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Schiff SJ, Meza J, Bath E, Lee SS. Commercially Sexually Exploited Adolescent Girls: The Association Between Externalizing Disorders and Parental Incarceration with Suicide Attempts. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01730-1. [PMID: 38935209 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01730-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) is a significant public health concern disproportionately affecting ethnoracially minoritized girls. Despite strong associations of CSE with suicide attempts, little is known about correlates of suicide among girls with CSE histories. Elevated rates of externalizing disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], disruptive behavior disorders [DBD], conduct disorder [CD]) were observed among CSE youth, particularly in ethnoracially minoritized samples. Youth with CSE histories are frequently affected by parental incarceration, which is correlated with risk for suicide attempts. We tested cross-sectional simultaneous associations of externalizing disorders and parental incarceration with number of suicide attempts among 360 ethnoracially diverse girls affected by CSE (Mean age = 18.86). ADHD, DBD, and maternal incarceration were positively associated with number of suicide attempts. Findings implicate clinical/familial correlates of suicide attempts in this marginalized group, suggesting early suicide prevention efforts may improve traction on this problem by focusing on individual and family level factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara J Schiff
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA.
| | - Jocelyn Meza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eraka Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 502 Portola Plaza, Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1563, USA
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Bravo LG, Meza J, Schiff SJ, Ahmed C, Elliot T, La Charite J, Choi K. Parental Legal System Involvement, Positive Childhood Experiences, and Suicide Risk. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023062566. [PMID: 38779781 PMCID: PMC11153318 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-062566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether adverse parental legal system involvement (incarceration, arrest) was associated with suicide risk, accounting for other adverse childhood experiences, and whether there was a moderating relationship between positive childhood experiences (PCEs) and parental legal system involvement in suicide risk. METHODS This cross-sectional study used 2-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study when children were age 11 to 12 years. Outcomes were lifetime suicidal ideation, attempts, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Exposures were parent incarceration or arrest. We used generalized linear models to estimate the relative risk of suicide outcomes from adverse parent legal involvement and whether there was an interaction between parent legal system involvement and PCE count, controlling for adverse childhood experiences and demographic factors. RESULTS Among our sample (n = 10 532;), 687 children (6.5%) reported parent incarceration and 1265 (12.0%) reported parent arrest. Suicidal ideation was the most frequent risk outcome (n = 490; 4.7%). Children whose parents had been incarcerated had a relative risk of suicidal ideation of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.32-2.31). Children whose parents had been arrested had a relative risk of suicidal ideation of 1.89 (95% CI: 1.53-2.37) and a relative risk of suicide attempt of 2.69 (95% CI: 1.7-4.25). Parental incarceration/arrest were not associated with NSSI. PCEs were associated with reduced relative risk of suicidal ideation and NSSI, though there was no significant interaction between PCEs and adverse parent legal system involvement exposures. CONCLUSIONS Parental legal system involvement may negatively affect child mental health. Strengthening PCEs in childhood may mitigate suicide-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian G. Bravo
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California
| | - Jocelyn Meza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
| | | | - Charisse Ahmed
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California
| | - Thomas Elliot
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California
| | - Jaime La Charite
- National Clinician Scholars Program, Division of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristen Choi
- School of Nursing
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Rhodes CA, Thomas N, O'Hara KL, Hita L, Blake A, Wolchik SA, Fisher B, Freeman M, Chen D, Berkel C. Enhancing the Focus: How Does Parental Incarceration Fit into the Overall Picture of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)? Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1933-1944. [PMID: 37875642 PMCID: PMC11008286 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the five million children in the U.S. with an incarcerated parent, there is limited research on risk and protective factors for this population. We analyzed data from the National Survey for Children's Health (2018) to: (1) examine associations among parental incarceration and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), (2) characterize the association between parental incarceration and youth mental health outcomes, (3) examine differences in positive childhood experiences (PCEs; collective socialization, community engagement, neighborhood amenities, and family problem solving) by parental incarceration status, (4) examine whether PCEs were protective against mental health problems and if there was an interaction with parental incarceration status, and (5) examine the interaction between PCEs, parental incarceration, and ACEs on mental health problems. Results revealed that children with incarcerated parents had higher odds of experiencing other ACEs, higher odds of having mental health problems, and experienced fewer PCEs compared to children without incarcerated parents. Further, although PCEs were associated with a lower odds of mental health problems for both children with and without incarcerated parents, they did not mitigate the negative impact of parental incarceration on mental health outcomes. While PCEs attenuated the association between ACEs and mental health, parental incarceration status did not significantly moderate the interaction. These results highlight vulnerabilities and potential protective factors for children with incarcerated parents and have important implications for the development of multilevel intervention strategies that seek to promote resilience and reduce risk for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Thomas
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - L Hita
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - A Blake
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - B Fisher
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - M Freeman
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - D Chen
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - C Berkel
- Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
