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Huang S, Pham AC, Salim M, Eason T, Ramirez G, Boyd BJ. Infant formula as a solid lipid dose form for enhancement of the oral bioavailability of cannabidiol for paediatric patients. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124257. [PMID: 38782154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cannabinoids can save paediatric patients from harmful psychological conditions caused by epilepsy. However, the limited aqueous solubility of the drug presents a limitation to oral absorption and bioavailability. Previous studies have shown the enhancement of oral bioavailability for poorly water-soluble drugs using milk or milk-based products like infant formula as a novel lipid-based formulation, due to digestion of the lipids to enhance drug solubility that is particularly well suited to infants and in low economy settings. Therefore, this study has investigated the in vitro solubilisation enhancement of cannabidiol (CBD) in milk-based products during digestion using synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering, followed by pharmacokinetic studies to determine the relative oral bioavailability. The in vitro results, coupled with in vivo data, demonstrate a two-fold increase in the oral bioavailability of CBD in bovine milk as well as infant formula. The results of this study indicate the potential for infant formula to be considered as a novel formulation approach for CBD. Further study is encouraged for more drugs with infant formula to strengthen the correlation between the solubilisation of drug and their oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouyuan Huang
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anna C Pham
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Eason
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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2
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Al Nebaihi HM, Davies NM, Brocks DR. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics, chylomicron inhibition, and toxicity of colchicine in rats given low doses. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024:114392. [PMID: 38977066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Colchicine (COL) is known for its ability to inhibit the formation of intestinal chylomicrons and has been utilized as a non-surgical tool to explore drug absorption via the intestinal lymphatics. However, there is limited understanding of its pharmacokinetics and its relationship to effect and toxicity with the doses used. This study aimed to provide comprehensive COL pharmacokinetic data and correlate it with the lymphatic-blocking and toxicological effects of low-doses. Male Sprague-Dawley rats with jugular-vein cannulation (JVC) received 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg COL via oral, 0.25 mg/kg intraperitoneal, and 0.1 mg/kg intravenous routes, followed by blood and urine sampling for LC-MS/MS analysis. Effects on lipid absorption were assessed in another eight JVC rats receiving peanut oil with and without COL, followed by blood pharmacokinetic and plasma biochemistry analysis. The results revealed that COL exhibited high total body clearance and volume of distribution, with low oral bioavailability (<8%). About 20 % was recovered in the urine after parenteral dosing. Modest but significant reductions in cholesterol absorption was observed after oral doses of 0.5 mg/kg, accompanied by signs of inflammation and increased liver enzymes persisting for a week. The effect of COL on triglycerides formation was not significant. Despite its use as a non-surgical tool in rats to investigate drug absorption via the lymphatic pathway, COL demonstrated increased levels of liver function enzymes, emphasizing the need for caution and dose optimization in its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdah M Al Nebaihi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alverta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neal M Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alverta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alverta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Tan Y, An K, Su J. Review: Mechanism of herbivores synergistically metabolizing toxic plants through liver and intestinal microbiota. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 281:109925. [PMID: 38643812 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Interspecific interactions are central to ecological research. Plants produce toxic plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) as a defense mechanism against herbivore overgrazing, prompting their gradual adaptation to toxic substances for tolerance or detoxification. P450 enzymes in herbivore livers bind to PSMs, whereas UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase increase the hydrophobicity of the bound PSMs for detoxification. Intestinal microorganisms such as Bacteroidetes metabolize cellulase and other macromolecules to break down toxic components. However, detoxification is an overall response of the animal body, necessitating coordination among various organs to detoxify ingested PSMs. PSMs undergo detoxification metabolism through the liver and gut microbiota, evidenced by increased signaling processes of bile acids, inflammatory signaling molecules, and aromatic hydrocarbon receptors. In this context, we offer a succinct overview of how metabolites from the liver and gut microbiota of herbivores contribute to enhancing metabolic PSMs. We focused mainly on elucidating the molecular communication between the liver and gut microbiota involving endocrine, immune, and metabolic processes in detoxification. We have also discussed the potential for future alterations in the gut of herbivores to enhance the metabolic effects of the liver and boost the detoxification and metabolic abilities of PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Tan
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Kang An
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junhu Su
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Gansu Agricultural University-Massey University Research Centre for Grassland Biodiversity, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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4
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Koch N, Jennotte O, Bourcy Q, Lechanteur A, Deville M, Charlier C, Chiap P, Cardot JM, Evrard B. Evaluation of amorphous and lipid-based formulation strategies to increase the in vivo cannabidiol bioavailability in piglets. Int J Pharm 2024; 657:124173. [PMID: 38685441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) suffers from poor oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility and high metabolism, and is generally administered in liquid lipid vehicles. Solid-state formulations of CBD have been developed, but their ability to increase the oral bioavailability has not yet been proven in vivo. Various approaches are investigated to increase this bioavailability. This study aimed to demonstrate the enhancement of the oral bioavailability of oral solid dosage forms of amorphous CBD and lipid-based CBD formulation compared to crystalline CBD. Six piglets received the three formulations, in a cross-over design. CBD and 7 - COOH - CBD, a secondary metabolite used as an indicator of hepatic degradation, were analyzed in plasma. A 10.9-fold and 6.8-fold increase in oral bioavailability was observed for the amorphous and lipid formulations, respectively. However, the lipid-based formulation allowed reducing the inter-variability when administered to fasted animals. An entero-hepatic cycle was confirmed for amorphous formulations. Finally, this study showed that the expected protective effect of lipids against hepatic degradation of the lipid-based formulation did not occur, since the ratio CBD/metabolite was higher than that of the amorphous one.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koch
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - O Jennotte
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Q Bourcy
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - A Lechanteur
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - M Deville
- Academic Hospital of Liège, Department of Toxicology, GLP-AEPT Unit, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - C Charlier
- Academic Hospital of Liège, Department of Toxicology, GLP-AEPT Unit, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - P Chiap
- Academic Hospital of Liège, Department of Toxicology, GLP-AEPT Unit, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | | | - B Evrard
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Liège 4000, Belgium
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5
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Li H, Sun H, Zhao Y, Wang S, Zhao Y. Solid self-emulsifying casein carrier for the improvement on the oral bioavailability of simvastatin. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131516. [PMID: 38621556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SV) is a statin drug that can effectively control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, SV is water-insoluble, and poor oral bioavailability (<5 %). Solid self-emulsifying carrier system is more stable than liquid emulsions, facilitating to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In the present study, a solid self-emulsifying carrier stabilized by casein (Cas-SSE) was successfully used to load SV to improve its solubility in water, by formulation selection and emulsification process optimization. Compared with oral tablets, the release of SV from Cas-SSE was significantly enhanced in artificial intestinal fluid. Furthermore, everted gut sac experiments indicated some water-soluble dispersing agents such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES), were not conducive to drug absorption. Pharmacokinetic studies suggested Cas-SSE without dispersing agent has much higher relative bioavailability (184.1 % of SV and 284.5 % of simvastatin acid) than SV tablet. The present work suggests Cas-SSE is a promising drug delivery platform with good biocompatibility for improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, PR China; The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong Cannano Anew Medicine Co., Ltd, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510700, PR China
| | - Haixia Sun
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong Cannano Anew Medicine Co., Ltd, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510700, PR China; School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangdong Cannano Anew Medicine Co., Ltd, 136 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510700, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan City 430074, PR China.
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, PR China.
