Bouverie St Carlton 3053, Australia.
| | - Anna Peeters
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Victoria White
- Deakin University, Geelong, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Hannah Pierce
- The Public Health Association of Australia (WA Branch), PO Box 319, Curtin, ACT 2605, Australia.
| | - Annie S Anderson
- Division of Population Health & Genomics, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK.
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, 1 King St, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Within the cohort of individuals who seek treatment for disordered gambling, over half fail to complete treatment. The current study sought to identify predictors of treatment dropout in a sample of gamblers attending a residential treatment facility for disordered gamblers in the UK and to report differences in voluntary and enforced dropout. Data on 658 gamblers seeking residential treatment with the Gordon Moody Association (GMA) was analysed, collected between 2000 and 2015. Measurements included demographic data, self-reported gambling behavior, (including the Problem Gambling Severity Index), mental and physical health status, and a risk assessment. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of treatment termination. Results confirm a high percentage of treatment dropout among disordered gamblers (51.3%). Significant predictors of treatment dropout included older age of the client, higher levels of education, higher levels of debt, online gambling, gambling on poker, shorter duration of treatment, higher depression, experience of previous treatment programmes and medication, and adverse childhood experiences. Within non-completers, significant predictors of enforced dropout included lifetime homelessness, less debt, sports gambling, depression and lifetime smoking. Those who were on a longer treatment programme and had previously received gambling treatment or support were less likely to be asked to leave. Clinicians working in inpatient support need to be aware of the increased psychopathogical and psychosocial problems in those who are at risk of termination and make attempts to retain them in treatment and increase patient compliance.
Collapse
|
21
|
Newall PW, Russell AM, Sharman S, Walasek L. Associations between recalled use of legal UK youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling. J Behav Addict 2020; 9:863-868. [PMID: 32817588 PMCID: PMC8943655 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The UK allows a number of gambling products to be legally used by people under the age of 18. The aim of this study was to explore associations between recalled legal usage of five youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1,057 adult UK gamblers, aged 18-40. Recalled legal use of five youth gambling products (category D fruit machines, coin push machines, crane grab machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards) was correlated with adult disordered gambling symptoms as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). RESULTS Recalled rates of legal engagement with each product ranged from 50.9% for Category D fruit machines to 96.6% for coin push machines. For category D fruit machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards, merely having legally engaged with these products as a child was associated with adult disordered gambling. Furthermore, higher levels of recalled legal youth usage with each of the five products was also associated with adult disordered gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These results relate to recent government proposals to increase the National Lottery scratchcard legal age to 18, and add to a wider literature on youth gambling and subsequent gambling-related harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W.S. Newall
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 120 Spencer St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Alex M.T. Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steve Sharman
- National Addictions Centre, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK,School of Psychology, University of East London, London, E15 4LZ, UK
| | - Lukasz Walasek
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wardle H, John A, Dymond S, McManus S. Problem gambling and suicidality in England: secondary analysis of a representative cross-sectional survey. Public Health 2020; 184:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Psychosocial correlates in treatment seeking gamblers: Differences in early age onset gamblers vs later age onset gamblers. Addict Behav 2019; 97:20-26. [PMID: 31121560 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age of onset is an important factor in the development and trajectory of psychiatric disorders; however, little is known regarding the age of onset in relation to disordered gambling in treatment seeking samples in the UK. Utilising a large residential treatment seeking gambler cohort, the current study examined the relationship between age of gambling onset and a range of variables thought to be associated with disordered gambling. METHOD Data were collected from 768 gamblers attending residential treatment for disordered gambling. Individuals were grouped per the age they started gambling as either a child (≤12), adolescent (13-15), or young adult/adult (≤16). Data were analysed using linear, backward stepwise, and multinomial logistic regressions to identify significant relationships between age of onset and variables of theoretical significance. RESULTS Results indicate the younger age of gambling onset was associated with increased gambling severity. Those who began gambling at an earlier age were more likely to have abused drugs or solvents, committed an unreported crime, been verbally aggressive and experienced violent outbursts. They are less likely to report a positive childhood family environment and are more likely to have had a parent with gambling and/or alcohol problems. DISCUSSION Gamblers who began gambling at an earlier age experience negative life events and exhibit some antisocial behaviors more than later onset gamblers, indicating that when addressing gambling behavior, it is important to consider the developmental trajectory of the disorder, rather than merely addressing current gambling behavior. However, the direction of the relationship between gambling and significant variables is in some instance unclear, indicating a need for further research to define causality.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Purpose of Review The goal of this review is to provide new insights as to how and why functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research on gambling cue reactivity can contribute to significant progress towards the understanding of gambling disorder. After having offered a detailed description of experimental paradigms and a comprehensive summary of findings related to gambling cue reactivity, the present review suggests methodological avenues for future research. Recent Findings The fMRI literature on problem gambling has identified the main neural pathways associated with reactivity to gambling cues. Yet, the current knowledge on the key factors underlying cue reactivity in gambling is still very incomplete. Here, we suggest that the recent expansion of online sports betting calls for a new line of research offering a fine-grained and up-to-date approach of neural cue reactivity in gambling disorder. Summary Experimental designs that investigate individual-specific and study-specific factors related to sports betting have the potential to foster progress towards efficient treatment and prevention of gambling disorder.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sharman S, Clark L, Roberts A, Michalczuk R, Cocks R, Bowden-Jones H. Heterogeneity in Disordered Gambling: Decision-Making and Impulsivity in Gamblers Grouped by Preferred Form. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:588. [PMID: 31481905 PMCID: PMC6709538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research has indicated that disordered gamblers display deficits in impulsivity and risky decision-making, compared to healthy control groups. However, disordered gamblers are not a homogenous group, and differences in performance on neurocognitive tasks may be related to the form of gambling in which an individual chooses to engage. The present study used neurocognitive tasks and questionnaire measures to ascertain group differences in gamblers grouped by preferred form of gambling. Method: Treatment-seeking pathological gamblers from the National Problem Gambling Clinic, London (n = 101), completed a neurocognitive assessment comprising the Cambridge gamble task (CGT), the stop-signal task (SST), a probabilistic reversal learning task (PRL), and the Kirby Monetary Choice Questionnaire, as well as questionnaire measures of gambling severity, impulsivity, depression, and anxiety. Analyses compared gamblers who favored fixed-odds betting terminals (FOBTs) (the modal form) to gamblers who preferred other forms of gambling (non-FOBT). Results: The FOBT group showed impaired decision-making under risk on the CGT compared to the non-FOBT group, choosing the likely option less on more uncertain decisions. The FOBT group made fewer perseverative errors on the PRL task, had lower depression and anxiety scores, and were less likely to have a family history of problem gambling than the non-FOBT group. Discussion: Decision-making and cognitive flexibility differences between gamblers grouped by gambling type supports preferred form as an important source of heterogeneity in gambling disorder. Decision-making strategies and risk attitudes should be considered when approaching cognition-focused treatment strategies, allowing interventions to be targeted at specific cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sharman
- School of Psychology, College of Applied Health and Communities, University of East London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, College of Social Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Rosanna Michalczuk
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,South London and Maudsley Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Cocks
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|