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Jackson DB, Testa A, Semenza DC, Kaufmann CN, Spira AP. Sleep duration among adults exposed to family member incarceration during childhood. Sleep Health 2023; 9:680-687. [PMID: 37640628 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examines the association between family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration among a national sample of adults (ages 18-80+). METHODS We employ data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 116,631). We use stepwise, multinomial logistic regression to examine associations between exposure to family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration during adulthood. We also utilize the Karlson-Holm-Breen method to investigate whether indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, and poor mental and physical health attenuate this relationship. Finally, to examine the robustness of associations between family member incarceration and sleep duration, we used a strategic comparison approach in which participants experiencing family member incarceration were compared to participants experiencing alternative adverse childhood experiences in the absence of family member incarceration. RESULTS Findings demonstrate a significant association between family member incarceration and sleep duration, with particularly strong associations with short and long sleep durations (relative to optimum sleep duration). However, poor mental and physical health during adulthood and socioeconomic disadvantage significantly attenuated these associations. Strategic comparison models also revealed that the association between family member incarceration during childhood and sleep duration is robust to the accumulation of other childhood adversities. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that strategies are needed among public health practitioners, physicians, and sleep professionals to mitigate the potential adverse effects of family member incarceration during childhood on sleep duration among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher N Kaufmann
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Thorne MC, de Viggiani N, Plugge E. What are the factors of parental incarceration that may increase risk of poor emotional and mental health in children of prisoners? Int J Prison Health 2023; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 37737009 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-05-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Globally millions of children have a parent who is imprisoned. Research suggests that this has an adverse impact on the child and imprisonment of a parent is considered to be an adverse childhood experience (ACE). Parental incarceration will not only affect the child but the entire household and may result in further ACEs such as household dysfunction and parental separation making this group of children particularly vulnerable. This scoping review aims to adopt an international perspective to comprehensively examine the extent range and nature of literature both published and grey relating to parental incarceration and the potential impact on children's emotional and mental health. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH In this scoping review, the five stages identified by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) were used including identifying the research question, identifying relevant studies, study selection, charting data, collating, summarising and reporting results. In addition, the included studies were appraised for quality using methodology-specific tools. A critical narrative synthesis was adopted to present findings and discussion. FINDINGS Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Of the included studies, eight were retrieved from peer-reviewed journals and one from grey literature searching. Five categories with subcategories were identified affecting children's mental health: 1) Relationships: parent and incarcerated child relationship; facilitators and barriers to maintaining contact; 2) Family structure; maternal or paternal incarceration; living arrangements during parental incarceration; 3) Children's emotions: emotional recognition and regulation; resilience; 4) Prison stigma: social stigma; shame and secrecy; 5) Structural disadvantages: poverty; race/ethnicity. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This scoping review has highlighted how the imprisonment of a parent negatively affects their children's emotional and mental health. Factors negatively impacting children's emotional and mental health are interrelated and complex. Further research is required, including differences between paternal and maternal incarceration; impact of gender and age of child; poverty as an ACE and prison exacerbating this; and effects of ethnicity and race. An important policy direction is in developing an effective way of capturing the parental status of a prisoner to ensure that the child and family receive needed support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Charles Thorne
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Nick de Viggiani
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Plugge
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Berkel C, O'Hara K, Eddy JM, Rhodes CA, Blake A, Thomas N, Hita L, Herrera D, Wheeler AC, Wolchik S. The Prospective Effects of Caregiver Parenting on Behavioral Health Outcomes for Children with Incarcerated Parents: a Family Resilience Perspective. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2023; 24:1198-1208. [PMID: 37462777 PMCID: PMC10882978 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-023-01571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Rates of parental incarceration in the USA have increased dramatically over the past four decades. The Adverse Childhood Experiences study identified parental incarceration as one of several risk factors related to multiple health outcomes during childhood and adulthood. Parents and other caregivers are widely regarded as sources of resilience for children experiencing adversity, yet few studies have examined caregivers' parenting practices as sources of resilience for children with incarcerated parents. This study used secondary data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the prison-based parent management training program Parenting Inside Out (PIO). Specifically, it included 149 caregivers (i.e., the non-incarcerated parent, extended family member, or other adult who provides the day-to-day caretaking of a child during parental incarceration) of children aged 2-14 years whose incarcerated parents were randomly assigned to receive PIO or the control condition. Path analysis was used to examine associations between caregivers' parenting, social support, self-efficacy, and change in child internalizing and externalizing symptoms across a 6-month period. Direct effects of caregivers' parenting were found on improvements in child behavioral health from baseline (conducted when the parent was incarcerated) to the 6-month follow-up (conducted after most parents had been released). Indirect effects were found for caregiver social support and self-efficacy. The findings highlight the importance of caregivers' adaptive parenting as a protective resource for children who experience parental incarceration and have implications for the design of preventive interventions for this underserved population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cady Berkel
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Karey O'Hara
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- New College, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - J Mark Eddy
- Texas Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - C Aubrey Rhodes
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Austin Blake
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nalani Thomas
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 425 N. 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Liza Hita
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- New College, Arizona State University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Danita Herrera
- Klamath Tribes Judiciary, The Klamath Tribes, Chiloquin, OR, USA
| | | | - Sharlene Wolchik
- REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Muentner L, Charles P. Family reunification after fathers are released from prison: Perspectives on children's adjustment. FAMILY RELATIONS 2023; 72:1068-1087. [PMID: 37583767 PMCID: PMC10424776 DOI: 10.1111/fare.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective This qualitative study examined adult perspectives on the adjustments children face through the process of paternal incarceration and eventual release. Background While the United States leads the world in incarceration, 95% of imprisoned individuals return to community life. Despite poor outcomes for children with incarcerated fathers, less is known as to how they fair after fathers' release. Conceptualizing paternal incarceration and reentry as linked rather than disparate events, this study examines perspectives on family separation, reunification, and children's adjustment when fathers return from prison. Method The sample consisted of 38 participants (19 previously incarcerated fathers, nine coparenting mothers, and 10 relatives) who shared perspectives on 63 children's adjustments. The semistructured interviews were analyzed via thematic analysis. Results Two main themes were evident: (a) Paternal incarceration has a lasting toll on children that complicates reunification processes, introduces hurdles to maintaining togetherness, and is tied to changes in children's behaviors; and (b) reentry renews opportunity for father involvement that bolsters resilience despite ongoing systemic vulnerabilities. Conclusion Postrelease family reunification may present challenges for children's adjustment, though supported transitions may curb some concerns. The findings call for strengths-oriented, needs-focused, and evidence-based reentry strategies that support entire family systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muentner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Pajarita Charles
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI
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Cumming C, Bell MF, Segal L, Spittal MJ, Kinner SA, Dennison S, Dawe S, Preen DB. Maternal incarceration increases the risk of self-harm but not suicide: a matched cohort study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2023; 32:e33. [PMID: 37161898 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796023000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Children of incarcerated mothers are at increased risk of experiencing multiple adversity such as poverty, mental illness and contact with child protection services (CPS), including being taken into out of home care (OOHC). However, little is known about whether these children are at increased risk of suicide or self-harm compared to children not exposed to maternal incarceration or about the factors that may contribute to this. We aimed to investigate differences in the risk of suicide and self-harm between children exposed to maternal incarceration and those not exposed and examine how socio-demographic factors, maternal mental illness and CPS contact (with or without OOHC) may affect these outcomes. METHODS We used a retrospective matched cohort study design, comparing 7674 children exposed to maternal incarceration with 7674 non-exposed children. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to compare the risk of suicide and self-harm between exposed and non-exposed groups, controlling for geographical remoteness, CPS contact and maternal mental illness. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the rate of suicide (rate ratio [RR] = 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78, 2.87) or risk of suicide (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.43, 1.96) between the two groups. However, the exposed group had a significantly higher rate of self-harm (RR = 2.83; 95% CI: 2.50, 3.21) and a significantly higher risk of self-harm (aHR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.45, 2.09) compared to those non-exposed. CPS contact with or without OOHC was independently associated with an increased risk of self-harm for both groups. CONCLUSION Children exposed to maternal incarceration are at an increased risk of self-harm and should be prioritized to receive targeted, multimodal support that continues after the mother's release from prison. The association between CPS contact and self-harm warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Cumming
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Megan F Bell
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Leonie Segal
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart A Kinner
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Justice Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Susan Dennison
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sharon Dawe
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David B Preen
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Meza JI, Godoy SM, Nguyen PT, Perris GE, Barnert ES, Bath EP. Risk profiles of suicide attempts among girls with histories of commercial sexual exploitation: A latent class analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 137:106036. [PMID: 36680963 PMCID: PMC10226678 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Girls impacted by commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) in the juvenile legal system are three times more likely to have suicide attempts than girls without histories of exploitation. Yet, research on risk profiles and correlates that contribute to elevated suicide risk among girls with CSE histories remains scant. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine suicide attempts profiles among CSE-impacted girls in the juvenile legal system. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We partnered with a specialty court for CSE-impacted youth in Los Angeles County. METHODS Data were collected from case files of the 360 girls participating in the court from 2012 to 2016. Latent class analysis was used to identify their profiles of risk indicators. RESULTS Four risk profiles for suicide attempts emerged: (1) Parental Incarceration (PI; 30 %), (2) Child Welfare Contact (CWC; 25 %), (3) Disruptive Behavior and Sleep Problems (DBS; 25 %), and (4) Pervasive Risk (PR; 22 %). Among youth in the PI group, 5 % had a suicide attempt; however, contrary to our hypothesis, no youth in the CWC group had a suicide attempt. Rates of suicide attempt were significantly higher among youth in the DBS group, as 14 % had a suicide attempt. As hypothesized, youth in the PR were associated with higher risk of suicide attempts, with 28 % reporting a prior suicide attempt. CONCLUSIONS Findings underscore the need for standardized suicide screenings and treatment referrals for girls with CSE histories and suggest an important opportunity for multidisciplinary collaboration with courts to improve suicide prevention strategies. The present study also supports the importance of examining risk across the socioecological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn I Meza
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 300 Medical Plaza Driveway, Room 3308, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Sarah M Godoy
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Tate-Turner-Kuralt Building, 325 Pittsboro Street, Room 400-I, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Phuc T Nguyen
- Department of Psychology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley Way West Building, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
| | - Georgia E Perris
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-232, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
| | - Elizabeth S Barnert
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Pediatrics BOX 951752, 12-467 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Eraka P Bath
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Semel Neuropsychiatric Institute, 760 Westwood Plaza, Room A8-228, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States.