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6
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Lima M, Moreira B, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva A. Could nanotechnology improve exercise performance? Evidence from animal studies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13360. [PMID: 38656076 PMCID: PMC11027182 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nutritional nanocompounds on exercise performance. The reviewed studies used the following nanocompounds: resveratrol-loaded lipid nanoparticles, folic acid into layered hydroxide nanoparticle, redox-active nanoparticles with nitroxide radicals, and iron into liposomes. Most of these nutritional nanocompounds seem to improve performance in endurance exercise compared to the active compound in the non-nanoencapsulated form and/or placebo. Nutritional nanocompounds also induced the following physiological and metabolic alterations: 1) improved antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress; 2) reduction in inflammation status; 3) maintenance of muscle integrity; 4) improvement in mitochondrial function and quality; 5) enhanced glucose levels during exercise; 6) higher muscle and hepatic glycogen levels; and 7) increased serum and liver iron content. However, all the reviewed studies were conducted in animals (mice and rats). In conclusion, nutritional nanocompounds are a promising approach to improving exercise performance. As the studies using nutritional nanocompounds were all conducted in animals, further studies in humans are necessary to better understand the application of nutritional nanocompounds in sport and exercise science.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lima
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Desempenho Humano, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - B.J. Moreira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - R. Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A.E. Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Desempenho Humano, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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7
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Xie Y, Lu Z, Styles IK, Reddiar SB, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Porter CJH, Han S, Trevaskis NL. Lymphatic Uptake of a Highly Lipophilic Protease Inhibitor Prodrug from a Lipid-Based Formulation is Limited by Instability in the Intestine. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00128-X. [PMID: 38582284 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Dabigatran etexilate (DABE) is a lipophilic double alkyl ester prodrug of dabigatran (DAB) which is a serine protease inhibitor used clinically as an anticoagulant. Recently, translocation of serine protease enzymes, including trypsin, from the gut into the mesenteric lymph and then blood has been associated with organ failure in acute and critical illnesses (ACIs). Delivery of DABE into mesenteric lymph may thus be an effective strategy to prevent organ failure in ACIs. Most drugs access the mesenteric lymph in low quantities following oral administration, as they are rapidly transported away from the intestine via the blood. Here, we examine the potential to deliver DABE into the mesenteric lymph by promoting association with lymph lipid transport pathways via co-administration with a lipid-based formulation (LBF). A series of self-emulsifying LBFs were designed and tested in vitro for their potential to form stable DABE loaded emulsions and keep DABE solubilised and stable over time in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The LBFs were found to form fine emulsions with a droplet size of 214 ± 30 nm and DABE was stable in the formulation. The stability of DABE in vitro in simulated intestinal conditions, plasma and lymph samples was also evaluated to ensure stability in collected samples and to evaluate whether the prodrug is likely to release active DAB. Ultimately, a highly uniform and stable self-emulsifying Type III A LBF of DABE was chosen for progression into in vivo studies in male Sprague Dawley rats to confirm the lymphatic uptake and plasma pharmacokinetics. Both in vitro and in vivo in plasma and lymph, DABE was rapidly converted to an intermediate and DAB. The main species present in vivo in both plasma and lymph was DAB and mass transport of DABE and DAB in lymph was minimal (∼0.5 % of dose). Importantly, the concentration of DABE in lymph was substantially (20-176 fold) higher than in plasma, supporting that if the prodrug were stable and did not convert to DAB in the intestine, it would be lymphatically transported. Future studies will therefore focus on optimizing the design of the prodrug and formulation to improve stability during absorption and further promote lymphatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Xie
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zijun Lu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian K Styles
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sanjeevini Babu Reddiar
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - John A Windsor
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Khaire OT, Mhaske A, Prasad AG, Almalki WH, Srivastava N, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. State-of-the-art drug delivery system to target the lymphatics. J Drug Target 2024; 32:347-364. [PMID: 38253594 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2309671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the review is to assess the potential of lymphatic-targeted drug delivery systems, with a particular emphasis on their role in tumour therapy and vaccination efficacy. REASON FOR LYMPHATIC TARGETING The lymphatic system's crucial functions in maintaining bodily equilibrium, regulating metabolism, and orchestrating immune responses make it an ideal target for drug delivery. Lymph nodes, being primary sites for tumour metastasis, underscore the importance of targeting the lymphatic system for effective treatment. OUTCOME Nanotechnologies and innovative biomaterials have facilitated the development of lymphatic-targeted drug carriers, leveraging endogenous macromolecules to enhance drug delivery efficiency. Various systems such as liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanomaterials, hydrogels, and nano-capsules demonstrate significant potential for delivering drugs to the lymphatic system. CONCLUSION Understanding the physiological functions of the lymphatic system and its involvement in diseases underscores the promise of targeted drug delivery in improving treatment outcomes. The strategic targeting of the lymphatic system presents opportunities to enhance patient prognosis and advance therapeutic interventions across various medical contexts, indicating the importance of ongoing research and development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar T Khaire
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Akshada Mhaske
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Aprameya Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Waleed H Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, UP, India
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9
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Mehrdadi S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Overcoming Poor Gastrointestinal Absorption and Enhancing Bioavailability of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:48-66. [PMID: 38585451 PMCID: PMC10997935 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery and formulation of oral peptide and protein therapeutics have always been a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. The oral bioavailability of peptide and protein therapeutics mainly relies on their gastrointestinal solubility and permeability which are affected by their poor membrane penetration, high molecular weight and proteolytic (chemical and enzymatic) degradation resulting in limited delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The present review article highlights the challenges and limitations of oral delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics focusing on the application, potential and importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) and their advantages and drawbacks. LBDDSs, due to their lipid-based matrix can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, and by reducing the first-pass effect and avoiding proteolytic degradation offer improved drug stability, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability and controlled drug release. Furthermore, their small size, high surface area and surface modification increase their mucosal adhesion, tissue-targeted distribution, physiological function and half-life. Properties such as simple preparation, high-scale manufacturing, biodegradability, biocompatibility, prolonged half-life, lower toxicity, lower adverse effects, lipid-based structure, higher drug encapsulation rate and various drug release profile compared to other similar carrier systems makes LBDDSs a promising drug delivery system (DDS). Nevertheless, undesired physicochemical features of peptide and protein drug development and discovery such as plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life remain a serious challenge which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mehrdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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10
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Amekyeh H, Sabra R, Billa N. A Window for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Therapeutics via Lipid Nanoparticles. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:613-630. [PMID: 38476206 PMCID: PMC10927375 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s439975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of dosage forms is convenient and beneficial in several respects. Lipid nanoparticulate dosage forms have emerged as a useful carrier system in deploying low solubility drugs systemically, particularly class II, III, and IV drugs of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Like other nanoparticulate delivery systems, their low size-to-volume ratio facilitates uptake by phagocytosis. Lipid nanoparticles also provide scope for high drug loading and extended-release capability, ensuring diminished systemic side effects and improved pharmacokinetics. However, rapid gastrointestinal (GI) clearance of particulate delivery systems impedes efficient uptake across the mucosa. Mucoadhesion of dosage forms to the GI mucosa results in longer transit times due to interactions between the former and mucus. Delayed transit times facilitate transfer of the dosage form across the mucosa. In this regard, a balance between mucoadhesion and mucopenetration guarantees optimal systemic transfer. Furthermore, the interplay between GI anatomy and physiology is key to ensuring efficient systemic uptake. This review captures salient anatomical and physiological features of the GI tract and how these can be exploited for maximal systemic delivery of lipid nanoparticles. Materials used to impart mucoadhesion and examples of successful mucoadhesive lipid nanoformulations are highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Amekyeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Rayan Sabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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11
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Preeti, Sambhakar S, Saharan R, Narwal S, Malik R, Gahlot V, Khalid A, Najmi A, Zoghebi K, Halawi MA, Albratty M, Mohan S. Exploring LIPIDs for their potential to improves bioavailability of lipophilic drugs candidates: A review. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101870. [PMID: 38053738 PMCID: PMC10694332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a thorough examination of the benefits, challenges, and advancements in utilizing lipids for more effective drug delivery, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative approaches in pharmaceutical science. Lipophilic drugs, characterized by low aqueous solubility, present a formidable challenge in achieving effective delivery and absorption within the human body. To address this issue, one promising approach involves harnessing the potential of lipids. Lipids, in their diverse forms, serve as carriers, leveraging their unique capacity to enhance solubility, stability, and absorption of these challenging drugs. By facilitating improved intestinal solubility and selective lymphatic absorption of porously permeable drugs, lipids offer an array of possibilities for drug delivery. This versatile characteristic not only bolsters the pharmacological efficacy of drugs with low bioavailability but also contributes to enhanced therapeutic performance, ultimately reducing the required dose size and associated costs. This comprehensive review delves into the strategic formulation approaches that employ lipids as carriers to ameliorate drug solubility and bioavailability. Emphasis is placed on the critical considerations of lipid type, composition, and processing techniques when designing lipid-based formulations. This review meticulously examines the multifaceted challenges that come hand in hand with lipid-based formulations for lipophilic drugs, offering an insightful perspective on future trends. Regulatory considerations and the broad spectrum of potential applications are also thoughtfully discussed. In summary, this review presents a valuable repository of insights into the effective utilization of lipids as carriers, all aimed at elevating the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Sharda Sambhakar
- Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali Road, Aliyabad, Rajasthan 304022, India
| | - Renu Saharan
- Maharishi Markandeswar Deemed to be University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133203, India
| | - Sonia Narwal
- Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology, Department of Pharmacy, GT Road, Samalkha, Panipat 132102, Haryana, India
| | - Rohit Malik
- Gurugram Global College of Pharmacy, Haily Mandi Rd, Farukh Nagar, Haryana 122506, India
| | - Vinod Gahlot
- HIMT College of Pharmacy, Knowledge Park - 1, Greater Noida, District - Gautam Buddh Nagar, UP 201310, India
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box: 2424, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam A. Halawi
- Department of Cinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India
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12
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Xu M, Qi Y, Liu G, Song Y, Jiang X, Du B. Size-Dependent In Vivo Transport of Nanoparticles: Implications for Delivery, Targeting, and Clearance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20825-20849. [PMID: 37921488 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the in vivo transport of nanoparticles provides guidelines for designing nanomedicines with higher efficacy and fewer side effects. Among many factors, the size of nanoparticles plays a key role in controlling their in vivo transport behaviors due to the existence of various physiological size thresholds within the body and size-dependent nano-bio interactions. Encouraged by the evolving discoveries of nanoparticle-size-dependent biological effects, we believe that it is necessary to systematically summarize the size-scaling laws of nanoparticle transport in vivo. In this review, we summarized the size effect of nanoparticles on their in vivo transport along their journey in the body: begin with the administration of nanoparticles via different delivery routes, followed by the targeting of nanoparticles to intended tissues including tumors and other organs, and eventually clearance of nanoparticles through the liver or kidneys. We outlined the tools for investigating the in vivo transport of nanoparticles as well. Finally, we discussed how we may leverage the size-dependent transport to tackle some of the key challenges in nanomedicine translation and also raised important size-related questions that remain to be answered in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingze Xu
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Qi
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Gaoshuo Liu
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Yuanqing Song
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
| | - Xingya Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, P.R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Bujie Du
- Center for Medical Research on Innovation and Translation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510180, P.R. China
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13
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Taheri A, Bremmell KE, Joyce P, Prestidge CA. Battle of the milky way: Lymphatic targeted drug delivery for pathogen eradication. J Control Release 2023; 363:507-524. [PMID: 37797891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses, bacteria, and parasites rely on the lymphatic system for survival, replication, and dissemination. While conventional anti-infectives can combat infection-causing agents in the bloodstream, they do not reach the lymphatic system to eradicate the pathogens harboured there. This can result in ineffective drug exposure and reduce treatment effectiveness. By developing effective lymphatic delivery strategies for antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic drugs, their systemic pharmacokinetics may be improved, as would their ability to reach their target pathogens within the lymphatics, thereby improving clinical outcomes in a variety of acute and chronic infections with lymphatic involvement (e.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and filariasis). Here, we discuss approaches to targeting anti-infective drugs to the intestinal and dermal lymphatics, aiming to eliminate pathogen reservoirs and interfere with their survival and reproduction inside the lymphatic system. These include optimized lipophilic prodrugs and drug delivery systems that promote lymphatic transport after oral and dermal drug intake. For intestinal lymphatic delivery via the chylomicron pathway, molecules should have logP values >5 and long-chain triglyceride solubilities >50 mg/g, and for dermal lymphatic delivery via interstitial lymphatic drainage, nanoparticle formulations with particle size between 10 and 100 nm are generally preferred. Insight from this review may promote new and improved therapeutic solutions for pathogen eradication and combating infective diseases, as lymphatic system involvement in pathogen dissemination and drug resistance has been neglected compared to other pathways leading to treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kristen E Bremmell
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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14
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Yousef M, Park C, Henostroza M, Bou Chacra N, Davies NM, Löbenberg R. Development of a Novel In Vitro Model to Study Lymphatic Uptake of Drugs via Artificial Chylomicrons. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2532. [PMID: 38004512 PMCID: PMC10674476 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the absorption of lipophilic drugs, making it an important route for drug delivery. In this study, an in vitro model using Intralipid® was developed to investigate the lymphatic uptake of drugs. The model was validated using cannabidiol, halofantrine, quercetin, and rifampicin. Remarkably, the uptake of these drugs closely mirrored what would transpire in vivo. Furthermore, adding peanut oil to the model system significantly increased the lymphatic uptake of rifampicin, consistent with meals containing fat stimulating lymphatic drug uptake. Conversely, the inclusion of pluronic L-81 was observed to inhibit the lymphatic uptake of rifampicin in the model. This in vitro model emerges as a valuable tool for investigating and predicting drug uptake via the lymphatic system. It marks the first phase in developing a physiologically based predictive tool that can be refined further to enhance the precision of drug interaction predictions with chylomicrons and their subsequent transport via the lymphatic system. Moreover, it can be employed to explore innovative drug formulations and excipients that either enhance or hinder lymphatic drug uptake. The insights gained from this study have significant implications for advancing drug delivery through the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaz Yousef
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Chulhun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mirla Henostroza
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.H.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Nadia Bou Chacra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.H.); (N.B.C.)
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (R.L.)
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; (M.Y.); (R.L.)
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15
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Wang L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xu M, Zhang X, Zhao W, Cui J. Effects of microplastics and tetracycline on intestinal injury in mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139364. [PMID: 37391084 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and tetracycline are both emerging environmental pollutants that threaten human health. The toxic impacts of their single and coexposure on the intestine and gut microbiota have not been well studied in mammals. Given the spatial functional characteristics of the intestine, it is important to know whether the toxicities of MPs and tetracycline in different intestinal segments are distinct. This study investigated the pathological and functional injuries of different intestinal segments and the microbial disorder upon exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and/or tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Both PS-MPs and TCH altered the intestinal morphology and induced functional impairment. However, the PS-MPs primarily damaged the colon, while TCH mainly damaged the small intestine, especially the jejunum. Combined treatment evoked ameliorative adverse effects on the intestinal segments except for the ileum. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that PS-MPs and/or TCH decreased gut microbiota diversity, especially PS-MPs. In addition, PS-MPs and TCH affected the microflora metabolic processes, especially protein absorption and digestion. Gut microbiota dysbiosis could partly lead to the physical and functional damage induced by PS-MPs and TCH. These findings enhance our knowledge regarding the hazards of coexisting microplastics and antibiotics for mammalian intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Jiamin Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Man Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Xuyan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
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16
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Warnken Z, Trementozzi A, Martins PP, Parkeh J, Koleng JJ, Smyth HDC, Brunaugh A. Development of Low-Cost, Weight-Adjustable Clofazimine Mini-Tablets for Treatment of Tuberculosis in Pediatrics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106470. [PMID: 37207942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Clofazimine (CFZ) is an important component of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended all-oral drug regimen for treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). However, the lack of a dividable oral dosage form has limited the use of the drug in pediatric populations, who may require lowering of the dose to reduce the likelihood of adverse drug events. In this study, pediatric-friendly CFZ mini-tablets were prepared from micronized powder via direct compression. Rapid disintegration and maximized dissolution in GI fluids was achieved using an iterative formulation design process. Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of the optimized mini-tablets were obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats and compared against an oral suspension of micronized CFZ particles to examine the effect of processing and formulation on the oral absorption of the drug. Differences in maximum concentration and area under the curve between the two formulations were non-significant at the highest dosing level tested. Variability between rats prevented bioequivalence from being determined according to guidelines outlined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These studies provide an important proof-of-concept for an alternative, low-cost formulation and processing approach for the oral delivery of CFZ in manner that is suitable for children as young as 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Warnken
- Via Therapeutics, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712
| | | | | | - Jagruti Parkeh
- Via Therapeutics, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712
| | - John J Koleng
- Via Therapeutics, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Via Therapeutics, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712; University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712
| | - Ashlee Brunaugh
- Via Therapeutics, 2409 University Ave, Austin, TX, USA, 78712; University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 428 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 48109.
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17
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Yamanouchi K, Ishimaru T, Kakuno T, Takemoto Y, Kawatsu S, Kondo K, Maruyama M, Higaki K. Improvement and characterization of oral absorption behavior of clofazimine by SNEDDS: Quantitative evaluation of extensive lymphatic transport. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 187:141-155. [PMID: 37076052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Clofazimine, an anti-leprosy drug, has been anticipated for a candidate to treat tuberculosis, cryptosporidiosis, and coronavirus infection, but its low oral bioavailability is considered a reason for its limited activity. In the current study, we have tried to improve the oral bioavailability of clofazimine by several SNEDDS formulations and characterized the absorption behavior from various aspects. Among four SNEDDS formulations prepared, SNEDDS A, prepared with castor oil as an oil component, provided the highest bioavailability (around 61%) and SNEDDS D, prepared with Capryol 90, gave the second highest bioavailability. SNEDDS A formed the finest nanoparticles, which were maintained under gastric and intestinal luminal conditions. The comparison in oral bioavailability between the SNEDDS formulation and its corresponding preformed nanoemulsion suggested that SNEDDS A would efficiently form nanoemulsion in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. AUC of mesenteric lymph node concentration was the highest for SNEDDS A, which would be one of the reasons for SNEDDS A to reveal the highest oral bioavailability. A cycloheximide-treated oral absorption study and single-pass perfusion study by utilizing a vascular-luminal perfused small intestine-liver preparation clearly indicated that over 90% of clofazimine absorbed to systemic circulation should be derived from lymphatic transport for both SNEDDS A and D. Furthermore, the fraction of dose absorbed was around 65% for SNEDDS D, but SNEDDS A achieved around 94%, indicating the excellent performance of SNEDDS A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yamanouchi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd. 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishimaru
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takuya Kakuno
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Department, Nipro Co. 3023 Noji-cho, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0055, Japan
| | - Yuki Takemoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sho Kawatsu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Formulation Design, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Technology, Astellas Pharma Inc. 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0072, Japan
| | - Keiji Kondo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; Preformulation Research Laboratory, CMC Headquarters, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 224-18 Hiraishi Ebisuno, Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima 771-0182, Japan
| | - Masato Maruyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Higaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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18
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Han S, Quach T, Hu L, Lim SF, Zheng D, Leong NJ, Sharma G, Bonner D, Simpson JS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. Increasing Linker Chain Length and Intestinal Stability Enhances Lymphatic Transport and Lymph Node Exposure of Triglyceride Mimetic Prodrugs of a Model Immunomodulator Mycophenolic Acid. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2675-2685. [PMID: 36996486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of immunomodulators to the lymphatic system has the potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy by increasing colocalization of drugs with immune targets such as lymphocytes. A triglyceride (TG)-mimetic prodrug strategy has been recently shown to enhance the lymphatic delivery of a model immunomodulator, mycophenolic acid (MPA), via incorporation into the intestinal TG deacylation-reacylation and lymph lipoprotein transport pathways. In the current study, a series of structurally related TG prodrugs of MPA were examined to optimize structure-lymphatic transport relationships for lymph-directing lipid-mimetic prodrugs. MPA was conjugated to the sn-2 position of the glyceride backbone of the prodrugs using linkers of different chain length (5-21 carbons) and the effect of methyl substitutions at the alpha and/or beta carbons to the glyceride end of the linker was examined. Lymphatic transport was assessed in mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rats, and drug exposure in lymph nodes was examined following oral administration to mice. Prodrug stability in simulated intestinal digestive fluid was also evaluated. Prodrugs with straight chain linkers were relatively unstable in simulated intestinal fluid; however, co-administration of lipase inhibitors (JZL184 and orlistat) was able to reduce instability and increase lymphatic transport (2-fold for a prodrug with a 6-carbon spacer, i.e., MPA-C6-TG). Methyl substitutions to the chain resulted in similar trends in improving intestinal stability and lymphatic transport. Medium- to long-chain spacers (C12, C15) between MPA and the glyceride backbone were most effective in promoting lymphatic transport, consistent with increases in lipophilicity. In contrast, short-chain (C6-C10) linkers appeared to be too unstable in the intestine and insufficiently lipophilic to associate with lymph lipid transport pathways, while very long-chain (C18, C21) linkers were also not preferred, likely as a result of increases in molecular weight reducing solubility or permeability. In addition to more effectively promoting drug transport into mesenteric lymph, TG-mimetic prodrugs based on a C12 linker resulted in marked increases (>40 fold) in the exposure of MPA in the mesenteric lymph nodes in mice when compared to administration of MPA alone, suggesting that optimizing prodrug design has the potential to provide benefit in targeting and modulating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Quach
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Bonner
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jamie S Simpson
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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19
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Graván P, Aguilera-Garrido A, Marchal JA, Navarro-Marchal SA, Galisteo-González F. Lipid-core nanoparticles: Classification, preparation methods, routes of administration and recent advances in cancer treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102871. [PMID: 36958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnological drug delivery platforms represent a new paradigm for cancer therapeutics as they improve the pharmacokinetic profile and distribution of chemotherapeutic agents over conventional formulations. Among nanoparticles, lipid-based nanoplatforms possessing a lipid core, that is, lipid-core nanoparticles (LCNPs), have gained increasing interest due to lipid properties such as high solubilizing potential, versatility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, due to the wide spectrum of morphologies and types of LCNPs, there is a lack of consensus regarding their terminology and classification. According to the current state-of-the-art in this critical review, LCNPs are defined and classified based on the state of their lipidic components in liquid lipid nanoparticles (LLNs). These include lipid nanoemulsions (LNEs) and lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs). In addition, we present a comprehensive and comparative description of the methods employed for their preparation, routes of administration and the fundamental role of physicochemical properties of LCNPs for efficient antitumoral drug-delivery application. Market available LCNPs, clinical trials and preclinical in vivo studies of promising LCNPs as potential treatments for different cancer pathologies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Graván
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D - Biofabrication and 3D (bio)printing laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Aixa Aguilera-Garrido
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain; Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D - Biofabrication and 3D (bio)printing laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Saúl A Navarro-Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit Modelling Nature (MNat), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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Koch N, Jennotte O, Toussaint C, Lechanteur A, Evrard B. Production challenges of tablets containing lipid excipients: Case study using cannabidiol as drug model. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122639. [PMID: 36693485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were, firstly, to select an optimal lipid solid dispersion of cannabidiol among different lipid excipients (Gelucire® 50/13, 48/16, 44/14 and Labrasol®) and inorganic carriers (colloidal silica, Syloid® XDP and Neusilin® US2) through a screening plan. The enhancement of aqueous solubility of cannabidiol from a free-flowing powder with adequate drug content was obtained by mixing cannabidiol (20%) with Gelucire® 50/13 (40%; Gattefossé, France), both incorporated inside mesopores of mesoporous silica Syloid® XDP (40%; Grace, Germany). Secondly, we have studied the tableting properties of this selected dispersion through a Design of Experiments (DoE) by manufacturing tablets with other excipients with using a compression simulator (Styl'One® Evo, Medelpharm, France). The design of experiments included the percentage of lipid solid dispersion, of glidant, of lubricant and different compression forces. The dissolution efficiency, the drug content, the tensile strength and the ejection force were analyzed. The DoE showed that % of dispersion as well as compression forces were the main influential variables. An exit of lipid materials outside the mesopores of silica due to compression process has been highlighted, reflected by reduced tensile strength. This study showed the possibility of manufacturing tablets with lipid materials even if limitations have been highlighted. Indeed, the dispersion percentage must not exceed 27% and compression forces up to 13 kN are required to produce lipid tablets with optimal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Koch
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Céline Toussaint
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CIRM, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
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21
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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22
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Obesity-associated mesenteric lymph leakage impairs the trafficking of lipids, lipophilic drugs and antigens from the intestine to mesenteric lymph nodes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:319-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Oral drug delivery strategies for development of poorly water soluble drugs in paediatric patient population. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114507. [PMID: 36049580 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Selecting the appropriate formulation and solubility-enabling technology for poorly water soluble drugs is an essential element in the development of formulations for paediatric patients. Different methodologies and structured strategies are available to select a suitable approach and guide formulation scientists for development of adult formulations. However, there is paucity of available literature for selection of technology and overcoming the challenges in paediatric formulation development. The need for flexible dosing, and the limited knowledge of the safety of many formulation excipients in paediatric subjects, impose significant constraints and in some instances require adaptation of the approaches taken to formulating these drugs for the adult population. Selection of the best drug delivery system for paediatrics requires an efficient, systematic approach that considers a drug's physical and chemical properties and the targeted patient population's requirements. This review is a step towards development of a strategy for the design of solubility enhancing paediatric formulations of highly insoluble drugs. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different approaches and strategies to consider in order to assist development of paediatric formulation for poorly water-soluble drugs with the provision of examples of some marketed products. In addition, it provides recommendations to overcome the range of challenges posed by these strategies and adaptations of the adult approach/product presentation required to enable paediatric drug development and administration.