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Herreros-Fraile A, Carcedo RJ, Viedma A, Ramos-Barbero V, Fernández-Rouco N, Gomiz-Pascual P, del Val C. Parental Incarceration, Development, and Well-Being: A Developmental Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3143. [PMID: 36833841 PMCID: PMC9967200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increasing number of studies examining the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being, there are few comprehensive reviews that collect this information, and even fewer from a developmental perspective. This study aims to clarify the effects of parental incarceration on children's well-being and development, as well as the moderating and mediating factors from a developmental perspective. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, selecting 61 studies of children from early childhood to adolescence. The results show differences in the current evidence regarding the effects of parental incarceration on children depending on the developmental stage, with the most evidence in the 7-11-year-old stage. Being male appears as a risk moderator factor while the mental health of the caregiver and their relationship with the child appears as a mediating variable, especially from 7 to 18 years old. These results reveal the impact of parental incarceration based on children's age, providing a basis for developing protective and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Herreros-Fraile
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo J. Carcedo
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Viedma
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Ramos-Barbero
- Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Paseo de los Comendadores, s/n (H. Militar), 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Noelia Fernández-Rouco
- HIPRIFAM, Psychological Assistance for Children of Incarcerated Parents and their Families Unit, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Avda. de la Merced 109-131, 37005 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Education, School of Education, University of Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros 50, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Gomiz-Pascual
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo del Val
- Department of Sociology I, Faculty of Political Sciences and Sociology, National Distance Education University (UNED), C/Obispo Trejo, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Hays K, Flores-Carter K, Costello J, Ellis R. Enhancing supports to children of incarcerated parents: Introducing trauma informed training to church mentors. J Prev Interv Community 2023; 51:41-57. [PMID: 33989510 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2021.1924594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A child who has a parent incarcerated is likely to experience a number of life challenges including school failure, poverty, substance abuse, and justice system involvement. The negative outcomes associated with having a parent incarcerated disproportionately expose children to adverse childhood events (ACE's) which have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality. However, engagement with caring adults who can provide both practical and spiritual mentorship can increase a child's resilience and buffer the impact of these negative outcomes. Church-based mentors have the capacity to provide support to this population when adequately trained in trauma-informed responses. This study describes Camp Agape California (CAC), a church-based mentoring program for children with an incarcerated parent. Specifically, this study describes the development and implementation of a trauma focused mentorship training purposed to equip church members to better meet the needs of this vulnerable population. Seventy-six volunteer mentors from various churches participated in the training and completed the post-training survey. Results suggest that the trauma informed training was effective at increasing knowledge and self-efficacy and was identified as being relevant to the mentor role. Implications for the utility of church-based mentorship for vulnerable populations are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Hays
- Department of Social Work, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kendra Flores-Carter
- Department of Social Work, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Costello
- Department of Social Work, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Ellis
- Department of Social Work, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
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12
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Muentner L, Stone KJ, Davis L, Shlafer R. Youth at the intersection of parental incarceration and foster care: Examining prevalence, disparities, and mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105910. [PMID: 36182827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there are various pathways by which children experience parental incarceration or foster care, involvement in either system is associated with adverse health outcomes. Despite co-occurring risk factors for parental incarceration and foster care, little is known about the prevalence or characteristics of youth navigating both of these experiences. OBJECTIVES This study details the prevalence of youth at the intersection of parental incarceration and foster care, their demographic characteristics, and heterogeneity in their mental health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data come from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey with 112,157 eighth-, ninth-, and eleventh-grade students. METHODS Logistic regression with interactions between parental incarceration and foster care predict associated odds of youth's anxiety and depression; self-injurious behavior, suicidal ideation and attempt; and mental health diagnoses and treatment. RESULTS Nearly 2 % of students experienced both parental incarceration and foster care, with a disproportionate number of those identifying as youth of color, experiencing poverty, and/or living in rural communities. Both parental incarceration and foster care were separately linked with poor mental health, yet experiencing both was associated with higher odds of anxiety, depression, self-injury, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, diagnosis, and treatment. Youth with proximal multiplicative exposure (recent foster care and current parental incarceration) reported the most adverse mental health symptoms. CONCLUSION The study emboldens what is known about the inequitable distribution of parental incarceration and foster care. These findings highlight the association between dual-systems-impacted youth and mental health indicators, with important implications for increasing access to mental health services while simultaneously calling for systems change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Muentner
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America.