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Arif ST, Zaman SU, Khan MA, Tabish TA, Sohail MF, Arshad R, Kim JK, Zeb A. Augmented Oral Bioavailability and Prokinetic Activity of Levosulpiride Delivered in Nanostructured Lipid Carriers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2347. [PMID: 36365165 PMCID: PMC9695558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed to develop and optimize levosulpiride-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (LSP-NLCs) for improving oral bioavailability and prokinetic activity of LSP. LSP-NLCs were optimized with D-optimal mixture design using solid lipid, liquid lipid and surfactant concentrations as independent variables. The prepared LSP-NLCs were evaluated for physicochemical properties and solid-state characterization. The in vivo oral pharmacokinetics and prokinetic activity of LSP-NLCs were evaluated in rats. LSP-NLCs formulation was optimized at Precirol® ATO 5/Labrasol (80.55/19.45%, w/w) and Tween 80/Span 80 concentration of 5% (w/w) as a surfactant mixture. LSP-NLCs showed a spherical shape with a particle size of 152 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.230 and an entrapment efficiency of 88%. The DSC and PXRD analysis revealed conversion of crystalline LSP to amorphous state after loading into the lipid matrix. LSP-NLCs displayed a 3.42- and 4.38-flods increase in AUC and Cmax after oral administration compared to LSP dispersion. In addition, LSP-NLCs showed enhanced gastric emptying (61.4%), intestinal transit (63.0%), and fecal count (68.8) compared to LSP dispersion (39.7%, 38.0% and 51.0, respectively). Taken together, these results show improved oral bioavailability and prokinetic activity of LSP-NLCs and presents a promising strategy to improve therapeutic activity of LSP for efficient treatment of gastric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Tabassam Arif
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shahiq uz Zaman
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayub Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX37BN, UK
| | - Muhammad Farhan Sohail
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore Campus, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Alam Zeb
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Jia Y, Chen S, Wang C, Sun T, Yang L. Hyaluronic acid-based nano drug delivery systems for breast cancer treatment: Recent advances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:990145. [PMID: 36091467 PMCID: PMC9449492 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.990145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among females worldwide, and high resistance to drugs and metastasis rates are the leading causes of death in BC patients. Releasing anti-cancer drugs precisely to the tumor site can improve the efficacy and reduce the side effects on the body. Natural polymers are attracting extensive interest as drug carriers in treating breast cancer. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural polysaccharide with excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity and is a significant component of the extracellular matrix. The CD44 receptor of HA is overexpressed in breast cancer cells and can be targeted to breast tumors. Therefore, many researchers have developed nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) based on the CD44 receptor tumor-targeting properties of HA. This review examines the application of HA in NDDSs for breast cancer in recent years. Based on the structural composition of NDDSs, they are divided into HA NDDSs, Modified HA NDDSs, and HA hybrid NDDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jia
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Siwen Chen
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics (China Medical University), Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning (The Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Chenyu Wang
- Department of Information Management, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Breast Medicine, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun, ; Liqun Yang,
| | - Liqun Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Medical Genetics (China Medical University), Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning (The Reproductive Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun, ; Liqun Yang,
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Essential Oil-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents in the Food Industry. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081504. [PMID: 35893562 PMCID: PMC9331367 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of essential oils (EO) loaded with nanoparticles is the most promising alternative to increase food quality and safety. Interesting works describe the antimicrobial properties of EO for pathogen control in natural and processed foods for human health and animal production, also contributing to sustainability. Their association with different nanosystems allows novel developments in the micronutrition, health promotion, and pathogen control fields, preventing the aggravation of bacterial microevolution and combating antibiotic resistance. Benefits to the environment are also provided, as they are biodegradable and biocompatible. However, such compounds have some physicochemical properties that prevent commercial use. This review focuses on recent developments in antimicrobial EO-based nanoparticles and their application in different food matrices.
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Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery System Targeting Lymph Nodes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071372. [PMID: 35890268 PMCID: PMC9325242 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system plays an indispensable role in humoral balance, lipid metabolism, and immune regulation. The lymph nodes (LNs) are known as the primary sites of tumor metastasis and the metastatic LNs largely affected the prognosis of the patiens. A well-designed lymphatic-targeted system favors disease treatment as well as vaccination efficacy. In recent years, development of nanotechnologies and emerging biomaterials have gained increasing attention in developing lymph-node-targeted drug-delivery systems. By mimicking the endogenous macromolecules or lipid conjugates, lymph-node-targeted nanocarries hold potential for disease diagnosis and tumor therapy. This review gives an introduction to the physiological functions of LNs and the roles of LNs in diseases, followed by a review of typical lymph-node-targeted nanomaterial-based drug-delivery systems (e.g., liposomes, micelles, inorganic nanomaterials, hydrogel, and nanocapsules). Future perspectives and conclusions concerned with lymph-node-targeted drug-delivery systems are also provided.
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Trends in advanced oral drug delivery system for curcumin: A systematic review. J Control Release 2022; 348:335-345. [PMID: 35654170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although curcumin is globally recognized for its health benefits, its clinical application has been restricted by its poor aqueous solubility and stability. To overcome these limitations, nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (NDS) are one of the most effective approaches being extensively explored over the last few decades to improve curcumin's physicochemical and pharmacological effects. Various NDS could provide productive platforms for addressing the formulation challenge of curcumin, but evidence of such systems has not been summarized. This study aimed to systematically review current evidence of lipid and polymer-based NDS for an oral delivery of curcumin focusing on in vivo models and clinical studies. Among the 48 included studies, 3 studies were randomized controlled clinical trials, while 45 studies were animal models. To date, only five curcumin NDS have been studied in healthy volunteers: γ-cyclodextrin, phytosome, liposome, microemulsion and solid dispersion, while most curcumin NDS have been studied in animal models. Most included studies found that NDS could increase oral bioavailability of curcumin as compared to free curcumin. In conclusion, this systematic review showed evidence of the positive effect of NDS for enhancement of oral bioavailability of curcumin. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Curcumin is globally recognized for its health benefits, but its clinical application has been limited by its poor aqueous solubility and stability, which causes poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) via oral administration. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems (NDS) are considered as a productive platform to solve the formulation challenge of curcumin, but evidence of such systems has not been summarized. This study aimed to systematically review current evidence of lipid and polymer-based NDS for an oral delivery of curcumin focusing on in vivo models and clinical studies. Overall, most studies found that all studied NDS could increase the absorption of curcumin as compared to free curcumin. Curcumin was rapidly absorbed and exhibited a long residence time after oral administration of curcumin NDS. In summary, this systematic review showed positive impacts of NDS for enhancement of oral absorption of curcumin.
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The Promise of Nanotechnology in Personalized Medicine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050673. [PMID: 35629095 PMCID: PMC9142986 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Both personalized medicine and nanomedicine are new to medical practice. Nanomedicine is an application of the advances of nanotechnology in medicine and is being integrated into diagnostic and therapeutic tools to manage an array of medical conditions. On the other hand, personalized medicine, which is also referred to as precision medicine, is a novel concept that aims to individualize/customize therapeutic management based on the personal attributes of the patient to overcome blanket treatment that is only efficient in a subset of patients, leaving others with either ineffective treatment or treatment that results in significant toxicity. Novel nanomedicines have been employed in the treatment of several diseases, which can be adapted to each patient-specific case according to their genetic profiles. In this review, we discuss both areas and the intersection between the two emerging scientific domains. The review focuses on the current situation in personalized medicine, the advantages that can be offered by nanomedicine to personalized medicine, and the application of nanoconstructs in the diagnosis of genetic variability that can identify the right drug for the right patient. Finally, we touch upon the challenges in both fields towards the translation of nano-personalized medicine.
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Quach T, Hu L, Han S, Lim SF, Senyschyn D, Yadav P, Trevaskis NL, Simpson JS, Porter CJH. Triglyceride-Mimetic Prodrugs of Buprenorphine Enhance Oral Bioavailability via Promotion of Lymphatic Transport. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879660. [PMID: 35496278 PMCID: PMC9039622 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Buprenorphine (BUP) is a potent opioid analgesic that is widely used for severe pain management and opioid replacement therapy. The oral bioavailability of BUP, however, is significantly limited by first-pass metabolism. Previous studies have shown that triglyceride (TG) mimetic prodrugs of the steroid hormone testosterone circumvent first-pass metabolism by directing drug transport through the intestinal lymphatics, bypassing the liver. The current study expanded this prodrug strategy to BUP. Here different self-immolative (SI) linkers were evaluated to conjugate BUP to the 2 position of the TG backbone via the phenol group on BUP. The SI linkers were designed to promote drug release in plasma. Lipolysis of the prodrug in the intestinal tract was examined via incubation with simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), and potential for parent drug liberation in the systemic circulation was evaluated via incubation in rat plasma. Lymphatic transport and bioavailability studies were subsequently conducted in mesenteric lymph duct or carotid artery-cannulated rats, respectively. TG prodrug derivatives were efficiently transported into the lymphatics (up to 45% of the dose in anaesthetised rats, vs. less than 0.1% for BUP). Incorporation of the SI linkers facilitated BUP release from the prodrugs in the plasma and in concert with high lymphatic transport led to a marked enhancement in oral bioavailability (up to 22-fold) compared to BUP alone. These data suggest the potential to develop an orally bioavailable BUP product which may have advantages with respect to patient preference when compared to current sublingual, transdermal patch or parenteral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Luojuan Hu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sifei Han, ; Christopher J. H. Porter,
| | - Shea F. Lim
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Danielle Senyschyn
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Preeti Yadav
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamie S. Simpson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sifei Han, ; Christopher J. H. Porter,
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Nakmode D, Bhavana V, Thakor P, Madan J, Singh PK, Singh SB, Rosenholm JM, Bansal KK, Mehra NK. Fundamental Aspects of Lipid-Based Excipients in Lipid-Based Product Development. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040831. [PMID: 35456665 PMCID: PMC9025782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor aqueous solubility of drugs is still a foremost challenge in pharmaceutical product development. The use of lipids in designing formulations provides an opportunity to enhance the aqueous solubility and consequently bioavailability of drugs. Pre-dissolution of drugs in lipids, surfactants, or mixtures of lipid excipients and surfactants eliminate the dissolution/dissolving step, which is likely to be the rate-limiting factor for oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this review, we exhaustively summarize the lipids excipients in relation to their classification, absorption mechanisms, and lipid-based product development. Methodologies utilized for the preparation of solid and semi-solid lipid formulations, applications, phase behaviour, and regulatory perspective of lipid excipients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Nakmode
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Valamla Bhavana
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Pradip Thakor
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Jitender Madan
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India;
| | - Jessica M. Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Kuldeep K. Bansal
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland;
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (N.K.M.)
| | - Neelesh Kumar Mehra
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad 500037, India; (D.N.); (V.B.); (P.T.); (J.M.); (P.K.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.K.B.); (N.K.M.)
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Telange DR, Pandharinath RR, Pethe AM, Jain SP, Pingale PL. Calcium Ion-Sodium Alginate-Piperine-Based Microspheres: Evidence of Enhanced Encapsulation Efficiency, Bio-Adhesion, Controlled Delivery, and Oral Bioavailability of Isoniazid. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:99. [PMID: 35338414 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoniazid (INH) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug employed in the management of tuberculosis. However, its extensive first-pass metabolism, short-life life, and low oral bioavailability confined its medical application. Therefore, the calcium ion-alginate-piperine microspheres (INH-CaSP Ms) was prepared to enhance encapsulation efficiency, controlled delivery, and oral bioavailability of INH. The INH-CaSP Ms was developed using a modified emulsification method and optimized via Box-Behnken design (BBD). Optimized INH-CaSP Ms were characterized for encapsulation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), bio-adhesion, in vitro dissolution, ex vivo permeation, and oral bioavailability studies. Characterization studies confirmed the formation of microspheres. The INH-CaSP Ms showed spherical microspheres with enhanced encapsulation efficiency (~ 93.03 ± 1.54% w/w). The optimized INH-CaSP Ms exhibited higher bio-adhesion around (~ 81.41 ± 1.31%). The INH-CaSP Ms enhanced the dissolution rate of INH (~ 57%) compared to pure INH (~ 57%) and INH-SA Ms (~ 81%) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4). The same formulations improved the permeation rate of INH (~ 90%) compared to pure INH (~ 55%) and INH-SA Ms (~ 80%). The oral bioavailability results indicated that INH-CaSP Ms appreciably improved the oral bioavailability of INH via increasing the Cmax, Tmax, t1/2, and AUC parameters compared to pure INH. The study demonstrates that the development of INH-CaSP Ms via cross-linked coordinate bond interaction between divalent cation calcium ion-alginate complex and anion piperine bio-enhancer is an effective approach for enhancing the encapsulation efficiency, bio-adhesion, controlled release, and oral bioavailability of INH.
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33
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Hong L, Salentinig S. Functional food colloids: studying structure and interactions during digestion. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Preferential solvation study of (Z)-N-benzyl-2-{5-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)acetamide (3) in {NMP + Water } co-solvent mixture and GastroPlus software based in vitro simulation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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35
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Adverse effects of linoleic acid: Influence of lipid oxidation on lymphatic transport of citrus flavonoid and enterocyte morphology. Food Chem 2022; 369:130968. [PMID: 34479013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipids usually contain a large ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are highly susceptible to oxidation. Presence of oxidized lipids in foods may affect the bioavailability of lipophilic bioactive components after ingestion. In this study, the effect of oxidized and unoxidized linoleic acid (LA) on the transport of a highly lipophilic bioactive citrus flavonoid (5-hydroxy - 6, 7, 8, 4' tetramethoxylflavone or 5-DMT) was determined using a Caco-2 cell model. Results demonstrated that compared to free 5-DMT, unoxidized LA improved the trans-enterocyte absorption of 5-DMT by stimulating the production of lipid droplets and chylomicrons. Although the amount of 5-DMT transported across the enterocyte doubled by oxidized LA compared to free 5-DMT, it significantly induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), affected the function of tight junction and caused damages to the morphology of enterocyte monolayer. This study re-emphasized the importance of preventing lipid oxidation in foods.