| | - Katie J Stone
- Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Laurel Davis
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Shlafer
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Minnesota, United States of America
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13
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Abstract
By age 18, one in fourteen American children has had a parent incarcerated. Although children from all backgrounds experience parental incarceration, racial and ethnic minority groups and those living in poverty are disproportionately affected. Parental incarceration is an adverse childhood experience that can negatively affect health and well-being over the life course. However, resilient children of incarcerated parents can flourish despite profound adversity. Pediatric providers should create safe, inclusive medical homes that foster sensitive disclosures and discussions about parental incarceration. If pediatric providers identify parental incarceration, they should promote foundational relationships and family resilience (including relationships with incarcerated parents when appropriate) and consider referrals to mental health specialists and specialized programs for children of incarcerated parents. Pediatric providers are also uniquely positioned to advocate for partnerships and policies that support children of incarcerated parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary A Martoma
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,KidsMates Inc, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Kelly J Kelleher
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Alex R Kemper
- Division of Primary Care Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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14
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Negash S, Chung K, Oh S. Families post-release: Barriers and pathways to family therapy. FAMILY PROCESS 2022; 61:609-624. [PMID: 35332541 PMCID: PMC9311075 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Family therapy has helped repair relational ruptures and restore stability within families for decades. However, service can be inaccessible and underutilized among many minoritized and stigmatized groups, including families post-release. Harmful sociocultural and relational experiences pose considerable risks to families before, during, and after incarceration. While not exhaustive, this article highlights potential attitudinal, relational, and logistical obstacles to family therapy engendered by therapists, clients, or both. Feasible and accessible clinically oriented conceptual and practical pathways of support to combat such obstacles are outlined to help therapists attract and retain families post-release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesen Negash
- Counseling and School PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Klancy Chung
- Counseling and School PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shinyung Oh
- Counseling and School PsychologySan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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15
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Domżalska A, Skowroński B, Wolańczyk T. Behavioral and Emotional Problems of Prisoners' Children Based on the Children's Self-Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010561. [PMID: 35010821 PMCID: PMC8744790 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the analyses was to investigate the relations between parental incarceration and the levels of behavioral and emotional problems in children of fathers serving prison sentences, based on the children's self-report. We tested a criterion group and two control groups. The criterion group consisted of children whose fathers were in prison. The children in control group I were from complete families; the level of problem behaviors in these families and the level of psychological resiliency in these children were similar to the respective levels in the criterion group. Finally, control group II consisted of children whose fathers were not in prison; problem behaviors in their families were basically absent or slight, and their level of resiliency was significantly higher compared to prisoners' children and control group I. Prisoners' children exhibited a higher level of emotional and behavioral problems than children from families in which the father was not serving a prison sentence and in which the level of dysfunctions was low. As regards prisoners' children compared to their peers with a similar level of resiliency and a similar level of problem behavior in the family, statistically significant differences were found only in a few categories of emotional and behavioral problems. Parental incarceration proved to be an additional factor increasing the level of behavioral and emotional problems in children and adolescents-particularly girls-whose fathers were imprisoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Domżalska
- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Resocialization, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Bartłomiej Skowroński
- Faculty of Applied Social Sciences and Resocialization, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Wolańczyk
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warszawa, Poland;
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16
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Perreira KM, Allen CD. The Health of Hispanic Children from Birth to Emerging Adulthood. THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 2021; 696:200-222. [PMID: 37123537 PMCID: PMC10138030 DOI: 10.1177/00027162211048805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes frameworks for understanding Hispanic children's health, sources of national data available to evaluate their health, and variations in health among Hispanic children. Following ecological and life-course perspectives, we organize our review of the literature on Hispanic children's health and development according to three key stages of child development (zero to three, early to middle childhood, and adolescence to emerging adulthood) with attention to how each stage influences the next. Within each stage, we consider how social position (i.e. skin color, social class, gender, and nativity), social contexts (i.e. family, school, and neighborhood), and political and legal contexts influence Hispanic children's health and development. To improve the health and development of Hispanic children, federal, state, and local policies must address social and economic injustices that lead to declines in health across immigrant generations and persistent racial/ethnic health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chenoa D Allen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Missouri School of Health Professions
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17
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Finkeldey JG, Longmore MA, Giordano PC, Manning WD. An Exploratory Investigation of Parental Incarceration, Emotional Independence, and Adult Children's Criminal Activity. JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND LIFE-COURSE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 7:151-175. [PMID: 34729294 PMCID: PMC8557714 DOI: 10.1007/s40865-021-00164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although research suggests that parental incarceration is associated with intergenerational continuity in crime, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Using multi-population structural equation modeling and data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (n = 1207), the current study explored specific experiences associated with labeling as well as internalizing labels, including experiencing corporal punishment during childhood, criminal arrests during adolescence, and identifying as a troublemaker/partier in young adulthood (measured with reflected appraisals), as potential mechanisms linking parental incarceration and young adults' offending. We assessed whether this association differed by young adults' level of emotional independence, that is, freedom from the need for parental approval. We found that parental incarceration indirectly influenced criminal activity particularly through identifying as a troublemaker/partier during young adulthood but only for those who sought parental approval. Overall, we concluded that high emotional independence, or not seeking parental approval, may be a protective factor that facilitates intergenerational discontinuities in crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G. Finkeldey
- Sociocultural and Justice Sciences, State University of New York at Fredonia, W369 Thompson Hall, Fredonia, NY 14063, USA
| | - Monica A. Longmore
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Peggy C. Giordano
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Wendy D. Manning
- Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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18
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An Assessment of the Role of Parental Incarceration and Substance Misuse in Suicidal Planning of African American Youth and Young Adults. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021; 9:1062-1074. [PMID: 33909282 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Suicide rates among youth are increasing, and African American youth are becoming the most likely group to die by suicide in the USA. We utilized ecodevelopmental theory to investigate the relationship between parental incarceration and substance misuse and their association with suicidal planning in a sample of African American youth and young adults. Participants consisted of 190 African American youth and young adults living in public housing in a mid-Atlantic city in the USA who completed a youth health-risk behavior measure, and parental incarceration and substance misuse measures. Findings indicate males were significantly more likely than females to have devised a plan to die by suicide, especially if their mothers were incarcerated or their fathers had an alcohol problem. The findings of this study suggest several implications for health prevention and intervention efforts to reduce suicide-related risks among African American youth and young adults, including strategies that promote family-centered, evidence-based interventions that are culturally tailored to provide further insight into the best practices in suicide prevention.