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36
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Huang L, Yang J, Wang T, Gao J, Xu D. Engineering of small-molecule lipidic prodrugs as novel nanomedicines for enhanced drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:49. [PMID: 35073914 PMCID: PMC8785568 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01257-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA widely established prodrug strategy can effectively optimize the unappealing properties of therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Among them, lipidic prodrugs extremely uplift the physicochemical properties, site-specificity, and antitumor activities of therapeutic agents while reducing systemic toxicity. Although great perspectives have been summarized in the progress of prodrug-based nanoplatforms, no attention has been paid to emphasizing the rational design of small-molecule lipidic prodrugs (SLPs). With the aim of outlining the prospect of the SLPs approach, the review will first provide an overview of conjugation strategies that are amenable to SLPs fabrication. Then, the rational design of SLPs in response to the physiological barriers of chemotherapeutic agents is highlighted. Finally, their biomedical applications are also emphasized with special functions, followed by a brief introduction of the promising opportunities and potential challenges of SLPs-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) in clinical application.
Graphical Abstract
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37
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Landh E, Wang R, Moir LM, Traini D, Young PM, Ong HX. Prospective nanoparticle treatments for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:75-86. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2029401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Landh
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger Wang
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lyn M. Moir
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M. Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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38
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Yoshida T, Kojima H, Sako K, Kondo H. Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:175-189. [PMID: 35037843 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting lymphocytes in intestinal lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes are useful for treating diverse diseases. The intestinal lymph harbors numerous lymphocyte subsets, and DDS containing lipids such as triglycerides and fatty acids can deliver drugs to the lymph through the chylomicron pathway. DDS are efficient, thus allowing the administration of reduced drug doses, which mitigate systemic adverse effects. Here we review orally administered lipid formulations comprising oil solutions, suspensions, micro/nanoemulsions, self-micro/nano emulsifying DDS, liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting drugs to the lymph. We first describe the structures of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and the oral absorption of lipids and drugs into the intestinal lymph. We next summarize the effects of the properties and amounts of lipids and drugs delivered into the lymph and lymphocytes, as well as their effects on drug delivery ratios of lymph to blood. Finally, we describe lymphatic DDS containing saquinavir, tacrolimus, and methotrexate, and their potency that reduce drug concentrations in blood, which are associated with systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sako
- Corporate Advocacy, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Esgueira VLR, Lopes CPA, dos Santos ACA, Pinto F, Sousa SA, de Barros DPC, Leitão JH, Fonseca LP. LipNanoCar Technology – A Versatile and Scalable Technology for the Production of Lipid Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:43-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Elz AS, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH, Bowen JM, Prestidge CA. Smart design approaches for orally administered lipophilic prodrugs to promote lymphatic transport. J Control Release 2021; 341:676-701. [PMID: 34896450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Challenges to effective delivery of drugs following oral administration has attracted growing interest over recent decades. Small molecule drugs (<1000 Da) are generally absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract into the portal blood and further transported to the systemic circulation via the liver. This can result in a significant reduction to the oral bioavailability of drugs that are metabolically labile and ultimately lead to ineffective exposure and treatment. Targeting drug delivery to the intestinal lymphatics is attracting increased attention as an alternative route of drug transportation providing multiple benefits. These include bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism and selectively targeting disease reservoirs residing within the lymphatic system. The particular physicochemical requirements for drugs to be able to access the lymphatics after oral delivery include high lipophilicity (logP>5) and high long-chain triglyceride solubility (> 50 mg/g), properties required to enable drug association with the lipoprotein transport pathway. The majority of small molecule drugs, however, are not this lipophilic and therefore not substantially transported via the intestinal lymph. This has contributed to a growing body of investigation into prodrug approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatic system by chemical manipulation. Optimised lipophilic prodrugs have the potential to increase lymphatic transport thereby improving oral pharmacokinetics via a reduction in first pass metabolism and may also target of disease-specific reservoirs within the lymphatics. This may provide advantages for current pharmacotherapy approaches for a wide array of pathological conditions, e.g. immune disease, cancer and metabolic disease, and also presents a promising approach for advanced vaccination strategies. In this review, specific emphasis is placed on medicinal chemistry strategies that have been successfully employed to design lipophilic prodrugs to deliberately enable lymphatic transport. Recent progress and opportunities in medicinal chemistry and drug delivery that enable new platforms for efficacious and safe delivery of drugs are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia S Elz
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Department of Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Joanne M Bowen
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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Elsheikh MA, Rizk SA, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Nanoemulsomes for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability of the Anticancer Phytochemical Andrographolide: Characterization and Pharmacokinetics. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:246. [PMID: 34617166 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Andrographolide (AG) is an antitumor phytochemical that acts against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, AG shows low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism and P-glycoprotein efflux. Novel biocompatible lipoprotein-simulating nanosystems, emulsomes (EMLs), have gained significant attention due to their composition of natural components, in addition to being lymphotropic. Loading AG on EMLs is believed to mitigate the disadvantage of AG and enhance its lymphatic transport. This study developed a chylomicron-simulating system (EMLs) as a novel tool to overcome the AG oral delivery obstacles. Optimized EML-AG had a promising vesicular size of 281.62 ± 1.73 nm, a zeta potential of - 22.73 ± 0.06 mV, and a high entrapment efficiency of 96.55% ± 0.25%, which favors lymphatic targeting. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of EML-AG showed significant enhancement (> sixfold increase) in the rate and extent of AG absorption compared with free AG. However, intraperitoneal injection of a cycloheximide inhibitor caused a significant decrease in AG absorption (~ 52%), confirming the lymphatic targeting potential of EMLs. Therefore, EMLs can be a promising novel nanoplatform for circumventing AG oral delivery obstacles and provide targeted delivery to the lymphatic system at a lower dose with fewer side effects.