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19
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Banks A, Fields L. Correlates of Incarceration of Fathers, Socioeconomic Influences, and Mental Illness. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 36:26-37. [PMID: 33252019 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1851842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The United States leads globally in incarceration. Incarceration can disrupt families in both immediate and long-term ways, including finances and mental illness. We examined the relationship between father incarceration during adolescence and the development of mental illness in adulthood as well as the relationship of household assets and debts in relation to the mental illness outcomes. Wave IV data of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health were used with a final analytic sample of 2129 participants. Data were analyzed using MANOVA in Stata 13.1. The findings indicated that biological father incarceration correlates with more adolescent mental illness. Enhanced model residuals were also significant for father incarceration, household assets, and household debts. Incarceration of biological fathers correlates with poorer mental health outcomes. Household assets and debts correlate with changes in adolescent outcomes as well, giving us more target areas for intervention development and testing. Clinically, assessing for adolescent experiences with father incarceration may be useful in supporting improved mental health over the life course. Policy work should give more attention to promotion of health and well-being of adolescents via reduction of the negative experience of fathers serving and/or having served time in prison. More discussion on family-level assets and debts is warranted to promote health and well-being for adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrae Banks
- Department of Social Work, North Carolina Central University, Durham, United States
| | - LaShawnda Fields
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, United States
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20
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Poehlmann‐Tynan J, Turney K. A Developmental Perspective on Children With Incarcerated Parents. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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Melo LDL, Ribeiro CA. Growing up (being) without a mother: children's experiences during maternal imprisonment. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20200413. [PMID: 33206855 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to understand, through dramatic therapeutic play, children's experiences during maternal imprisonment. METHODS this is a phenomenological study in the light of Winnicott's theoretical framework carried out in a philanthropic assistance center in the capital of São Paulo, with eight children aged three to ten who participated in an interview mediated by dramatic therapeutic play session. RESULTS two categories emerged: Children being without a mother: a storm with lightning and thunder and Children growing up without a mother: drizzle, heavy rain and some rays of sun. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS children revealed that, even in the absence of their mothers, it is possible to continue being and growing. Therapeutic play allowed children to give voice to their experiences, surrounded by concerns and limitations, in addition to unveiling an unknown social context.
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22
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Clemens V, Plener PL, Brähler E, Strauß B, Fegert JM. [Parental Separation - Is the Accumulation with Other Adverse Childhood Experiences the Main Burden? Analysis of a Representative Sample of the German Population]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2020; 71:81-89. [PMID: 32823358 DOI: 10.1055/a-1197-7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) tend to co-occur. The more forms of childhood adverse are experienced, the higher are the psychological and physical impairments in adulthood. The present study therefore examines the extent to which the experience of parental separation is related to the risk of other forms of ACEs and the extent to which the accumulation of ACEs is related to impairment in adulthood. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of a representative sample of the German population from the age of 18 onwards was performed (N=2466; mean age=49.5 years (18-93); f: 1368 (55.5%); m: 1098 (44.5%)). The demographic data were assessed by interview, the remaining data were collected by questionnaires. Current depressive and anxiety symptoms self-perceived somatic health and life quality were assessed, while ACEs were assessed retrospectively by the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)-Questionnaire. RESULTS Child maltreatment and mental illness of household members, substance abuse of household members, incarceration of household members and violence against the mother were more frequent when participants reported separation of parents. Parental separation was not associated with an increased rate of psychological impairment and, in women, physical impairment when no other forms of ACEs were present. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents whose parents have separated more often experience other forms of ACEs than their peers. It seems to be this accumulation of ACEs that is associated with impairments in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Clemens
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychaitrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm.,Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Paul L Plener
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychaitrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm.,Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Abteilung für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universität Leipzig.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - Bernhard Strauß
- Institut für Psychosoziale Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Jena
| | - Jörg M Fegert
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychaitrie und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm
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23
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Parks MJ, Davis L, Wilhelm AK, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW, Shlafer RJ. Parental incarceration and youth tobacco product use: Implications for prevention and the e-cigarette epidemic. Addict Behav 2020; 107:106428. [PMID: 32311626 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Youth smokers have high rates of adverse childhood experiences, and particularly parental incarceration (PI). In Minnesota, 16% of youth have experienced PI, but 55% of daily smokers report PI. However, no research has examined how PI relates to a range of tobacco products, which is critical considering the current e-cigarette epidemic. There is also limited research on protective factors for tobacco use among youth with PI. METHODS Data came from 2016 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 111,091); 85% of Minnesota schools participated. We assessed 30-day use of cigarettes, non-cigarette combustible products, smokeless products, e-cigarettes, and dual/poly use. Using descriptive statistics and logistic regressions, we compared use across current, previous, and no PI experience. We also tested how protective factors related to tobacco use. RESULTS Youth with current PI experience used all products with higher frequency compared to youth with previous and no PI experience. Use prevalence among youth with current PI were 26.0% (95% CI = 24.1, 27.8) for e-cigarettes, 20.8% (95% CI = 19.1, 22.5) for dual/poly use, 17.8% (95% CI = 16.2, 19.5) for cigarettes, 17.4% (95% CI = 15.8, 19.0) for combustible non-cigarettes, and 9.9% (95% CI = 8.6, 11.2) for smokeless products. Nearly all protective factors were significantly and negatively related to use of all products, regardless of PI experience. CONCLUSIONS Youth with PI experience are at high risk for using multiple tobacco products. These disparities were most pronounced for e-cigarettes, demonstrating the e-cigarette epidemic is disproportionately occurring among youth with current and previous PI experience. All examined protective factors buffer risks for this population of youth.
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24
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Mwachofi A, Imai S, Bell RA. Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in adulthood: Evidence from North Carolina. J Affect Disord 2020; 267:251-257. [PMID: 32217225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 1.4 million adults in North Carolina (NC) have mental illnesses. Many get no treatment because of mental health care provider shortages. Necessary prevention requires identification of covariates of mental illness. STUDY OBJECTIVE We tested the hypotheses: There is no difference in adulthood mental health of the ACE-affected and the unaffected; ACEs do not significantly predict adulthood mental health. METHODS ACEs studied were: living with a mentally ill person, an alcoholic, or drug abuser; witnessing violence; having divorced or unmarried parents; and being physically, mentally or sexually abused. We used data from 2012 and 2014 NC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. We had 19,187 observations with about 13,900 including ACE data. We conducted t- and χ2 tests of mental health differences between ACE-affected and unaffected and regression analysis to determine mental health predictors. RESULTS ACE distribution was: 26.2% had parents or adults swearing at- or insulting them; 25% had divorced or unmarried parents; 22.6% lived with an alcoholic; 15.7% witnessed their parents beat each other; 13.8% lived with a mentally ill person; and 13.6% were hit or beaten by an adult in the home. Respondents also reported being touched sexually (9.4%); living with an adult who abused drugs (7.9%); and 4.1% were forced to have sex. The ACE-affected experienced significantly (p < 0.001) more days of poor mental health and had a higher likelihood of depression diagnosis than the unaffected. ACEs are statistically significant predictors of poor mental health in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Mwachofi
- Public Health Department, Brody School of Medicine, ECHI 115 Heart Drive, Room 2225, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Satomi Imai
- Public Health Department, Brody School of Medicine, ECHI 115 Heart Drive, Room 2225, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
| | - Ronny A Bell
- Department of Public Health, East Carolina University, 115 Heart Drive , Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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25
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NeMoyer A, Wang Y, Alvarez K, Canino G, Duarte CS, Bird H, Alegría M. Parental incarceration during childhood and later delinquent outcomes among Puerto Rican adolescents and young adults in two contexts. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2020; 44:143-156. [PMID: 31750677 PMCID: PMC7125033 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood parental incarceration has been linked to increased rates of delinquency and arrest during adolescence and young adulthood; however, previous research has focused on White and/or Black samples rather than Latinx youth. We examined relationships between childhood parental incarceration and later delinquency and arrest among Puerto Rican youth living in Puerto Rico (majority context) and the mainland United States (minority context). HYPOTHESES We expected that childhood parental incarceration would be significantly linked to delinquent behavior and arrest. In line with acculturation theory, we hypothesized that residence (proxy for minority status) would be significantly related to delinquent outcomes and that an interaction effect would emerge between parental incarceration and residence. METHOD Longitudinal data from the Boricua Youth Study were examined for 1,294 Puerto Rican youth from the South Bronx, NY (minority context) and greater San Juan, PR (majority context). We conducted a series of negative binomial and logistic regressions to determine the effects of parental incarceration and residence in childhood on self-reported delinquent behavior and arrest in adolescence and young adulthood, while also examining factors previously linked to delinquency in Puerto Rican youth. RESULTS Childhood parental incarceration and South Bronx residence were both linked to delinquent behavior but not arrest, even when simultaneously examining several individual, diagnostic, environment/social, and family factors reported in childhood. However, we did not observe an interaction effect between parental incarceration and residence for either outcome. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that Puerto Rican youth with histories of parental incarceration could benefit from targeted programs aimed at preventing future delinquency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda NeMoyer
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 830, Boston MA 02114, USA
- Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115-5899, USA
| | - Ye Wang
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 830, Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Kiara Alvarez
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 830, Boston MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Glorisa Canino
- Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, Office A928 9 Floor, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00935
| | - Cristiane S. Duarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hector Bird
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Margarita Alegría
- Disparities Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, Suite 830, Boston MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Ruhland EL, Davis L, Atella J, Shlafer RJ. Externalizing Behavior Among Youth With a Current or Formerly Incarcerated Parent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 64:3-21. [PMID: 31200615 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19855317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined associations between parental incarceration and youths' externalizing behaviors (e.g., damage to property, fighting, theft, etc.). Data were drawn from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey, a statewide sample of 126,868 youth in public schools. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between youths' experience of parental incarceration and their self-reported externalizing behaviors, controlling for key demographic characteristics. Youth with a currently or formerly incarcerated parent reported significantly more externalizing behaviors compared with youth who never had a parent incarcerated. In addition, youth with a currently incarcerated parent reported significantly more externalizing behaviors than youth who had a formerly incarcerated parent in six out of the eight externalizing behaviors. However, youth who reported having a formerly incarcerated parent were more likely to report lying or conning and more likely to have difficulty paying attention than youth who currently had an incarcerated parent. Results illustrate that parental incarceration has important implications for youths' own risk for delinquency and high-risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie Atella
- Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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27
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Forster M, Davis L, Grigsby TJ, Rogers CJ, Vetrone SF, Unger JB. The Role of Familial Incarceration and Ethnic Identity in Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Latinx Young Adults in California. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 64:191-201. [PMID: 30968420 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is a leading cause of death among young adults; however, contextual risks and cultural factors are rarely studied in the context of ethnic minority suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal attempt (SA). This study assessed the association between familial incarceration and suicide behaviors and examined ethnic identity as a potential moderator. Data from a longitudinal study of health among Hispanics (n = 1,094) in California were used to test associations between familial incarceration, ethnic identity, and SA and SI, adjusting for demographic factors and covariates. Approximately 18% and 8% of respondents reported SI and SA, respectively. Compared to no incarceration, or the incarceration of a relative, parental incarceration was associated with higher odds (AOR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.23-3.34) of SI whereas higher affective ethnic identity reduced the odds (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31-0.89) of SA. Ethnic identity moderated the association between parental incarceration and SI (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.79). Incarceration of a family member can set the stage for exclusion from critical institutions and can have long-term consequences for adult mental health. Promoting a positive ethnic identity may be a promising prevention strategy that could bolster resilience among at-risk, urban minority youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Laurel Davis