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Velagacherla V, Suresh A, Mehta CH, Nayak UY. Advances and challenges in nintedanib drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1687-1706. [PMID: 34556001 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1985460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nintedanib (N.T.B) is an orally administered tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been approved recently by U.S.F.D.A for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (I.P.F) and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (S.Sc-I.L.D). N.T.B is also prescribed in COVID-19 patients associated with I.P.F. However, it has an extremely low bioavailability of around 4.7%, and hence, researchers are attempting to address this drawback by different approaches. AREAS COVERED This review article focuses on enlisting all the formulation attempts explored by researchers to increase the bioavailability of N.T.B while also providing meaningful insight into the unexplored areas in formulation development, such as targeting of the lymphatic system and transdermal delivery. All the patents on the formulation development of N.T.B have also been summarized. EXPERT OPINION N.T.B has the potential to act on multiple diseases that are still being discovered, but its extremely low bioavailability is a challenge that is to be dealt with for obtaining the full benefit. Few studies have been performed aiming at improving the bioavailability, but there are unexplored areas that can be used, a few of which are explained in this article. However, the ability to reproduce laboratory results when scaling up to the industry level is the only factor to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varalakshmi Velagacherla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Akhil Suresh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Chetan H Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Han S, Mei L, Quach T, Porter C, Trevaskis N. Lipophilic Conjugates of Drugs: A Tool to Improve Drug Pharmacokinetic and Therapeutic Profiles. Pharm Res 2021; 38:1497-1518. [PMID: 34463935 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic conjugates (LCs) of small molecule drugs have been used widely in clinical and pre-clinical studies to achieve a number of pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits. For example, lipophilic derivatives of drugs are employed in several long acting injectable products to provide sustained drug exposure for hormone replacement therapy and to treat conditions such as neuropsychiatric diseases. LCs can also be used to modulate drug metabolism, and to enhance drug permeation across membranes, either by increasing lipophilicity to enhance passive diffusion or by increasing protein-mediated active transport. Furthermore, such conjugation strategies have been employed to promote drug association with endogenous macromolecular carriers (e.g. albumin and lipoproteins), and this in turn results in altered drug distribution and pharmacokinetic profiles, where the changes can be 'general' (e.g. prolonged plasma half-life) or 'specific' (e.g. enhanced delivery to specific tissues in parallel with the macromolecular carriers). Another utility of LCs is to enhance the encapsulation of drugs within engineered nanoscale drug delivery systems, in order to best take advantage of the targeting and pharmacokinetic benefits of nanomedicines. The current review provides a summary of the mechanisms by which lipophilic conjugates, including in combination with delivery vehicles, can be used to control drug delivery, distribution and therapeutic profiles. The article is structured into sections which highlight a specific benefit of LCs and then demonstrate this benefit with case studies. The review attempts to provide a toolbox to assist researchers to design and optimise drug candidates, including consideration of drug-formulation compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Tim Quach
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- PureTech Health, 6 Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Chris Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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Rizk SA, Elsheikh MA, Elnaggar YS, Abdallah OY. Novel bioemulsomes for baicalin oral lymphatic targeting: development, optimization and pharmacokinetics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1983-1998. [PMID: 34420422 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to elaborate on 'bioemulsomes,' novel biocompatible lipoprotein analogs for effective lymphatic transport of baicalin (BCL). Methods: BCL bioemulsomes were developed and optimized and in vitro physicochemical characterization performed. The bioavailability of BCL bioemulsomes compared with free BCL was investigated using in vivo pharmacokinetics studies. Finally, BCL lymphatic transport was assessed via cycloheximide blockade assay. Results: Optimized BCL-loaded nanoemulsomes showed promising in vitro characteristics that favor lymphatic targeting. In vivo pharmacokinetics showed a significant improvement in bioavailability over free BCL. A significant decrease in BCL emulsome absorption (33%) was exhibited after chemical blockage of the lymphatic pathway, confirming the lymphatic transport potential. Conclusion: Bioemulsomes could be a promising tool for bypassing BCL oral delivery hurdles as well as lymphatic transport, paving the way for potential treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A Rizk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Manal A Elsheikh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22111, Egypt
| | - Yosra S Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, 21311, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
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Supersaturation and Solubilization upon In Vitro Digestion of Fenofibrate Type I Lipid Formulations: Effect of Droplet Size, Surfactant Concentration and Lipid Type. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081287. [PMID: 34452248 PMCID: PMC8399075 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBF) enhance oral drug absorption by promoting drug solubilization and supersaturation. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the lipid carrier type, drop size and surfactant concentration on the rate of fenofibrate release in a bicarbonate-based in vitro digestion model. The effect of the lipid carrier was studied by preparing type I LBF with drop size ≈ 2 µm, based on medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), sunflower oil (SFO), coconut oil (CNO) and cocoa butter (CB). The drop size and surfactant concentration effects were assessed by studying MCT and SFO-based formulations with a drop size between 400 nm and 14 µm and surfactant concentrations of 1 or 10%. A filtration through a 200 nm filter followed by HPLC analysis was used to determine the aqueous fenofibrate, whereas lipid digestion was followed by gas chromatography. Shorter-chain triglycerides were key in promoting a faster drug release. The fenofibrate release from long-chain triglyceride formulations (SFO, CNO and CB) was governed by solubilization and was enhanced at a smaller droplet size and higher surfactant concentration. In contrast, supersaturation was observed after the digestion of MCT emulsions. In this case, a smaller drop size and higher surfactant had negative effects: lower peak fenofibrate concentrations and a faster onset of precipitation were observed. The study provides new mechanistic insights on drug solubilization and supersaturation after LBF digestion, and may support the development of new in silico prediction models.
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Zhang RX, Dong K, Wang Z, Miao R, Lu W, Wu XY. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Strategies to Address Intestinal Cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 Metabolism towards Personalized Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1261. [PMID: 34452222 PMCID: PMC8399842 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug dosing in clinical practice, which determines optimal efficacy, toxicity or ineffectiveness, is critical to patients' outcomes. However, many orally administered therapeutic drugs are susceptible to biotransformation by a group of important oxidative enzymes, known as cytochrome P450s (CYPs). In particular, CYP3A4 is a low specificity isoenzyme of the CYPs family, which contributes to the metabolism of approximately 50% of all marketed drugs. Induction or inhibition of CYP3A4 activity results in the varied oral bioavailability and unwanted drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-herb interactions. This review explores the need for addressing intestinal CYP3A4 metabolism and investigates the opportunities to incorporate lipid-based oral drug delivery to enable precise dosing. A variety of lipid- and lipid-polymer hybrid-nanoparticles are highlighted to improve drug bioavailability. These drug carriers are designed to target different intestinal regions, including (1) local saturation or inhibition of CYP3A4 activity at duodenum and proximal jejunum; (2) CYP3A4 bypass via lymphatic absorption; (3) pH-responsive drug release or vitamin-B12 targeted cellular uptake in the distal intestine. Exploitation of lipidic nanosystems not only revives drugs removed from clinical practice due to serious drug-drug interactions, but also provide alternative approaches to reduce pharmacokinetic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xue Zhang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.X.Z.); (R.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Ken Dong
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada;
| | - Zhigao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China;
| | - Ruimin Miao
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.X.Z.); (R.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Weijia Lu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, China; (R.X.Z.); (R.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada;
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Solid self emulsifying drug delivery system: Superior mode for oral delivery of hydrophobic cargos. J Control Release 2021; 337:646-660. [PMID: 34384795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of recently approved drug molecules possess poor aqueous solubility which further restrains their desired bioavailability. Poor aqueous solubility of these drugs poses significant hurdles in development of novel drug delivery systems and achieving target response. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) emerged as an insightful approach for delivering highly hydrophobic entities to enhance their bioavailability. Conventional SEDDS were developed in a liquid form which owned numerous shortcomings like low stability and drug loading efficiency, fewer choices of dosage forms and irreversible precipitation of drug or excipients. To address these curbs solid-SEDDS (S-SEDDS) was introduced as an efficient strategy that combined advantages of solid dosage forms such as increased stability, portability and patient compliance along with substantial improvement in the bioavailability. S-SEDDS are isotropic mixtures of oil, surfactant, solvent and co-solvents generated by solidification of liquid or semisolid self-emulsifying ingredients onto powders. The present review highlights components of S-SEDDS, their peculiarities to be considered while designing solid dosage forms and various methods of fabrication. Lastly, key challenges faced during development, applications and future directions for the research in this area are thoroughly summarized.
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Punjabi MS, Naha A, Shetty D, Nayak UY. Lymphatic Drug Transport and Associated Drug Delivery Technologies: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1992-1998. [PMID: 33272166 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826999201203214247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic system is the secondary circulation system of the human body after the systemic circulation. Various problems, including the first-pass metabolism through oral administration of medicines, can be resolved by lymphatic targeting. Lymphatic absorption has been explored in detail, and studies reveal the improved bioavailability of medicines. In the case of cancer, AIDS, and various other health problems, lymphatic targeting has been focused on due to the fact that lymph nodes are involved greatly in tumor metastasis. This article reviews lymphatic absorption and its exploration in the treatment of various health problems. The physiology of the lymphatic system, the mechanisms of absorption, and the various formulation systems suitable for lymphatic absorption have been discussed. Some recent novel approaches like hydrodynamically driven device (HDD) and carbon nanotubes for lymphatic delivery have also been appraised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anup Naha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Disha Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Usha Y Nayak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104, Karnataka, India
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50
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Pandya P, Giram P, Bhole RP, Chang HI, Raut SY. Nanocarriers based oral lymphatic drug targeting: Strategic bioavailability enhancement approaches. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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