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Christopher J Rogers
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven F Vetrone
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gifford EJ, Eldred Kozecke L, Golonka M, Hill SN, Costello EJ, Shanahan L, Copeland WE. Association of Parental Incarceration With Psychiatric and Functional Outcomes of Young Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1910005. [PMID: 31441942 PMCID: PMC6714027 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In 2016, an estimated 8% of US children younger than 18 years had experienced the incarceration of a parent, and rates were substantially higher among children from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and disadvantaged groups. Little is known about whether parental incarceration during childhood is associated with adult psychiatric problems and functional outcomes. OBJECTIVE To examine whether parental incarceration is associated with increased levels of psychiatric diagnosis and poor outcomes in health, legal, financial, and social domains in adulthood. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from the community-representative, prospective, longitudinal Great Smoky Mountains Study. Children and their parents were interviewed up to 8 times from January 1993 to December 2000 (ages 9-16 years; 6674 observations of 1420 participants) using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, which assessed parental incarceration, childhood psychiatric diagnoses, and other adversities. Young adults were followed up at ages 19, 21, 25, and 30 years from January 1999 to December 2015 (4556 observations of 1334 participants) to assess psychiatric diagnoses and functional outcomes indicative of a disrupted transition to adulthood. Data analysis was conducted from June 2018 to June 2019. RESULTS By age 16 years, 475 participants (weighted percentage, 23.9%) had a parental figure who had been incarcerated, including 259 young men (22.2%) and 216 young women (25.5%). Parental incarceration was associated with higher prevalence of childhood psychiatric diagnoses (eg, any depressive diagnosis: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.6; P = .006; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: aOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.0-5.5; P = .06; and conduct disorder: aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3; P = .001). After accounting for childhood psychiatric diagnoses and adversity exposure, parental incarceration remained associated with increased odds of having an adult anxiety disorder (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0; P = .04), having an illicit drug use disorder (aOR, 6.6; 95% CI, 2.6-17.0; P < .001), having a felony charge (aOR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.8-6.5; P < .001), incarceration (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.4-5.4; P = .003), not completing high school (aOR, 4.4; 95% CI, 2.2-8.8; P < .001), early parenthood (aOR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-3.0; P = .04), and being socially isolated (aOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2-4.0; P = .009). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that parental incarceration is associated with a broad range of psychiatric, legal, financial, and social outcomes during young adulthood. Parental incarceration is a common experience that may perpetuate disadvantage from generation to generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Gifford
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Megan Golonka
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sherika N. Hill
- Children’s Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - E. Jane Costello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lilly Shanahan
- The Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - William E. Copeland
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington
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Boch SJ, Warren BJ, Ford JL. Attention, Externalizing, and Internalizing Problems of Youth Exposed to Parental Incarceration. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019; 40:466-475. [PMID: 30958077 PMCID: PMC6557679 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1565872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effects of parental incarceration (PI) on outcomes above and beyond other risk and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). The objectives of this study were to (1) the associations between PI and mental health problems (attention, externalizing, internalizing, and total behavioral problems) and (2) the mediating role of current socioeconomic status and cumulative ACEs. An observational and cross-sectional design was employed. Analyses included hierarchical multivariable linear regression modeling. The analytic sample included 613 adolescents (11-17 years). On average, youth exposed to PI experienced three times as many ACEs compared with youth unexposed. Youth exposed to PI were more likely to have behavioral problems than their unexposed peers. The main effect for all models was attenuated by current economic hardship as well as exposure to increasing numbers of ACEs. Exposure to PI can be viewed as a marker of accumulative risk for intervention since youth impacted by PI are more likely to experience behavioral difficulties and associated adverse childhood experiences. Due to the associated adversity that impact youth exposed to PI, mental health providers need to be able to identify and screen for symptoms associated with trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Boch
- a Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Barbara J Warren
- b The Ohio State University College of Nursing , Columbus , Ohio , USA
| | - Jodi L Ford
- b The Ohio State University College of Nursing , Columbus , Ohio , USA
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Grigsby TJ, Forster M, Davis L, Unger JB. Substance Use Outcomes for Hispanic Emerging Adults Exposed to Incarceration of a Household Member during Childhood. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2018; 19:358-370. [PMID: 30346915 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1511494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether Hispanic emerging adults exposed to household incarceration before age 18 report higher rates of past 30-day cigarette, alcohol, binge drinking, marijuana use, and negative substance use consequences, relative to participants not exposed to incarceration of a household member. Respondents were matched on key characteristics to create balanced groups of exposed and nonexposed respondents. Negative binomial regression models assessed primary research questions. There were significant long-term associations between household incarceration and the frequency of past 30-day binge drinking, marijuana use, and number of negative substance use consequences. Policies and health programs addressing household incarceration may be a promising prevention approach to reduce negative substance use outcomes among Hispanic emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Forster
- California State University Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Laurel Davis
- University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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